PE21298A1 - Metodo y aparato para fabricar hierro metalico - Google Patents
Metodo y aparato para fabricar hierro metalicoInfo
- Publication number
- PE21298A1 PE21298A1 PE1997000194A PE00019497A PE21298A1 PE 21298 A1 PE21298 A1 PE 21298A1 PE 1997000194 A PE1997000194 A PE 1997000194A PE 00019497 A PE00019497 A PE 00019497A PE 21298 A1 PE21298 A1 PE 21298A1
- Authority
- PE
- Peru
- Prior art keywords
- feox
- wrapping
- iron
- slag
- heating
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21B—MANUFACTURE OF IRON OR STEEL
- C21B13/00—Making spongy iron or liquid steel, by direct processes
- C21B13/0046—Making spongy iron or liquid steel, by direct processes making metallised agglomerates or iron oxide
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21B—MANUFACTURE OF IRON OR STEEL
- C21B13/00—Making spongy iron or liquid steel, by direct processes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21B—MANUFACTURE OF IRON OR STEEL
- C21B13/00—Making spongy iron or liquid steel, by direct processes
- C21B13/10—Making spongy iron or liquid steel, by direct processes in hearth-type furnaces
- C21B13/105—Rotary hearth-type furnaces
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/10—Reduction of greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions
- Y02P10/134—Reduction of greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions by avoiding CO2, e.g. using hydrogen
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
- Y10T428/2982—Particulate matter [e.g., sphere, flake, etc.]
- Y10T428/2991—Coated
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Iron (AREA)
- Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
- Refinement Of Pig-Iron, Manufacture Of Cast Iron, And Steel Manufacture Other Than In Revolving Furnaces (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP05980196A JP3845893B2 (ja) | 1996-03-15 | 1996-03-15 | 金属鉄の製法 |
JP25711596A JPH10102115A (ja) | 1996-09-27 | 1996-09-27 | 金属鉄の製造方法及び製造設備 |
JP25711696A JPH10102116A (ja) | 1996-09-27 | 1996-09-27 | 金属鉄の製造方法及び製造設備 |
JP25711796A JPH10102117A (ja) | 1996-09-27 | 1996-09-27 | 金属鉄の製造方法及び製造設備 |
JP25711496A JPH10102114A (ja) | 1996-09-27 | 1996-09-27 | 金属鉄の製造方法及び製造設備 |
JP25711896A JP4149531B2 (ja) | 1996-09-27 | 1996-09-27 | 金属鉄の製造方法及び製造設備 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
PE21298A1 true PE21298A1 (es) | 1998-05-01 |
Family
ID=27550766
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PE1997000194A PE21298A1 (es) | 1996-03-15 | 1997-03-13 | Metodo y aparato para fabricar hierro metalico |
Country Status (24)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (3) | US6036744A (xx) |
EP (1) | EP0888462B1 (xx) |
KR (1) | KR100516507B1 (xx) |
CN (2) | CN1080315C (xx) |
AR (1) | AR006206A1 (xx) |
AT (1) | ATE229083T1 (xx) |
AU (1) | AU715276C (xx) |
BG (1) | BG102721A (xx) |
BR (1) | BR9707996A (xx) |
CA (2) | CA2248273C (xx) |
CZ (1) | CZ279498A3 (xx) |
DE (1) | DE69717609T2 (xx) |
EA (1) | EA001158B1 (xx) |
ES (1) | ES2188900T3 (xx) |
HU (1) | HUP9902339A3 (xx) |
ID (1) | ID16250A (xx) |
IL (1) | IL120440A0 (xx) |
NO (1) | NO984161L (xx) |
NZ (1) | NZ332283A (xx) |
PE (1) | PE21298A1 (xx) |
PL (1) | PL328812A1 (xx) |
SK (1) | SK125398A3 (xx) |
TR (1) | TR199801833T2 (xx) |
WO (1) | WO1997034018A1 (xx) |
Families Citing this family (43)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
SK125398A3 (en) * | 1996-03-15 | 1999-05-07 | Kobe Steel Ltd | Method and apparatus for making metallic iron |
US6506231B2 (en) * | 1996-03-15 | 2003-01-14 | Kabushiki Kaisha Kobe Seiko Sho | Method and apparatus for making metallic iron |
US6149709A (en) | 1997-09-01 | 2000-11-21 | Kabushiki Kaisha Kobe Seiko Sho | Method of making iron and steel |
US6592648B2 (en) * | 1997-11-17 | 2003-07-15 | Mcmaster University | Reduction of iron ore in ore/coal mixtures |
US6413295B2 (en) | 1998-11-12 | 2002-07-02 | Midrex International B.V. Rotterdam, Zurich Branch | Iron production method of operation in a rotary hearth furnace and improved furnace apparatus |
US6582651B1 (en) | 1999-06-11 | 2003-06-24 | Geogia Tech Research Corporation | Metallic articles formed by reduction of nonmetallic articles and method of producing metallic articles |
PE20020070A1 (es) | 2000-03-30 | 2002-02-05 | Midrex Internat B V | Metodo de producir hierro metalico y dispositivo de alimentacion de materia prima |
JP2001279313A (ja) | 2000-03-30 | 2001-10-10 | Midrex Internatl Bv | 溶融金属鉄の製法 |
JP2001288504A (ja) * | 2000-03-31 | 2001-10-19 | Midrex Internatl Bv | 溶融金属鉄の製造方法 |
TW562860B (en) * | 2000-04-10 | 2003-11-21 | Kobe Steel Ltd | Method for producing reduced iron |
EP1160338A1 (en) * | 2000-05-31 | 2001-12-05 | DANIELI & C. OFFICINE MECCANICHE S.p.A. | Process to preheat and reduce directly reduced iron (DRI) to be fed to an electric arc furnace (EAF) |
JP4757982B2 (ja) * | 2000-06-28 | 2011-08-24 | 株式会社神戸製鋼所 | 粒状金属鉄の歩留まり向上方法 |
JP4330257B2 (ja) * | 2000-08-09 | 2009-09-16 | 株式会社神戸製鋼所 | 金属鉄の製法 |
US20020053307A1 (en) * | 2000-10-31 | 2002-05-09 | Natsuo Ishiwata | Method for discharging reduced product from a moveable-hearth furnace and a discharging device |
JP4691827B2 (ja) * | 2001-05-15 | 2011-06-01 | 株式会社神戸製鋼所 | 粒状金属鉄 |
JP4669189B2 (ja) * | 2001-06-18 | 2011-04-13 | 株式会社神戸製鋼所 | 粒状金属鉄の製法 |
JP4266284B2 (ja) * | 2001-07-12 | 2009-05-20 | 株式会社神戸製鋼所 | 金属鉄の製法 |
JP4267843B2 (ja) * | 2001-08-31 | 2009-05-27 | 株式会社神戸製鋼所 | 金属鉄の製法 |
US6478841B1 (en) | 2001-09-12 | 2002-11-12 | Techint Technologies Inc. | Integrated mini-mill for iron and steel making |
US6689182B2 (en) | 2001-10-01 | 2004-02-10 | Kobe Steel, Ltd. | Method and device for producing molten iron |
TWI282818B (en) * | 2003-01-16 | 2007-06-21 | Kobe Steel Ltd | A rotary hearth furnace and iron production method thereby |
JP4295544B2 (ja) | 2003-04-09 | 2009-07-15 | 株式会社神戸製鋼所 | 冶金用改質炭の製造方法、ならびに冶金用改質炭を用いた還元金属および酸化非鉄金属含有スラグの製造方法 |
US7413592B2 (en) * | 2004-03-31 | 2008-08-19 | Nu-Iron Technology, Llc | Linear hearth furnace system and methods regarding same |
US8470068B2 (en) * | 2004-12-07 | 2013-06-25 | Nu-Iron Technology, Llc | Method and system for producing metallic iron nuggets |
MX2007006785A (es) * | 2004-12-07 | 2007-10-08 | Nu Iron Technology Llc | Metodo y sistema para producir pepitas de hierro metalicas. |
DE602006018967D1 (de) * | 2005-08-30 | 2011-01-27 | Du Pont | Erzreduktionsverfahren und titanoxid- und eisenmetallisierungsprodukt |
JP4981320B2 (ja) * | 2006-01-17 | 2012-07-18 | 株式会社神戸製鋼所 | 金属鉄の製法 |
US8021460B2 (en) * | 2006-07-26 | 2011-09-20 | Nu-Iron Technology, Llc | System and method for producing metallic iron nodules |
WO2009017059A1 (ja) * | 2007-07-27 | 2009-02-05 | Kabushiki Kaisha Kobe Seiko Sho | 炭材内装酸化金属ブリケットの製造方法 |
WO2009052066A1 (en) * | 2007-10-15 | 2009-04-23 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Ore reduction process using carbon based materials having a low sulfur content and titanium oxide and iron metallization product therefrom |
KR101637546B1 (ko) * | 2008-12-22 | 2016-07-08 | 회가내스 아베 (피유비엘) | 기계가공성 향상 조성물 |
RU2484145C2 (ru) * | 2009-01-23 | 2013-06-10 | Кабусики Кайся Кобе Сейко Се | Способ производства гранулированного железа |
US8518146B2 (en) | 2009-06-29 | 2013-08-27 | Gb Group Holdings Limited | Metal reduction processes, metallurgical processes and products and apparatus |
WO2012030413A2 (en) * | 2010-09-03 | 2012-03-08 | Forest Vue Research Llc | Method for simultaneously producing iron, coke, and power |
US8690986B2 (en) | 2010-09-03 | 2014-04-08 | Forest Vue Research, Llc | Method for simultaneously producing iron, coke, and power |
US8287621B2 (en) | 2010-12-22 | 2012-10-16 | Nu-Iron Technology, Llc | Use of bimodal carbon distribution in compacts for producing metallic iron nodules |
KR101442920B1 (ko) * | 2012-12-18 | 2014-09-22 | 주식회사 포스코 | 환원철 제조방법 및 제조장치 |
KR101384801B1 (ko) * | 2012-12-27 | 2014-04-21 | 주식회사 포스코 | 환원철의 제조방법 |
JP2014167164A (ja) | 2013-02-01 | 2014-09-11 | Kobe Steel Ltd | 還元鉄の製造方法 |
CA2937648C (en) | 2014-01-31 | 2023-05-09 | Saudi Basic Industries Corporation | Composite iron pellets |
US11427877B2 (en) * | 2017-09-21 | 2022-08-30 | Nucor Corporation | Direct reduced iron (DRI) heat treatment, products formed therefrom, and use thereof |
US11060792B2 (en) * | 2018-03-23 | 2021-07-13 | Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. | Oxy-fuel combustion system and method for melting a pelleted charge material |
RU2743132C2 (ru) * | 2020-03-24 | 2021-02-15 | Владимир Иванович Лунёв | Способ получения железа из оолитов бурожелезняковой руды и устройство для его реализации |
Family Cites Families (60)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US1848710A (en) * | 1932-03-08 | Metal sponge | ||
US768551A (en) * | 1903-06-16 | 1904-08-23 | Jose Baxeres De Alzugaray | Manufacture of iron and steel and their alloys. |
US890233A (en) * | 1907-12-23 | 1908-06-09 | George A St Clair | Method of dephosphorizing and reducing iron ore. |
US1689734A (en) * | 1923-02-01 | 1928-10-30 | Handelmij Feriron Nv | Process of direct reduction of iron ores |
US1983604A (en) * | 1934-01-13 | 1934-12-11 | John W Flannery | Production of refined metal |
US2386073A (en) * | 1944-02-15 | 1945-10-02 | John H Stewart | Method of reducing ores and oxides |
US2386072A (en) * | 1944-02-28 | 1945-10-02 | Enos A Stewart | Method of making sponge iron |
US2711952A (en) * | 1951-07-30 | 1955-06-28 | Illinois Clay Products Co | Production of iron briquettes by reduction of iron oxide |
US2869850A (en) * | 1954-03-17 | 1959-01-20 | Union Carbide Corp | Preparation of ore and method of heat treatment |
US2793109A (en) * | 1954-04-09 | 1957-05-21 | Surface Combustion Corp | Induration process for powdered iron oxide containing material |
US3033673A (en) * | 1960-05-03 | 1962-05-08 | Elektrokemisk As | Process of reducing iron oxides |
FR1307112A (fr) * | 1961-11-29 | 1962-10-19 | Yawata Iron & Steel Co | Procédé pour séparer un laitier non fondu de minerais de fer nickélifères contenant du chrome |
FR1307575A (fr) * | 1961-12-05 | 1962-10-26 | Yawata Iron & Steel Co Ltm | Procédé pour séparer un laitier non fondu de sables ferrugineux contenant du titane |
FR1345641A (fr) * | 1962-10-16 | 1963-12-13 | Electro Chimie Soc D | Procédé et dispositif pour la réduction des minerais de fer |
US3443931A (en) * | 1965-09-10 | 1969-05-13 | Midland Ross Corp | Process for making metallized pellets from iron oxide containing material |
FR1490774A (fr) * | 1966-08-19 | 1967-08-04 | Midland Ross Corp | Procédé pour fabriquer des pastilles métallisées à partir d'une matière contenant de l'oxyde de fer |
US3617256A (en) * | 1968-02-28 | 1971-11-02 | Fmc Corp | Process for simultaneously producing powdered iron and active carbon |
US3607224A (en) * | 1968-03-20 | 1971-09-21 | Combustion Eng | Direct reduction of iron ore |
US3653876A (en) * | 1968-07-11 | 1972-04-04 | Wienert Fritz Otto | Ferrous pellets |
SE335623B (xx) * | 1968-12-20 | 1971-06-01 | P Kihlstedt | |
US3628947A (en) * | 1968-12-26 | 1971-12-21 | Shenango Furnace Co The | Agglomerate of iron ore |
JPS5324361B1 (xx) * | 1969-02-19 | 1978-07-20 | ||
US3941582A (en) * | 1969-06-12 | 1976-03-02 | Baum Jesse J | Direct reduced iron |
US3802865A (en) * | 1969-08-29 | 1974-04-09 | Nippon Kokan Kk | Self soluble slag forming agents for use in steel making |
US3894865A (en) * | 1970-07-10 | 1975-07-15 | Wienert Fritz Otto | Production of metallurgical pellets in rotary kilns |
SU396368A1 (ru) | 1970-09-22 | 1973-08-29 | Способ получения металлизованных окатышей | |
US3751241A (en) * | 1970-12-28 | 1973-08-07 | Bethlehem Steel Corp | Method for producing weather-resistant superfluxed metallized pellets from iron-bearing fines and a superfluxed metallized pellet produced thereby |
US3912501A (en) * | 1971-05-11 | 1975-10-14 | Castejon Javier Gonzalez De | Method for the production of iron and steel |
US3807986A (en) * | 1971-06-09 | 1974-04-30 | Lukens Steel Co | Combination iron and iron oxide briquette and method of using |
BE790753A (fr) * | 1971-11-01 | 1973-04-30 | Fmc Corp | Briquettes mixtes contenant du charbon et du fer et procede pour leur fabrication |
US3814404A (en) * | 1972-01-31 | 1974-06-04 | Kaiser Steel Corp | Blast furnace and method of operating the same |
US3865574A (en) * | 1972-07-20 | 1975-02-11 | Lummus Co | Process for the production of low-sulfur prereduced iron pellets |
US3870509A (en) * | 1973-05-14 | 1975-03-11 | Ferro Carb Agglomeration | Method of disposing of particulate scrap iron |
SE380832B (sv) * | 1974-03-15 | 1975-11-17 | Asea Ab | Sett och anordning for framstellning av kolhaltig metallsmelta ur metalloxidhaltigt material |
US3953196A (en) | 1974-04-05 | 1976-04-27 | Obenchain Richard F | Process for the direct reduction of metal oxides |
US3910786A (en) * | 1974-04-09 | 1975-10-07 | Univ Minnesota | High temperature direct reduction process for iron ore agglomerates |
US3957486A (en) * | 1974-08-09 | 1976-05-18 | United States Steel Corporation | Method of reducing iron ore |
US3922165A (en) * | 1974-08-16 | 1975-11-25 | Jaconvel Company | Method for direct reduction of iron ore using sleeve-shaped briquettes |
US4042375A (en) * | 1974-10-14 | 1977-08-16 | Ici Australia Limited | Roasting process for the direct reduction of ores |
JPS5358416A (en) * | 1976-11-05 | 1978-05-26 | Nippon Steel Corp | Blast furnace operating method |
AT350600B (de) * | 1977-08-25 | 1979-06-11 | Voest Ag | Verfahren zur behandlung von eisenschwamm zum verhindern der reoxidation und vorrichtung zur durchfuehrung dieses verfahrens |
US4203258A (en) | 1978-12-22 | 1980-05-20 | Held Gerhard R | Gear finishing machine |
US4239530A (en) * | 1979-01-10 | 1980-12-16 | Board Of Control Of Michigan Technological University | Process for producing metallized iron pellets |
JPS604891B2 (ja) * | 1979-10-09 | 1985-02-07 | 株式会社神戸製鋼所 | 粗粒鉱石含有ペレツト |
HU196632B (en) | 1984-08-01 | 1988-12-28 | Vasipari Kutato Fejleszto | Process for producing high-purity steels |
SE453304B (sv) * | 1984-10-19 | 1988-01-25 | Skf Steel Eng Ab | Sett for framstellning av metaller och/eller generering av slagg fran oxidmalmer |
US4701214A (en) * | 1986-04-30 | 1987-10-20 | Midrex International B.V. Rotterdam | Method of producing iron using rotary hearth and apparatus |
US5738694A (en) * | 1994-01-21 | 1998-04-14 | Covol Technologies, Inc. | Process for recovering iron from iron-containing material |
US5730775A (en) | 1994-12-16 | 1998-03-24 | Midrex International B.V. Rotterdam, Zurich Branch | Method for rapid reduction of iron oxide in a rotary hearth furnace |
SK125398A3 (en) * | 1996-03-15 | 1999-05-07 | Kobe Steel Ltd | Method and apparatus for making metallic iron |
US6506231B2 (en) * | 1996-03-15 | 2003-01-14 | Kabushiki Kaisha Kobe Seiko Sho | Method and apparatus for making metallic iron |
US5810905A (en) * | 1996-10-07 | 1998-09-22 | Cleveland Cliffs Iron Company | Process for making pig iron |
JPH10195513A (ja) * | 1996-12-27 | 1998-07-28 | Kobe Steel Ltd | 金属鉄の製法 |
US6149709A (en) * | 1997-09-01 | 2000-11-21 | Kabushiki Kaisha Kobe Seiko Sho | Method of making iron and steel |
JP4159634B2 (ja) * | 1997-10-23 | 2008-10-01 | 株式会社神戸製鋼所 | 金属鉄の製法および装置 |
US6413295B2 (en) * | 1998-11-12 | 2002-07-02 | Midrex International B.V. Rotterdam, Zurich Branch | Iron production method of operation in a rotary hearth furnace and improved furnace apparatus |
JP2001288504A (ja) * | 2000-03-31 | 2001-10-19 | Midrex Internatl Bv | 溶融金属鉄の製造方法 |
TW562860B (en) * | 2000-04-10 | 2003-11-21 | Kobe Steel Ltd | Method for producing reduced iron |
JP2001342509A (ja) * | 2000-06-02 | 2001-12-14 | Kobe Steel Ltd | 金属鉄の製造方法および装置 |
US6749664B1 (en) * | 2001-01-26 | 2004-06-15 | Midrex International, B.V., Rotterdam, Zurich Branch | Furnace hearth for improved molten iron production and method of operation |
-
1997
- 1997-03-13 SK SK1253-98A patent/SK125398A3/sk unknown
- 1997-03-13 PE PE1997000194A patent/PE21298A1/es not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1997-03-13 CA CA2248273A patent/CA2248273C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-03-13 AR ARP970100993A patent/AR006206A1/es unknown
- 1997-03-13 TR TR1998/01833T patent/TR199801833T2/xx unknown
- 1997-03-13 CN CN97194517A patent/CN1080315C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-03-13 KR KR10-1998-0707316A patent/KR100516507B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-03-13 EA EA199800828A patent/EA001158B1/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-03-13 DE DE69717609T patent/DE69717609T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-03-13 NZ NZ332283A patent/NZ332283A/en unknown
- 1997-03-13 AU AU19404/97A patent/AU715276C/en not_active Ceased
- 1997-03-13 EP EP97907310A patent/EP0888462B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-03-13 CZ CZ982794A patent/CZ279498A3/cs unknown
- 1997-03-13 IL IL12044097A patent/IL120440A0/xx unknown
- 1997-03-13 HU HU99023399902339A patent/HUP9902339A3/hu unknown
- 1997-03-13 BR BR9707996-0A patent/BR9707996A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-03-13 ES ES97907310T patent/ES2188900T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-03-13 CA CA2694865A patent/CA2694865A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1997-03-13 PL PL97328812A patent/PL328812A1/xx unknown
- 1997-03-13 AT AT97907310T patent/ATE229083T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-03-13 WO PCT/JP1997/000806 patent/WO1997034018A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1997-03-14 US US08/818,954 patent/US6036744A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-03-17 ID IDP970865A patent/ID16250A/id unknown
-
1998
- 1998-08-24 BG BG102721A patent/BG102721A/xx unknown
- 1998-09-10 NO NO984161A patent/NO984161L/no unknown
-
2000
- 2000-01-06 US US09/478,409 patent/US6432533B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2001
- 2001-05-08 CN CNB011179414A patent/CN1198945C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2007
- 2007-09-14 US US11/855,793 patent/US7938883B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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