NO830562L - ELECTRODE, SPECIAL ANODE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF OXYGEN IN ACID ELECTROLYTES, AND PROCEDURES IN THE PREPARATION OF IT - Google Patents
ELECTRODE, SPECIAL ANODE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF OXYGEN IN ACID ELECTROLYTES, AND PROCEDURES IN THE PREPARATION OF ITInfo
- Publication number
- NO830562L NO830562L NO830562A NO830562A NO830562L NO 830562 L NO830562 L NO 830562L NO 830562 A NO830562 A NO 830562A NO 830562 A NO830562 A NO 830562A NO 830562 L NO830562 L NO 830562L
- Authority
- NO
- Norway
- Prior art keywords
- particles
- anode
- activated
- titanium
- base
- Prior art date
Links
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 27
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 title claims description 27
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 27
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 21
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 title claims description 12
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 title 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 116
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 78
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims description 62
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 50
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 43
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 32
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 25
- 229910000978 Pb alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 23
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 12
- 150000003608 titanium Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010970 precious metal Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N ZrO2 Inorganic materials O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005979 thermal decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 claims 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000003487 electrochemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 150000002697 manganese compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 150000003609 titanium compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 44
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical compound CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 30
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 30
- 238000001994 activation Methods 0.000 description 30
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 12
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 10
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- 238000005363 electrowinning Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 7
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 6
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910019891 RuCl3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 4
- YBCAZPLXEGKKFM-UHFFFAOYSA-K ruthenium(iii) chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Ru+3] YBCAZPLXEGKKFM-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 4
- WOCIAKWEIIZHES-UHFFFAOYSA-N ruthenium(iv) oxide Chemical compound O=[Ru]=O WOCIAKWEIIZHES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 3
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 3
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910010413 TiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010405 anode material Substances 0.000 description 2
- FPCJKVGGYOAWIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N butan-1-ol;titanium Chemical compound [Ti].CCCCO.CCCCO.CCCCO.CCCCO FPCJKVGGYOAWIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229960005235 piperonyl butoxide Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001316 Ag alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000001674 Agaricus brunnescens Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002666 PdCl2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910010977 TiâPd Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XSTXAVWGXDQKEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trichloroethylene Chemical group ClC=C(Cl)Cl XSTXAVWGXDQKEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003929 acidic solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- YHWCPXVTRSHPNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N butan-1-olate;titanium(4+) Chemical compound [Ti+4].CCCC[O-].CCCC[O-].CCCC[O-].CCCC[O-] YHWCPXVTRSHPNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QGUAJWGNOXCYJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt dinitrate hexahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.[Co+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O QGUAJWGNOXCYJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000428 cobalt oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- IVMYJDGYRUAWML-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(ii) oxide Chemical compound [Co]=O IVMYJDGYRUAWML-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000001787 dendrite Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007865 diluting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010411 electrocatalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LWUVWAREOOAHDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead silver Chemical compound [Ag].[Pb] LWUVWAREOOAHDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002142 lead-calcium alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- MIVBAHRSNUNMPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese(II) nitrate Inorganic materials [Mn+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O MIVBAHRSNUNMPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002923 metal particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PIBWKRNGBLPSSY-UHFFFAOYSA-L palladium(II) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Pd]Cl PIBWKRNGBLPSSY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000002161 passivation Methods 0.000 description 1
- -1 platinum group metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000135 prohibitive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011149 sulphuric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C7/00—Constructional parts, or assemblies thereof, of cells; Servicing or operating of cells
- C25C7/02—Electrodes; Connections thereof
Description
Det tekniske omrÄdeThe technical area
Den foreliggende oppfinnelse angÄr dimensjonsstabile elektroder, og mer spesielt anoder for oxygenutvikling i en sur elektrolytt, av den type som anvendes f.eks. ved fremgangsmÄter for elektroutvinning av metaller fra sure elektrolytter. The present invention relates to dimensionally stable electrodes, and more particularly anodes for oxygen development in an acidic electrolyte, of the type used e.g. by methods for the electroextraction of metals from acidic electrolytes.
Teknikkens standState of the art
Bly- eller blylegeringsanoder er blitt utstrakt anvendt for fremgangsmÄter for elektroutvinning av metaller fra sulfatopplÞsninger. De er imidlertid ikke desto mindre beheftet med mindre viktige begrensninger, som en hÞy oxygen-overspenning og tap av anodemateriale som fÞrer til forurensning av elektrolytten, og dessuten av metallproduktet dannet pÄ katoden. Lead or lead alloy anodes have been widely used for methods of electrorecovery of metals from sulfate solutions. However, they are nevertheless subject to less important limitations, such as a high oxygen overvoltage and loss of anode material leading to contamination of the electrolyte, and also of the metal product formed on the cathode.
Anoder av bly-sĂžlvlegering gir en viss minskning av oxygenoverspenningen og en forbedring av strĂžmutbyttet, men de er fremdeles beheftet med de ovennevnte begrensninger som helhet. Anodes of lead-silver alloy provide some reduction of the oxygen overvoltage and an improvement of the current yield, but they are still subject to the above-mentioned limitations as a whole.
Det er blitt foreslÄtt Ä anvende dimensjonsstabile titan-anoder med et platinametalloxydbelegg for anodisk utvikling av oxygen, men slike anoder er i alminnelighet utsatt for en mer eller mindre hurtig passivering og oxydasjon av titangrunnlaget. It has been proposed to use dimensionally stable titanium anodes with a platinum metal oxide coating for anodic evolution of oxygen, but such anodes are generally exposed to a more or less rapid passivation and oxidation of the titanium base.
Det er ogsÄ blitt foreslÄtt Ä gi titangrunnlaget et be-skyttende underbelegg som omfatter et platinagruppemetall under det ytre belegg, men slike belegg gir i alminnelighet ikke en tilstrekkelig beskyttelse av titangrunnlaget til Ä berettige den hÞye pris ved anvendelse av edelmetaller. It has also been proposed to give the titanium base a protective undercoating comprising a platinum group metal under the outer coating, but such coatings generally do not provide sufficient protection of the titanium base to justify the high price when using precious metals.
Celler for elektroutvinning av metall krever i alminnelighet en stor anodeoverflate og arbeider ved lav strÞmtetthet for Ä sikre en jevn elektrolytisk avsetning av metall pÄ katoden, slik at omkostningene ved anvendelse av en titan-base blir forholdsvis viktige og ogsÄ mÄ tas i betraktning. Cells for the electroextraction of metal generally require a large anode surface and work at a low current density to ensure a uniform electrolytic deposition of metal on the cathode, so that the costs of using a titanium base become relatively important and must also be taken into account.
Dimensjonsstabile anoder med blandede oxydbelegg omfattende platinagruppemetaller og ventilmetaller er beskrevet i US patentskrift 3632498. Et eksempel i dette patentskrift angÄr fremstilling av et findelt blandet Ti-Pd-oxydpulver som derefter pÄfÞres ved valsing eller hamring inn i en stang av mykt titan. Den innarbeidede mengde edelmetall i det blandede oxydpulver og pÄfÞrt pÄ elektroden pÄ denne mÄte vil imidlertid kunne vÊre fullstendig hindrende for forskjellige industrielle anvendelser. NÄr sÄledes elek-trodens overflate skal dekkes i det vesentlige fullstendig med det blandede oxydpulver, og mer spesielt dersom elektroden er beregnet for anvendelse ved forholdsvis lavStrÞmtetthet som anvendt ved elektroutvinning av metaller, kan omkostningene ved det pÄ denne mÄte pÄfÞrte edelmetall i form av et blandet oxyd stille seg spesielt hindrende. Dimensionally stable anodes with mixed oxide coatings comprising platinum group metals and valve metals are described in US patent document 3632498. An example in this patent document relates to the production of a finely divided mixed Ti-Pd oxide powder which is then applied by rolling or hammering into a rod of soft titanium. However, the incorporated amount of noble metal in the mixed oxide powder and applied to the electrode in this way could be completely prohibitive for various industrial applications. Thus, when the surface of the electrode is to be covered essentially completely with the mixed oxide powder, and more particularly if the electrode is intended for use at a relatively low current density as used in electromining of metals, the costs of the precious metal applied in this way in the form of a mixed oxyd pose a particular obstacle.
Beskrivelse av oppfinnelsenDescription of the invention
Det tas ved oppfinnelsen sikte pÄ Ä tilveiebringe en forbedret anode for oxygenutvikling i en sur elektrolytt. The invention aims to provide an improved anode for oxygen development in an acidic electrolyte.
Det tas ved oppfinnelsen ogsÄ sikte pÄ Ä tilveiebringeThe invention also aims to provide
en anode med en base av bly eller blylegering, med forbedrede elektrokjemiske egenskaper for anodisk utvikling av oxygen i en sur elektrolytt for derved i det vesentlige fullstendig Ä vÊre istand til Ä unngÄ tap av anodematerialet og derved unngÄ de begrensninger som vanlige bly- eller blylegeringsanoder er beheftet med. an anode with a base of lead or lead alloy, with improved electrochemical properties for the anodic evolution of oxygen in an acidic electrolyte to thereby substantially completely avoid the loss of the anode material and thereby avoid the limitations of ordinary lead or lead alloy anodes encumbered with.
Det er et ytterligere formÄl ved oppfinnelsen Ä tilveiebringe en enkel fremgangsmÄte ved fremstilling av en slik elektrode med forbedrede bruksegenskaper. It is a further object of the invention to provide a simple method for producing such an electrode with improved usage properties.
Den elektrokjemiske bruksegenskap ved anoden forbedres ifÞlge oppfinnelsen ved at anoden forsynes med titanpartikler som er katalytisk aktivert med ruthenium i oxydform og er delvis innleiret i overflaten av anodebasen av bly eller blylegering slik at de er fast forankret og elektrisk stÄr i forbindelse med ba.sen. Den Þvrige ikke innleirede del av The electrochemical performance of the anode is improved according to the invention by providing the anode with titanium particles that are catalytically activated with ruthenium in oxide form and are partially embedded in the surface of the anode base of lead or lead alloy so that they are firmly anchored and electrically connected to the base. The other non-embedded part of
de nevnte katalytiske partikler stikker sÄledes ut fra anodebasens nevnte overflate og kan derved fremby en overflate for oxygenutvikling som kan vÊre betraktelig stÞrre enn den under-liggende overflate av anodebasen av bly eller blylegering. the said catalytic particles thus protrude from the mentioned surface of the anode base and can thereby provide a surface for oxygen evolution which can be considerably larger than the underlying surface of the anode base of lead or lead alloy.
De delvis innleirede katalytiske partikler er ifĂžlge oppfinnelsen fortrinnsvis anordnet slik at de i det vesentlige dekker hele overflaten av bly- eller blylegeringsbasen og frembyr en maksimal overflate for oxygenutvikling og derved nĂŠrmere bestemt gir en i det vesentlige jevn fordeling av anodestrĂžmtettheten. According to the invention, the partially embedded catalytic particles are preferably arranged so that they essentially cover the entire surface of the lead or lead alloy base and provide a maximum surface for oxygen evolution and thereby more precisely provide an essentially even distribution of the anode current density.
Anvendelsen av ruthenium for katalytisk Ă„ aktivere titanpartikler for en anode ifĂžlge oppfinnelsen er spesielt fordelaktig da ruthenium kan gi en utmerket elektrokataly-sator for oxygenutvikling til en forholdsvis lav pris i forhold til anvendelse av andre metaller fra platinagruppen. The use of ruthenium to catalytically activate titanium particles for an anode according to the invention is particularly advantageous as ruthenium can provide an excellent electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution at a relatively low price compared to the use of other metals from the platinum group.
De katalytiske partikler som er pÄfÞrt pÄ anoden ifÞlge oppfinnelsen, bestÄr med fordel av titansvamp og kan ha en stÞrrelse innen omrÄdet 150-1250^um, fortrinnsvis 300-lOOO^um. The catalytic particles applied to the anode according to the invention advantageously consist of titanium sponge and can have a size within the range 150-1250 ”m, preferably 300-1000 ”m.
Mengden av de katalytiske partikler som er pÄfÞrt pr. arealenhet av anodebasen for anoden ifÞlge oppfinnelsen, skal i alminnelighet vÊre tilstrekkelig til i det vesentlige Ä dekke hele anodebasen. The quantity of the catalytic particles applied per area unit of the anode base for the anode according to the invention, should generally be sufficient to essentially cover the entire anode base.
Det har nu vist seg at forholdsvis store partikkel-mengder svarende til over 400 g/m i alminnelighet er nĂžd-vendige for fremstilling av elektroder med tilfredsstillende bruksegenskaper. StĂžrre mengder av opp til 1000 g/m 2 eller ennu stĂžrre har likeledes vist seg Ă„ vĂŠre fordelaktige. It has now been shown that relatively large amounts of particles corresponding to over 400 g/m are generally necessary for the production of electrodes with satisfactory performance properties. Larger amounts of up to 1000 g/m 2 or even greater have also been found to be beneficial.
De katalytiske partikler omfatter med fordel en minimums-mengde av ruthenium svarende til hÞyst 6 vekt% av titanet i partiklene og jevnt fordelt pÄ en meget stor overflate. The catalytic particles advantageously comprise a minimum amount of ruthenium corresponding to no more than 6% by weight of the titanium in the particles and evenly distributed over a very large surface.
De store mengder av katalytiske partikler som er blitt antydet ovenfor, f.eks. 500-1000 g/m 2, kan likevel fÞre til ganske hÞye omkostninger for rutheniumet. Det er derfor spesielt viktig Ä redusere tapet av ruthenium sÄ langt som mulig ved anvendelsen av anoden. The large amounts of catalytic particles that have been indicated above, e.g. 500-1000 g/m 2 can still lead to quite high costs for the ruthenium. It is therefore particularly important to reduce the loss of ruthenium as far as possible when using the anode.
Det er nu ved forsÞk blitt fastslÄtt at nÄr titanpar-tiklene aktiveres med mangan sÄvel som med ruthenium i oxydform, Þker katalysatorens stabilitet med hensyn til ruthenium-dioxyd anvendt alene eller i andre kombinasjoner. It has now been established by experiment that when the titanium particles are activated with manganese as well as with ruthenium in oxide form, the stability of the catalyst increases with respect to ruthenium dioxide used alone or in other combinations.
Denne forbedrede elektrokatalytiske egenskap og stabilitet ved Ru-Mn-oxydsystemet under betingelser som fÞrer til oxygenutvikling i sure media utgjÞr et spesielt fordelaktig sÊrtrekk ved de katalytisk aktiverte titanpartikler som anvendes pÄ en blybase for en anode ifÞlge opp- This improved electrocatalytic property and stability of the Ru-Mn-oxide system under conditions that lead to oxygen evolution in acidic media constitutes a particularly advantageous feature of the catalytically activated titanium particles used on a lead base for an anode according to
finnelsen.the invention.
Det har ogsÄ vist seg at nÄr titanoxyd dannes vedIt has also been shown that when titanium oxide is formed by
termisk spaltning av de aktiverte partikler, fÄs en ytterligere forbedret stabilitet for partiklene. thermal splitting of the activated particles, a further improved stability of the particles is obtained.
Det har videre vist seg at en mer effektiv anvendelseIt has also been shown that a more effective application
av rutheniumet oppnÄs dersom stÞrre aktiverte partikler fÞrst presses inn i blyanodebasen, hvorefter mindre partikler presses inn som med fordel kan inneholde en hÞyere andel av ruthenium enn de stÞrre partikler. Denne to-trinns metode har vist seg Ä forbedre kontakten med blybasen og dessuten langtidsstabiliteten for de katalytiske aktiverte partikler. of the ruthenium is achieved if larger activated particles are first pressed into the lead anode base, after which smaller particles are pressed in which can advantageously contain a higher proportion of ruthenium than the larger particles. This two-step method has been shown to improve contact with the lead base and also the long-term stability of the catalytically activated particles.
Det har dessuten vist seg at et ytterligere pressetrinn for Ä pÄfÞre uaktiverte partikler av et ventilmetall eller et ventilmetalloxyd, mer spesielt zirkoniumdioxyd, ytterligere kan Þke de aktiverte partiklers stabilitet. Dette er av spesiell viktighet for fremgangsmÄter for elektroutvinning av metaller fra elektrolytter som inneholder Mn 2+-ioner hvor avsetningen av dÄrlig elektrisk ledende MnC^kan vÊre skadelig for bruksresultatene oppnÄdd med anoden. It has also been found that a further pressing step to apply unactivated particles of a valve metal or a valve metal oxide, more particularly zirconium dioxide, can further increase the stability of the activated particles. This is of particular importance for methods of electro-extraction of metals from electrolytes containing Mn 2+ ions where the deposition of poorly electrically conductive MnC 2 can be detrimental to the performance results obtained with the anode.
I de nedenstÄende eksempler er forskjellige utfÞrelses-former av oppfinnelsen beskrevet. In the examples below, various embodiments of the invention are described.
Eksempel 1Example 1
En aktiverende opplĂžsning ble fremstilt ved Ă„ opplĂžse 0,57 g RuCl3.aq. og 1,33 g Mn(N03)2-aq i 4 ml 1-butylalkohol. OpplĂžsningen ble derefter fortynnet med seks ganger dens vekt av 1-butylalkohol. An activating solution was prepared by dissolving 0.57 g of RuCl3.aq. and 1.33 g of Mn(NO 3 ) 2 -aq in 4 ml of 1-butyl alcohol. The solution was then diluted with six times its weight of 1-butyl alcohol.
3,25 g Ti-svamp (partikkelstÞrrelse over 630^um) ble av-fettet med triklorethylen, tÞrket og impregnert med aktiver-ingsopplÞsningen. Efter hver impregnering ble titansvampen tÞrket ved 10 0°C i ca, 1 time. En varmebehandling ble derefter utfÞrt i 10 minutter ved 200°C og til slutt i ca. 10 minutter ved 400°C under en ekstern luftstrÞm. Denne aktiveringsmetode ble utfÞrt 5 ganger. De pÄ denne mÄte oppnÄdde Ru- og Mn-mengder svarte til 28,4 mg Ru/g Ti og 3 6,0 mg Mn/g Ti. 3.25 g of Ti sponge (particle size above 630 ”m) was degreased with trichlorethylene, dried and impregnated with the activation solution. After each impregnation, the titanium sponge was dried at 100°C for approximately 1 hour. A heat treatment was then carried out for 10 minutes at 200°C and finally for approx. 10 minutes at 400°C under an external air flow. This activation method was performed 5 times. The amounts of Ru and Mn obtained in this way corresponded to 28.4 mg Ru/g Ti and 36.0 mg Mn/g Ti.
Den samme aktiveringsopplÞsning ble ogsÄ anvendt for 4,9 g The same activation solution was also used for 4.9 g
Ti-svamp (partikkelstĂžrrelse 315-630yUm). TemperatureneTi-sponge (particle size 315-630yUm). The temperatures
for tÞrking og oppvarming og dessuten antallet av impreg-neringer var identiske med dem som ble anvendt for de stÞrre partikler. Varigheten av varmebehandlingen ved 400°C var imidlertid 12 minutter. Ru- ogMn-mengdene svarte i dette tilfelle til 27 mg Ru/g Ti-svamp og 34 mg Mn/g Ti-svamp. for drying and heating and furthermore the number of impregnations were identical to those used for the larger particles. However, the duration of the heat treatment at 400°C was 12 minutes. The amounts of Ru and Mn in this case corresponded to 27 mg Ru/g Ti sponge and 34 mg Mn/g Ti sponge.
De aktiverte titansvamppartikler ble derefter pressetThe activated titanium sponge particles were then pressed
pÄ et blyplateprÞvestykke. De stÞrre partikkelstÞrrelser (over 630yum) ble fÞrst presset ved 290 kg/cm<2>under erholdelse av Ti-, Mn- og Ru-mengder pr. arealenhet av blyplaten av hhv. 322, 11,5 og 9,1 g/m 2. Derefter ble mindre aktiverte titanpartikler (315-630yUm) presset ved 360 kg/cm<2>under erholdelse av Ti-, Mn- og Ru-mengder av hhv. 400, on a lead plate test piece. The larger particle sizes (over 630 ”m) were first pressed at 290 kg/cm<2> while obtaining Ti, Mn and Ru quantities per area unit of the lead sheet of respectively 322, 11.5 and 9.1 g/m 2. Then smaller activated titanium particles (315-630 ”m) were pressed at 360 kg/cm<2>, obtaining Ti, Mn and Ru quantities of respectively. 400,
13,7 og 10,8 g/m<2>. 13.7 and 10.8 g/m<2>.
Et elektrodeprĂžvestykke (l 62) ble derved fremstilt medAn electrode test piece (l 62) was thereby produced with
en blybase som var jevnt dekket med titansvamppartikler som var aktivert med Ru-Mn-oxyd i en mengde svarende til 722 a lead base that was uniformly covered with titanium sponge particles that were activated with Ru-Mn oxide in an amount equal to 722
g/m<2>Ti-svamp, 19,9 g/m<2>Ru og 25,2 g/m<2>Mn.g/m<2>Ti sponge, 19.9 g/m<2>Ru and 25.2 g/m<2>Mn.
Dette elektrodeprĂžvestykke ble undersĂžkt som oxygenutviklende anode i r^SO^(150 g/liter) . Elektrodepotensialet (oxygenhalvcellepotensialet) ved en strĂžmtetthet av 500 This electrode sample was examined as an oxygen-evolving anode in r^SO^ (150 g/litre). The electrode potential (oxygen half-cell potential) at a current density of 500
A/m 2 var 1,57 V mÄlt i forhold til NHE efter 68 dÞgn, 1,59 V efter 194 dÞgn og 1,75 V efter 210 dÞgn anvendt som anode. A/m 2 was 1.57 V measured in relation to NHE after 68 days, 1.59 V after 194 days and 1.75 V after 210 days used as anode.
For sammenlignings skyld skal det nevnes at et annet anodeprÞvestykke (L 61) som ble fremstilt ved direkte Ä presse mindre partikler av aktivert Ti-svamp pÄ bly og med hÞyere Ru- og Mn-mengder svarende til hhv. 27,9 og 35,4 g/m<2>, oppviste et anodepotensial av 1,62 V efter 69 dÞgns drift under identiske betingelser og et potensial av 1,63 V da anodedriften ble stanset efter 194 dÞgn. For the sake of comparison, it should be mentioned that another anode test piece (L 61) which was produced by directly pressing smaller particles of activated Ti sponge onto lead and with higher Ru and Mn amounts corresponding to, respectively. 27.9 and 35.4 g/m<2>, showed an anode potential of 1.62 V after 69 days of operation under identical conditions and a potential of 1.63 V when anode operation was stopped after 194 days.
Et ytterligere anodeprÞvestykke (L 76) ble,fremstilt pÄ lignende mÄte som prÞvestykket L 62, men de stÞrre partikler ble bare aktivert 4 ganger istedenfor 5 ganger. De samlede Ru- og Mn-mengder var i dette tilfelle hhy. 22,1 og 28,0 g/m 2. Anoden ble undersÞkt under identiske betingelser og oppviste et potensial av 1,5 V mÄlt i forhold til NHE efter 22 dÞgn og 1,8 V efter 140 dÞgn anvendt som anode. A further anode sample (L 76) was prepared in a similar manner to sample L 62, but the larger particles were only activated 4 times instead of 5 times. The total Ru and Mn amounts were high in this case. 22.1 and 28.0 g/m 2. The anode was examined under identical conditions and showed a potential of 1.5 V measured in relation to NHE after 22 days and 1.8 V after 140 days used as anode.
Eksempel 2Example 2
Et anodeprÞvestykke (L 64) ble fremstilt pÄ lignendeAn anode test piece (L 64) was prepared in a similar manner
mÄte som prÞvestykket L 62 ifÞlge eksempel 1, men med hÞyere Ru- og Mn-mengder av hhv. 23,1 og 29,3 g/m<2>. Anoden ble undersÞkt i en opplÞsning for elektroutvinning av way as the test piece L 62 according to example 1, but with higher Ru and Mn amounts of resp. 23.1 and 29.3 g/m<2>. The anode was examined in a solution for electroextraction of
2+ 2+
Zn og inneholdende Mn som en hovedsakelig forurensning. Zn and containing Mn as a main contaminant.
Dets spenning efter drift i 60 h og 120 h som oxygenutviklende anode i denne opplÞsning var hhv. 1,68 V og 1,73 V mÄlt i forhold til NHE (normal hydrogenelektrode) . StrÞmtettheten var.400 A/m 2. Mn-oxyd ble ikke avsatt i Its voltage after operation for 60 h and 120 h as an oxygen-evolving anode in this solution was respectively 1.68 V and 1.73 V measured relative to NHE (normal hydrogen electrode). The current density was 400 A/m 2. Mn oxide was not deposited in
lĂžpet av denne periode.during this period.
For sammenlignings skyld skal det nevnes at blyprÞve-stykker som omfattet bare store aktiverte partikler (stÞr-relse over 630yum) eller bare mindre partikler (stÞrrelse 315-630 /Um) og med samlede Ru- og Mn-mengder svarende til hhv. 19-20 og 24-25 g/m 2, oppviste en hÞyere anodespenning av 1,72-1,75 V mÄlt i forhold til NHE efter 60 timers drift. En tykk anodisk avsetning av Mn-oxyd ble i begge tilfeller iakttatt. For the sake of comparison, it should be mentioned that lead sample pieces which included only large activated particles (size over 630 ”m) or only smaller particles (size 315-630 ”m) and with total Ru and Mn amounts corresponding to respectively 19-20 and 24-25 g/m 2, showed a higher anode voltage of 1.72-1.75 V measured in relation to NHE after 60 hours of operation. A thick anodic deposit of Mn oxide was observed in both cases.
Eksempel 3Example 3
Ti-svamp (partikkelstÞrrelse 315-630yUm) ble aktivertTi sponge (particle size 315-630 ”m) was activated
pÄ lignende mÄte som i eksempel 1. Den ble derefter presset pÄ bly ved 270fog/' cm 2og ga en mengde av Ti, Mn og Ru svarende til hhv. 4 27, 15,1 og 11,9 g/m<2>. Til slutt ble partikkelformig ZrO~(partikkelstÞrrelse 150-500 ,um) presset med et trykk av ca. 410 kg/cm 2 pÄ toppen av Ti-svampen og ga en ZrC^-mengde svarende til 248 g/m 2. in a similar way as in example 1. It was then pressed on lead at 270fog/' cm 2 and gave an amount of Ti, Mn and Ru corresponding to, respectively. 4 27, 15.1 and 11.9 g/m<2>. Finally, particulate ZrO~ (particle size 150-500 ”m) was pressed with a pressure of approx. 410 kg/cm 2 on top of the Ti sponge and gave a ZrC^ amount corresponding to 248 g/m 2 .
Det pÄ denne mÄte fremstilte elektrodeprÞvestykkeThe electrode sample produced in this way
(L 82) ble undersĂžkt som oxygenutviklende anode i H2SO4(L 82) was investigated as an oxygen-evolving anode in H2SO4
(150 g/liter). Elektrodespenningen ved en strĂžmtetthet av 500 A/m 2 var 1,5 V i forhold til NHE efter anvendelse som anode i 150 timer. Den var 1,59 V efter 293 dĂžgn, og elektjrodeprĂžvestykket er fremdeles i drift. Dette svarer til en spenningsbesparelse av 410 mV i forhold til anvendelse av rent, ubehandlet bly. (150 g/litre). The electrode voltage at a current density of 500 A/m 2 was 1.5 V in relation to NHE after use as anode for 150 hours. It was 1.59 V after 293 days, and the electrode test piece is still in operation. This corresponds to a voltage saving of 410 mV compared to the use of pure, untreated lead.
Eksempel 4Example 4
Ti-svamp (partikkelstÞrrelse 315-630^um) ble fÞrst aktivert med en Ru- og Mn-holdig opplÞsning som beskrevet i eksempel 1. Aktiveringsmetoden er ogsÄ identisk med metoden beskrevet i eksempel 1. Ti sponge (particle size 315-630 ”m) was first activated with a Ru- and Mn-containing solution as described in example 1. The activation method is also identical to the method described in example 1.
Efter denne aktivering ble et toppbelegg pÄfÞrt ved impregnering med en opplÞsning som inneholdt Ti-butoxyd og som ble fremstilt ved Ä opplÞse 1,78 g Ti-butoxyd i 3,75 ml 1-butylalkohol og 0,25 ml HCl. After this activation, a top coating was applied by impregnation with a solution containing Ti-butoxide and which was prepared by dissolving 1.78 g of Ti-butoxide in 3.75 ml of 1-butyl alcohol and 0.25 ml of HCl.
Den impregnerte svamp ble tÞrket i ca. 1 time ved 100°C. En varmebehandling ble derefter utfÞrt ved 250°C i 12 minutter og til slutt ved 400°C i ca. 12 minutter under en ekstern luftstrÞm. The impregnated sponge was dried for approx. 1 hour at 100°C. A heat treatment was then carried out at 250°C for 12 minutes and finally at 400°C for approx. 12 minutes under an external air stream.
De erholdte aktiverte titanpartikler ble derefter presset pÄ bly ved ca. 250 kg/cm 2. ElektrodeprÞvestykket (L 84) The obtained activated titanium particles were then pressed onto lead at approx. 250 kg/cm 2. The electrode test piece (L 84)
ble pÄ denne mÄte fremstilt med en blybase som var jevnt dekket med Ru-Mn-oxydaktiverte titansvamppartikler "topp-belagt" med Ti-oxyd i mengder svarende til 13,3 gRu/<m><2>, was produced in this way with a lead base that was evenly covered with Ru-Mn oxide-activated titanium sponge particles "top-coated" with Ti oxide in amounts corresponding to 13.3 gRu/<m><2>,
2 2 2 2 2 2
16,9 g Mn/m , 5,8 g Ti/m og 515 g Ti-svamp/m .16.9 g Mn/m , 5.8 g Ti/m and 515 g Ti sponge/m .
Dette elektrodeprĂžvestykke ble undersĂžkt som oxygenutviklende anode i r^SO^(150 g/liter). Dets spenning ved en strĂžmtetthet av 500 A/m<2>var 1,49 V i forhold til NHE efter anvendelse som anode i 130 timer. Dette svarer til en spenningsbesparelse av 510 mV sammenlignet med anvendelse av ubehandlet bly. Anodespenningen var 1,64 V efter 128 dĂžgn, og dette svarer til en spenningsbesparelse av 360 mV This electrode sample was examined as an oxygen-evolving anode in r^SO^ (150 g/liter). Its voltage at a current density of 500 A/m<2>was 1.49 V relative to NHE after being used as an anode for 130 hours. This corresponds to a voltage saving of 510 mV compared to the use of untreated lead. The anode voltage was 1.64 V after 128 days, and this corresponds to a voltage saving of 360 mV
i forhold til anvendelse av ubehandlet bly.in relation to the use of untreated lead.
Eksempel 5Example 5
Ti-svamp (partikkelstÞrrelse 315-630yUm) ble fÞrst aktivert med en Ru-holdig opplÞsning som ble fremstilt ved Ä opplÞse 134 g RuCl-j.H^jO pr, liter butylalkohol. Ti-svampen ble impregnert med den Ru^-holdige opplÞsning, oppvarmet i 20 minutter ved 120°C for Ä fordampe opplÞsningsmidlet og yarmebehandlet i 15 minutter ved 250°C og til slutt i ytterligere 15 minutter ved 450°C. Denne impregnering, tÞrking og brenning ble gjentatt fire ganger. Den pÄ denne mÄte oppnÄdde rutheniummengde var 30 mg/g Ti-svamp. Ti sponge (particle size 315-630 ”m) was first activated with a Ru-containing solution which was prepared by dissolving 134 g of RuCl-j.H^jO per liter of butyl alcohol. The Ti sponge was impregnated with the Ru 2 -containing solution, heated for 20 minutes at 120°C to evaporate the solvent and heat treated for 15 minutes at 250°C and finally for another 15 minutes at 450°C. This impregnation, drying and firing was repeated four times. The amount of ruthenium obtained in this way was 30 mg/g Ti sponge.
Efter denne aktivering ble et toppbelegg av Ti02pÄfÞrt pÄ de aktiverte partikler ved impregnering med en opplÞsning som var blitt fremstilt ved Ä blande 1,8 g titanbutoxyd med 3,75 ml butylalkohol. TÞrke-, oppvarmings- og brenningstrinnene var de samme som er beskrevet ovenfor for den Ru-holdige aktiverende opplÞsning. Disse trinn ble gjentatt to ganger og ga en titanmengde, pÄfÞrt som TiO,,, av 5 mg/g Ti-svamp. After this activation, a top coating of TiO 2 was applied to the activated particles by impregnation with a solution which had been prepared by mixing 1.8 g of titanium butoxide with 3.75 ml of butyl alcohol. The drying, heating and firing steps were the same as described above for the Ru-containing activating solution. These steps were repeated twice and yielded a titanium amount, applied as TiO 2 , of 5 mg/g Ti sponge.
De aktiverte titanpartikler ble derefter presset pÄ bly ved 250 kg/cm 2 i form av et blyplateprÞvestykke og ga en partikkelmengde av 50 0 g/m 2 svarende til 15 g/m 2 Ru og 2,5 g/m 2 Ti pÄfÞrt pÄ partiklene jevnt fordelt pÄ blyover-flaten. The activated titanium particles were then pressed onto lead at 250 kg/cm 2 in the form of a lead plate test piece and gave a particle amount of 50 0 g/m 2 corresponding to 15 g/m 2 Ru and 2.5 g/m 2 Ti applied to the particles evenly distributed on the lead-over surface.
Dette elektrodeprĂžvestykke ble undersĂžkt som oxygenutviklende anode i H2S04(150 g/liter). Elektrodespenningen ved en strĂžmtetthet av 500A/m<2>var 1,66 V i forhold til NHE efter anvendelse som anode i 2000 timer. This electrode sample was examined as an oxygen-evolving anode in H2S04 (150 g/litre). The electrode voltage at a current density of 500A/m<2>was 1.66 V in relation to NHE after use as anode for 2000 hours.
Eksempel 6Example 6
TiC^-rutilpartikler med en stÞrrelse av 315-630yUm aktiveres ved impregnering med den fÞlgende opplÞsning: 0. 54 g RuCl3.H20, 1,8 g butyltitanat, 0,25 ml HCl og 3,75 ml butylalkohol. TiC^-rutile particles with a size of 315-630 ”m are activated by impregnation with the following solution: 0.54 g RuCl 3 .H 2 O, 1.8 g butyl titanate, 0.25 ml HCl and 3.75 ml butyl alcohol.
Efter impregneringen tĂžrkes partiklene ved 100°C i luft og brennes i 10 minutter ved 4 4 0°C under en luftstrĂžm. Denne metode gjentas 4 ganger. De erholdte partikler er aktivert med RuC^-TiC^ âą After the impregnation, the particles are dried at 100°C in air and burned for 10 minutes at 4 4 0°C under an air stream. This method is repeated 4 times. The particles obtained are activated with RuC^-TiC^ âą
Partiklene presses derefter pÄ et blyplateprÞvestykke ved et trykk av 250 kg/cm 2 . Partikkelmengden er 400 g/m<2>svarende til en Ru-mengde og Ti-mengde av hhv. 15 og 16 g/m<2>(pÄfÞrt som Ru02-Ti02). The particles are then pressed onto a lead plate test piece at a pressure of 250 kg/cm 2 . The amount of particles is 400 g/m<2>corresponding to a Ru amount and Ti amount of respectively 15 and 16 g/m<2> (applied as Ru02-Ti02).
Den fremstilte aktiverte blyelektrode ble undersĂžktThe fabricated activated lead electrode was investigated
som anode i en vandig opplÞsning inneholdende 150 g H2S0^pr, liter ved vÊrelsetemperatur. Den pÄfÞrte anodestrÞm-tetthet var 500 A/m 2. En oxygenhalvcellespenning av 1,75 V 1. forhold til NHE ble oppnÄdd efter drift i 300 timer. Efter 1000 timer nÄdde anodespenningen den samme verdi som spenningen for en anode av rent, ubehandlet bly. as anode in an aqueous solution containing 150 g H2S0^per liter at room temperature. The applied anode current density was 500 A/m 2 . An oxygen half-cell voltage of 1.75 V 1. relative to NHE was obtained after operation for 300 hours. After 1000 hours, the anode voltage reached the same value as the voltage for an anode of pure, untreated lead.
Eksempel 7Example 7
En aktiveringsopplĂžsning ble fremstilt som beskrevet i eksempel 1, men istedenfor Ă„ fortynne denne seks ganger dens mengde med n-butylalkohol (som i eksempel 1) ble den fortynnet med bare tre ganger dens mengde. An activation solution was prepared as described in Example 1, but instead of diluting it six times its amount with n-butyl alcohol (as in Example 1) it was diluted only three times its amount.
4,11 g Ti-svamp (partikkelstÞrrelse 400-630yUm) ble impregnert med aktiveringsopplÞsningen. Efter hver impregnering ble titansvampen tÞrket i ca. 1 time ved 100°C. En varmebehandling ble derefter utfÞrt i ca. 10 minutter ved 250°C og til slutt ved 400°C i ca. 10 minutter under en ekstern luftstrÞm. Denne aktiveringsmetode ble utfÞrt 3 ganger. De pÄ denne mÄte oppnÄdde Ru- og Mn-mengder var 36,2 mg Ru/g Ti og 4 5,8 mg Mn/g Ti. 4.11 g of Ti sponge (particle size 400-630 ”m) was impregnated with the activation solution. After each impregnation, the titanium sponge was dried for approx. 1 hour at 100°C. A heat treatment was then carried out for approx. 10 minutes at 250°C and finally at 400°C for approx. 10 minutes under an external air stream. This activation method was performed 3 times. The amounts of Ru and Mn obtained in this way were 36.2 mg Ru/g Ti and 45.8 mg Mn/g Ti.
Den aktiveringsmetode som i eksempel 1 er beskrevet for Ti-svampen med en partikkelstÞrrelse stÞrre enn 630yUm, ble 1 dette tilfelle ogsÄ anvendt for de stÞrre partikler (over 630yum). Aktiveringen ble imidlertid bare utfÞrt 4 ganger. De pÄ denne mÄte oppnÄdde Ru- og Mn-mengder var The activation method described in example 1 for the Ti sponge with a particle size greater than 630 ”m was in this case also used for the larger particles (above 630 ”m). However, the activation was only performed 4 times. The amounts of Ru and Mn obtained in this way were
2 3,5 mg Ru/g Ti og 29,9 mg Mn/g Ti.2 3.5 mg Ru/g Ti and 29.9 mg Mn/g Ti.
De aktiverte titansvamppartikler ble derefter presset og delvis innleiret i overflaten av et blyplateprĂžvestykke. The activated titanium sponge particles were then pressed and partially embedded in the surface of a lead plate specimen.
De stÞrre partikler (stÞrrelse over 630 ,um) ble fÞrst presset ved 240 kg/cm 2 og ga Ti-, Mn- og Ru-mengder pr. arealenhet av blyplaten av hhv. 350, 10,5 og 8,3 g/m p. Et elektrode-prÞvestykke (L 95) ble pÄ denne mÄte fremstilt med en blybase som var jevnt dekket med Ru-Mn-oxydaktiverte titansvamppartikler i en mengde svarende til 760 g/m 2Ti-svamp, The larger particles (size above 630 ”m) were first pressed at 240 kg/cm 2 and gave Ti, Mn and Ru quantities per area unit of the lead sheet of respectively 350, 10.5 and 8.3 g/m p. An electrode sample (L 95) was thus prepared with a lead base which was uniformly covered with Ru-Mn oxide-activated titanium sponge particles in an amount corresponding to 760 g/m 2Ti sponge,
23,2 g/m 2 Ru og 29,3 g/m<2>Mn. Dette elektrodeprĂžvestykke ble undersĂžkt som oxygenutviklende anode i HâSO. (150 g/liter). Elektrodespenningen ved en strĂžmtetthet av 500 A/m 2 var 23.2 g/m 2 Ru and 29.3 g/m<2>Mn. This electrode sample was examined as an oxygen-evolving anode in HâSO. (150 g/litre). The electrode voltage at a current density of 500 A/m 2 was
1,65 V i forhold til NHE efter anvendelse som anode i 287 dĂžgn. 1.65 V compared to NHE after use as anode for 287 days.
For sammenlignings skyld ble et annet anodeprĂžvestykkeFor comparison, another anode test piece was made
(L 93) som ble fremstilt ved direkte Ä presse mindre partikler av aktivert Ti-svamp ved 280 kg/cm 2 pÄ bly med Ru- (L 93) which was prepared by directly pressing smaller particles of activated Ti sponge at 280 kg/cm 2 onto lead with Ru-
og Mn-mengder svarende til hhv. 15,4 og 19,5 g/m 2, under-sĂžkt under identiske betingelser. Elektrodespenningen efter 289 dĂžgn var 1,78 V i forhold til NHE. and Mn amounts corresponding to respectively 15.4 and 19.5 g/m 2 , examined under identical conditions. The electrode voltage after 289 days was 1.78 V in relation to NHE.
Et ytterligere anodeprÞvestykke (L 92) ble fremstilt pÄ lignende mÄte som prÞvestykket L 95, men de mindre partikler (400-630^um) ble aktivert som beskrevet i eksempel 1 (prÞvestykket L 62). De samlede Ti-, Mn- og Ru-mengder var i dette tilfelle hhv. 726, 22,5,og 17,7 g/m 2. De stÞrre partikler og de mindre partikler ble presset ved hhy. 29 0 kg/cm<2>og 410 kg/cm<2>Anoden er blitt undersÞkt under identiske betingelser og oppviste en spenning av 1,78 V i forhold til NHE efter anvendelse som anode i 289 dÞgn. A further anode sample (L 92) was prepared in a similar manner to sample L 95, but the smaller particles (400-630 ”m) were activated as described in Example 1 (sample L 62). In this case, the total amounts of Ti, Mn and Ru were respectively 726, 22.5, and 17.7 g/m 2. The larger particles and the smaller particles were pressed at hhy. 29 0 kg/cm<2>and 410 kg/cm<2>The anode has been examined under identical conditions and showed a voltage of 1.78 V in relation to NHE after being used as anode for 289 days.
Eksempel 8Example 8
En aktiveringsopplÞsning ble fremstilt som beskrevet i eksempel 7. 4,22 g stÞrre partikler (partikkelstÞrrelse over 630^um)ble aktivert to ganger under de betingelser som er spesifisert i eksempel 7, og ga 21,5 mg Ru/g Ti og 27,4 mg Mn/g Ti. An activation solution was prepared as described in Example 7. 4.22 g of larger particles (particle size above 630 ”m) were activated twice under the conditions specified in Example 7, yielding 21.5 mg Ru/g Ti and 27, 4 mg Mn/g Ti.
En annen aktiveringsopplÞsning ble pÄfÞrt pÄ Ti-svamp med en mindre partikkelstÞrrelse av 400-630yUm. Denne aktiveringsopplÞsning svarer til den som er beskrevet i eksempel 7, men med den forskjell at den ble fortynnet med bare to ganger dens mengde av 1-butylalkohol. To aktiver-inger ble utfÞrt i overensstemmelse med eksempel 7. Ru-og Mn-mengdene pr. g Ti var hhv. 25,9 og 32,9 mg. Another activation solution was applied to Ti sponge with a smaller particle size of 400-630 ”m. This activation solution corresponds to that described in Example 7, but with the difference that it was diluted with only twice its amount of 1-butyl alcohol. Two activations were carried out in accordance with example 7. The amounts of Ru and Mn per g Ten were respectively 25.9 and 32.9 mg.
Et anodeprÞvestykke (L 120) ble fremstilt ved fÞrst Ä presse de stÞrre partikler ved 210 kg/cm 2 som ga Ti-, Mn-og Ru-mengder av hhv. 360, 9,8 og 7,7 g/m 2. Mindre, aktiverte titanpartikler (400-630 ,um) ble derefter presset ved 320 kg/cm 2 som ga Ti-, Mn- og Ru-mengder av hhv. 4 20, 13,9 og 10,9 g/m 2. De pÄ denne mÄte oppnÄdde samlede Ti-, Mn- og Ru-mengder var hhv. 780, 23,7 og 18,6 g/m<2>. An anode test piece (L 120) was prepared by first pressing the larger particles at 210 kg/cm 2 which gave Ti, Mn and Ru amounts of respectively. 360, 9.8 and 7.7 g/m 2. Smaller, activated titanium particles (400-630 ”m) were then pressed at 320 kg/cm 2 which gave Ti, Mn and Ru amounts of respectively. 4 20, 13.9 and 10.9 g/m 2. The total amounts of Ti, Mn and Ru obtained in this way were respectively 780, 23.7 and 18.6 g/m<2>.
ElektrodeprÞvestykket ble undersÞkt som oxygenutyiklende anode ±^ 2^ 0^ (150 g/liter). Elektrodespenningen ved en strÞmtetthet av 500 A/m<2>var 1,58 V i forhold til NHE efter anvendelse i 218 dÞgn. The electrode test piece was examined as an oxygen-releasing anode ±^ 2^ 0^ (150 g/liter). The electrode voltage at a current density of 500 A/m<2>was 1.58 V in relation to NHE after use for 218 days.
Eksempel 9Example 9
Titansvamp (400-630^um) ble oxydert som fÞlger fÞr den ble aktivert med Ru-Mn-oxyd. Titanium sponge (400-630 ”m) was oxidized as follows before being activated with Ru-Mn oxide.
4,74 g titansvamp ble aktivert én gang med aktiverings-opplÞsningen beskrevet i eksempel 1. Varmebehandlingen ble utfÞrt i 13 minutter ved 400°C under en ekstern luftstrÞm efter at Ti-svampen var blitt tÞrket ved 100°C. Ru- og Mn-mengdene var hhv. 5,2 og 6,6 mg/g Ti-svamp. Svampen 4.74 g of titanium sponge was activated once with the activation solution described in Example 1. The heat treatment was carried out for 13 minutes at 400°C under an external air flow after the Ti sponge had been dried at 100°C. The amounts of Ru and Mn were respectively 5.2 and 6.6 mg/g Ti sponge. The mushroom
ble derefter varmebehandlet i 5,40 timer ved 480°C under en ekstern luftstrÞm for Ä omvandle den til dens respektive oxyd. was then heat treated for 5.40 h at 480°C under an external air flow to convert it to its respective oxidn.
3,5 g av den pÄ denne mÄte fremstilte oxyderte Ti-svamp ble derefter aktivert som beskrevet i eksempel 1, men med den eneste forskjell at en mellomliggende varmebehandling ble utfÞrt ved 250°C istedenfor ved 200°C efter hver aktivering. Mn- og Ru-mengdene pr. g svamp var hhv. 32,8 og 25,8 mg. 3.5 g of the oxidized Ti sponge produced in this way was then activated as described in example 1, but with the only difference that an intermediate heat treatment was carried out at 250°C instead of at 200°C after each activation. The Mn and Ru quantities per g sponge was respectively 32.8 and 25.8 mg.
Den forhÄndsoxyderte og aktiverte Ti-svamp ble derefter presset i to trinn, fÞrst ved 230 kg/cm 2 og derefter ved 29 0 kg/cm 2 og ga Mn- og Ru-mengder av hhv. 21,1 og 16,6 g/m<2>. Mengden av den oxyderte Ti-svamp var 643 g/m 2. Ut fra The pre-oxidized and activated Ti sponge was then pressed in two stages, first at 230 kg/cm 2 and then at 29 0 kg/cm 2 and yielded Mn and Ru amounts of respectively. 21.1 and 16.6 g/m<2>. The amount of the oxidized Ti sponge was 643 g/m 2
Mn- og Ru-mengdene i Ti-oxydet fĂžr sluttaktiveringen varThe Mn and Ru amounts in the Ti oxide before the final activation were
de samlede Mn- og Ru-mengder hhv. 25,3 og 19,9 g/m<2>. the total Mn and Ru amounts respectively 25.3 and 19.9 g/m<2>.
Elektroden er blitt undersĂžkt i 150 g H-jSO^pr. literThe electrode has been investigated in 150 g H-jSO^pr. litres
<y>ed 500 A/m<2>, og dens spenning efter anvendelse i 275 dĂžgn var 1,6 5 V i forhold til NHE. <y>ed 500 A/m<2>, and its voltage after use for 275 days was 1.6 5 V in relation to NHE.
Eksempel 10Example 10
To aktiveringsopplĂžsninger ble fremstilt med et hĂžyereMn/Ru-forhold enn beskrevet i eksempel 1. Two activation solutions were prepared with a higher Mn/Ru ratio than described in Example 1.
OpplĂžsning A: 0,537 g RuCl3.aq og 2,0819 g Mn (N03)2-aq i 3,7 5 ml n-butylalkohol. Solution A: 0.537 g RuCl3.aq and 2.0819 g Mn (NO3)2-aq in 3.75 ml n-butyl alcohol.
OpplĂžsning B: 0,537 g RuCl3-aq og 4,6844 g Mn(N03)2.aq i 3,7 5 ml n-butyla.lkohol. Solution B: 0.537 g RuCl3-aq and 4.6844 g Mn(NO3)2.aq in 3.75 ml n-butyl alcohol.
Begge opplÞsninger A og B ble fortynnet med tre ganger deres mengde av n-butylalkohol fÞr pÄfÞring. OpplÞsningen A hadde et molforhold Mn02/Ru02= 4 og opplÞsningen B et molforhold Mn02/Ru02= 9. Both solutions A and B were diluted with three times their amount of n-butyl alcohol before application. Solution A had a molar ratio Mn02/Ru02= 4 and solution B a molar ratio Mn02/Ru02= 9.
4,27 g Ti-svamp (partikkelstÞrrelse 315-630yUm) ble impregnert med den fortynnede aktiveringsopplÞsning A. 4.27 g of Ti sponge (particle size 315-630 ”m) was impregnated with the diluted activation solution A.
y y
Efter hver impregnering ble titansvampen tÞrket i ca. 1 time ved 100°C. En varmebehandling ble derefter utfÞrt i 14 minutter ved 250°C og til slutt i ca. 14 minutter ved 400°C under en ekstern luftstrÞm. Denne aktiveringsmetode ble utfÞrt 3 ganger. De pÄ denne mÄte oppnÄdde Ru-og Mn-mengder var 29,3 mg Ru/g Ti og 63,8 mg Mn/g Ti. After each impregnation, the titanium sponge was dried for approx. 1 hour at 100°C. A heat treatment was then carried out for 14 minutes at 250°C and finally for approx. 14 minutes at 400°C under an external air flow. This activation method was performed 3 times. The amounts of Ru and Mn obtained in this way were 29.3 mg Ru/g Ti and 63.8 mg Mn/g Ti.
4,16 g Ti-svamp (partikkelstÞrrelse 315-630yUm) ble fortynnet med den fortynnede aktiveringsopplÞsning B. Aktiveringen ble utfÞrt pÄ samme mÄte som med aktiverings-opplÞsningen A. De pÄ denne mÄte oppnÄdde Ru- og Mn-mengder var 19,9 mg Ru/g Ti og 9 7,4 mg Mn/g Ti.' 4.16 g of Ti sponge (particle size 315-630 ”m) was diluted with the diluted activation solution B. The activation was carried out in the same way as with the activation solution A. The amounts of Ru and Mn thus obtained were 19.9 mg Ru/g Ti and 9 7.4 mg Mn/g Ti.'
De aktiverte Ti-svamppartikler ble derefter presset pÄ et blyplateprÞvestykke. De stÞrre partikler (stÞrre enn 630 /Um) som var blitt aktivert som beskrevet i eksempel 8, ble fÞrst presset ved 230 kg/cm 2 og ga Ti-, Mn- og Ru-mengder pr. arealenhet av blyplaten av hhv. 449, 12,0 og 9,4 g/m 2. Derefter ble mindre, aktiverte (med den fortynnede opplÞsning A) Ti-partikler (315-630/lim) presset ved 350 kg/cm 2 og ga Ti-, Mn- og Ru-mengder av hhv. 399, The activated Ti sponge particles were then pressed onto a lead plate specimen. The larger particles (larger than 630 ”m) which had been activated as described in Example 8 were first pressed at 230 kg/cm 2 and yielded Ti, Mn and Ru quantities per area unit of the lead sheet of respectively 449, 12.0 and 9.4 g/m 2. Then smaller, activated (with the diluted solution A) Ti particles (315-630/lim) were pressed at 350 kg/cm 2 and gave Ti-, Mn- and Ru amounts of respectively 399,
25,5 og 11,7 g/m<2>. 25.5 and 11.7 g/m<2>.
Et elektrodeprÞvestykke (L 164) ble fremstilt pÄ denne mÄte med en blybase som var jevnt dekket med Ru-Mn-oxydaktiverte titansvamppartikler i en mengde svarende til 848,0 g/m<2>Ti-svamp, 20,8 g/m<2>Ru og 37,5 g/m2 Mn. An electrode sample (L 164) was prepared in this way with a lead base uniformly covered with Ru-Mn oxide-activated titanium sponge particles in an amount corresponding to 848.0 g/m<2>Ti sponge, 20.8 g/m< 2>Ru and 37.5 g/m2 Mn.
Dette elektrodeprĂžvestykke ble undersĂžkt som oxygenut-Viklende anode i 150 g H2S04pr. liter. Dets spenning ved en strĂžmtetthet av 500 A/m<2>var 1,5 V i forhold til NHE efter anvendelse i 36 dĂžgn. This electrode sample was examined as an oxygen-winding anode in 150 g of H2SO4pr. litres. Its voltage at a current density of 500 A/m<2>was 1.5 V in relation to NHE after use for 36 days.
For sammenlignings skyld ble et annet anodeprÞvestykke (L 161) fremstilt ved direkte Ä presse mindre partikler av aktivert Ti-svamp (med den fortynnede opplÞsning A) pÄ bly ved 320 kg/cm 2 som gi"*a Ti^-, Ru- og Mn-mengder svarende til hhv. 531,0, 15,6 og 34,0 g/m<2.>For comparison, another anode sample (L 161) was prepared by directly pressing smaller particles of activated Ti sponge (with the dilute solution A) onto lead at 320 kg/cm 2 giving"*a Ti^-, Ru- and Mn amounts corresponding to 531.0, 15.6 and 34.0 g/m<2.> respectively
Dette elektrodeprĂžvestykke L 161 er blitt undersĂžkt under identiske betingelser og oppviste en spenning av 1,6V i forhold til NHE efter anvendelse i 70 dĂžgn. This electrode test piece L 161 has been examined under identical conditions and showed a voltage of 1.6V in relation to NHE after use for 70 days.
Ved en annen forsĂžksserie ble Ti-svamppartikler med en In another series of experiments, Ti sponge particles with a
stĂžrrelse over 630/Um og aktivert som beskrevet i eksempelsize above 630/Um and activated as described in example
8 fÞrst presset ved 230 kg/cm<2>som ga Ti-, Mn- og Ru-mengder pr. arealenhet av blyplaten av hhv. 4 28,0, 11,5 og 9,0 g/m<2.>Mindre, aktiverte titansvamppartikler (stÞrrelse 315-630^,um) fremstilt med aktiveringsopplÞsningen B ble derefter presset ved 350 kg/cm<2>som ga Ti-, Mn- og Ru-mengder av hhv. 8 first pressed at 230 kg/cm<2> which gave Ti, Mn and Ru amounts per area unit of the lead sheet of respectively 4 28.0, 11.5 and 9.0 g/m<2>Smaller activated titanium sponge particles (size 315-630”m) prepared with the activation solution B were then pressed at 350 kg/cm<2>which gave Ti -, Mn and Ru quantities of respectively
493,0, 48,0 og 9,8 g/m<2>. Et elektrodeprÞvestykke (L 163) ble fremstilt pÄ denne mÄte med en blybase som var jevnt dekket med Ru-Mn-oxydaktiverte titansvamppartikler i en mengde svarende til 921,0 g/m<2>Ti, 59,5 g/m<2>Mn og 18,8 g/m2 Ru. 493.0, 48.0 and 9.8 g/m<2>. An electrode sample (L 163) was prepared in this way with a lead base uniformly covered with Ru-Mn oxide-activated titanium sponge particles in an amount corresponding to 921.0 g/m<2>Ti, 59.5 g/m<2> Mn and 18.8 g/m2 Ru.
Denne elektrode er blitt undersĂžkt som oxygenutviklende anode i 150 g I^SO^ pr. liter ved 500 A/m 2. Dens spenning efter anvendelse i 33 dĂžgn var 1,57 V i forhold NHE. This electrode has been investigated as an oxygen-evolving anode in 150 g I^SO^ per liter at 500 A/m 2. Its voltage after use for 33 days was 1.57 V in relation to NHE.
Eksempel 11Example 11
For sammenlignings skyld (med prÞvestykket L 163 ifÞlge eksempel 10) ble et annet anodeprÞvestykke (L 162) fremstilt ved direkte Ä presse mindre partikler (315-630^,um) av aktivert Ti-svamp (med den fortynnede opplÞsning B) pÄ bly ved 290 kg/cm 2 som ga Ti-, Ru- og Mn-mengder svarende til hhv. 652,0, 13,0 og 63,6 g/m<2.>For comparison (with sample L 163 according to Example 10), another anode sample (L 162) was prepared by directly pressing smaller particles (315-630 ”m) of activated Ti sponge (with the dilute solution B) onto lead at 290 kg/cm 2 which gave amounts of Ti, Ru and Mn corresponding to respectively 652.0, 13.0 and 63.6 g/m<2.>
Elektroden er blitt undersĂžkt ved 500 A/m 2 i 150 g H2S04pr. liter og oppviste en spenning av 1,74 V i forhold til NHE efter anvendelse i 18 dĂžgn (430 timer) under disse betingelser. The electrode has been tested at 500 A/m 2 in 150 g H2SO4pr. liter and showed a voltage of 1.74 V in relation to NHE after use for 18 days (430 hours) under these conditions.
Eksempel 12Example 12
En aktiverende opplĂžsning ble fremstilt ved Ă„ opplĂžse 0,54 g RuCl3.aq (38% Ru) og 0,12 g PdCl2i 15 ml butylalkohol. OpplĂžsningen ble omrĂžrt inntil alt salt var blitt opplĂžst, og 1,84 g butyltitanat ble tilsatt. An activating solution was prepared by dissolving 0.54 g of RuCl3.aq (38% Ru) and 0.12 g of PdCl2 in 15 ml of butyl alcohol. The solution was stirred until all the salt had dissolved, and 1.84 g of butyl titanate was added.
3,5 g titansvamp med en partikkelstÞrrelse av 315-630yUm ble impregnert med denne aktiveringsopplÞsning, tÞrket ved 140°C i 20 minutter, brent ved 250°C i 15 minutter og til slutt brent i ytterligere 15 minutter ved 450°C. Alle disse oppvarmingstrinn ble utfÞrt i luft. Efter avkjÞling 3.5 g of titanium sponge with a particle size of 315-630 ”m was impregnated with this activation solution, dried at 140°C for 20 minutes, fired at 250°C for 15 minutes and finally fired for another 15 minutes at 450°C. All these heating steps were carried out in air. After cooling
ble impregnerings-, tÞrke- og brenningstrinnene gjentatt seks ganger. De pÄ denne mÄte oppnÄdde Ru- og Pd-mengder pÄ partiklene var 30 mg Ru/g Ti og 11 mg Pd/g Ti. De aktiverte titansvamppartikler ble presset pÄ et blyplateprÞvestykke ved et trykk av 250 kg/cm 2 som ga de fÞlgende mengder: the impregnation, drying and firing steps were repeated six times. The amounts of Ru and Pd on the particles obtained in this way were 30 mg Ru/g Ti and 11 mg Pd/g Ti. The activated titanium sponge particles were pressed onto a lead plate test piece at a pressure of 250 kg/cm 2 yielding the following amounts:
500,0 g/m<2>Ti-svamp, 15,0 g/m<2>Ru, 5,5 g/m<2>Pd.500.0 g/m<2>Ti sponge, 15.0 g/m<2>Ru, 5.5 g/m<2>Pd.
Dette elektrodeprĂžvestykke ble undersĂžkt som oxygenutviklende anode i H2S04(150 g/liter) ved 500 A/m 2. Elektrodespenningen (oxygenhalvcellespenningen) var 1,78 V i forhold til NHE efter anvendelse i 208 dĂžgn. This electrode sample was examined as an oxygen-evolving anode in H2S04 (150 g/litre) at 500 A/m 2. The electrode voltage (oxygen half-cell voltage) was 1.78 V in relation to NHE after use for 208 days.
Eksempel 13Example 13
7 g tiransvamp (partikkelstÞrrelse 315-630^um) ble impregnert med 1,4 ml av en opplÞsning inneholdende 1 mg Ir pr. ml i form av IrCl^.aq.. opplÞst i isopropylalkohol. 7 g of tyranniformes (particle size 315-630 ”m) were impregnated with 1.4 ml of a solution containing 1 mg of Ir per ml in the form of IrCl^.aq.. dissolved in isopropyl alcohol.
Efter impregnering ble titansvampen tÞrket i 15 minutter ved 140°C, brent i 10 minutter ved 250°C og igjen brent i 10 minutter ved 450°C, idet samtlige av disse trinn ble ut-fÞrt i luft. After impregnation, the titanium sponge was dried for 15 minutes at 140°C, fired for 10 minutes at 250°C and again fired for 10 minutes at 450°C, all of these steps being carried out in air.
De aktiverte titansvamppartikler ble presset pÄ et blyplateprÞvestykke ved e:-t trykk av 250 kg/cm 2. Partikkelmengden ble valgt slik at en titan- og iridiummengde av hhv. 700 g/m 2 og 1 g/m 2 ble oppnÄdd. The activated titanium sponge particles were pressed onto a lead plate test piece at e:-t pressure of 250 kg/cm 2. The amount of particles was chosen so that a titanium and iridium amount of respectively. 700 g/m 2 and 1 g/m 2 were obtained.
En annen aktiveringsopplÞsning ble derefter pÄfÞrt pÄ elektrodeprÞvestykket pÄ fÞlgende mÄte. En opplÞsning ble fremstilt ved Ä opplÞse 5,0 g Mn (N03)2.4 H20 og 0,32 g Co (N03)2.6H20 og 0,5 ml ethanol. Denne opplÞsning ble pÄfÞrt pÄ elektrodeoverflaten, tÞrket i 15 minutter ved 140°C og brent i 10 minutter ved 250°C i luft. Efter avkjÞling ble pÄfÞrings-, tÞrke- og brenningstrinnene gjentatt fem ganger slik at en sluttmengde av 24 0 g/m 2Mn02og 12 g/m 2 koboltoxyd (beregnet som Co^O^) ble oppnÄdd. Another activation solution was then applied to the electrode sample in the following manner. A solution was prepared by dissolving 5.0 g Mn (NO 3 ) 2.4 H 2 O and 0.32 g Co (NO 3 ) 2.6 H 2 O and 0.5 ml ethanol. This solution was applied to the electrode surface, dried for 15 minutes at 140°C and fired for 10 minutes at 250°C in air. After cooling, the application, drying and firing steps were repeated five times so that a final amount of 240 g/m 2 MnO 2 and 12 g/m 2 cobalt oxide (calculated as Co^O^) was obtained.
Dette elektrodeprÞvestykke ble undersÞkt som oxygenutviklende anode i H2S04(150 g/liter). Elektrodespenningen (oxygenhalvcellespenningen) ved en strÞmtetthet ay 500 A/m<2>var 1,78 V i forhold til NHE efter anvendelse i syv mÄneder. This electrode sample was examined as an oxygen-evolving anode in H2S04 (150 g/litre). The electrode voltage (oxygen half-cell voltage) at a current density ay 500 A/m<2> was 1.78 V in relation to NHE after use for seven months.
Eksempel 14Example 14
ElektrodeprÞvestykket ble fremstilt som beskrevet i eksempel 13, bortsett fra at IrCl-^-aq ble erstattet med RuCl^-aq (14 mg/ml Ru) og at impregneringstrinnet ble gjentatt to ganger slik at det ble oppnÄdd en rutheniummengde av 4 g/m 2 for en titansvampmengde av 7 00 g/m 2. The electrode sample was prepared as described in Example 13, except that IrCl-^-aq was replaced by RuCl^-aq (14 mg/ml Ru) and that the impregnation step was repeated twice so that a ruthenium amount of 4 g/m 2 for a titanium sponge amount of 7 00 g/m 2.
Da elektrodeprÞvestykket ble undersÞkt under de samme betingelser som beskrevet i eksempel 13, var oxygenhalvcellespenningen 1,80 V i forhold til NHE efter anvendelse i 6,5 mÄneder. When the electrode sample was examined under the same conditions as described in Example 13, the oxygen half-cell voltage was 1.80 V relative to NHE after use for 6.5 months.
Eksempel 15Example 15
En aktiveringsopplĂžsning ble fremstilt ved Ă„ opplĂžseAn activation solution was prepared by dissolving
0,44 g RuCl3.aq (38 vekt% Ru), 0,090 g SnCl2.2H20 + 0,52 g Mn (N03)2.4H20 i 4 ml butylalkohol. 0.44 g RuCl3.aq (38 wt% Ru), 0.090 g SnCl2.2H20 + 0.52 g Mn (N03)2.4H20 in 4 ml butyl alcohol.
2,5 g titansvamp (partikkelstÞrrelse 315-630yum) ble impregnert med denne aktiveringsopplÞsning pÄ fÞlgende mÄte: 0,77 ml av opplÞsningen ble jevnt pÄfÞrt pÄ titansvampen, tÞrket i 15 minutter ved 14 0°C, brent i 10 minutter ved 250°C og brent i 10 minutter ved 4 20°C, idet samtlige tÞrke- og brenningstrinn ble utfÞrt i luft. Efter avkjÞling ble titansvampen igjen aktivert to ganger og hver gang med 0,5 1 aktiveringsopplÞsning, og tÞrket og brent som beskrevet ovenfor . 2.5 g of titanium sponge (particle size 315-630 ”m) was impregnated with this activation solution as follows: 0.77 ml of the solution was uniformly applied to the titanium sponge, dried for 15 minutes at 14 0°C, fired for 10 minutes at 250°C and burned for 10 minutes at 4-20°C, all drying and burning steps being carried out in air. After cooling, the titanium sponge was again activated twice and each time with 0.5 1 activation solution, and dried and burned as described above.
De aktiverte titanpartikler ble presset pÄ overflatenThe activated titanium particles were pressed onto the surface
av et prĂžvestykke av bly-kalsiumlegering (0,06% Ca) ved 250 kg/cm 2 som ga de fĂžlgende mengder: Ti 700 g/m 2, Ru 20 of a sample of lead-calcium alloy (0.06% Ca) at 250 kg/cm 2 which gave the following amounts: Ti 700 g/m 2 , Ru 20
g/m<2>, Sn 5,8 g/m<2>og Mn 13,7 g/m<2>.g/m<2>, Sn 5.8 g/m<2> and Mn 13.7 g/m<2>.
Dette elektrodeprÞvestykke ble undersÞkt som oxygenutviklende anode i H2S04(150 g/liter) ved 500A/m<2>. Elektrodespenningen var 1,67 V i forhold til NHE efter anvendelse i 7 mÄneder. This electrode sample was tested as an oxygen evolving anode in H2S04 (150 g/liter) at 500A/m<2>. The electrode voltage was 1.67 V in relation to NHE after use for 7 months.
Det fremgÄr ay de ovenstÄende eksempler at en anode ifÞlge oppfinnelsen kan fremstilles pÄ enkel mÄte og anvendes for lengre tids utvikling av oxygen ved en spenning som er vesentlig la,yere enn den anodespenning som svarer til oxygenutvikling pÄ bly eller blylegering under ellers lignende arbeidsbetingelser. It is clear from the above examples that an anode according to the invention can be produced in a simple way and used for longer-term development of oxygen at a voltage that is significantly lower than the anode voltage that corresponds to oxygen development on lead or lead alloy under otherwise similar working conditions.
Det bÞr bemerkes at intet tap av bly fra basen kunne iakttas da anodeprÞvestykkene ifÞlge oppfinnelsen ble under-sÞkt, som beskrevet i de ovenstÄende eksempler, mens et tydelig blytap kunne iakttas i elektrolytten da bly- eller blylegeringssammenligningsprÞvestykker ble undersÞkt under de samme betingelser. It should be noted that no loss of lead from the base could be observed when the anode test pieces according to the invention were examined, as described in the above examples, while a clear loss of lead could be observed in the electrolyte when lead or lead alloy comparison test pieces were examined under the same conditions.
Det har dessuten vist seg at en samtidig anvendelse av varme og trykk nÄr ventilmetallpartiklene innleires delvis i blyet eller blylegeringen pÄ overflaten av anodebasen, kan lette fastlÄsningen av disse samtidig som partiklene hindres fra Ä bli fullstendig innleiret i og/eller utflatet pÄ basen. It has also been shown that a simultaneous application of heat and pressure when the valve metal particles are partially embedded in the lead or lead alloy on the surface of the anode base, can facilitate their locking while preventing the particles from being completely embedded in and/or flattened on the base.
Det bÞr ogsÄ bemerkes at ytterligere forbedringer meget vel kan forventes i forhold til de ovenstÄende eksempler ved Ä fastslÄ de beste betingelser for tilveiebringelse av anoder ifÞlge oppfinnelsen med optimale, stabile, elektrokjemiske bruksegenskaper og under oppnÄelse av en maksimal Þkonomi hva gjelder edelmetaller. It should also be noted that further improvements can very well be expected in relation to the above examples by determining the best conditions for providing anodes according to the invention with optimal, stable, electrochemical performance characteristics and while achieving a maximum economy in terms of precious metals.
Det vil forstÄs at de katalytiske partikler kan pÄfÞres og forankres til anodens bly- eller blylegeringsbase ikke bare ved hjelp av en presse, som i de ovenstÄende eksempler, men ogsÄ ved hjelp av en hvilken som helst annen anordning, som f.eks. trykkvalsér, som kan vÊre egnede for at de vesentlige fordeler ved den foreliggende oppfinnelse skal kunne oppnÄs. It will be understood that the catalytic particles can be applied and anchored to the lead or lead alloy base of the anode not only by means of a press, as in the above examples, but also by means of any other device, such as e.g. pressure rollers, which may be suitable for the essential advantages of the present invention to be achieved.
Det har ogsÄ vist seg at anvendelsen av varme (f.eks.It has also been shown that the application of heat (e.g.
en temperatur av ca. 2 50°C) undeerpressetrinnet kan befordre en delvis innleiring av de katalytiske partikler i bly- eller blylegeringsoverflaten. a temperature of approx. 2 50°C) under the pressing step can promote a partial embedding of the catalytic particles in the lead or lead alloy surface.
Den foreliggende oppfinnelse gir forskjellige fordeler av hvilke de fÞlgende kan nevnes som eksempel: (a) anoden ifÞlge oppfinnelsen kan anvendes ved en vesentlig redusert spenning som er godt under spenningen for vanlige anoder av bly eller blylegering som for tiden anvendes i industriceller for elektroutvinning a<y>metaller fra sure opplÞsninger. Cellespenningen og dermed energiomkostningene for elektroutvinning av metaller kan sÄledes reduseres til-svarende . (b) Forurensning av elektrolytten og av den katodiske avsetning som fÞlge av materialer som skriver seg fra anoden, kan i det vesentlige unngÄs da det ved forsÞk er blitt fastslÄtt at oxygen utvikles pÄ de katalytiske partikler ved en redusert spenning ved hvilken anodebasens bly eller blylegering er effektivt beskyttet mot korrosjon. (c) Dendrittdannelse pÄ katoden som kan fÞre til kortslutning med anoden og derved brenne hull i anoden, vil ikke fÞre til noen alvorlig forringelse av bruksegenskapene for anoden ifÞlge oppfinnelsen da denne arbeider med oxygenutvikling pÄ de katalytiske partikler ved en redusert spenning ved hvilken en hvilken som helst del av bly- eller blybasen som er eksponert, ikke utsettes for merkbar korrosjon. (d) Vanlige bly- eller blylegeringsanoder kan lett om-vandles til de forbedrede anoder ifÞlge oppfinnelsen, og det er sÄledes mulig fornyet Ä utruste industriceller for elektroutvinning av metaller pÄ en spesielt enkel og rimelig mÄte for Ä oppnÄ forbedrede driftsegenskaper. (e) Den reduserte cellespenning som oppnÄs ved anvendelse av anoder ifÞlge oppfinnelsen, kan lett overvÄkes for hurtig Ä oppdage en eventuell merkbarÞkning av anodespenningen. The present invention offers various advantages of which the following can be mentioned as an example: (a) the anode according to the invention can be used at a significantly reduced voltage which is well below the voltage for ordinary lead or lead alloy anodes which are currently used in industrial cells for electricity extraction a< y>metals from acidic solutions. The cell voltage and thus the energy costs for electroextraction of metals can thus be reduced accordingly. (b) Contamination of the electrolyte and of the cathodic deposit as a result of materials which write from the anode can be essentially avoided as it has been established by experiment that oxygen is evolved on the catalytic particles at a reduced voltage at which the lead or lead alloy of the anode base is effectively protected against corrosion. (c) Dendrite formation on the cathode, which can lead to a short circuit with the anode and thereby burn holes in the anode, will not lead to any serious deterioration of the performance characteristics of the anode according to the invention, as it works with oxygen evolution on the catalytic particles at a reduced voltage at which a any part of the lead or lead base that is exposed is not subject to appreciable corrosion. (d) Ordinary lead or lead alloy anodes can be easily converted into the improved anodes according to the invention, and it is thus possible to re-equip industrial cells for the electroextraction of metals in a particularly simple and affordable way to achieve improved operating characteristics. (e) The reduced cell voltage achieved by using anodes according to the invention can be easily monitored to quickly detect any noticeable increase in the anode voltage.
De katalytiske partikler pÄ bly- eller blylegeringsbasenThe catalytic particles on the lead or lead alloy base
kan sÄeldes lett reaktiveres eller erstattes dersom dette skulle bli nÞdvendig. can therefore be easily reactivated or replaced should this become necessary.
(f) Ruthenium kan anvendes som katalysator pÄ en used-vanlig Þkonomisk mÄte ved Ä kombinere dette i en meget liten andel med titansvamppartikler som i en flere ganger stÞrre mengde pÄfÞres pÄ anodebasen av bly eller blylegering. Omkostningene for ruthenium kan sÄledes berettiges av den oppnÄdde forbedring av anodens bruksegenskaper. (g) Ruthenium kan sÄledes anvendes i meget begrensede mengder og i kombinasjon med mindre kostbare, stabile materialer . (h) Mindre kortslutning kunne iakttas i elektroutvinnings-. anlegg for kobber som var forsynt med anoder ifÞlge oppfinnelsen. Dette fÞrte til et forbedret katodestrÞmutbytte, hvorved de energibesparelser som allerede oppnÄs pÄ grunn av den reduserte cellespenning som skyldes anvendelsen av anoden ifÞlge oppfinnelsen ved en redusert oxygenhalvcellespenning, kunne Þkes ytterligere. (f) Ruthenium can be used as a catalyst in an unusually economical way by combining this in a very small proportion with titanium sponge particles which are applied in a several times greater quantity to the anode base of lead or lead alloy. The costs for ruthenium can thus be justified by the achieved improvement in the anode's performance characteristics. (g) Ruthenium can thus be used in very limited quantities and in combination with less expensive, stable materials. (h) Minor short-circuiting could be observed in electroextraction. plant for copper which was equipped with anodes according to the invention. This led to an improved cathode current yield, whereby the energy savings already achieved due to the reduced cell voltage resulting from the use of the anode according to the invention at a reduced oxygen half-cell voltage could be further increased.
Industrie11 utnyttels eIndustrie11 utilization e
Anoder ifÞlge oppfinnelsen kan med fordel anvendes istedenfor de for tiden anvendte anoder av bly eller blylegering for Ä redusere energiomkostningene som er nÞdvendige for industriell elektroutvinning av metaller, som sink, kobber, kobolt eller nikkel, og for Ä forbedre renhet av metallet fremstilt pÄ katoden. Anodes according to the invention can advantageously be used instead of the currently used anodes of lead or lead alloy in order to reduce the energy costs necessary for industrial electroextraction of metals, such as zinc, copper, cobalt or nickel, and to improve the purity of the metal produced on the cathode.
Slike anoder kan med fordel anvendes ved forskjellige prosesser hvor det er nĂždvendig med oxygenutvikling ved en redusert overspenning. Such anodes can be advantageously used in various processes where it is necessary to develop oxygen at a reduced overvoltage.
Claims (20)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP82810077 | 1982-02-18 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
NO830562L true NO830562L (en) | 1983-08-19 |
Family
ID=8190049
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
NO830562A NO830562L (en) | 1982-02-18 | 1983-02-17 | ELECTRODE, SPECIAL ANODE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF OXYGEN IN ACID ELECTROLYTES, AND PROCEDURES IN THE PREPARATION OF IT |
Country Status (10)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0087186B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JPS58161787A (en) |
KR (1) | KR890001132B1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU1145883A (en) |
CA (1) | CA1208601A (en) |
DE (1) | DE3368696D1 (en) |
ES (1) | ES8403532A1 (en) |
FI (1) | FI830537L (en) |
NO (1) | NO830562L (en) |
PL (1) | PL240656A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3423605A1 (en) * | 1984-06-27 | 1986-01-09 | W.C. Heraeus Gmbh, 6450 Hanau | COMPOSITE ELECTRODE, METHOD FOR THEIR PRODUCTION AND THEIR USE |
US6852667B2 (en) | 1998-02-16 | 2005-02-08 | Sumitomo Chemical Company Limited | Process for producing chlorine |
FI118159B (en) | 2005-10-21 | 2007-07-31 | Outotec Oyj | Method for forming an electrocatalytic surface of an electrode and electrode |
Family Cites Families (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3840443A (en) * | 1967-02-10 | 1974-10-08 | Chemnor Corp | Method of making an electrode having a coating comprising a platinum metal oxide |
US3933616A (en) * | 1967-02-10 | 1976-01-20 | Chemnor Corporation | Coating of protected electrocatalytic material on an electrode |
US4003817A (en) * | 1967-12-14 | 1977-01-18 | Diamond Shamrock Technologies, S.A. | Valve metal electrode with valve metal oxide semi-conductive coating having a chlorine discharge in said coating |
DE2035212C2 (en) * | 1970-07-16 | 1987-11-12 | Conradty GmbH & Co Metallelektroden KG, 8505 Röthenbach | Metal anode for electrolytic processes |
DE2652152A1 (en) * | 1975-11-18 | 1977-09-15 | Diamond Shamrock Techn | Electrodes for electrolytic devices - comprising conductive substrate, electrolyte-resistant coating with occlusions to improve electrode activity |
DD137365A5 (en) * | 1976-03-31 | 1979-08-29 | Diamond Shamrock Techn | ELECTRODE |
US4256810A (en) * | 1978-12-04 | 1981-03-17 | Gould Inc. | High conductivity titanium electrode |
GB2085031B (en) * | 1980-08-18 | 1983-11-16 | Diamond Shamrock Techn | Modified lead electrode for electrowinning metals |
CA1225066A (en) * | 1980-08-18 | 1987-08-04 | Jean M. Hinden | Electrode with surface film of oxide of valve metal incorporating platinum group metal or oxide |
-
1983
- 1983-01-21 CA CA000419955A patent/CA1208601A/en not_active Expired
- 1983-02-08 EP EP83200195A patent/EP0087186B1/en not_active Expired
- 1983-02-08 DE DE8383200195T patent/DE3368696D1/en not_active Expired
- 1983-02-16 AU AU11458/83A patent/AU1145883A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1983-02-17 KR KR1019830000644A patent/KR890001132B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1983-02-17 ES ES83519885A patent/ES8403532A1/en not_active Expired
- 1983-02-17 NO NO830562A patent/NO830562L/en unknown
- 1983-02-17 FI FI830537A patent/FI830537L/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1983-02-18 JP JP58026145A patent/JPS58161787A/en active Granted
- 1983-02-18 PL PL24065683A patent/PL240656A1/en unknown
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE3368696D1 (en) | 1987-02-05 |
ES519885A0 (en) | 1984-03-16 |
KR840003596A (en) | 1984-09-15 |
JPS58161787A (en) | 1983-09-26 |
PL240656A1 (en) | 1984-03-26 |
AU1145883A (en) | 1983-08-25 |
JPS6227160B2 (en) | 1987-06-12 |
CA1208601A (en) | 1986-07-29 |
EP0087186B1 (en) | 1986-12-30 |
KR890001132B1 (en) | 1989-04-24 |
ES8403532A1 (en) | 1984-03-16 |
FI830537L (en) | 1983-08-19 |
EP0087186A1 (en) | 1983-08-31 |
FI830537A0 (en) | 1983-02-17 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
CN108911052B (en) | Doped titanium dioxide electrode and preparation method and application thereof | |
NO331842B1 (en) | Catalyst for water electrolysis and process for its preparation and use | |
NO158952B (en) | ANODE FOR ELECTROLYSE PROCESSES AND PROCEDURES FOR PRODUCING THEREOF. | |
US4331528A (en) | Coated metal electrode with improved barrier layer | |
CN101343749B (en) | Metallic oxide coating electrode and manufacture method thereof | |
CN111170415A (en) | Titanium oxide/ruthenium oxide composite electrode and preparation method and application thereof | |
CA1134903A (en) | Electrode having mixed metal oxide catalysts | |
NO146543B (en) | ELECTRODE FOR USE BY ELECTROLYSE, SPECIAL FOR ELECTROLYSE OF A MELTED SALT | |
CN102762776A (en) | Activated cathode for hydrogen evolution | |
CN109107570B (en) | OER high-catalytic-performance SrIrO3Process for preparing catalyst | |
EP0027051B1 (en) | Coated metal electrode with improved barrier layer and methods of manufacture and use thereof | |
CA1126331A (en) | Electrocatalytic electrodes | |
CA1190186A (en) | Electrode with mixed oxide interface on valve metal base and stable outer coating | |
NO830562L (en) | ELECTRODE, SPECIAL ANODE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF OXYGEN IN ACID ELECTROLYTES, AND PROCEDURES IN THE PREPARATION OF IT | |
US4543174A (en) | Method of making a catalytic lead-based oxygen evolving anode | |
EP0063545A1 (en) | Electrocatalytic protective coating on lead or lead alloy electrodes | |
CN113802130B (en) | Electrolytic water catalyst and preparation method thereof | |
Michas et al. | Gas evolution reactions at conductive metallic oxide electrodes for solid polymer electrolyte water electrolysis | |
Takasu et al. | Preparation of a novel Ptîž RuO2/Ti electrocatalyst by use of highly porous ruthenium oxide support prepared from RuO2îž La2O3/electrode | |
NO830561L (en) | PROCEDURE FOR MANUFACTURING DIMENSION-STABLE ELECTRODES | |
US20240102188A1 (en) | Electrode for gas evolution in electrolytic processes | |
CN116445957A (en) | CuO-loaded Ir monoatomic electrocatalyst and preparation method and application thereof | |
NO326358B1 (en) | Process for coating an electrically conductive and heat-resistant substrate for a non-carbon metal-based anode, using a slurry for such coating, and using a coated anode substrate | |
CN117779103A (en) | Sb 2 O 4 -RuO 2 Solid solution OER electrocatalytic material and preparation method and application thereof | |
CA3193468A1 (en) | Electrode for gas evolution in electrolytic processes |