NO744495L - - Google Patents

Description

This invention relates to a method and the associated devices for the production of a building element of materials adapted to the need and in particular of a load-bearing very bend-resistant and, as necessary, insulating building element, whose special design forms a further object of the invention.

The following areas of application come into particular consideration.

High-rise construction and foundation construction, vault construction, tunnel construction, underwater constructions, design of building supports, pillars, girders, scaffolding, also load-bearing pipes and pressure pipes, further bridge construction, land vessels, sea vessels, aircraft, container structures, load-bearing foundation structures, support dams, etc.

The method and devices relate to the production of

a building element consisting of two or more building shells or building boards that enclose at least one cavity, where a seal or enclosure is provided, if necessary, at least between the edge parts, and where support means, e.g. cell structure plates or spacer strips preferably with fixed plates (e.g. metal plates) arranged in between are arranged in the cavity.

Optionally, the element is assigned to sealing plates (e.g. foam plastic plates) which can preferably be laminated with vapor-tight foils (e.g. aluminum foils). At least e^E\ of the building shells is movable and/or flexible (eg bent concave) to change the position. In the cavity there is a vacuum or negative pressure, i.e. a pressure which is lower than the pressure acting on the supported shells from the outside.

When the air pressure inside the building element falls away, the external pressure causes the flexible building shells to bend in the direction towards each other, namely by compressing the cavity inserts and/or the seal. As a result of the atmospheric pressure, the inserts in the cavity, in particular the support means, the cell structure ribs, the chamber walls, are exposed to tension and press against the intermediate metal plates and the inner sides of the building shells. This results in an increase in the bending strength of the plates supported in this way and the intermediate shells, as well as the outer building shells. Their load capacity in the direction of their plan is thereby strengthened. In the case of a vacuum, the outer shells and cell plates on the surfaces of the supporting and reinforcing means arranged in the cavity and e.g. the intermediate plates have a pressure of approx. 10 tons

2

per m.

The preferably concavely bent building shells, secured at their edge parts by seals and, if necessary, other means at a distance from each other, where the distance is greater than the distance which. under the influence of' tension screws are provided in the mid-/jter parts of the shell rafts, with increased load in the direction parallel to their surfaces seek to reduce their distance further. This leads to a correspondingly increased counter-tension of the support means, i.e. the cell plates, the chamber walls, the spacer strips, and thus a corresponding strengthening of the shells and the plates arranged in the cavity.

Another purpose of the invention is to produce, independent of external conditions, conditioned sizes, pressure forces as needed and thus pressure differences, be it for vacuum or a negative pressure or another smaller pressure. This is achieved according to the invention by the fact that according to the invention alternately arranged load-bearing support plates, heat and/or sound insulating plates, cellular structure plates or grid plates are pressed against preferably narrow steps or ribs across their main plane. To this end, the cavities in the building element are suitably evacuated before the pressing in an evacuation house.This not only ensures a very flexurally rigid building element, but especially

a good sound- and heat-insulating structural element, which is due in particular to the present but evacuated cavities.

Important for the pressure impact on solid surfaces to be supported is the extraordinary increase in the pressure impact as a result of concentration of a predicted pressure force on a few linear pressure contact points, e.g. narrow, flexurally rigid cell ribs, e.g. of steel, with a relatively large cell width. Thereby it is achieved that the pressing force is instead transferred from the total surface to the total surface: in accordance with the cell structure, only in a cell-like linear fashion to the surface to be supported. These tangent lines form e.g. less than 1% of the total area. The pressing force only acts on these construction contact lines which are distributed evenly over the entire surface. If the building shells are compressed in a vacuum and the external pressure is atmospheric pressure with approx. 10 tonnes per m 2 , • so o the linear surface parts directly touched by the cell ribs are pressed with approximately 1% of the total surface of the complete intermediate plate with a pressure of 100 x 10 tons =

1000 tonnes. The pressure on an ato can be increased as needed, by air pressure, pump pressure or by means of devices. At 100 ato, e.g. an increase to 100,000 tonnes at the evenly distributed contact points between the pressed shells and the support plates. About ■

at the same level is the load capacity for the thus pressed support plates if the spaces (fields) not affected by the cell ribs are sufficiently flexurally stiff for said load.

The bending stiffness of each individual part surface (field) is determined by the bending stiffness of the support plate itself, taking into account the size of the part surface.

However, since each individual sub-surface occupies a relatively small proportion of the total surface, its bending stiffness is correspondingly large. The cell widths can be kept correspondingly large and so that the enclosed partial surfaces of the support plates have the necessary bending stiffness in each case. Thereby, it is possible to increase the ratio between the net contact from the cell ribs with the total surface of the inner support plate for maximum concentration of the pressing force on the smallest possible proportion of the plates to be supported.

On the other hand, the bending stiffness can . or the bending strength of the bearing plates to be supported is greatly increased by the fact that they are designed as joint plates with a laminate structure or in multiple joints using particularly suitable highly bondable, particularly massive and yet preferably elastic plastics such as the connection core, which prevents the thrust or shear forces from detaching the cover plates from the connection plates.

In this way, cell widths can be calculated which cause a maximum multiplication of the compression forces by an even greater concentration of the occupied compression forces on fewer cell ribs or their pressure surfaces..

A further possibility for increasing the bending strength lies in the design of the profiles, e.g. e.g. [:~]trapezoid profiles. in connection with solid plastic or synthetic material and in combination of such connection profiles with each other.. These profiles can be covered with flat-like connection plates in surface systems with pressing agents, e.g. the cellular structure plates, and can be permanently connected to these, e.g. by gluing, welding.

It is appropriate to support the cell ribs with adhesive hard foam, e.g. by partial foaming of the ribs. . This does not require unconditional evacuation of the cavities. Decisive is the pressure difference between the pressures in the adjacent cavities that are separated from each other by means of a movable building shell or plate.

Likewise, as with a negative pressure or vacuum, for safety reasons it is also required to divide the cavity, in which there is overpressure, into several sub-spaces, e.g. using cells, or grids, so that these are hermetically sealed in relation to each other and in relation to the entire cavity. In the event of a partial damage or destruction of the outer part of the cavity and the associated internal parts, the not yet destroyed parts will exert the overpressure without any change in it. An appropriate division can also limit possible views of the element to a minimum.

As the overpressure seeks to increase the occupied volume, an airtight closure of such overpressured cell spaces is only possible when, with the help of an even higher external pressure from the outside, the sealing plates arranged in the interior of the element for sealing the cells are pressed into the cells with the help of this correspondingly higher pressure and if this condition is maintained.

In this state, the position-changing, movable building shells must then be placed at their minimum mutual distance so that the pressure stress determined by their assumed position can be safely maintained for an unlimited time. For this purpose, various means can be arranged.

The invention exposes. that the cell plates, lattice plates and/or other plates, which form the core or the cores between the supporting building shells and/or building panels are welded together with the adjacent surfaces to form a solid, air-tight and vapor-tight unit, preferably in a vacuum chamber with low pressure (, by means of a

welding current, in particular from a source of capacitor pulse welding current in the case of metals; or by means of high frequency current in the case of plastics. Preferably, the plates that will form the building shells or the building boards as well. the core for this welding, of steel or aluminum or of plastic. The cell plates, git-

the terplates can e.g. be made of trapezoidal or wavy bands and where between these bands they carry further bands running in a straight line which are somewhat wider than the cells, respectively. lattice-forming profiled bands, and spm protrudes with e.g. approximately 1 mm to both sides. Thereby, the slightly higher intermediate bands touch the building shell rafts when the cell plates, grid plates etc. are welded together. 1. The air can then be evacuated through this air gap or an air overpressure can be provided in the cells or chambers.

The welding can take place as resistance welding or as electron welding or e.g. high-frequency welding for plastics. In electron welding, the electrons from the cut edges of the cell ribs are thrown onto the metal surfaces of the adjacent metal building shells or metal building plates and thereby the parts to be welded are fused together and pressed in this state against each other for welding. With the help of this welding, each cell or chamber is sealed to the outside in a vapor-tight manner. In the cavities, air or gas pressure or vacuum determined in advance in the welding cavity prevails for an indefinite period of time.

In electron welding (arc), the best welding time can be determined by the greater height of the rectilinear intermediate bands of the cells or the like. The welding time corresponds to the time required to melt away the superior height of the intermediate bands. For optimal welding, all other welding parameters must also be brought to an optimal mutual relationship.

The cell ribs, lattice ribs etc. can for formation of. air gaps~cg thus for evacuation of the cells or kamrenerpgså' is designed in a different way, e.g. with serrations on the cut edges. The metal surfaces of adjacent building shells. can.e.g. be provided with linear larvae that form air gaps for the larvae at the points of contact, are welded together with the cell ribs or lattice ribs so that the steps in their entirety touch and are welded together with the adjacent building shell surfaces. During this work, all cells, chambers etc. first evacuated and then closed vapor-tight. The cells, grids, etc. and likewise the surfaces of the building shells can, as mentioned, consist of plastic and can be welded together using high-frequency current. This must also be done under optimal conditions in the welding room.

Such parts firmly connected to each other to the connecting plates can by two-sided arrangement. of the cells or the grid plates on the surfaces of the building shells or The "-plates" depending on the purpose and appropriateness are carried out multiple and evacuated.

Overpressure chambers can be assigned to one or both sides of these connection plate units. These overpressure chambers increase the bending stiffness of the load-bearing parts of the connection plates in a direction perpendicular to the surfaces of the shells and plates. The combination can also take place in such a way that the overpressure chamber is arranged between two pre-barid plate units. With the help of the overpressure chambers, the cell or the lattice steps or ribs tension. which corresponds to the excess pressure to which the chambers' building shell or cover plates are exposed and which they in turn exert as a counter force or reaction force against the supporting building shells or building boards and the posts and thus correspondingly increases their stiffness. There can also be elastic layers,

e.g. rubber sheets, foam plastic sheets etc. which is arranged between e'jt] changeable or flexible Inner building shell or building plate and a core connection unit, where the layers can be placed before and/or after said plate or plates. The overpressure's expansive •

force can be limited to their spatially predetermined range by means of tensioning screws or tensioning screws. As the horizontal force component of the load force only makes up a small fraction of the load, the bending stiffness and thus the bearing strength in connection with one-sided or two-sided arrangement of the cell steps or the chamber walls are increased extraordinarily by means of such a supporting overpressure, be it with gaseous liquid or solid agents which are filled in the overpressure chambers.

Porous layers must be made tight, air-tight and vapor-tight on all sides, e.g. with the help of metal foils or polyethylene foils and/or tin plates. If necessary, preferably elastic layers should be arranged in between (in bandages). The overpressure produced in the building element in one or more overpressure chambers must be led as tension into the building element's supporting shell, preferably/^through the step of the core building material. The design of the core, especially the plates with the cells, the grids etc. or likewise the bearing plates can be done in such a way that particularly in.deri. in the vertical direction, the parts forming the core plates are designed to be load-bearing throughout, e.g. suitably deformed in the room, e.g. as, perpendicularly standing trapezoidal or wave-like profiled carrier plates which in the horizontal direction are stationary divided into air- and vapor-tight single -chambers, cells, etc. Such trapezoidal plates, with their horizontal or transverse divisions, can be rigidly connected to adjacent flat plates or also as joint plates, designed plates, for example by means of welding and form a joint connection.

Such plates can also be connected to adjacent pressure chambers in a position-changing manner and be supported by these with increased position-holding strength. For increasing the bearing strength of sli-. ke profiled vertical core plates can e.g. the plates

crosswise be connected with. horizontal, trapezoidal profiled plates, e.g. by welding and/or gluing and can between them carry separating tin plates which seal the thus formed chambers, cells etc. airtight.

Such core elements can also be individually or together sealed on all sides in an airtight and vapor-tight manner, e.g. by means of metal or plastic parts and/or external coating by gluing and/or welding. Many designs and combinations can occur that can serve this effect.

Finally, it is also possible to postpone the chambers, cells etc. in such connection plates for a higher pressure than atmospheric and e.g. to use flexible, welded-on cover plates as an airtight connection for such cavities because, as a result, of their flexibility to exert pressure on preferably rigid with these connected adjacent, evacuated chambers, such as e.g. are arranged at a cross to these, to increase their bending strength. It is then appropriate to keep these overpressure chambers, cells etc. relatively large> so that the free surfaces limited by the steps or ribs can exercise sufficient flexibility for exerting a pressure against adjacent cell walls, chamber walls etc. which in turn can, with increased bending strength, support the load-bearing plates or /parts of the same and likewise the e.g. trapezoidal core plates. Cellenes or

the walls or ribs of the chambers may, depending on the conditions, be made of appropriate material in each individual case and may have it

for the relevant conditions necessary bending strength, strength, height and

otherwise it can be reinforced by a combination•of materials or bandage and/or filling. Their edges can preferably be knife-sharp and/or serrated to allow resistance welding and/or electron welding or arc welding. \

The larger the cells, chambers, ribs etc. limited partial surfaces of the cover plates or the load-bearing building shells are, the larger the steps must be at the same pressure and, on the other hand, the more favorable the ratio between the affected surface areas and the total surface of the building shell can be and thus the concentration of pressure on the surface parts affected by the ribs or steps of the adjacent ' tend supporting shell or connecting plates. The transverse sub-arrangements of e.g. the trapezoidal rafts for forming chambers can be of any suitable material, e.g. metal, plastic, rubber. Their mutually airtight closure can also be effected by the pressure from the adjacent cover plate and the resulting compression or by welding.

The cells of the cell plates are closed to air and vapor-tight by means of reflective foils and by means of the pressure acting on the building shells, between which the cell plates and the inter-arranged load-bearing connection plates are arranged, with tension from or through the elastic arranged on the back of the reflective foils (aluminium foils), in the smallest deformable plates, e.g. foam plastic sheets, which are pressed into the cells. As a result of the tension will. they at a uniform location have an eigenfrequency, i.e. a selective resonance due to which all other frequencies or fluctuations are reflected, so that light cannot penetrate the building element. Sound oscillations1?] cannot easily be conducted through a vacuum. The fluctuations are linked to the presence of a substance.

As a result of the pressure from the cell ribs against the inner surfaces of the building shells and against the intermediate connection plates, these too can only oscillate with the natural frequencies obtained as a result of the size and shape of the cell plate cells that divide the aforementioned surfaces into corresponding fields. However, these natural frequencies lie above the audible frequency range. The inner surfaces of the shells also have, in the case of bending, a tensile stress which would also cause a selective resonance.

The intermediate connection plates are divided into irregular acoustic fields by means of the two-sided pressing of the cell ribs (knot line formation). They can. therefore, do not transmit any audible oscillations. Swinging diaphragms are prevented from swinging by a light touch. For acoustic glazing, it is advantageous to choose a large cross-sectional dimension of the cells and to dimension the height of the cells so that, despite the pre-extruded vaulting of the

tensioned reflective foils provide an optimal distance between the tensioned domed reflective foils lying opposite each other.

Cj The heat insulation is obtained as a result of the high degree of reflection (approx. 90°) of the aluminum foils and by excluding air con-

the vection as a result of evacuation of the cells. Of the approximately 10% absorbed beam energy, only approximately 10% is emitted towards the opposite side, i.e. approximately 1% of the original energy. In the case of multiple arrangements of such reflective foils or reflectors, especially also reflector sheets, provide almost absolute thermal insulation.

Such a building element is protected against any ingress of water vapour. Any corrosion on the inside is therefore sealed off.

The set tasks with regard to improving the bending strength and heat and sound insulation while simultaneously preventing corrosion have thus been solved in a very appropriate way.

The invention will be explained in more detail below with help

of examples with reference to the drawings, where:

fig. 1 shows a vertical section through an evacuation house with associated devices, with building element parts placed therein

which after evacuation are taken out of the house before they are to be used. Fig. 1a shows another embodiment of the device according to Fig. 1 with a circumferential seal. Fig. 2 shows a vertical section through it. right

part of an evacuation house with the right parts of a composite building element which are temporarily placed on support means in the house for evacuation.

Fig. 3 shows a section through an overpressure housing with a connection building element placed therein for providing an over-Q, ■ pressure in parts of the housing's cavity, fig. 3a shows snap devices for connecting the building shell rafts which delimit a cavity under overpressure arranged in certain parts of the joint building element and which cooperate with seals, and fig. 3b shows a screw which is attached to the inner side of one of the two opposite shells and which in this state has the smallest distance between the building shells

as a result of the overpressure in the overpressure housing together with machines for completing the fpr screwing adjusts and maintains this in this position.

Fig. 1 shows in section a compressive strength. vacuum housing 1 for temporary storage of a composite building element for evacuation with standing arrangement of the element's individual parts<p>g subgroups.

House 1 is closed. all sides, except for a front opening which serves for the temporary placement of certain parts or sub-groups of. the connection building element. • ' The opening can then be closed

.airtight and pressure-proof. A pipe 2 is routed through the house's top wall la

for providing vacuum or negative pressure and is provided with an outlet valve .3 and a. additional pipe connection leading to an air pump. A pipe branch 4 with a tap 5 serves to re-introduce air when the evacuated building element is to be taken out for use.

Compressed air cylinders 6 with pistons and piston rods 7 are arranged on the side walls lb. The piston rods are air-tight movable through the walls and serve to operate reciprocating vertical pressing plates 8 arranged on a sliding base 9, in the housing 1.

The parts or sub-groups of the building element which are placed in the evacuation housing la-e only during evacuation and/or under pressure are arranged symmetrically in the following way.

The outer building shells 10 are formed by connecting panels consisting of e.g. of two metal plates 10a with a solid and elastic synthetic intermediate layer 10b, e.g. of polyethylene (laminate form). The inner sides of these connecting plates 10 are connected, e.g. with adhesive layer with plates 11 of compressible material, e.g. ,foam plastic sheets, felt sheets P^ler rubber sheets. or asbestos fiber boards and connecting-. late is fixed. The free surfaces of these plates 11 can be coated with a preferably vapor-tight layer 12. This can in particular consist of a metal foil, e.g. aluminum or of a vapour-permeable plastic foil, e.g. polyethylene, or etc. in a liquid state applied to a plastic layer, etc. The parts form a compact, uniform dressing group.

Between this layer 12 and a subsequent plate 13 with cell structure, hereinafter called cell plate, there is an open air gap 14. The cell plate can be of any suitable material suitable for the purpose, e.g. metal, especially steel or aluminum or plastic or cardboard.. Instead of a cellular plate, another pressure-resistant plate with appropriate perforations and corresponding remaining narrow steps can also be used. After this cell plate follows a further open air gap 15. For protection or maintaining a narrow air gap, compressible inserts 13a can be inserted in individual cells and which project slightly above on both sides. This is followed by a dressing group. consisting of a middle supporting support plate 16 in the form of multiple metal-plastic-metal-plastic-metal (163,^,0,0^ etc.) and compressible plates 17 fixed to it on both sides as described in connection with the reference number 11 and provided with coatings 18 as indicated for the reference number 12. Then follows in symme-

r"~~~]tric order of all the parts that have already been described. With 20 in Fig. 1, a seal is indicated whose arrangement above the building element is not absolutely necessary. The airtight connection can.

is achieved without this edging by means of the yielding plates arranged between the cell plates», e.g. plastic sheets in connection with their coating with aluminum foils in the presence of a vacuum in the interior of the cells. When arranged one above the other, the upper ^mrandings can therefore fall away. The above subsequent lower -surrounding of the next building element further secures the closure.

Fig. 1a in the drawings shows a circumferential elastic compression

•removable seal 20, e.g. of synthetic rubber, arranged between the edges of the two outer plates 10. The upper part of the circumferential seal has pipes 21 with valves 22 for the air with atmospheric pressure in the building element so that this air can flow out into the evacuated vacuum space. In contrast, the air from the outside cannot flow in. in the building element.. Also through a wall: of the vacuum housing 1, a pipe or hose can be led airtight to the outside to connect the building element with. an evacuation device. The seal 20 may be formed. of several layers, e.g. with different elasticity in the transverse direction. At least the upper part of the seal can be provided with horizontally extending insert strips of solid material to absorb pressure under load, e.g. embedded in recesses in the compressible seal. On both sides of the two outer building plates 10 as already described, the movable pressing plates 8 are arranged. With the help of these pressing plates, the building shells in a vertical arrangement can be displaced towards each other during compression of the circumferential seal' and the mentioned inserts. The air gaps 14,15 which served in the front to evacuate air. from the forbaride element falls away. The high pressure from the pressing plates 8 compresses the elastic insert pieces 1-3 a. The plastic foam plates with their vapor-tight surface coating, e.g. aluminum foils, are pressed tightly into the cells. This creates a solid connection between the cells and the plastic foam sheets. When the [ quieter pressing plates have reached their end position, this is at the same time the predetermined end position or end position for the outer building shells and the compressed insert between them. Air is then let into the vacuum container and the atmospheric pressure begins to work. The building element can then be taken out of the vacuum container and taken to where it is to be added. ■ ... As a result of the lifting of the internal air pressure, the building shells move towards each other and then press the pressure-resistant cell walls against the surfaces of the load-bearing support plates 10a,b and 16a-e, which are thus, corresponding to this pressure, further rigidly held in a vertical position. As a result of the equally high back pressure acting on the inner surfaces of the building shells 10a, the building shells are also flexibly supported from both sides as load-bearing elements. As a result of the pressing of the narrow cell ribs or steps in the elastically compressible, vapor-tight coated sealing plates of foam plastic 11,17, each individual cell is sealed airtight and watertight. In this way, the load-bearing, flexurally stable state of the connection element is ensured.

Even in the event of partial damage or destruction of the construction shell or the edge seal, the vacuum remains in all undamaged cells and thus also the support of the load-bearing composite plates 10a,b and 16a-e. The .20 seal can therefore be completely removed. The cell steps can further be connected by means of adhesives with compressible means 11,12 and 17,18 which close the cell openings. With the help of the atmospheric pressure, all pre-band groups and elements are connected into a compact unit with high flexural rigidity and tensile/shear strength.

Finally, it should be noted that the arrangement of the individual groups and individual elements in the building element can be asymmetrical, e.g. according to different requirements from one side to the other. Requirements with regard to fire protection can e.g. require provision of other building materials or building materials.

Instead of just one central group with load-bearing connection plates, several such or similar groups consisting of e.g. vertically bearing connection elements and to that fixed with these connected yielding plates, be arranged so that they engage in the cells and follow each other at a small distance in order to thereby provide a large load-bearing capacity.

The building element can also be produced without the seal 20 and then this element can be introduced into the cavity of another, larger building element. The building elements or the shells of the inner building element can therefore be connected to the surfaces or shells thereof. other external element, e.g. by means of adhesive plastic films or with an adhesive layer. Any remaining cavity between the inner and the other outer building element can then be evacuated separately. The safeguard for the load-bearing strength of such a building element is preferably determined by the inner building element.

The plates 11 can e.g. be made of solid plastic material or, for example, in vertical trapezoidal plates, e.g. of metal which is firmly connected to the adjacent plates 10a. Instead of the foils 12, fixed plates, especially tin plates, can also be used, e.g. such as are welded together with the trapezoidal plate and preferably sealed airtight from all sides. What applies to plates 11 and

coating 12 also applies to plates 17 and coating 18, where the latter can also consist of tin plates. Sections 20,2l3.a can be omitted. The welding of the metal cell walls 13, e.g. the steel walls together with adjacent tin plates 12 and 18 occur as described by pressing and by resistance and/or electron welding (arc welding), preferably in a vacuum, where the cell plates 13 and plates 12 and 18 are connected to the opposite poles of the welding machine. The tin plates 12 and 18 and the joint parts are, as described, prepared or shaped by hand depending on the welding method.

/i Is1 thede for compressible inserts<y>kke<r>respectively. spacers can be used, e.g. compression springs to thereby secure the air gap 14 and 15. The arrangement of the valves 21,22 falls away when the seal 20 is lost. The welding machines can be arranged outside the welding room and the supply cables can be routed airtight through the room walls in the evacuation house.

Fig. 1 shows that a nut 112 v is attached to the building element and that a screw 111 v engages in the nut. The screw is passed through the entire building element bg lies from the outside against the element at 113. I. The slot 114 of the screw engages a screwdriver 110 which is passed air-tight through the wall le of the evacuation house. With the help of this device, the building element can be compressed in: evacuated state,

and the pressure condition remains obtained after the building element is taken

out of the evacuation house. Such tightening screws 'or clamping screws Wolf with nuts. 112v can be arranged at any point on the shell head surfaces and/or their edge parts, depending on what is appropriate, so that the tension tolerance in the building element can be further increased and maintained. In particular, the tightening or clamping of the shells can be carried out in such a way that the shells have the greatest deflection towards each other in the direction towards the point of intersection of their imaginary surface diagonals and thereby under constant load in the parallel direction of their surfaces are maintained with increased bending stiffness and buckling strength in accordance with the corresponding increased back pressure 'of the support and spacer means in the cavity. Thereby, the equipment of the interior of the cavity can be carried out as needed more or less with the help of additional supporting means or also limited to a few

spacers preferably in connection with the tension screw^T]

By tensioning the shells and with the help of the vacuum, a high-quality sound insulation is provided which can be further increased with the help of tensioned means with a natural frequency arranged in the cavity. The highly reflective foils and/or tin plates can not only act as sound reflections as a result of their voltage, but also as a result of their properties as reflectors and thereby reduce the passage of heat energy in a very efficient way.

Fig. 2 illustrates the production of a building element i

a vacuum chamber 1, where the element's parts 13 and sub-groups 10a, 10b, 13a, 12, 11, 25a, 25b, 11, 12 are arranged horizontally, and where the element consists of two outer composite plates, e.g. two plates with laminated intermediate plastic layer 10b, 25b, e.g. of polyethylene. The insides of these shells are firmly and airtightly connected to cell plates 13 by means of an adhesive 13b, e.g. a specially developed polyurethane foam. Instead of a sticky plastic foam, other binders can be used, e.g. liquid and later polymerizing sealing plastic material..After the cell plates 13 comes an air gap 14. Then comes a composite group consisting of a composite plate of the laminate type 25a, 25b with compressible sealing plates 11 arranged on both sides of this, e.g. of foam plastic, felt, asbestos, fiberglass or rubber. The surfaces of these sealing plates preferably carry moisture-proof foils 12, e.g. of polyethylene or of metal, e.g. of metal or plastic or cardboard, where two air gaps 15 are formed on both sides of it. Several cell plates 13 can together with other plates, e.g. sealing plates 11 with foils 12, be assembled into a unit by means of e.g. adhesive foam plaster. The individual building element parts and sub-groups are, as necessary, held at their edges in the air gaps 14,15 by means of fork-shaped bodies '26 which are arranged movable on support strips 27 on. a supporting structure. When evacuating the air from the vacuum chamber through a pipe 2 with a valve 3, the air is similarly removed from all parts of the building element. With the help of electromagnets 28, the movable support members 26 can then be pulled out of the air gaps 14 and 15, whereby the building element parts are lowered to an appropriate position, e.g. against projections that are arranged one above the other, in the same way as the predetermined end position. The compression of the building element's dough can be carried out using a pressure plate .29 which is placed on the outer shell 10 and which e.g. is movable due to its own weight or with the help of a compressed air

cylinder with piston and piston rod 7 which is airtight and movable through the roof of the vacuum chamber la. Thereby, the en-; kelted cells by pressing adjacent foam plastic sheets 11 into the cells. During the subsequent supply of air to the vacuum chamber 1 through a pipe 31, the atmospheric pressure again presses the parts together, whereby all parts in the composite building element are united into a compact unit. The building element can then be taken out of the evacuation house and placed in its final position.

Naturally, it is also possible to arrange a seal between the shell edges. In a typical case, the element parts can lie loosely on top of each other with the exception of the upper part which is carried by the seal, the underside of which is in turn occupied by the carrier body rests during the formation of an air gap. The air inside the building element, which in relation to the vacuum in the chamber is under overpressure, will therefore flow out almost completely. In addition, special evacuation pipes or hoses, preferably with valves, can be arranged so that they extend above or below or through the seal. In addition, the seal can be installed afterwards, after which the air in the space between the seal and the core is evacuated separately. This element can/different way placed as strips in other similarly larger composite building elements. The element can also, for example, by using an adhesive intermediate layer, preferably adhesive foils or adhesive, solid, preferably elastic plastic sheets, be joined to the inner side of the larger building shells. If it is necessary to arrange an elastically closed seal between the edge parts, whether it concerns the largest or the smallest element to be installed, the air can be evacuated from the space through pipes with valves located between the seal and the building element.

The formation of air gaps 14 and 15 or the installation of the support members 16 and electromagnets 28 is redundant if light materials are used, e.g. aluminum or cardboard sheets. The air that is in the element parts will, apart from a rather small part, be pushed out during the formation of a vacuum in the vacuum chamber. If a sealed seal is provided, it may be necessary to establish a connection with the vacuum chamber 1 through a pipe with a valve (see 21 and 22 on fig. 1). This pipe can also be connected to an evacuation device through the vacuum chamber wall, which makes it possible to evacuate the building element. In the case of such light building elements, it may be sufficient to install a composite building element which also has a closed seal with an evacuation pipe and a valve in a vacuum housing so that it is evacuated when the external pressure disappears. Building elements composed of heavy single elements and element groups can also be evacuated through pipes with valves. When using seals, the pressure plate 29 can be made redundant by connecting or •interconnecting pipes with valves. In all cases, the described means allow, as necessary, a complete or almost complete evacuation of the air.

The installation of evacuated smaller building elements has

its importance, as a result of the possibility of an overpressure in another larger building element that acts on the smallest building element's shell parts, whereby an almost unlimited increase in the bending stiffness of the internal load-bearing support plates in the evacuated element's internal load-bearing support elements can be achieved, which in particular consists of composite boards that are arranged individually or several together (multilaminate) or in several groups. At the same time, the outer building shell, at least in the smallest building element, can also be designed as load-bearing support plates. Under the influence of the excess pressure on the •outer side and the correspondingly high counter pressure on the inner side, the plates are flexurally stiffened in a similar way in the direction of the plate plane to absorb the bearing load or other pressure loads. It is therefore necessary that the outer building shell of the second larger and enclosing composite element, under corresponding structural design, is pressure-resistant and flexurally rigid and can absorb the excess pressure in the cavities. This can e.g. achieved by means of mutually intersecting profiled plates, preferably trapezoidal plates arranged in several layers, where the mutual crossing points are welded together. A further increase of such combined and profiled, preferably trapezoidal building shells can be provided by the profiling being carried out in composite panels such as e.g. consists of metal-plastic-metal (laminate) or that other, profiled plates are connected with massive, preferably elastic plastic materials of a similar shape with profiled, composite plates (laminates), which are then in a simple or multiple, mutually intersecting order in a combined manner, firmly connected with Each other.. Such profiled building shells can, by closing with plates on all sides, be designed into an air-tight and liquid-impermeable hollow body which can be filled with. foam plastic or other material which is appropriate for building elements and which can also be liquid or gas.

For fig. 2 also applies to the one in fig. 1 variant described, according to which the foam plastic plates 11 are replaced with e.g. plastic sheets or profiled metal sheets, e.g. trapezoidal plates which are made with several sections, preferably crossing each other with intermediate welded airtight connecting plates and airtight chambers which form transverse divisions. Instead of the foils 12, tin plates or composite plates can be arranged. Also

the cell plates etc. unlike the connecting plates, can be connected to the poles of the welding machine and then the welds are carried out underneath

pressure from the plate .29. The forks 26 are made by respectively coated with insulating material. The pressure plate 29 can also be designed as an electromagnet plate and carry the uppermost part of the building element magnetically to begin with. It can also be spring-loaded

to exert a certain elastic - pre-determined welding pressure.

Fig. 3 illustrates the advantages of using positive pressure in a composite element. The figure shows a schematic section through a composite element, the simple parts of which are horizontal and introduced into a pressure-resistant overpressure chamber 40a,b,c,d,e for providing the different pressure conditions.

The composite element consists of an outer shell 41 which is

produced from mutually combined and connected trapezoidal plates 41a and 41b as well as from air-tight on these arranged and vertically extending, mutually parallel side walls 42,43 with a width less than a distance. the one between the skulls. the edges of these side walls are pressed into closed, elastic seals 44 and 45. In this way, the cavity between the shells is closed and remains airtight during elastic stretching. For further airtight protection, a third closed seal 46 can be arranged between the edge parts 47 and 48 of the two shells •41.

Inside the cavity, approximately in the middle, an already evacuated composite building element consisting of at least ten shells 51 is placed. and 52, preferably of composite plates, as well as one or more cell plates 53, between which are arranged load-bearing flexurally rigid composite support plates 54. The outer rafts, on this already evacuated inner building element, are provided with a compressible layer 55, e.g. of rubber, plastic or foam. On these plates, cell plates -56 have already been arranged on both sides, e.g. steel sheets, which already before the connection with the outer element are air-tightly connected with: the inner side of this building element's shell 41, e.g. using adhesive polyurethane foam. 56 or adhesive, liquid plastic. The air thus only has one opportunity left to reach the cell plates, easily

lying along the inner wall element's outer surfaces 55.

A pipe 57 ff. is equipped with a valve 57a and extends into the cavity of the composite element and thus allows the introduction of compressed air into the cavity from a compressed air device which allows any necessary pressure level. With the help of this compressed air, the outer shell 41 will be displaced towards stop [\ (not shown) and thereby move so far from the second shell that a narrow air gap 58 will form between the inner building element and the adjacent cell plates, which to a predetermined extent it is possible to pass compressed air through for supply to each individual cell. Through a pipe 60 with a valve 61, compressed air with a higher pressure than the excess pressure in the inner element is then introduced into the pressure chamber 40 by means of a compressed air device, whereby the shell 41 of the outer element is pressed in the direction of each other, so that the air gap 58 is closed and the steel cells 56 ribs are pressed airtight and moisture-tight into the compressible layers 55 or plates on the outside of the inner element's shell. Thereby, a back pressure is provided in the cavity of the composite element which corresponds to the excess pressure exerted in the cavity of the overpressure chamber. In order to maintain this desired pressure condition, in which the surfaces of the bearing support parts 51, 52 and 54, in particular with the help of the cell plates 53 and 56, are supported with a maintained bending stiffness that corresponds to the overpressure, after the pressure prevailing in the overpressure chamber 40 has dissipated , along the outer building element's narrow sides are arranged organs for fixing the smallest ^aySt3111^ between the outer shells 41 which is obtained under the influence of the external excess pressure. The schematic drawing also shows locking means, i.e. engaging means, on one side of the shell, e.g. in the form of protruding, strip-shaped parts 66 of the upper shell 41 with associated parts, such as further arranged engagement strips 67 with spring-loaded, movable locking elements 68 which can be pushed into the engagement strips 67, and behind which the protruding strips 66 on the upper shell are brought into engagement when the shells 41 move towards each other. The thus achieved, predetermined mutual position of the seed cases is thus fixed and secured. The lower part of the strip 67 thus engages with a right-angled, strip-shaped edge 69 on the lower, outer shell 41a and thus prevents the Qliste 67 from changing the compressed position of the upper shell, after the external excess pressure has been lifted. 41, which is secured by the engagement of the locking devices. In order to prevent the strips 67 from being pushed out laterally from the position, these strips are movably pressed against the strips 66 by means of strong tension springs 70. It is clear that there can also be arranged organs which, if necessary, allow the locking organs to be released, e.g. e.g. by retracting the strips 67 by means of an electromagnet. The described locking means represent only one technical possibility among many others to achieve the same goal. Clamping screws are particularly suitable. The device according to fig. 3 is of a similar type to the tension device according to fig. 1 and includes

nuts 121 and 122 as well as a screw 120 and a seal 123. The effect and handling are as mentioned above.

Fig. 3a schematically illustrates a possibility for mutual

.anchoring for an unlimited period of time of the inside of the two shells 41 in the final position that is achieved in the overpressure chamber, f. e.g. using a locking device. The inside of the lower shell 41 is therefore provided with two welded square tubes 75 of the same thickness, in which tubes there is inserted a locking element 76 located between the circumferential guides 78 and under the influence of a pressure spring 77, which is provided with backward-sloping chamfers that can be pushed in and out and where movement is limited by impact. The distance between the two carriers 75 is dimensioned so that

the locking elements 76 under the influence of the compression springs 77 are introduced into or brought into engagement with notches 80 of corresponding triangular shape and with a corresponding mutual distance as the locking elements 76, where the notches 80 are arranged in a massive body 79 which is welded to the inside of the opposite situated shell 41 by a corresponding displacement, i.e. by a reduction of the mutual distance between the shells in such a way that a continued movement is only possible in the direction which entails a reduction of the distance between the shells.

rj<l>Such means for permanently locking the inner surfaces against the internal excess pressure can be arranged in the necessary number at appropriate places on the surfaces 41. Anchoring means can also be arranged in the form of more elongated strips. The stiffeners or support plates can be provided in the relevant places

■ recesses or slits or intermediate slot distances.

Fig. 3b illustrates a further example of mutually

.anchoring the shells 41 with a minimum distance that is reached by means of the overpressure. With this in mind, on one cavity side of one building shell 41, a screw 81 is welded on, which is passed through an airtight closed bore 82 in the opposite

shell 41<p>g which can be tightened by means of a nut 83 on the outside of the latter shell. This must be done in the overpressure room

the predetermined maximum pressure. For this purpose, screw machines 84 are arranged which can be connected electrically from the outside precisely according to the position of the nuts. Thereby, the shells are brought at least to the distance reached by means of the positive pressure, i.e. a state with first pressing stress of the pressing means 51,52,53 connected to the supporting support plates 54, so that after draining the positive pressure air from the positive pressure housing 40 for removal of the building element, the state of stress remains unchanged in the building element.

The described internal connecting means of the outer building shells exert counter pressure against the compressive forces that would otherwise bend and break the building shells outwards. They thus allow the bending strength of the internal load-bearing support elements to be increased accordingly.

What variant regarding the inner building element 52,53,54

on fig. 3 is concerned, the same applies here as for the variants according to fig. 1 and 2. The inner evacuated building element can be an element that is rigidly welded together into a unit and consist of e.g.

of steel cellular plates, steel roof tin plates with profiled plates welded in between such cover plates, e.g. corrugated sheets, trapezoidal sheets, in particular with successively intersecting intermediate sheets and transverse divisions for the formation of airtight cells or chambers.

The trapezoidal building shells 41a and 41b can also be designed with intermediate plates and chamber divisions and be airtight and under vacuum.

The welding with the pressurized cell plates 56 can take place as explained above. The pressure line pipe 57 can be removed at any time. The seal 44 is provided with a small slot. During removal of the tube, the slot is closed airtight.

In principle, suction pipes and pressure pipes are in any case arranged through slits in the seals or through two-part seals with a detachable device and can be removed again, after which the slits close airtight as a result of the pressure acting on the seals. . The application of the invention can take place in a multi-shell composite element in such a way that the outer shells are arranged and designed stationary and the inner intermediate shells are arranged movable. Two by two such movable inner shells enclose a cavity which is supplied with compressed air. The distance between the two shells with variable location will then increase and thus the pressure on them. under tension, cavity inserts of the inner building element are raised accordingly. In order to maintain this pressure, after achieving the assumed greatest distance between the two aforementioned movable shells, a rapidly hardening liquid material can be introduced under an even greater pressure into the aforementioned pressure chamber. In order to be able to fill without pressure loss the compressed air that is to be displaced by this flowing building material, an outlet valve can be arranged in the upper air space part which, when a certain pressure is exceeded, allows the compressed air from this pressure level to flow out. It is also possible to permanently fix7) the predetermined optimum pressure stress condition.

At the same time, it is possible with position-changeable building shells and position-changeable outer shells located directly opposite each other in an overpressure cavity of a building element to tighten with great forces the cover and bottom parts of such building elements such as e.g. for bridges. In addition, in connection with each of the two position-changeable outer shells at a small distance to form a pressure cavity, a position-changeable construction shell can be arranged against subsequent pressing and load-bearing support means. This device can e.g. used\\for bridges with an as-needed repeating sequence for increasing the tension, of the roof and bottom part.

It is also possible that in an overpressure chamber in a building element for dividing the same device<1>^! a larger number of air hoses with individual valves and that these hoses are supplied with air at the desired pressure. If the overpressure chamber is damaged, the undamaged hoses will continue to exert their pressure effect. In an element constructed in this way with stationary, outer shells at least on both sides outside a dier several internal, foi-slidable

and air-tightly arranged shells, extremely high compressive stresses can be provided with the help of corresponding excess pressure, which are also applied to the associated load-bearing support parts. The connecting upper and lower parts can be strongly tightened in this way.

Composite building elements constitute in static terms

a composite unit.. For this reason, the connections between the core and the outer plates or at least the intermediate shells can be so strong that the shear stresses or shear stresses that are transferred to the adjacent surfaces can be absorbed by these without the outer plates or intermediate shells loosening. The outer plates or the shells must therefore in and of themselves be of sufficient dimensions^'as far as firmness and bending stiffness are concerned.

The supporting support plates can be subjected to compressive stress in various ways. The pressure stress can thus also be provided by means of liquids that are under pressure. A cavity in a building element can be filled with water at a higher pressure and a vacuum can be provided in an adjacent cavity or this space can be filled with water at atmospheric pressure. Such pressures also. is provided purely mechanically, e.g. through lever action against a plate or a shell that can be displaced, or against a moving shell, e.g. using a compressed air cylinder with a piston rod, or as previously described through clamping screws.

It is sufficient to apply this pressure only from one side and thereby allow the counter pressure which affects the supporting support part through a stationary shell part, to act against the other side of the supporting support part. For safety reasons, however, it is advantageous that the pressure effect is exerted from both sides in the event that the pressure force from one side disappears. In this context, it is appropriate that the distance between the movable shell that exerts the pressure force, and an associated, stationary and pressure-resistant wall is as small as possible. Should it happen that the pressure disappears, the necessary pressure will be provided by the second, movable and displaceable shell in such a way that the entire bending stiffness in it . bearing support part is maintained undiminished as a result of the counter pressure from the stationary wall. The cavity between the shells can be advantageously filled in with cellular plates until there is still a minimal gap with less than 1 mm width..■

The use of cellular plates for pressure application differs from the use of flat plates. - With flat plates, the pressure force will be distributed evenly over the entire surface of the pressure-influencing plate. In the case of cell plates, however, it is exclusively the many narrow cell ribs that transmit the overall pressure. These ribs may occupy less than 1% of the pressure-influencing surface. This means that the total pressure exerted against the cell plate is transferred with more than a hundred times the force of dissé strips to the lines in the pressure-absorbing surfaces with which the ribs are in contact. Thereby, the pressure lines provide a corresponding tension structure. The free space between the cell ribs, on the other hand, is affected by bending forces.

There must therefore be a determined size ratio between the cell plates and partly the bending stiffness of the supporting plates, partly the load on the bearing support plates. It is appropriate that the cells have predetermined, optimal widths with a relatively low number of cell ribs to achieve the greatest possible energy concentration in these lines in accordance with the cell structure. Furthermore, the cell ribs should, by appropriate choice of material, e.g. by using steel plates, the greatest possible bending stiffness is imparted in combination with the relatively low rib height.

For insulation reasons and to stiffen the cell ribs against buckling, the cells in the cavity that occupy the load-bearing support parts can be filled with e.g. foam plastic. However, these fillings must not, or without pressure, rest against the sides of the support plates.

Grids can also be used instead of cells which are: divided into correspondingly optimal grid fields and where knife-like, narrow edges are designed on the contact side against the bearing support plates. On the other hand, it is advantageous if the pressure sides of the grid ribs are flat.

When using composite building elements in residential construction, the production of composite elements with several shells is advantageous, at least with three pieces, where the third simultaneously serves as an inner wall in a house. A cavity should be arranged between this and the external intermediate shell, especially to meet fire safety requirements.

To prevent the collection of condensation water as a result of the ingress of water moisture, the cavity can be sealed on all sides. This can be achieved by applying a layer to all non-metallic wall parts in the cavity, e.g. of aluminum foil or tight polyethylene foil. Moreover, the problem arises of preventing impact on the cavity walls as a result of occurring pressure changes due to temperature fluctuations in the cavity. Because of this problem, in accordance with the invention, the cavity is connected to the atmosphere by means of a pipe. To prevent moisture from the atmosphere from penetrating into the cavity, the tube towards the cavity can be airtightly connected with a flexible air bag, e.g. of plastic foil.. This air bag can be provided with four spring-loaded tightening devices which ensure that a necessary minimum of the bag's fillable volume is filled with outside air. When the atmospheric pressure drops, air will flow out from the airbag towards the outside. The cavity can in this way ['"be kept ' moisture-tightly closed to the outside without tensions arising...

Especially in cases where the room's inner wall consists of a thin shell, e.g. a plaster or ceramic wall, it is necessary for the wall to be braced. This can be done by using a plate wall which, at the same time, serves as a shell against the cavity in the building element. Such a panel shell can have a trapezoidal shape and, if necessary, in the case of two intersecting trapezoidal panels, seal off a cavity airtight, and in the other direction the shell can be designed to grip the plaster wall from all sides. The cavity against the plaster wall that is formed due to the trapezoidal profile can also be made air- and liquid-tight and filled with fire-retardant material, e.g. asbestos.in appropriate form. In this context, other materials can also be used, such as stone wool, glass fibers etc. A water-carrying pipe with thermostatically controlled nozzles, which is directed towards the rear plaster wall, is arranged above the trapezoid space and the plasterboard. If the thermostats during a fire are exposed to a heat that corresponds to a predetermined temperature, e.g. through small openings in the upper part of the plaster wall, the water will flow out towards the back of the plaster wall and at the same time into the aforementioned cavities formed by the trapezoidal depressions. Thereby, the asbestos filling in the cavities and/or the other solid deposits, e.g. stone wool, while the absorbent back side of the plaster wall is penetrated. the wall can be provided with holes, through which the water can seep out on the front and run down in the form of a water blanket. Thereby, the plasterboard cools continuously" while the heat drops because the water changes to water vapour. To the same extent that the water is converted into water vapour, it displaces the oxygen-containing air and in this way can increasingly exert an extinguishing effect on the fire scene.. There can also be a water pipe arranged on the front of the plaster wall with openings that are directed towards the plaster wall and which are controlled by thermostats. Such a water curtain paper prevents the heat from penetrating through the plaster wall and into the composite element. In this way, considerable costs can be saved in connection with conventional fire safety regulations for houses. A further increase in fire safety can be provided by

that an easily soluble carbonate layer is applied to the front of the plaster wall and that the water, before it flows into the perforated pipe, which provides the water blanket, is led through a container containing dissolved or soluble substances that accelerate a chemical transformation • of the carbonate on the plaster wall during the release of carbon monoxide. Such containers for the pipes can be placed above the usual suspended ceilings at no great cost. The carbon monoxide will displace the oxygen-containing air and suffocate the fire.

The liquid-tight depressions in the trapezoidal shell can be filled with hot water from a heating system and used for heating or cooling. By means of openings towards the plaster wall, the described design for fire safety can be provided in the same way.

When using a flat shell, the back of a correspondingly thicker plaster wall can be provided with e.g. vertical, corrugated profiles that form the cavities. This backside can e.g. be provided with a glued plastic foil layer, e.g. ajvj polyethylene foil, whereby a water- and damp-tight connection is provided. In the event of a fire, this foil will melt at approx. 150°C, so that the water will be able to penetrate the absorbent plaster wall. All other protective measures already described can also be applied here.

The support elements to be produced according to the invention can have any suitable shape.

Such supports can e.g. consist of longitudinally slotted tubes which are arranged concentrically in an unslotted tube. ■ The pipes or the tube gaps can be closed airtight or vapor-tight at the ends and elastic and the seals must be made so that the pressure-related diameter changes in the concentrically arranged slitted pipes are taken into account, so that the seals are not exposed to danger. All seals can be further reinforced and secured using elastic foam plastic. The internal equipment of the pipes for the purpose of using them as supports is, apart from the round shape, in principle the same as with the rectangular composite building elements. In order to achieve or produce compressive stresses, as with the building elements, a change in position or displacement of the building shells or in this case the slit pipes is required, namely by changing the diameter of the pipes. This change in diameter can be carried out using the longitudinal slits of the pipes with the help of intermediately arranged pressing means in the individual slitted pipes, e.g. with compressed air or a pressurized liquid that acts on the inside or outside of the intermediate supporting support pipe.

It is then required to elastically seal the slits to prevent the compressed air from entering adjacent concentric spaces. Such sealing operations can e.g. is carried out using elastic sealing inserts in the slots perpendicular to the pipe surfaces. When a higher pressure is exerted in the direction from the outside in on the slit pipe, the slit edges of the pipe will be pressed against the elastic seal and thus strengthen the seal. The entire area of a pipe slot or slots is supported and sealed with elastic sealing waists.

The slit edges themselves may be deformed. They can, for example, with a right-angled chamfer or deflection press flat and tightly against the sealing means arranged between them. As with the building elements, this angular deflection can take place with the help of screws, which are passed through the seals.

The deflection can be 180° and be fitted with elastic

sealants as they may mesh with each other.

The spaces between two pipes can e.g. be designed in the following way: [The pipe slots can be covered on one or both sides with glued sealing strips, e.g. rubber strips. Then the pressure member can be arranged especially in the form of mainly circular cell plates, preferably also provided with slots, e.g. made of metal, plastic or cardboard. in one or more layers, which almost fill the space. It is advantageous if the cell plates are provided with relatively low ribs, so that the ribs have the greatest possible bending stiffness. Otherwise, as previously mentioned, this applies in connection with the cellular plates in the building elements. in the case of a device with several cell plates, each cell plate can be arranged, e.g. intermediate, lighter, slotted tubes of similar or other material that serve for air-tight division of the space and for pressure transfer to the next cell plate.-For static reasons, it is necessary that all bracing elements are firmly connected to each other in order to absorb tension- , compressive and shear forces.

The spaces between two concentric tubes have the same function as the cavities in the composite element. The delimiting shells can in the same way be arranged partly stationary and partly movable. The tubes fitted with slots correspond to the movable shells in the building element. A number of different combination possibilities therefore arise.

All empty spaces can be connected by pipelines with valves in such a way that, in accordance with the combination, for example, a vacuum can be created in the one air-tight connected space and an overpressure in the two adjacent spaces. According to this example, these tubes which delimit the vacuum space are provided with slits and during the supply of compressed air to the adjacent room, the slitted tubes will be compressed, i.e. reduce in diameter. In this way, a change in position is provided, whereby the pipes from the inside are given an increased bending stiffness as a result of the pressure and counterpressure and thus also an increased load-bearing capacity. Instead of, as discussed in the aforementioned example, providing a vacuum in the intermediate space, this space is under atmospheric pressure, but the excess pressure in the adjacent space is instead increased by 2 ato, which results in the same stiffening effect.

All pipes, however, e.g. apart from the outer tube, can be tubes with slits that are inserted concentrically into each other at intervals. In this example, compressed air can be introduced into the innermost cylindrical cavity of the slotted pipe. Thereby, the diameter of this pipe increases, so that a corresponding pressure against the pressure-exerting organs, e.g. circular cell plates (which are also provided with slots) are transmitted through intermediate slotted tubes {jog pressure-., plates in the direction of the outer tube. is exerted against the inner wall of the tube and could thereby provide corresponding back pressure. In this context, the outer tube can be provided with external, pressure-resistant rings which are arranged at an appropriate distance from each other.

In the latter case, the outer tube can be provided with slots if this is appropriate.

According to another example, the excess pressure can emanate on the one hand from the space delimited by the outermost pipe and on the other hand from the innermost cylindrical cavity of the slotted pipe in such a way that all concentric, intermediate pipes are flexurally braced on both pages using the pressure means.

Due to the ring reinforcement of the outermost tube, this is also a load-bearing support tube which, with increased bending stiffness, is stiffened on the one hand by the internal pressure means that are in contact with the tube] and on the other hand by the counter pressure exerted by the rings. The rings can also be slotted, bent and fitted with turnbuckles.

in the same way as with the building element, it will be advantageous that the cells of the pressure organs, chambers etc. are individually air-tight, so that the bending stiffness of the pipe support is not canceled by damage to the pipe. This can. carried out in the same way as described in connection with the composite building element.

Also the lattice-like pressure which. exerted by the cell ribs has the same significance for the concentration of the pressure forces against the construction lines. It turns out that such pipe supports only differ in terms of shape from the rectangular composite elements or s tired laugh. The pipes can be arranged laminated to increase their bending stiffness. As pressure means, instead of circular cells, corrugated plates can be arranged in the interstices, which can preferably be divided in the transverse direction into a number of small chambers which can be made airtight in a simple way. Connecting elements and other elements for maintaining an optimal stiffening pressure produced by periodically provided overpressure can be suitably used in the same way as described in connection with the building element. Furthermore, e.g. a predetermined excess pressure in the cylindrical cavity delimited by the inner slot tube is maintained permanently and unchanged by filling in hardenable, liquid material, e.g. concrete. Also in the present case, the compressed air should preferably be dehumidified by means of desiccant to such an extent that no condensation forms in the cavity of the pipe.

With a small input of material, the invention allows the absorption of large loads right up to the limit of the material's strength.

Claims (83)

1. Method for manufacturing a building element, preferably of metal or plastic, especially a load-bearing building element, e.g. for buildings, piles, bridges, vessels etc., consisting of two or more shells or plates which surround at least one cavity, characterized in that alternately arranged supporting support plates and/or shells, such as pressure plates, e.g. cellular plates or lattice plates with preferably narrow contact ribs. and which are preferably made of sound and heat insulating material, are exposed to pressure at right angles to their main planes. 2. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that before the pressure is applied, the building element is evacuated in an evacuation chamber. 3. Device for carrying out the method according to claim 1 or 2, character! characterized in that it is arranged so that the building element is exerted through at least one flexible or movable plate that can change position, e.g. an intermediate shell, a pressure that is greater than the pressure in the building element's cavity. 4.. Building element preferably made of metal or plastic, especially a load-bearing element, e.g. for buildings, piles, bridges and vessels, consisting of. two or more shells or plates that enclose at least one cavity, characterized in that at least one cavity (14) in the building element is provided with load-bearing support elements and/or shells, on which pressure plates are arranged, e.g. cellular plates (13) or grid plates with preferably narrow construction strips and that with the help of at least one flexible or movable plate that can be pushed forward, e.g. an intermediate shell, a pressure is exerted against the stiffeners in the cavity which corresponds to or exceeds atmospheric pressure and which is higher than the pressure in the support cavity. 5. Building element according to claim 4, characterized in that the arranged pressure exerting organs for transferring the pressure consist of strips with spaces, e.g. cells and chambers. 6. Building element according to claim 5, characterized in that overpressure, underpressure or vacuum is provided in the individual air-tight or vapor-tight connected cells, chambers or cavities. 7.. Building element according to claim 6, characterized in that cells, chambers and cavities are arranged in the same cavity with <| over or under pressure. 8. Building element according to claim 7, characterized in that the cavities are connected with valves and/or pipes to produce an overpressure and/or a negative pressure, respectively. a vacuum. 9. Building element according to claims 4 and 8, characterized in that the building element is surrounded by an airtight, pressure-proof chamber (1) with a closable opening and/or valves, and that a negative pressure or vacuum is created in the chamber cavity and in the building element or an overpressure. 10. Building element according to claim 9, characterized in that the cells, chambers and cavities are imparted with overpressure or underpressure, respectively. the vacuum in the open state and, with the help of an external pressure, sealants are pressed on, e.g. sealing plates, which close the openings, and that all cells, chambers and cavities are individually closed airtight or vapor-tight., 11. Building element according to claim 10, characterized in that an existing, internal excess pressure is further increased under the influence of a higher, external pressure, and that means are arranged for maintaining the increased pressure stress in the cavity of the building element, which is caused by the higher, external pressure. 12. Building element according to claim 11, characterized in that the cells, chambers and cavities in which excess pressure is created are individually closed and airtight under the influence of the generated, increased pressure stress. 13. Building element according to claim 11, characterized in that, in order to maintain the increased pressure stress in the cavity of the building element, which is produced under the influence of the increased external pressure, there are provided bolting means or screws, or filled with liquid, hardening substances , which enables permanent and unchanged maintenance of the increased pressure stress caused by the overpressure. 14. Building element according to claim 4, characterized in that the inner sides of the building shells comprise right-angled edge parts which are placed against each other in a box-like manner and are thereby in airtight engagement with elastic seals, which means that the mutual distance of the building shells or the volume of the intermediate cavity can be changed. 15. Building element according to claims 1 and 9, characterized in that a smaller building element is used as an internal building element in a larger building element. 16. Building element according to claim 15, characterized in that the internal, air-empty building element consists of at least two, outer building shells and at least one, intermediate, supporting support element whose bending strength increases under the influence of pressure from pressure-exerting means, e.g. cell plates. 17. Building element according to claim 4, characterized in that the building shells, the building plates and the load-bearing support elements are manufactured as a composite building element of single or multiple sandwich form min,gl 18. Building element according to claims 4 and 17, characterized in that the building shells, the building plates and the load-bearing supports*" elements are designed profiled, e.g. trapezoidal, and connected to each other, preferably in the form of mutually intersecting profiles. 19. Building element according to one of claims 1 to. 1.8, characterized in that at least one of the position-changeable building shells is connected to the pressure means and the load-bearing support means and transfers a compressive stress to these. 20. Building element according to one of claims 4 to 19, characterized in that the pressure plates, e.g. cellular plates, lattice plates, corrugated tin plates, etc. are attached to the surfaces of the support plates that are to be braced. 21. Building element according to one of claims 4 to 20, characterized in that the pressure plates, e.g. of the cell plates, side openings are airtight sealing plates, e.g. gum miboards, felt boards, plastic foam boards, asbestos boards or plastic-bonded glass fiber boards, 'preferably in combination with an air- or vapor-tight foil layer facing the cell board or the like. 22. Building element according to et. of claims 4 to 121, characterized in that the compressible sealing plates are firmly connected to the support plates. 23. Building element according to one of claims 4 to 2.2, characterized in that at least one building element cavity is air- or vapor-tightly closed. 24. Building element according to one of claims 4 to 23, characterized by pipes which are led airtight from the building element cavities to the outside and which, preferably by means of valves, can be connected to evacuation means or overpressure devices. 25. Building element according to one of claims 4 to 24, characterized in that there is arranged inside the building element at least one cavity with low pressure and at least one adjacent cavity with a relatively higher pressure, and that the higher pressure with the help of at least one, position-changing building shell and through pressure means in the cavity with the lower pressure, is transferred as increased pressure stress to load-bearing support means in the latter cavity, so that these are stiffened with increased bending strength. 26. Building element according to one of claims 4 to 25, characterized in that at least one of the outer building shells is changeable in position and by means of connecting means anchored to the other outer shell against a higher pressure acting on the inner side of the outer shell. 27. Building element according to one of claims 4 to 26, characterized in that at least one air-tight or vapor-tight closed cavity is arranged in the wall element, hvdr! a pressure is created that is different from the pressure outside the cavity. 28. Building element according to one of claims 4 to 27, characterized in that the pressures in the successive cavities are different from the pressure within the common intermediate building shells. 29. Building element according to one of claims 4-28, characterized in that at least one of the cavities is connected to the atmosphere, preferably through a volume equalization device. 30. Building element according to one of claims 4 to 29, characterized in that the state of the air in the vapor-tight closed cavity due to the intermediately connected volume equalization device excludes the formation of condensed water. 31. Building element according to one of claims 4 to .30, character! s is t in that both outer building shells are placed stationary, while the inside of the front band building element is arranged at least £■ . a position-changeable intermediate building shell that airtightly separates the building element, and that a higher air pressure is created in at least one of the cavities and a lower air pressure or vacuum in the other. 32. Building element according to one of claims 4 to 31, characterized in that the cavity of the building element is separated by means of position-changeable and stationary intermediate building shells so that cavities with higher air pressure through position-changeable intermediate shells affect cavities with lower air pressure, and that the cavity with lower air pressure , which is located opposite the position other intermediate building shells are connected to a stationary, position-unchangeable building shell, or in themselves consist of a further, position-changing building shell which is arranged adjacent to a cavity with a higher air pressure. 33. Building element according to one of claims 4 to 32, characterized in that all posts, at least in the span- . ning cavities that are under compressive stress are joined in tension, compression and shear to form a joint unit (multi-sandwich construction form). 34.. Building element according to one of claims 4 to 33, characterized in that the compressive stress which is transferred by the movable intermediate building shells to the tension cavity with the load-bearing support parts arranged therein is maintained effectively and permanently by means of means which anchor the cavity delimiting shells in style -' ling, even after the tension-generating forces have disappeared. 35. Building element according to one of claims 4 to 34, characterized in that all associated parts under stress are united into a joint unit. 36. Building element according to one of claims 4 to 35, characterized in that the pressure exerted by the movable intermediate building shells against the pressure plates, e.g. the cell plates, are concentrated by these towards the linear contact zones with the surfaces of the supporting support elements, whereby a manifold pressure is achieved in relation to a pressure transfer by surface contact. 37. Building element according to one of claims 4 to 36, characterized in that the pressure plates, e.g. The cell plates are made of metal and equipped with heat-ray-reflecting cell steps. 38. Building element according to one of the claims. 4 to 37, characterized in that the load-bearing support parts are at least partially produced from. metal with metallic shiny surfaces due to the reflection of heat rays, or is coated with heat ray reflective non-slip plastic material, e.g. polyethylene.' 39. Building element according to one of claims 4 to 38, characterized in that the pressure plates, e.g. the steps of the cells have a low height to provide high bending strength, and that intermediate plates are arranged between each pair of cell plates. e.g. of sheet metal and preferably heat-ray reflective sheet metal, and that the total step height required in each case is provided by the number of cell plates. 40. Building element according to one of claims 4 to 39, characterized in that/at least one side of the pressure plates, e.g. the cell plates are firmly and airtightly connected to the cover plate, e.g. e.g. using plastic foam. or hardening plastic glue. 41. Building element according to one of claims 4 to 40, characterized in that the pressure means, e.g. grids, preferably made of metal, are designed with knife-edge-like steps against the surfaces of the load-bearing supports and with pressure-absorbing, flat-shaped extensions on the other side. 42. Building element according to one of claims 4 to 41, characterized in that the pressure means, such as the cells of the cell plates, at least partially filled in, e.g. with insulating substances and preferably plastic foam, so that the pressure from the cell plates against load-bearing supports is only transferred through the steps which are thereby, with increased bending strength, stiffened by the plastic foam in the cells. 43. Building element according to one of claims 4 to 42, k a \r\ a k - terized in that the movable, position-changing building shells or plates etc. shut-off cavity airtight by means of at least one seal. 44. Building element according to one of claims 4 to 43, characterized in that anchoring means are arranged to lock the minimum distance between two movable building shells which delimit a cavity with an internal excess pressure, as well as to prevent bulging of the surfaces, e.g. e.g. in the form of crossbar parts and screws. 45. Building element according to one of claims 4 to 44, character! s is t in that the anchoring means consist of connecting screws with nuts which, under the influence of the external excess pressure when the building shells have reached their minimum mutual distance, are mechanically attracted in the overpressure chamber. 46. Building element according to one of claims 4 to 45, characterized in that the flat sides of oppositely situated building shells are connected to each other by means of screws which are attached. at least to one of the inner sides of the building shells and which extends across the cavity. 47. Building element according to one of claims 4 to 46, characterized in that for pumping out air from the cavity there is piped, preferably with valves, e.g. between the seals and the building shells, which are removed after the air has been pumped out of the cavity. 48. Building element according to one of claims 4-47, characterized in that the outer shells of the building element which are introduced into the vacuum chamber, only lie loosely against the pressure plates, e.g. the cell plates, and the air with its pressure flows out into the vacuum chamber, since for this purpose evacuation pipes with valves can be arranged between the cavity of the building element and the vacuum chamber. 49. Building element according to one of claims 4 to 48, characterized in that pipes, preferably with valves, are inserted into the overpressure chamber in the cavities in the building element, in which overpressure is to be provided, so that, in the building element created the same pressure as in the overpressure chamber is applied, and that the preselected, increased pressure tension in the cavity is then produced by applying a further excess pressure to the building shells, so that the openings of the pressure plates can be closed. 50. Building element according to one of claims 4 to 49, characterized in that the individual parts and element groups are placed in such a way in the evacuation chamber that air gaps are formed which can be secured by arranged spacers, so that the air gaps are kept open until the air is completely pumped out of the cavity inserts, after which the construction elements in the vacuum chamber are air-tightly connected to each other under the influence of pressure from associated, outer pressure plates, and that then, when air is re-introduced into the vacuum chamber, •in addition, an air pressure is produced which causes all parts of the building element to be firmly connected to each other. 51. Building element according to one of claims 4 to 50, characterized in that the individual building element parts and groups are placed horizontally above each other on carriers in the evacuation chamber, and that the air is pumped out of the cavities, and that the carriers then, e.g. e.g. with the help of electromagnets, is removed, after which the assembly of the building element parts and groups is carried out, as for this purpose, if necessary, external pressure plates can be arranged, and that then, by re-introducing air into the chamber, a pressure is created which causes all parts to be joined together fixed to a connection unit. 52. Building element according to one of claims 4 to 51, characterized in that the seal is composed of different . sealants of various properties. 53. Building element according to one of the claims. 4 to 52, characterized in that the building element in the assembled state is introduced into an evacuable, air-tight closable, pressure-proof chamber, or enclosed by such a chamber, in which the air is pumped out through an evacuation tube. valves and other devices, and that the building element's cavity is provided with at least one pipe with a valve that is connected to this air space for the purpose of air pumping out, or by means of a pipe connected to an evacuation device such as e.g. is located outside the chamber, so that the pumping out of the air in the building the element can be completed, after which the atmospheric air is again introduced into the chamber, whereby the building shells are pressed in the direction of each other and thereby stiffen each other and possibly the internally arranged, load-bearing support inserts. 54. Building element according to et ay requirements 4-53,. characterized in that a flexible air bag, e.g. of polyethylene plastic foil, which is air-tightly connected to an outward tube so that a pressure is created in the cavity that corresponds at all times to the pressure of the outside air, whereby dry air introduced into the cavity cannot escape from this, and where it is arranged springy winches which, in the event of a pressure drop outside the cavity, make it possible for air from the air bag under the counteraction of this suspension effect to flow outwards with a corresponding reduction in the volume of the remaining air in the air bag, and where the volume of the air bag is dimensioned to accommodate the necessary, • increased air volume to create the pressure equilibrium in the event of a rising external air pressure. 55. Building element according to one of claims 4 to 54, characterized in that the individual elements of the composite building element in the vacuum chamber are separated from each other by means of spacers at such a distance that the air in the elements can flow completely out into the vacuum chamber, and that at least one pressure plate which, after the end of the predetermined air pumping out, is used for mutually airtight closing joining of the elements which are arranged above or next to each other in the vacuum chamber, the pressure plate thereby being moved in a corresponding manner, e.g. by means of pressure cylinders with pistons and piston rods, where the piston rods are guided airtight through the side walls of the vacuum chamber, whereby the air gap between the individual elements is closed, after which the outside air is led into the vacuum chamber through a pipe, so that the building shells are pressed against each other under the influence of atmospheric pressure and the composite building element thereby forms a firm, compact, uniform and durable bandage construction. 56. Building element according to one of claims 4 to 55, characterized in that adjacent to the cavities in the building element, pipes with outlet valves are arranged, while the building shells together with an external seal enclose the inserts, within the building element's compression as a result of the air in the building element being conducted out into the surrounding vacuum chamber, is carried out so that the enclosed air can almost completely flow out of the closed cavity through the loose seal and/or through the pipes with associated outlet valves and into the vacuum chamber^? 57. Building element according to one of claims 4 to 56, characterized in that internal and external evacuation or overpressure devices with associated pipes and valves are arranged adjacent to the evacuation chamber and the overpressure chamber. 58. Building element according to one of claims 4 to 57, characterized in that liquid agents, preferably defoaming agents, are introduced into the cells, which, by uniting with adjacent boards, plates or layers, at least on one opening side, anchor these individually, air- or vapor-tight, e.g. by developing an adhesive foam, such as polyurethane. 59. Building element according to one of claims 4 to 58, characterized in that one of at least two cavities is connected to the atmosphere, while a deviating pressure is created in the other cavity. 60.B building element according to one of claims 4 to 59, characterized in that the framing that encloses the plasterboard is air-tightly connected to the building shell in front and preferably consists of a solid material. 61. Building element according to one of claims 4 to 60", characterized in that directly or indirectly behind the inner wall, e.g. behind the plaster wall, a pressure- and bending-resistant building shell of refractory material is arranged. 62. Building element according to one of claims 4 to 61, characterized in that a plaster wall is firmly connected to a plate building shell, e.g. of trapezoid shape, while the intermediate cavities are airtight and watertight on all sides. 63. Building element according to one of claims 4 to 62, characterized in that the room interior wall shells, e.g. in the form of plasterboard, is braced by cellular boards. 64. Building element according to one of claims 4 to 63, characterized in that the trapezoidal plates on one or both sides are cast with plaster, concrete or other, mostly the float they building material, possibly in combination with monier iron or similar. 65.B building element according to one of claims 4 to 64, characterized in that hot water containers are arranged with thermostatically controlled outlet valves that face the plaster wall, or with pipes that are closed with a mass that softens or melts at a certain temperature, so that the hot water in fire can flow into the plaster wall. 66. Building element according to one of claims 4 to 65, characterized in that profiled, preferably trapezoidal] profiled plate shells are arranged behind the inner wall shells which are watertightly closed on all sides for the purpose of absorbing hot water or cooling water and which, in the event of a fire, can lead the water to the inner building shell through openings that are thermostatically controlled or closed by agents that melt at pre-selected temperatures, ie. the flammability is prevented from penetrating to the insulating part of the building element. 67. Building element according to one of claims 4 to 66, characterized in that the rear of the inner wall building shell is provided with profiles for absorbing the water which, for reasons of fire safety, is led in through the profiled recesses from the above-lying pipes, e.g. thermostatically controlled openings. 68. Building element according to one of claims 4 to 67, characterized in that water sprinkling devices are preferably mounted adjacent to both sides of the gypsum boards in the event of a fire, and that the water is possibly supplemented with chemical substances. 69. Building element according to one of claims 4 to 68, characterized in that the inner wall building shell is provided with through-holes that start from the back of the shell for the absorption of water that is supplied for reasons of fire safety, whereby the inner part of it. porous inner egg shells are moistened and the water flows out along the outer wall surface. 70. Building element according to one of claims 4 to 69, characterized in that in connection with the fire safety installation and/or the inner wall, e.g. the plasterboard, are arranged gas-evolving substances, preferably substances that develop carbon dioxide gas. 71. Building element according to one of claims 4 to 1H 70, characterized in that the rear side of the inner wall is coated with a vapor-permeable plastic foil, e.g. of polyethylene, which in the event of a fire is destroyed so that water can penetrate the inner wall for reasons of fire safety. 72. Building element according to one of claims 4 to 71, characterized in that water vapor valves are arranged in the inner wall towards the inner room for the diversion of the steam that forms in the cavity behind the inner wall. 73. Building element according to one of claims 4 to 72, characterized in that behind the inner wall or behind an inner wall stiffening building plate, e.g. behind a plate shell, a cavity is arranged which is fitted with inserts with a fire-prevention function. 74. Building element in accordance with one of claims 4 to 73, characterized in that, for the reflection of heat rays and at the same time for fire safety reasons, shiny metal plates are arranged which are preferably coated with a thin polyethylene layer. 75. Building element according to one of claims 4 to 74, characterized in that the plasterboard in association with the building element forms a unit. 76. Building element according to one of claims 4 to 75, characterized in that the tubular building element is designed as a load-bearing support. 77. Building element according to one of claims 4 to 76, characterized in that a number of slotted and/or unslotted pipes are introduced concentrically into the tubular building element. 78. Building element according to one of claims 4 to 77, characterized in that the end parts of the pipes are airtightly closed to the outside and to each other by means of elastic seals. 79. Building element according to one of claims 4 to 78, characterized in that in connection with the spaces between each pair of pipes means are arranged for producing an overpressure or underpressure or vacuum, and that the spaces are hermetically sealed against each other. 80. Building element according to one of claims 4 to \^ U9, characterized in that the pipe slots are elastically sealed. 81. Building element according to one of claims 4 to 80, characterized in that pressure means are arranged in the tube spaces, e.g. mostly circular curved cell plates with slits or free plate ends. 82. Building element according to one of claims 4 to 81, characterized in that compressible, flexible means are arranged in connection with the pressure means, e.g. rubber, foam plastic etc., e.g. with foil coating against the cells, for airtight closure of each individual cell. 83. Building element according to one of claims 4 to 82, characterized in that there is at least one cavity with positive pressure and at least one cavity with negative pressure respectively. vacuum, and that the pressure can be exerted by means of gases, liquids or solids.