PL2724007T3 - Sposób przełączania z dostarczania paliwa skroplonego gazu na dostarczanie paliwa ciekłego do silnika spalinowego z wtryskiem bezpośrednim, i dwupaliwowy system z wtryskiem bezpośrednim dla takiego silnika. - Google Patents

Sposób przełączania z dostarczania paliwa skroplonego gazu na dostarczanie paliwa ciekłego do silnika spalinowego z wtryskiem bezpośrednim, i dwupaliwowy system z wtryskiem bezpośrednim dla takiego silnika.

Info

Publication number
PL2724007T3
PL2724007T3 PL12730697T PL12730697T PL2724007T3 PL 2724007 T3 PL2724007 T3 PL 2724007T3 PL 12730697 T PL12730697 T PL 12730697T PL 12730697 T PL12730697 T PL 12730697T PL 2724007 T3 PL2724007 T3 PL 2724007T3
Authority
PL
Poland
Prior art keywords
direct injection
fuel
engine
switching
liquefied gas
Prior art date
Application number
PL12730697T
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Broeke Sebastiaan Martinus Emanuel Ten
Jeroen Visscher
Original Assignee
Indopar B V
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Indopar B V filed Critical Indopar B V
Publication of PL2724007T3 publication Critical patent/PL2724007T3/pl

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D19/00—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures
    • F02D19/06—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures peculiar to engines working with pluralities of fuels, e.g. alternatively with light and heavy fuel oil, other than engines indifferent to the fuel consumed
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D19/00—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures
    • F02D19/06—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures peculiar to engines working with pluralities of fuels, e.g. alternatively with light and heavy fuel oil, other than engines indifferent to the fuel consumed
    • F02D19/0602—Control of components of the fuel supply system
    • F02D19/0613—Switch-over from one fuel to another
    • F02D19/0621—Purging of the fuel system
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D19/00—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures
    • F02D19/06—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures peculiar to engines working with pluralities of fuels, e.g. alternatively with light and heavy fuel oil, other than engines indifferent to the fuel consumed
    • F02D19/0639—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures peculiar to engines working with pluralities of fuels, e.g. alternatively with light and heavy fuel oil, other than engines indifferent to the fuel consumed characterised by the type of fuels
    • F02D19/0642—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures peculiar to engines working with pluralities of fuels, e.g. alternatively with light and heavy fuel oil, other than engines indifferent to the fuel consumed characterised by the type of fuels at least one fuel being gaseous, the other fuels being gaseous or liquid at standard conditions
    • F02D19/0647—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures peculiar to engines working with pluralities of fuels, e.g. alternatively with light and heavy fuel oil, other than engines indifferent to the fuel consumed characterised by the type of fuels at least one fuel being gaseous, the other fuels being gaseous or liquid at standard conditions the gaseous fuel being liquefied petroleum gas [LPG], liquefied natural gas [LNG], compressed natural gas [CNG] or dimethyl ether [DME]
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D19/00—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures
    • F02D19/06—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures peculiar to engines working with pluralities of fuels, e.g. alternatively with light and heavy fuel oil, other than engines indifferent to the fuel consumed
    • F02D19/0663—Details on the fuel supply system, e.g. tanks, valves, pipes, pumps, rails, injectors or mixers
    • F02D19/0684—High pressure fuel injection systems; Details on pumps, rails or the arrangement of valves in the fuel supply and return systems
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B75/00—Other engines
    • F02B75/12—Other methods of operation
    • F02B2075/125—Direct injection in the combustion chamber for spark ignition engines, i.e. not in pre-combustion chamber
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D19/00—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures
    • F02D19/06—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures peculiar to engines working with pluralities of fuels, e.g. alternatively with light and heavy fuel oil, other than engines indifferent to the fuel consumed
    • F02D19/0663—Details on the fuel supply system, e.g. tanks, valves, pipes, pumps, rails, injectors or mixers
    • F02D19/0686—Injectors
    • F02D19/0689—Injectors for in-cylinder direct injection
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D19/00—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures
    • F02D19/06—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures peculiar to engines working with pluralities of fuels, e.g. alternatively with light and heavy fuel oil, other than engines indifferent to the fuel consumed
    • F02D19/0663—Details on the fuel supply system, e.g. tanks, valves, pipes, pumps, rails, injectors or mixers
    • F02D19/0686—Injectors
    • F02D19/0694—Injectors operating with a plurality of fuels
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
    • Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
    • Y02T10/30—Use of alternative fuels, e.g. biofuels

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Output Control And Ontrol Of Special Type Engine (AREA)
PL12730697T 2011-06-24 2012-06-20 Sposób przełączania z dostarczania paliwa skroplonego gazu na dostarczanie paliwa ciekłego do silnika spalinowego z wtryskiem bezpośrednim, i dwupaliwowy system z wtryskiem bezpośrednim dla takiego silnika. PL2724007T3 (pl)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NL2006992A NL2006992C2 (en) 2011-06-24 2011-06-24 Method of switching from a liquefied gas fuel to a liquid fuel being provided to a direct injection combustion engine, and direct injection bi-fuel system for such an engine.
EP12730697.5A EP2724007B1 (en) 2011-06-24 2012-06-20 Method of switching from a liquefied gas fuel to a liquid fuel being provided to a direct injection combustion engine, and direct injection bi-fuel system for such an engine.
PCT/NL2012/050432 WO2012177128A1 (en) 2011-06-24 2012-06-20 Method of switching from a liquefied gas fuel to a liquid fuel being provided to a direct injection combustion engine, and direct injection bi-fuel system for such an engine.

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
PL2724007T3 true PL2724007T3 (pl) 2015-10-30

Family

ID=46397606

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PL12730697T PL2724007T3 (pl) 2011-06-24 2012-06-20 Sposób przełączania z dostarczania paliwa skroplonego gazu na dostarczanie paliwa ciekłego do silnika spalinowego z wtryskiem bezpośrednim, i dwupaliwowy system z wtryskiem bezpośrednim dla takiego silnika.

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US9506409B2 (pl)
EP (1) EP2724007B1 (pl)
KR (1) KR101927565B1 (pl)
NL (1) NL2006992C2 (pl)
PL (1) PL2724007T3 (pl)
WO (1) WO2012177128A1 (pl)

Families Citing this family (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
KR20140057025A (ko) * 2012-11-02 2014-05-12 현대자동차주식회사 Lpg 직접 분사 시스템
EP3036426B1 (en) * 2013-08-20 2017-08-02 Wärtsilä Finland Oy Fuel injection circuit and method for operating a multi-fuel piston engine
PL222798B1 (pl) * 2014-02-28 2016-09-30 Certools Spółka Jawna Piotr Czekalski Krzysztof Hanke Układ zasilający silniki spalinowe w paliwo
CN108138705B (zh) * 2015-10-09 2021-07-13 沃尔沃卡车集团 用于双燃料内燃发动机的燃料箱装置
KR101866032B1 (ko) * 2016-07-05 2018-06-11 현대자동차주식회사 Lpdi 엔진의 연료공급장치 및 시동 제어방법
DE102016215972A1 (de) * 2016-08-25 2018-03-01 Ford Global Technologies, Llc Kraftstoffversorgungssystem, Brennkraftmaschine und Verfahren zum Versorgen eines Verbrennungsmotors mit einem LPG-Kraftstoff
JP6901919B2 (ja) * 2017-07-05 2021-07-14 川崎重工業株式会社 船舶
KR102316646B1 (ko) * 2017-07-28 2021-10-26 에이씨 에스.에이. 내연 기관을 기체상 기체 연료 및 액체상 기체 연료에 의해 구동되도록 적응시키기 위한 시스템
KR102068060B1 (ko) * 2019-09-05 2020-01-20 (주)비지에스 원웨이밸브를 이용한 가솔린과 엘피지 겸용 차량의 연료 전환공급장치
KR102068059B1 (ko) * 2019-09-05 2020-02-11 (주)비지에스 가솔린과 엘피지 겸용 차량의 연료 전환공급장치
KR102068058B1 (ko) * 2019-09-05 2020-01-20 (주)비지에스 가솔린과 엘피지 겸용 차량의 전자식 연료 전환공급장치
KR102037286B1 (ko) * 2019-09-05 2019-11-26 정안철 가솔린과 엘피지 겸용 차량의 기계식 연료 전환공급장치
CN112696289B (zh) * 2020-12-28 2024-07-26 大连船舶重工集团有限公司 一种船用液氨燃料供给及燃料回收利用系统
US12085216B2 (en) 2022-02-17 2024-09-10 Arctic Cat Inc. Multi-use fuel filler tube
WO2024032900A1 (en) * 2022-08-12 2024-02-15 Man Energy Solutions, Filial Af Man Energy Solutions Se, Tyskland A large turbocharged two-stroke uniflow crosshead internal combustion engine

Family Cites Families (32)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0558591A4 (en) 1990-11-20 1993-12-01 Biocom Pty. Ltd. A dual fuel injection system and a method of controlling such a system
AUPM632494A0 (en) 1994-06-21 1994-07-14 Biocom Pty Ltd Auxiliary injector
US6035837A (en) 1998-11-06 2000-03-14 Siemens Automotive Corporation Bi-fuel liquid injection system for an internal combustion engine
DE19939421A1 (de) 1999-08-20 2001-03-01 Bosch Gmbh Robert Kombiniertes hub-/druckgesteuertes Kraftstoffeinspritzverfahren und -system für eine Brennkraftmaschine
US6494190B1 (en) 2000-08-04 2002-12-17 Siemens Automotive Corporation Bi-fuel gasoline and low pressure gas fuel system and method of operation
DE20101475U1 (de) * 2001-01-28 2002-06-13 Winkelmann, Karlheinrich, Dipl.-Ing. (TH), 33617 Bielefeld Direkteinspritzsystem
DE10106095A1 (de) 2001-02-08 2002-08-29 Bosch Gmbh Robert Kraftstoffsystem, Verfahren zum Betreiben des Kraftstoffsystems, Computerprogramm sowie Steuer- und/oder Regelgerät zur Steuerung des Kraftstoffsystems
DE10112154A1 (de) 2001-03-14 2002-09-26 Bosch Gmbh Robert Kraftstoffeinspritzeinrichtung
US6711893B2 (en) 2001-03-27 2004-03-30 Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha Fuel supply apparatus for an internal combustion engine
JP2002327658A (ja) 2001-04-27 2002-11-15 Toyota Motor Corp 内燃機関の燃料装置
EP1293654A3 (de) 2001-09-18 2004-02-11 Karlheinrich Winkelmann Kraftstoff-Einspritzsystem für Brennkraftmaschinen
US6923168B2 (en) 2003-02-10 2005-08-02 Power-One As Fuel control system and method for distributed power generation, conversion, and storage system
ITRM20030208A1 (it) 2003-04-30 2003-07-29 I Co M S P A Impianto di alimentazione con gpl per motori ad iniezione a benzina.
DE102005054451A1 (de) 2005-11-13 2007-05-16 Entwicklungsbuero Fuer Umweltf Kraftstoffkühlsystem für Verbrennungskraftmaschinen
US8100110B2 (en) 2005-12-22 2012-01-24 Caterpillar Inc. Fuel injector with selectable intensification
DE102006001616A1 (de) 2006-01-11 2007-07-12 Winkelmann, Karlheinrich, Dipl.-Ing. (TH) Verfahren zur momovalenten Direkteinspritzung von Flüssiggas
FR2902147B1 (fr) 2006-06-07 2012-08-24 Lycee D Enseignement Agricole Prive De Savy Berlette Procede d'alimentation d'un moteur thermique, notamment a partir d'huile vegetale.
US7523723B2 (en) 2006-08-11 2009-04-28 Gm Global Technology Operations, Inc. System and method for determining ethanol content in fuel
NZ575556A (en) * 2006-09-25 2012-05-25 Dgc Ind Pty Ltd Diesel/gas fuel system including proportioning valve, mixing chamber and overflow tank for unburnt fuel mixture
DE202008002939U1 (de) 2007-03-07 2008-06-12 Schlenger, Markus Vorrichtung zum Betreiben eines Dieselmotors mit Kraftstoffen aus pflanzlichen Ölen
WO2008124601A1 (en) 2007-04-06 2008-10-16 John Triska System and method for using vegetable oil as fuel for diesel engines
CN101341316B (zh) 2007-08-20 2013-05-01 盖斯泰科解决方案有限公司 柴油机喷射系统及其喷射方法
ITRM20070664A1 (it) 2007-12-20 2009-06-21 Icomet Spa Impianto di alimentazione di gpl metano ammoniaca e gas in genere per motori a benzina o diesel con regolatore di pressione elettronico per la variazione continua della pressione del carburante fornito agli iniettori
US8051828B2 (en) 2007-12-27 2011-11-08 Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company Multiple fuel system for internal combustion engines
ITRM20080065A1 (it) 2008-02-06 2009-08-07 Icomet S P A Impianto di alimentazione di gpl/ammoniaca per motori ad iniezione diretta a benzina o diesel
NL2002384C2 (nl) * 2008-03-03 2011-04-04 Vialle Alternative Fuel Systems Bv Inrichting en werkwijze voor een verbrandingsmotor met directe inspuiting met twee brandstoffen.
DE102008024561B4 (de) * 2008-05-21 2015-01-08 Vialle Alternative Fuel Systems B.V. Verfahren zum Betreiben einer Verbrennungskraftmaschine
EP2143916B1 (en) * 2008-07-07 2012-03-14 Impco Technologies B.V. Dual fuel injection system and motor vehicle comprising such injection system
US20120186560A1 (en) * 2009-02-06 2012-07-26 Exen Holdings, Llc Homogenizing fuel enhancement system
US8333171B2 (en) * 2009-02-06 2012-12-18 Exen Holdings, Llc Homogenizing fuel enhancement system
NL2003791C2 (nl) * 2009-11-12 2011-05-16 Vialle Alternative Fuel Systems Bv Brandstoftoevoersysteem en hogedrukpomp voor een verbrandingsmotor.
EP2341234A3 (en) * 2009-12-31 2012-02-22 Indopar B.V. Direct injection bi-fuel system for combustion engines

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
NL2006992C2 (en) 2013-01-02
WO2012177128A1 (en) 2012-12-27
EP2724007A1 (en) 2014-04-30
EP2724007B1 (en) 2015-05-20
KR20140063573A (ko) 2014-05-27
US9506409B2 (en) 2016-11-29
US20140311445A1 (en) 2014-10-23
KR101927565B1 (ko) 2018-12-10

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
PL2724007T3 (pl) Sposób przełączania z dostarczania paliwa skroplonego gazu na dostarczanie paliwa ciekłego do silnika spalinowego z wtryskiem bezpośrednim, i dwupaliwowy system z wtryskiem bezpośrednim dla takiego silnika.
EP2693035A4 (en) METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR SUPPLYING FUEL TO A HIGH PRESSURE NATURAL GAS INJECTION ENGINE
EP2833063A4 (en) SHIP, FUEL SUPPLY DEVICE, AND METHOD FOR PROVIDING LIQUEFIED COMBUSTIBLE GAS TO MAIN ENGINE FOR PROPULSION
EP2679795A4 (en) GAS FUEL SUPPLY DEVICE, HIGH PRESSURE GAS INJECTION DIESEL ENGINE AND METHOD FOR PROVIDING LIQUEFIED GAS FUEL FOR HIGH PRESSURE GAS INJECTION DIESEL ENGINE
EP2685078A4 (en) FUEL SUPPLY SYSTEM OF A MARINE STRUCTURE HAVING A RE-LIQUEFACTION DEVICE AND A HIGH-PRESSURE NATURAL GAS INJECTION ENGINE
EP2857668A4 (en) FUEL GAS INJECTION VALVE, DOUBLE FUEL GAS ENGINE AND FUEL GAS INJECTION METHOD
EP2685079A4 (en) FUEL SUPPLY METHOD FOR HIGH-PRESSURE NATURAL GAS INJECTION ENGINE
EP2690274A4 (en) SYSTEM FOR FUEL SUPPLY OF A HIGH PRESSURE GAS INJECTION MOTOR WITH A DEVICE FOR CONSUMING EXCESSIVE EVAPORATING GAS
EP2578867A4 (en) DOUBLE INJECTION VALVE WITH HYBRID NOZZLE FOR DIESEL AND GAS ENGINES
EP2693034A4 (en) NON-EXPLOSIVE REFRIGERANT MIXTURE FOR A RECYCLING DEVICE IN A SYSTEM FOR FUEL SUPPLY OF A HIGH-PRESSURE GAS INJECTION MOTOR
EP2932079A4 (en) DIRECT INJECTION OF AIRCONDITIONED GASEOUS FUEL FOR AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
EP2713039A4 (en) SYSTEM FOR CONTROLLING FUEL INJECTION INTO A COMBUSTION ENGINE
EP3033508A4 (en) Cooled fuel injector system for a gas turbine engine
EP3066321A4 (en) COOLED CARBURNATE INJECTION SYSTEM FOR GAS TURBINE ENGINE
EP2787200A4 (en) FUEL FEED CONTROL DEVICE FOR A TWO FUEL COMBUSTION ENGINE AND METHOD FOR FUEL MANAGEMENT FOR THE TWO FUEL BURNING ENGINE
EP2787206A4 (en) FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
GB201222304D0 (en) A fuel injector and a gas turbine engine combustion chamber
EP2578856A4 (en) FUEL INJECTION DEVICE FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE AND CONTROL METHOD
EP2762718A4 (en) FUEL INJECTION CONTROL SYSTEM FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
HK1210234A1 (en) Hydrogen on-demand fuel system for internal combustion engines
EP2682588A4 (en) FUEL SUPPLY CONTROL SYSTEM FOR FUEL-FUEL INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
EP2735724A4 (en) FUEL INJECTION VALVE, INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE, AND FUEL INJECTION METHOD
GB2476959B (en) Method for operating post injections of fuel in an internal combustion engine
HK1189927A1 (zh) 可利用液態和/或氣態燃料來運行的內燃機
EP2634411A4 (en) FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES