DE2652152A1 - Electrodes for electrolytic devices - comprising conductive substrate, electrolyte-resistant coating with occlusions to improve electrode activity - Google Patents

Abstract

Electrodes for use in electrolytic devices consist of an electrically conductive substrate and coating which is resistant to the electrolyte and to products formed during electrolysis. The coating material is metal or metal oxide. The coating contains as occlusions at least one other material which is insoluble in the electrolyte and improves the activity of the coating. The occlusions are pref. of a electrochemical and/or non-electrochemical catalyst pref. a noble metal oxide, non-noble metal oxide, hydroxide, sulphide, chloride, fluoride, carbide nitride, boride, S,C, or PTFE. Typical electrodes have (a) Ni substrate, Ni + P coating are TiO2 occlusions. (b) Fe substrate, Ni coating, NiO occlusions.

Description

Electrode for electrolytic reaction and process too

Their Manufacture The invention relates to electrodes for implementation of electrolysis in both aqueous and organic electrolytes. In particular The invention relates to electrodes for use in electrolytic processes that run in primary cells (those are those that generate electricity), secondary cells (that are those to which electricity is supplied), in fuel cells and other types of electrolytic apparatus, e.g. for cathodic protection, chlor-alkali electrolysis, Metal extraction, etc.

Electrodes are known for electrolytic processes, which are made of graphite, Platinum metals or a base of metals coated with precious metals, such as Consist of titanium, tantalum or zirconium. For coating the latter type of Electrodes were also made of mixtures of single or multiple oxides of noble and precious metals Non-precious metals turns. Active electrode surfaces are also known of bronzes, lead peroxide, manganese dioxide and nickel oxide. Furthermore, for example Cathodes made of nickel and iron in solid or porous form are known.

For applying the active, resistant coating to the electrode base For example, the coating material was finely divided with an organic Binder, such as polytetrafluoroethylene, mixed. However, the chemical showed up Resistance of the organic substance to the electrolyte and the electrolysis products as insufficient.

Furthermore, the adhesive strength on the base was poor and the electrical strength Resistance of the mixture on the base is high.

Electrically conductive powders have also been called low-profile glass-like powders Masses or enamels applied to the surface of the base material. These too The method was unsatisfactory because the electrical contact was poor between the electrochemically active particles and the base, poor adhesive strength the coating, low chemical resistance of the coating to the electrolyte and a high electrical resistance of the coating.

It is an object of the invention to provide an electrode with which the disadvantages of the known electrodes are overcome. It is also a task the invention to provide a method for producing such an electrode.

An electrode according to the invention consists essentially of one electrically conductive base material and a coating thereon at least one metal or metal oxide as a carrier material with embedded therein Particles of at least one solid material, i.e. one or more powdery Materials contained in the electrolyte in which the electrode is to be used are insoluble. These particles are therefore found as inclusions in the carrier material coating applied to the base.

"Inclusion" here means a body that is in solid State and is completely or partially surrounded by a mass that consists of another material which is also in the solid state.

Examples of the materials that can be used as inclusions are conductive and / or non-conductive materials such as precious metal oxides, base metal oxides as well as their hydroxides, sulfides, chlorides, fluorides, carbides, nitrides, borides, sulfur, Polytetrafluoroethylene and other powdery organic substances. The base material, on which the coating is applied can be a precious metal, such as platinum, Ruthenium, palladium, gold, silver and their alloys; a base metal, like Titanium, tantalum, niobium, copper, zinc, cobalt, lead, zirconium, iron, nickel or theirs Alloys; Graphite and ceramic conductors. Also combinations of the mentioned Conductors can be used, the carrier material can be e.g. nickel, lead, cobalt, Tin, manganese and their oxides.

Coating is the combination of carrier and key designated. The electrode is the base material plus carrier plus inclusions. Aut The way according to the invention it is possible to use electrochemically catalyzing powders to apply on a conductive basis, in a Beschiohtung that one has low electrical resistance and which is stuck to the metal or otherwise Conductor material of the base adheres.

A method for the cathodic application of layers including inclusions is known from the field of the production of decorative coatings. It is however new and surprising that anodically or cathodically produced layers, if if suitable materials are used, excellent properties for use as electrodes or as active coatings on base materials, and in electrolytic processes in media with pH values from 2 to 14.

Embedding the electrochemically catalyzing material as inclusion particles in the coating leads to the advantage that a very wide range of materials can be used. It has been shown to be beneficial in many cases is the electrochemically catalyzing material not right on to prepare the surface of the base, as it is currently customary, e.g. by means of thermal precipitation or co-precipitation from solutions. The material can often do a lot Better prepared at high temperatures uni ducks, in special gas atmo sphere or under other conditions that are not conducive to the base material.

For example, titanium cannot be heated above 600 ° C in air without that damage occurs.

The coating methods of thermal precipitation, coprecipitation, etc. are generally limited to electrolytically active layers that contain certain amounts contained in precious metals or their oxides and consequently high costs bring.

If, on the other hand, the active coatings are used at much higher temperatures and pressures or in a special gas atmosphere, etc., it is possible to these electrically conductive, electrochemically catalyzing materials with essential smaller amounts of precious metals and in certain cases even without them.

Compared to the known method in which the base material is galvanically is covered with a coating, e.g. made of one or more platinum metals, The method according to the invention has the great advantage that the electrode is unusual Can confer properties such as low or high overvoltage, high thermal and mechanical resistance, improved active catalytic properties, less material loss during use.

By including the desired particles in the applied Coating makes the manufacturing process simpler and the costs lower.

An electrode according to the invention can, for example, be based on the following Way to be made: Iron is degreased and pickled and in a known way then placed in a conventional nickel bath in which finely divided titanium oxide (about 20-25) doped with about 20% cobalt oxide, kept in suspension by stirring will. A plate made of nickel or some inert material, e.g. Platinum, used. In a known way, the iron and nickel plates are used as the cathode or anode is connected to a current source, and it becomes a current of 25 to 100 A / m2 laid out. The coating thickness is determined by the electrolysis time and the current while the porosity depends on the current density. The surface the iron plate then has a nickel coating as a carrier with inclusions of conductive titanium oxide.

If such an iron base, coated with nickel, which acts as inclusions Contains electrically conductive titanium oxide as an anode for the electrolysis of a 25% strength Potassium hydroxide solution is used at 80 ° C and a current density of 3000 A / m², you get a considerably lower overvoltage than with a conventional iron anode with a coating of pure nickel. The cost of such an electrode are loading significantly lower than with pure nickel. Another An improvement is achieved when the nickel is applied as a porous layer.

The electrode described is of great importance for electrolysis, where hydrogen and oxygen are evolved.

Not only is the overvoltage significantly lower, but also the active layer is significantly harder. Consequently, slurries and the like can be used. without Electrolyze significant wear on the anode.

According to another example, the procedure is as follows: titanium or another film-forming metal is degreased in the form of strips in a known manner and pickled in 10% ozalic acid at 9000 for 1 to 6 hours. Then the Strips in an electrolysis bath, containing a platinum metal wool, connected as an anode. The electrolysis is carried out under the conditions for anodic formation of titanium oxide as a support on the titanium metal. In the coating that is being formed from titanium oxide, platinum particles are included.

In some cases it may be desirable after the application of the Coating the electrode for shorter or longer periods of time in air, in a vacuum, under To be heated under pressure or in special gas mixtures. This can be used in general improve the properties.

The material to be applied electrolytically as a carrier in which the Inclusion substances need not be embedded during use completely resistant to reactions with the electrolyte or the electrolysis products be. This is true when the overvoltage of the containment material is considerable is lower than that of the substrate. In this ball takes the backing material does not take part in the electrolysis. The containment material can be an electrical conductor, but also be a non-conductor. In any case, beneficial effects can be ari the electrode can be achieved, e.g. as a result of an increase in the surface resistance, porosity, giving the coating great mechanical strength, synergistic effects on the electrolysis reaction, catalysis, better gas discharge, Reduction of the surface tension in relation to the electron lyte, etc.

The base material can be solid, i.e. essentially pore-free, but it can also be porous; The base material must be thorough before coating be degreased and a pickling and pre-oxidation treatment is appropriate.

The materials to be used as inclusion particles can be used in the Electrolytes as colloids, suspensions or mechanically dispersed solid phases to be present.

Substances that cause the formation or maintenance of the reactants support financially, such as wetting agents, gelling agents or other auxiliaries, can be used in the manufacture of electrodes electrolytes used are added.

The coatings can be electrolytic using organic solvents or combinations of organic and aqueous solvents can be prepared It can direct current and a combination of direct and alternating current (d.c.

biased alternating current) can be used, one can also use currentless Apply plating techniques.

The "base * and coating" designations used here are intended to in no way give any indication of their relative sizes or dimensions. So it may be that the base is so small in relation to the coating that the electrode consists practically only of the coating.

The substances used as inclusions can be used in manufacture the bath used to the electrode can be added as such or also in situ, e.g. as electrolysis products.

Of course, those described in the following examples can be used Base materials as well as the materials applied with the coating other materials are replaced when used as anode or cathode are resistant to different electrolytes.

To further explain the invention, the plural the Possibilities some execution examples described, applied without power supply Coatings with inclusions made from various active materials, for example 0s-1 A nickel sheet measuring 10 x 5 x 0.2 cm was electroplated without any external current being supplied provided with a coating of nickel plus phosphorus plus titanium oxide. The electrolyte consisted of 1000 ml water, 90 g nickel sulfate, 27 g sodium hypophosphite, 7 g ammonium chloride, 10 g boric acid. This solution contained 50 g of powdered titanium oxide of 20 to 50 µ Particle size introduced, the titanium oxide is not soluble in this electrolyte and was kept in suspension by stirring. The one made in this way Electrode is very useful for the electrolysis of aqueous alkaline solutions for hydrogen-oxygen electrolysis.

Example OS-2 It was worked as in example OS-1 with the difference, that instead of the nickel sheet, an iron sheet was used and the electrolyte instead of 50 g / l titanium oxide 100 1 powdered nickel oxide (particle size 25 to 100) contained. The electrolyte was not stirred either, but the nickel oxide was kept in suspension by ultrasonic vibration, w.B.

50 kHz and 0.2 kWt. The ultrasonic treatment gave one very dense coating of metallic nickel containing a large number of nickel oxide particles as inclusions contained. The coating had good adhesive strength on iron. An iron sheet treated in this way is particularly advantageous as Anode in the electrolysis of an aqueous solution of 25 ° Aigem sodium hydroxide for the production of sodium amalgam. Wetting agents, such as quaternary ammonium detergents, surfactants such as gum arabic and other materials for promotion the deposit of the coating can be added to the electrolyte.

Cathodically produced coatings with inclusions of various active materials Example E-1 A titanium base was electroplated with an alloy of 35 ° h nickel and 65% tin, in the particles of palladium doped tantalum oxide were included. The palladium-doped tantalum oxide was produced by saturating tantalum oxide with an alcoholic solution of palladium chloride, then heated in air at a temperature of 500 to 1000 for 6 hours became. The product was powdered to a grain size of 35 to 120 n and in one Usual nickel-tin electrolytes kept in suspension by stirring. The galvanic Coating was carried out in the conventional manner that the plating bath had the following composition: 60 g / l anhydrous tin (II) chloride, 320 g / l nickel chloride, 70 g / l aluminum bifluoride, ammonium hydroxide for adjustment on pH 2.5. A current density of 300 A / m2 was used.

From the anode thus produced, the tin was anodized in an aqueous one 20% KOH solution at 500 and a current density of 500 A / m2.

A porous coating made of nickel was obtained Particles of palladium-doped tantalum oxide.

This electrode is excellent for use in electrolytes with a pE value of 6 to 14.

@ One of the advantages of this electrode is the low overvoltage at a high current density, which results in a much better effectiveness or yield achieved. Furthermore, the degassing of these anodes is easier, especially if one used rods welded together.

Example K-2 An iron base was electroplated with an iron coating provided using an iron chloride bath in which the finely divided silicon Grain size 0.5 to 1 W was kept in suspension by stirring.

bad The ferric chloride had the following composition and working conditions: FeCl2.H20 320 - 480 g / l CaCl2 160 - 200 g / l pH value 1.2 - 1.8 temperature 80 - 90iC Current density 2 kA / m2 The iron coating applied had a thickness of 5 F and contained 10 to 20% silicon particles. The coated panel was left in air for half an hour heated to a temperature between 300 and 500 ° C. The electrode made in this way is particularly suitable for the electrolysis of brackish water (pH 7.5 to 11).

This electrode also has the great advantage that it is used for electrodes has the good properties of silicon iron, but not the mechanical weakness and silicon iron brittleness.

Example K-3 A stainless steel base was made with a coating of nickel with inclusions of zirconium powder doped with manganese dioxide Mistake. The zirconium powder was doped with 10 Vo manganese dioxide by adding zirconium oxide was saturated with a 25% aqueous solution of manganese nitrate, whereupon in air was seated at 150 to 440 ° C for 24 hours.

The manganese dioxide-doped zirconium oxide became during the electrolysis held in suspension in the electrolyte by means of a vibrator at 40 to 60 Hz.

The electrolyte was a conventional WatV nickel bath with a nonionic one Detergent at a temperature of 30 to 80 ° C. Composition and working conditions was: NiSO4.6 H20 330 g / 1 NiCl2.6 H2O 50 g / 1 H3B03 30 - 40 g / l pH value 3 - 4 temperature 50 - 600C current density 100 - 600 A / m² The nickel coating was 1 to 3 µm in thickness, and the average diameter of the zirconia particles was 0.75 p.

This electrode has particular advantages when used as an anode or cathode for the electrolysis of electrolytes with a pH value of 7 to 14, such as solutions of KOH or NaOH or carbonates of potassium and sodium.

Example K-4 Silicon iron was electroplated with metallic Lead by means of a lead-fluoborate bath. The 100μ thick coating had inclusions of carbide particles (e.g. about 150) such as carborundum.

Bath composition and working conditions were: lead fluorate 250 - 500 g / 1 fluoboric acid 25 - 50 g / 1 gelatin or glue 0.2 g / l temperature 25 - 4500 Current density 250 c 750 A / m2 The electrode thus produced has a extreme mechanical strength and can be used with advantage as an anode for the electrolysis of electrolytes that contain sharp-edged particles and normally cause excessive electrode wear. Examples are sewage, liquids ore leaching, emulsions of water and oil, separation of metal particles Suspensions.

Example K-5 An iron sheet measuring 5 x 10 x 0.1 cm was made degreased with CCl4 and etched for 4 hours at about 100 ° C in 20% HC1. For the following bath was used for the iron coating; FeCl2.2 H20 360 g / l, CaCl2 160 g / l, pH 1.2 to 1.8.

Polytetrafluoroethylene (e.g. Hostaflon TF 9202) was added to this solution. added at a concentration of 200 g / l and suspended by magnetic stirring held.

The iron base connected as the cathode was made with iron in a thickness Coated by Bei. At a bath temperature of at least 2 gooc and a current density At 400 A / m, inclusions of finely divided l'eflon powder were obtained in the coating.

The electrode produced in this way shows an extremely low II overvoltage and is particularly suitable for the electrolysis of alkaline electrolytes for the Generation of hydrogen-oxygen.

Example -6 A titanium base was galvanically provided with a cladding made of a lead-silver alloy of 250 e with inclusions made of powdery titanium, activated with an alloy of 90% platinum and 10% iridium. The coating was deposited from a bath, the silver cyanide and an alkaline lead tartrate complex and in which the activated titanium powder was suspended.

To produce the activated titanium powder, t titanium powder was initially used a particle size of 53 to 125 F with an organic solution of the above Platinum metals moistened.

This solution consisted of 1 g H2PtCl6.H2O (40% Pt), 0.045 g IrCl3.H20 (46 06 Ir), 5 ml isopropanol and 2.7 ml linalool. Then the powder was in one Furnace in air containing at least 5% gaseous ammonia and 10% of a volatile one Hydrocarbon, such as propanol, was added to a temperature between 350 and heated to 500O.

The electrode produced in this way is ideally suited as an anode or Cathode in organic or aqueous electrolytes with pH values from 1 to 6.

If coated with nickel instead of a lead-silver alloy the electrode is ideal for electrolytes with pH values of 6 to 12 Example K-7 An aluminum base was electroplated with a 1 F thick Loading Layered tin, in which 250 to 500 ij large particles of one or more borides, sulfides, carbides and nitrides were embedded. The tin bath contained 112 g / l potassium stannate, 16 g / l free potassium hydroxide. It was a cathode current density of 330 to 1100 A / m2 and a temperature of 70 to 90C applied. The inclusion substances were in the electrolyte that made up the coating was deposited, insoluble. The particles were in the electrolyte by a Combination of stirring and ultrasonic vibration kept in suspension.

The electrode produced in this way is eminently suitable for aqueous and organic electrolytes.

Example -8 An iron base was degreased with an aqueous NaOH solution and etched with pointer hydrochloric acid at room temperature. Then a coating was electroplated made of metallic cobalt with inclusions of sulfur bloom.

The bath contained sulfur particles of about 20 Cr with a wetting agent were dispersed in a concentration of 560 g / l in the cobalt bath. The cobalt bath contained 10% cobalt chloride, 6% boric acid and hydrochloric acid with a pH value of 2.5 to 3.5. A temperature of 50 ° and a current density of 250 A / m 2 were used. The sulfur was kept in dispersion with a magnetic stirrer.

The galvanic treatment was carried out until ~ one Coating from 10 to 15 F thickness and containing up to 30% by weight of sulfur particles was created.

The electrode produced in this way was used as an anode in a 26% KOH solution tested at 80 ° C and a current density of 2.5 kA / m². An overvoltage was found of 300 mV, based on a calomel reference electrode. Under the same conditions conventional iron or nickel anodes have an overvoltage of 570 or 450 respectively mV. An iron base, which under exactly the same conditions, but without the sulfur inclusions was coated with cobalt, had an overvoltage under the stated test conditions of 420 mV.

When used as a cathode in 25% NaOH solution at 800C and 5 kA / m2 the electrode according to the invention had an overvoltage of 1325 mV, while conventional Iron cathodes have an overvoltage of 1850 mV. It was measured against one calomel reference electrode.

Anodically produced coatings with inclusions from various active materials Example All A titanium wire with a diameter of 2 mm was electroplated with a coating of Mn02 with inclusions of TiO2 particles (20 to 40) Mistake. The inclusions caused increased porosity and enlargement the surface.

To increase the conductivity also particles of graphite or Soot included. @@ - For the deposition of the Mn02 coating the titanium base was placed as an anode in a 5 ° aqueous solution of manganese sulphate, which was adjusted to a pH value of 1 to 4 with H2S04. Served as a cathode a lead plate. The electrolyte contained the oxide or oxides in undissolved, finely divided form, as well as the particles of graphite or carbon black in an amount up to at 12% by weight. At a bath temperature of 9OeC, direct current with a current density of 200 A / m2 is applied. The particles intended for the inclusions were through Stirring kept in suspension. The MnO2 coating was 10 mm thick and contained 5% TiO2 and 5 * graphite.

The electrode produced in this way is ideally suited as a depolarizer in dry cells.

Due to the increased porosity and the enlarged surface area one has a considerably increased electrochemical activity. Furthermore, the capacity of nanganese dioxide for the absorption of hydrogen. The electrode of this For example, by heating to 150 to 275 @ G for 20 minutes to be further improved. Depolarizers of this type can be coated continuously, by using a wire made of tiyan, tantalum or aluminum with the desired layer thickness corresponding speed is passed through the electrolysis bath. In another In the work step, the wire is cut to length and can then be converted into the usual Leclancht cells be used. This achieves a significant material saving, and the Cells can be smaller ~ than before be made.

Example h-2 In the same manner as in Example A-1, a zirconium base was made electroplated with a mixture of MnO2 and trapped particles of at least one platinum metal and / or at least one oxide of a platinum metal. The particles of these metals and / or their oxides are used as sol in the electrolyte given.

Electrodes of this type (layer thickness about 5 μm) are extremely suitable as an anode for the oxidation of organic materials, as they have a high overvoltage reach. With a thickness of about 5 to 10 mm, they are used as depolarizers for Primary elements suitable.

Example A-3 @A base made from a wire mesh made of a titanium-niobium alloy with the dimensions 10 x 10 x 0.1 cm was electroplated with PbO2. the included particles were at least one selected from the group consisting of ruthenium oxide and cobalt oxide and antimony sulfide, they were doped with aluminumoside.

A 2 mm thick PbO2 coating was obtained by removing the base was placed as an anode in a bath of the following composition: 250 g / l lead nitrate, 2.5 g / l copper nitrate, 2 drops of a non-ionic detergent (e.g. Arcofal / Hoechst). A lead plate served as the cathode. The working conditions were: bath temperature 700C, pH value 3 to 47, current density 150 to 300 A / m2-. The particles to be included had a size of 20 to 100 µ and were by common means, e.g. by stirring, kept in suspension.

When direct current is passed through it, a precipitate forms on the wire of lead peroxide, in which the particles of suspended material are entrapped are.

Electrodes produced in this way are particularly suitable as Anodes for the electrolysis of sea water and the production of hypochlorites and Chlorates. Other suitable base materials are lead and lead / silver. These electrodes can also be used as cathodes.

Example A-4 A niobium mesh was preactivated by application a number of cores of a non-film forming metal, e.g.

Platinum metals from a highly diluted solution of a platinum metal resinate (e.g. 11Hanovia "solutions). Then it was electroplated with manganese oxide or lead oxide, as described in Examples A-1 and 813. The inclusions.

particles (20 to 50) consisted of titanium carbide, tantalum nitride or Silicon carbide. This electrode is suitable for the electrolysis of various Electrolytes.

Example A-5 A wire mesh made of nickel was used as the anode at room temperature placed in a bath of 20% KOH in the platinum black about 5 in size µ was dispersed. A 10μ thick nickel oxide coating was obtained in which when applying a current density of 500 to 1000 A / m2 solids of the dispersed powder. This procedure is beneficial in diaphragm cells carried out with the platinum black being dispersed in the anolyte.

Instead of the nickel base, another base material, e.g. Stainless steel, the active platinum black can also be used by others, for Fuel cells commonly used catalysts should be replaced. Using this Electrodes in fuel cells offer many technical and economic advantages.

Example A-6 As in Example 1, a carbon base was electroplated coated with manganese dioxide, the inclusions made of extremely finely divided polytetrafluoroethylene contained. For this purpose, the base was placed in a manganese sulfate bath as an anode, in which PTFE powder (30 to 100 p) was kept in suspension by blowing in air. This method also favors the formation of MnO2.

A carbon base with an NO 2 coating with thicknesses was obtained from 0.5 to 2 mm and PTFE inclusions. This electrode has a low frictional resistance opposite to the electrolyte and is not easily wetted. Such an anode is suitable excellent for depolarization in air-zinc batteries.

Particular advantages are achieved if a heat treatment is carried out after the coating is done under pressure at 100 to 43,000. Instead of Mn02, nickel oxide, Lead oxide etc. or a combination of these materials is used will. Another base material can also be used.

Example A-7 An iron rod 10 mm in diameter was made with PbO2 and coated in powdered sulfur. For this purpose, a sulfur flower became a Particle size smaller than 50 e emulsified in a lead-copper-nitrate solution. Of the Iron rod was brought into the bath as an anode, the cathode was made of lead. To At the end of the electrolysis, a 5 mm thick coating was obtained on the iron of Pb02 with inclusion of sulfur powder.

By heating in paraffin oil to temperatures from 100 to 20,000 the sulfur became plastic and, together with the lead oxide, formed a non-porous, electrical one conductive layer on the iron. This electrode can therefore be used as an anode in slightly acidic and neutral electrolytes can be used, e.g. for cathodic protection. Of course the iron base can also be replaced by stainless steel, copper, aluminum, etc., furthermore you can use sintered materials for this.

Claims (28)

, Claims 1. Electrode for electrolytic reactions, consisting of composed of a base made of electrically conductive material and a coating is made up of at least one against the electrolyte used and the resulting Electrolysis resistant material, this material being a metal or metal oxide, characterized in that the coating contains inclusions of Particles having at least one further material that is in the for use the electrolyte provided for the electrode is insoluble and the activity of the coating improved in terms of electrolytic reaction. 2. Electrode according to claim 1, characterized in that the into the Coating enclosed material is an electrochemical catalyst. 3. Electrode according to claim 1, characterized in that the into the Coating included. Material is a non-electrochemical catalyst. 4. Electrode according to claim 1, characterized in that the inclusions consist of several materials, one of which is an electrochemical catalyst and another is a non-electrochemical catalyst. 5. Electrode according to one of claims t to 4, characterized in that that the thickness of the coating material are at least half of the average Size of the final material corresponds. 6. Electrode according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that that the inclusion material is at least one material from the group of noble metal oxides, Base metal oxides, hydroxides, sulfides, chlorides, fluorides, carbides, nitrides, Contains borides, sulfur, carbon and polytetrafluoroethylene. 7. Electrode according to claim 1, characterized by a base Nickel and a coating of nickel plus phosphorus with inclusions of titanium oxide. 8. Electrode according to claim 1, characterized by a base Iron and a coating of nickel with inclusions of nickel oxide. 9. Electrode according to claim 1, marked by a titanium base and a coating of a nickel-tin alloy with inclusions of palladium doped tem tantalum oxide. 10. Electrode according to claim 1, characterized by a base Iron and a coating of iron with inclusions of silicon. ii. Electrode according to claim 1, characterized by a base Stainless steel and a coating of nickel with exclude zirconium doped with manganese dioxide. 12. Electrode according to claim 1, characterized by a base Siliciumeieu and a coating of lead with inclusions of a carbide. 13. Electrode according to claim 1, characterized by a base Iron and a coating of iron with enclosures made of polytetrafluoroethylene. 14. Electrode according to claim 1, characterized by a base Titanium and a lead-silver alloy coating with inclusions Titanium activated with a 90:10 platinum-iridium alloy. 15. Electrode II Y ;: claim 1, characterized by a base Aluminum and a coating of tin with inclusions of a material from the Group borides, sulfides, carbides and nitrides. 16. Electrode according to claim 1, characterized by a base Iron and a coating of cobalt with inclusions of sulfur. @@@ Electrode according to claim 1, characterized by a base Titanium and a coating of manganese dioxide with inclusions of at least one material from the group of galcium and barium oxide. 18. Electrode according to claim 1, characterized by a base Zirconium and a coating of manganese dioxide with inclusions at least one Materials from the group of platinum metals and oxides of platinum metals. 19. Electrode according to claim 1, characterized by a base an alloy of titanium and niobium and a coating of lead oxide with inclusions at least one material from the group consisting of oxides of ruthenium and cobalt and sulfides of antimony, the inclusion material being doped with aluminum oxide. 20. Electrode according to claim 1, characterized by a @@@ niobium with cores made of at least one non-film-forming material coating an oxide from the group consisting of manganese oxide and Be oxide with inclusions of a material from the group of titanium carbide, tantalum nitride and silicon carbide. 21. Electrode according to claim 1, characterized by a base Nickel and a coating of nickel oxide with inclusions of platinum black. 22. Electrode according to claim 1, characterized by an is made of carbon or carbon and a coating of manganese dioxide with inclusions of polytetrafluoroethylene. 23. Electrode according to claim 1, characterized by a base Iron and lead dioxide coating with exclude Sulfur. 24. Method of making an electrode according to the response 1 to 23, characterized in that one containing the coating material Plating bath suspends the inclusion material particles and puts them in this bath at least partially introduces the base to be coated. 25. The method according to claim 24, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c It does not mean that the plating is carried out without a power supply. 26. The method according to claim 24, characterized in that one cathodically plated. 27. The method according to claim 24, characterized in that one anodically plated. 28. The method according to any one of claims 24 to 27, characterized in that that the inclusion material in an amount of at least 2% by weight of the bath in Bath suspended.