NO743084L - - Google Patents

Description

"Building element '%'

The present invention relates to a building element, preferably of metal or plastic, and in particular a building element of a load-bearing type, which is particularly suitable for use in the following areas: Buildings above and below ground level. vault buildingj coupe building., .;

tunnel construction, underground facilities, underground construction, construction of supports, pillars, girders, building skeletons, masts, and chimneys - also in the form of load-bearing pipes and as pressure pipes, as well as further bridge construction, vessel construction, e.g. e.g. land vehicles, sea vessels,..aircraft.and spacecraft, as well as container construction, and as load-bearing foundation construction for machines and objects, as well as in connection with vault dams, flood protection, breakwaters, etc. The sample number is not out-

draining. . ; .. L ' \In German patent application No. P 17 59 635, of 22 May 1968, a building element which.comprises.two or more building shells, where at least one t-ét» nings is placed between the shell edges, is already described, as well as a cavity that is enclosed airtight by the seal and in which pressure means (e.g. cellular plates) are arranged with intermediate, anchored plates (e.g. metal plates) and thus connected sealing plates (e.g. plastic foam plates) which can be coated with vapor-tight foil material (e.g. aluminum foil) and where at least one of the shell parts is arranged to be movable or bendable (e.g. concave) at the seal, and where a vacuum or negative pressure is provided in the cavity.

Due to the loss of air back pressure in the inner part of the building element, the external air pressure will cause at least a bending of the flexible shell parts and/or especially a change of position of the shell parts in the direction of each other as a result of a compression of the seal.bg cavity inserts. Because of

atmospheric pressure, the inserts in the cavity, and especially the cell steps, will be subjected to tension, bg thereby, with a corresponding force, press against the intermediate metal plates and against the inner sides of the shell parts* Thereby

increases the flexural strength of the inner, thus supported plates and intermediate plates, and likewise of the outer shell parts, in case of load in the plane of the shell parts. In a vacuum state, the pressure from the outer shell and the cell plates perpendicular to the plane of the metal plates in the cavity and the other intermediate plates will amount to approx. 10 tons

The magnitude of this atmospheric pressure depends on random factors. It is determined by the force of attraction of the earth's mass on the air layer, the composition of the air as a mixed gas and the height of the atmosphere*

The invention is based on the basic idea that, as needed and independently of this earth-related pressure force magnitude

it must be possible to produce pressure forces, and thereby provide pressure differences in relation to a vacuum, a negative pressure or another, lower pressure level. Of importance for the pressure effect on solid surfaces that are to be supported, is thereby also the extraordinary increase of

the pressure effect achieved by concentration of a predicted

.pressure force on a few linear pressure contact zones, e.g. by

arrange very narrow, bending-resistant, low cell steps, for example, made of steel, adjacent to cells of large width in relation to the step width.

This results! that the compressive force, instead of being transferred from surface to surface, is only transferred in a grid-like linear fashion, in accordance with the cell structure, to the surface to be supported. These contacts make up less than 1% of the toifiat. - The pressure force will.should have an impact along the structured contact lines which are distributed in a net-like manner over the toaifiate. If the shell parts are affected, e.g. of the atmospheric pressure of approx. 10 tonnes, while there is a vacuum in the cavity, the linear surface parts of approx. A compressive force of 100 x 10 tons°» 1000 tons is applied to 1$ of the total surface of the solid-surface intermediate plate, which is in immediate contact with the net-shaped arranged cell steps. This pressure can be increased arbitrarily as needed using air pressure pumps and other devices. By e.g. 100 ato, an increased pressure of 100,000 tonnes will occur in the immediate, linear, net-shaped contact zones with the support plates on which the bowl is pressurized. The support plates thus affected by pressure will be able to withstand a load of roughly the same order of magnitude, provided that the flat roller spaces which are not touched by the cell steps are resistant to bending under said load.

The bending strength of the individual partial surface is dependent on the bending strength of the support plate itself, taking into account the dimensions of the partial surface.

. ; -'As the individual delf lats make up a relatively small proportion of the toaifiat, they will, however, have a bending strength of a corresponding size. The cells can therefore have approximately such a large width that the necessary bending strength of the partial surfaces delimited by the cell steps is exactly maintained. It is thereby possible to increase the mutual relationship between the mesh-shaped contact zone of the cell steps and the toaifiate, with a view to a maximum concentration of the compressive force on the least possible flat part of the inner support plate. On the other hand, the bending strength of the bearing plates that must

is supported, is increased to an extraordinary degree in advance, by arranging these in the form of composite multiple prebaride plates, whereby the connecting core is used as a particularly suitable,, highly bonding strength and

especially massive plastic materials, which prevents the cover plates of the connecting plate from being detached due to the impact of the thrust forces. It may. thereby calculating cell widths that will give a maximum multiplication of the compressive forces, in the case of continued concentration towards a smaller number of cell steps or reduction of the partial surfaces that

occupied by the steps.

w r

A further possibility of increasing the bending strength is connected with the production of profiles, e.g. trapezoidal profiles in association with solid plastic material, as well as with the mutual combination of such composite profiles. The profiles can be covered on the outside by flat connecting plates which are arranged flat against the pressure means, e.g. the cell plates.

, The cell steps can advantageously be supported, e.g. in that the cells are partially filled with adhesive resin foam. It is unnecessary to pump the air out of the cavities. The decisive factor is the pressure difference between the pressures in the neighboring cavities, which are air-tightly separated from each other by means of a movable shell or plate.

In the same way as with a negative pressure or vacuum, it is necessary for safety reasons to divide a cavity, in which there is an overpressure, into smaller sub-spaces, e.g. by cells or grids, so that the partial spaces are closed airtight against each other and against the overall cavity; In the event of a partial destruction of the outer surface of the cavity and associated inner parts, the still undamaged parts will exert an unchanged overpressure. The extent of any damage can

further limited, to a minimum, by the finest possible division. As the overpressure tends to expand the occupied volume, an airtight closure of such cell spaces in which overpressure prevails can only be provided by the internally arranged sealing plates for sealing the cells being pressed into the cells from the outside by means of a correspondingly higher external pressure.

The changeable, movable building shells must be locked in this position in which they are at the smallest distance from

each other, so that the compressive stress produced by the position taken can be safely maintained. For this purpose, various means may be arranged, as described in the following. ' {

Examples of implementation of the invention are shown in the drawings. Reference is made to the creation of a vacuum "Iler underpressure and to the creation of an overpressure in the building element, by introducing this into an evacuation chamber or an oyer pressure chamber, as well as to the safeguarding rules for maintaining these pressure conditions. Reference is made to the drawings, in which: fig..1 shows a vertical section through an evacuation chamber with vertically inserted bandage building element parts,

fig. 2 shows a vertical section through the right part of an evacuation chamber, with the right parts of a dressing building element which

on carriers are introduced horizontally into the chamber,

fig. 3 shows a section through an overpressure chamber with

an introduced connection building element, where there is overpressure in the cavity of the element,

fig. 3a shows a crossbar system for interlocking building shell surfaces which, together with sealing elements, delimits a cavity in the composite building element, in which there is an overpressure, as well as

fig. 3b shows a screw which is attached to the inner side of one of the two, diametrically opposite building shells and which, when the building shells are at the smallest distance from each other, is locked in position by means of associated mechanisms which fully -

leads the screwing under the influence of overpressure in the overpressure chamber..

Fig. 1 shows a section through a pressure-resistant vacuum chamber,

1 for recording a composite building element whose individual parts and sub-groups are placed upright. Chamber 1 is closed to all sides, except for the eri. opening on the front, which is arranged for the introduction of bandage construction the element's individual parts and subgroups. The opening can be closed airtight and pressure-proof. A pipe 2 for producing a. vacuum or negative pressure, is introduced through the upper chamber wall 1a and provided with an outlet valve 3 and a further pipe connection to an air pump. A pipe branch 4 with a tap 5 serves for the re-supply of air.

The side walls lb are connected to compressed air cylinders 6 with pistons and piston rods 7. The piston rods are inserted movable

in a reciprocating direction on a slide 9 in the chamber 1.

The parts and sub-groups of the composite building element are arranged symmetrically as described below.

The outer building shell 10 is composed of composite panels which, for example* can consist of two metal plates 10a with a massive plastic layer 10b, e.g.* of polyethylene* (sandwich form)* The inner sides of these composite panels 10 are* e.g. * by means of an adhesive layer, firmly connected to sheets 11 of compressible material such as plastic foam sheets, felt sheets, rubber sheets or asbestos fiber sheets. The detached sides of these plates 11 can be coated with a layer 12, preferably vapor permeable. The layer can in particular consist of metal foil, vapor permeable plastic foil, a plastic layer, applied in a liquid state,

or similar. These parts form a compact, uniform bandage group.

The layer 12 and a subsequent cell plate 13 are separated

of an open air gap4. The cell plate can be made of: any suitable material, e.g. metal, preferably steel or aluminium, plastic or cardboard. Instead of the cellular plate, another, pressure-resistant plate can be used which is provided with

suitable perforations and corresponding, remaining,\narrow steps:. The- ,

ne cell plate is followed by a further,,open air gap 15°

In order to secure or maintain a narrow air gap, compressible insert pieces 13 can be inserted in some cells which protrude on both sides. above; a shorter stretch. Next follows a front band group which consists of a middle, supporting support plate 16 of the composite form metal-plastic-metal-plastic-metal (16a, b, c, dbg

e) which is firmly connected on both sides with compressible plates 17, as described in, in connection with the reference number 11 and outer layer

l8 off. same species as indicated by reference number 12, Then, up^ . threads all described parts again in symmetrical order.

The drawing shows an enveloping, elastic, compressible seal 20; e.g. of synthetic rubber, which is arranged between the edge parts of the two outer plates 10. The upper ,. they are provided with pipes 2i with valves 22 through which the air,

of atmospheric jerk, which. is located. in the building element, can flow

out into the air-pumped vacuum room, Air from the outside'cannot, however, .

penetrate into the building element. It can also, through a wall of the evacuation chamber et 1, be an airtight introduced et-pipe or a hose.

which extends to the outside and which connects the building element with an air discharge device. The seal 20 can consist of several layersB preferably of different elasticity, e.g. in the direction of travel. To absorb pressure during loading, the upper part of the seal can be fronted with horizontally lying insert strips. of solid material, such as are inserted into recesses in the seal. The movable pressure plates^ are, as previously described, arranged on; both sides of them

two outer arch plates 10. With the help of these pressure plates, the vertically placed building shells can be moved towards each other while simultaneously compressing the enclosing seal and the described inserts.. Thereby the air gap 14 and 15 which previously served for evacuation is eliminated of air from the connection element. Under the high pressure developed by the pressure plates 8, the elastic insert pieces 13a will be pressed back. The plastic foam boards with their vapor-tight surface layers are pressed A

airtight into the .cells. Thereby, a firm bond will be formed between the cells and the plastic foam sheets. When the two outer pressure plates have: reached their end position, the outer building shells with the intermediate, compressed inserts will simultaneously be brought to the preselected end position.

When air is subsequently introduced into the vacuum container, atmospheric pressure will be provided.

Due to the loss of the internal air pressure, the building shells move towards each other and thereby press the pressure-resistant cells against the surfaces of the load-bearing support joint plates, so that these, with increased bending strength corresponding to this pressure, are held in a vertical position. As a result of the equally high back pressure that acts against the building shells

inner surfaces, the building shells, which are resistant to bending in both directions, are also supported as load-bearing elements.

As a result of the narrow cellular steps being pressed into the elastically compressible, vapour-tight coated teething plates made of plastic foam,

each individual cell is sealed airtight and vapour-tight. Thereby, the load-bearing and bending-resistant condition of the dressing element is ensured. Even in the case of partial destruction of a building shell or of the edge seal, the vacuum in all undamaged cells will be maintained, and thus the support of the load-bearing joint plates. The seal can thus disappear completely. The cell steps can also be connected by means of adhesives to the compressible means that close the cell openings. On

due to the atmospheric pressure, all connection groups and elements are united into a compact, tensile and shear-resistant connection unit with increased bending strength.

It can also be noted that the individual groups and individual parts inside the building element can be arranged asymmetrically, e.g. out of consideration for different requirements, from one side to the other. Furthermore, for fire safety reasons, it may be necessary to use other building materials.. •Instead of a single central group of load-bearing composite panels, several such, or similar, groups can be arranged, such as e.g. consists of vertical, load-bearing connection elements that are firmly connected with elastic plates that are placed at a small distance from each other and that penetrate into the cells, whereby the construction as a whole has a high load-bearing capacity.

Such a dressing element can also be manufactured without the seal 20, and this element can be introduced into the cavity in a larger

building element. The building plates or shell parts of the inner building element are thus connected to the corresponding parts of the outer element by

with the help of adhesive plastic foil or glue layer. From the possibly remaining cavity between the inner and outer building element, the air can

pumped out separately. The load-bearing capacity of such a building element is ensured because of the internal building element.

Fig. 2 shows the production of such a building element in a vacuum chamber 1?. where the element's parts and sub-groups are placed horizontally and where the element consists of two outer connecting plates which. each e.g. , includes two! metal plates with intermediate, interconnected plastic layers, for example polyethylene. The inner sides of these shell parts are, with the help of an adhesive 13b consisting fo ', e.g. of a polyurethane foam developed for this purpose, firmly and air-tightly connected with cell plates 13. Instead of an adhesive plastic foam, any other binder can be used, e.g. liquid and later polymerizing, sealing plastics. Each. of the cell plates 13 is followed by an air gap 14. Furthermore follows a bandage group consisting of a bandage plate (sandwich arrangement) 25a and 25b which are connected on both sides with compressible sealing plates 11, e.g. of plastic foam, felt, asbestos, fiberglass or rubber. The outer sides of the sealing plates are preferably provided with vapor-tight foil 12, for example of polyethylene or of metal, e.g. aluminum. Between these parts there is, in an air gap 15 distance

. placed a single cell plate 13, e.g. of metal, plastic or cardboard. Several cell plates ;13 with other, intermediate plates, e.g. » sealing plates 11, can also be joined to a unit, e.g. with the help of adhesive plastic foam. The edges of the individual building element parts and sub-groups can, if necessary, be held at a distance corresponding to the width of the air gap 14 and'1.5, by means of

fork-shaped holders 26 which are movably connected to support strips 27 on a support skeleton 27* When pumping out the air in the vacuum chamber

through a pipe 2 with a valve 3", the air will be removed in the same way from all parts of the building element. With the help of electromagnets 28, the movable support means 26 can then be pulled out of the air gap. tene 14 and 15, whereby the parts are lowered into exact position, e.g. against estimates that are arranged above each other, in accordance with it

preselected end position* The compression of the parts of the composite building element can be carried out by using a pressure plate 29 which is placed on the upper building shell 10 and which, for example, is moved by itself. weight or with the help of compressed air, the cylinder is with a piston and piston rod 7 which is moved movably and air-tight through the vacuum chamber's cover la. Thereby, the individual cells are sealed airtight, as the adjacent plastic sheets 11 are pressed into the cells. Upon subsequent introduction of air into the vacuum chamber 1 through a pipe 31, atmospheric

the pressure pushes the parts further together, so that all parts of the joint element are united into a compact unit. W . :.

It is of course also possible to arrange a seal between the shell edges. In such a case, the element parts can be placed loosely on top of each other,/with the exception of the uppermost front part which is supported

of the seal whose underside, in turn, is occupied by or rests against support means, under the formation of an air gap; The air inside the building element, which is in relation to the vacuum in the chamber.

•under an overpressure, will consequently flow, out almost ; complete. In addition, special evacuation pipes or hoses, preferably with valves, may be arranged, which extend above or below the seal or through it. Furthermore, the seal can be fitted at the end, after which the air in the space between the seal and the core .. is pumped out. separately., This element can be placed in different ways as an insert in correspondingly larger connection building elements. The element

, can also, e.g. when using an adhesive intermediate layer, for- . step by step adhesive foil or adhesive, massive plastic sheets, join together with the inner sides of the larger building shells. If it is necessary to arrange an elastic, enveloping seal between the edge parts, either of the largest building element

the smallest component to be installed, the air can be pumped out, from the space through pipes with valves, which are located between the seal and the building element parts.

The creation of the air gap 14 and 15 or the installation of the carrier means 26 and the electromagnets 28 is redundant,1 if light materials are used, e.g. aluminium,' and cardboard cells. The air that is in the element parts. will, apart from a rather small part, be pushed outwards during the generation of vacuum in the vacuum chamber. If an enclosing seal is provided, it may be necessary to establish a connection with the vacuum chamber 1 through a pipe with a valve (see Fig. 1, reference numbers 21 and 22). D.ette tube can

. further, through the vacuum chamber wall, be in connection with an air-out pumping device, which makes it possible to pump the air out from the joint building element. In the case of such lightweight constructions, it may therefore be sufficient that a joint building element, even with an enveloping seal, provided with an evacuation tube with a valve, is introduced in the assembled state into a vacuum chamber, so that the air in the building element will flow out when the external pressure is lifted . Through such pipes with

valves, the air can be removed in the same way also from the connecting element, which. consists of heavy single connection elements and element groups.

By using seals, the pressure plate 29 can be made redundant; when connecting or intermediate connection of pipes with valves. In all cases, the described means will, depending on the need, make it possible

a complete or almost complete removal of the air.

The installation of airless, smaller building elements has

its importance, as a result of the fact that it is thereby possible, by creating an excess pressure in the largest building element, which acts against the smallest building element shell parts, to achieve an almost unlimited increase in the bending strength of the internal, load-bearing support plates at the interior of the air-empty element, load-bearing support elements which in particular consist of composite plates which are arranged individually or several in unison (multi-sandwich form) or in several groups. At the same time, the outer building shells, at least of the smallest building element, can also be designed as load-bearing support plates. Under the influence of the overpressure on the outer sides and the correspondingly large counterpressure on the inner sides, the plates, in a correspondingly bending-resistant state, are supported in the direction of the plate plane, for the absorption of carrier strips or other loads. It is therefore necessary that the largest and most encompassing

the outer building shell of the composite building element, with corresponding, constructive design, can absorb the excess pressure in the cavities * pressure-resistant and bending-resistant.

This can be achieved, e.g. by means of mutually intersecting, profiled plates, preferably trapezoidal plates, in several layers, where the mutually touching crossing points are welded together. A further increase

of such combined and profiled, preferably trapezoidal building shells kari is provided in such a way that the profiles are carried out in

composite panels that consist, for example, of metal-plastic-metal (sandwich), or that other, profiled panels, initially in this form, are connected with massive plastic materials of a corresponding shape to profiled composite panels (sandwich) which then, in single or multiple, inter-intersecting sequence, combine, firmly connected with each other. Such profiled building shells can, by being closed by plates on all sides, be designed into an air-tight and liquid-tight hollow element which can.

be filled with plastic foam or other substances which. serves the building element's purpose, liquids or gases.

Fig. 3 shows the advantages of using excess pressure in a. connection building element..The drawing shows a schematic section of a connection building element, whose individual parts are placed in a horizontal position and, introduced into a pressure-resistant overpressure chamber 40a, b and c.

The composite building element consists of an outer building shell 41 which is made of mutually combined and connected trapezoidal plates 41a and 41b as well as perpendicular to these and air-tightly arranged, mutually parallel, circumferential side walls respectively' 42 and 43 of a width smaller than the distance between the building shells. The edges of these side walls are pressed into connected, enclosing, elastic seals 44 and 45" respectively. In this way, the cavity between the building shells is closed elastically, air-tight and vapor-tight. For additional, airtight protection, a third, enclosing seal 46" can be arranged between the two building shell 41 edge sections.,47 °S 48» ■

Inside the cavity, roughly in the middle, is placed an already-air-empty pre-bond building element consisting of at least two building shells 5^ and 52, preferably of pre-bond plates, as well as one or more cell plates 53, where load-bearing, bend-resistant pre-bond support plates 54 are arranged between these » The outer surfaces of this internal building element, previously void of air, are provided with a compressible layer 555f°eg. of sheet steel, which, before joining the outer building element, is air-tightly connected to the inner sides of this element's construction shell 41" e.g. by means of adhesive polyurethane foam 56 or adhesive, liquid plastic" The air thus only has a re- vertical access to the cell plates along the outer surfaces of the inner wall element 55*

A pipe 57 etc. is arranged, which is provided with a valve 57a °g which extends into the cavity of the joint building element and thereby enables the introduction of compressed air into the cavity, from a compressed-air device, to any required pressure level. this compressed air will push the outer building shells 41 against arranged stops (not shown) and thereby move so far apart that a narrow air gap 58 is created between the inner building element and the adjacent cell plates "through which each individual cell can be supplied with compressed air in a preselected extent" Through a pipe 60 with a valve 6l, compressed air of a higher pressure than the overpressure in the inner building element is then introduced into the pressure chamber 40> by means of a compressed air device, whereby the building shell 41 of the outer element is pressed in one direction towards each other, so that the air gap 58 is closed and the steps of the steel cell plates 56 are pressed into the compressible layers 55 or plates on the outer sides of the inner element's building shell in an airtight and vapor-tight manner. in the cavity of the joint building element, a back pressure is provided which corresponds to the overpressure exerted in the cavity of the overpressure chamber. To maintain this desired pressure condition, at which they

The surfaces of load-bearing support parts 51, 52 and 55, in particular by means of the cell plates 53 and 56, are supported with an added bending strength which counteracts

corresponds to the excess pressure, after the existing pressure in the

m, moret; 40 is omitted, means are arranged, along the outer building element's narrow sides, for fixing the minimum distance between the outer composite building shells 41, which is achieved under the influence of the external excess pressure. The drawing also shows crossbar means, i.e. intervention. funds on one side of the building scales, e.g. in the form of projecting, strip-shaped parts 66 of the upper building shell 41, with other, associated parts, as well as further arranged intervention strips 67 with spring-loaded, movable rail element elements 68 which can be inserted into the intervention strips 67, and behind which the projecting counter strips 66 on . the upper building shell is brought into engagement by the building shells' 41 movement towards each other* The thus achieved, preselected, mutual position of the building shells is thus permanently fixed and secured. The lower part of the batten strip is thereby in engagement with a right-angled, strip-shaped edge 69 on the lower, outer building shell, and thus prevents the batten strip 67, after the external overpressure has disappeared, from changing it. compressed position of the upper building shell 41, which is secured by the engagement of the crossbar elements 68. To prevent the rail strips 67'

are pressed laterally out of position, these are slats, with the help of

. strong tension springs 70, movably pressed against the crossbars 66. Of course, means can also be arranged which, if necessary, make it possible to release the crossbar means, e.g. by retracting the batten strips 67 by means of an electromagnet* The described batten means

represents only one technical possibility, among many others, .for up- ,. achievement of the same goal*

The schematic section according to fig. 3a, which supplements fig. 3, shows a possibility of mutually anchoring, over an unlimited period of time, the inner sides of the two building shells 41 in the final position in which the building shells are placed in the overpressure chamber, e.g. using a crossbar device. The inner side of the lower building shell 41 is for this purpose provided with tp welded square tubes 75 of the same thickness, in which, between enclosing guides 78, and under the counteraction of pressure springs 77, transom elements 76 are introduced which are provided with rear-sloping chamfers and arranged extendable and retractable, whereby mobility is limited by stops. The distance between the two rigel-. .• element carriers 75 are. so dimensioned that the joist elements 76;. under influence of the compression springs 77, is introduced into or brought into engagement with an incision 80 of a corresponding triangular shape and with a corresponding in-,

load distance as the crossbar elements 76, which are arranged in a massive part 79 which is welded to the inner side of the opposite

shell part .4-1'" - by a corresponding change in position, i.e. by a reduction in the distance between the building shells, so that a continued movement is only possible to one end position in the direction which leads to a reduction in the distance between the building shells. .

Such means for permanently interlocking the inner rafts against the internal excess pressure can be arranged in the number of suitable units required for the occasion. of the fleets '41. The anchoring means can also be arranged in the form of more elongated . lists. The inserts and support plates must be on. the relevant places must be equipped with recesses or slits or intermediate gap distances.

Fig. 10 shows a further example of mutual anchoring of the joint construction shells 41 in the minimum distance created by means of the overpressure. For this purpose, the cavity interior of one building shell 4-1 is connected with a welded screw 8l which, through an airtight sealed bore 82, protrudes through the opposite building shell 41 and thereby can be attracted to the outer side of the shell part by means of a nut 83. This must be carried out in the oyer pressure chamber and at the preselected maximum pressure.' It is

to this end, in exact accordance with the position of the nuts,

arranged electrically driven screw mechanisms 84 which are controlled from the outside. Thereby, the building shells are connected to each other at the minimum mutual distance that is achieved under the influence of the excess pressure, i.e. in the state - in which the pressure means 51, 52 and 53 exert the highest pressure against the supporting support plates 54, so that the state of tension in the air-free building element is maintained unchanged, after the overpressure air has been led out of the overpressure chamber 40"

The described internal anchoring means at the outer building shells exert the counter-pulling force against the compressive forces that tend to bulge and break the outer building shells. They thus enable a corresponding increase in the bending strength of the inner, load-bearing, support elements. • .'•. - The invention can also be used in "a multi-shell composite element, in that the outer building shells are thereby arranged, still or otherwise stationary, and the inner intermediate shells movable. The movable intermediate building shells delimit paired storey cavities, into which compressed air is introduced. This means that the distance between the position-changing building shells increases, whereby the pressure against the tension-affected cavity inserts increases to a corresponding degree. In order to maintain this pressure, a fast-hardening , liquid building material.s<p>m is supplied under a. even higher pressure. For filling without pressure loss of the compressed air s<p>m is to be displaced by this liquid building material it can, in the'

• in the upper part of the air space, an outlet valve should be placed which, when a pre-selected pressure is exceeded, allows the outflow of air of this pressure level. It is also possible in this case to carry out a permanent fixation of the pre-selected, optimal pressure stress state.

When using such position-changeable building shells and position-unchangeable outer shells, which are placed opposite each other in an overpressure chamber, it is further possible to prestress the cover and female parts of such building elements, e.g. for bridges, under the application of high forces. Thereby, in connection with each of the two position-fixed outer shells, at a small distance to form a pressure chamber, a position-changeable construction shell can be arranged against

the subsequent pressure and bearing supports. This arrangement can, e.g. at bridges, are carried out in repeated order, after

the need to increase the tension in the tire and bottom section.

It is also possible that a greater number of air hoses with single-. valves, and that these hoses are supplied with air of the desired excess pressure.

If the over-thickness chamber is damaged, the undamaged hoses will still exert their pressure effect. In such a constructed building element, with position-unchangeable, outer building shells at least on both sides outside one or more internal, position-changeable and airtightly arranged building shells, it can, by by means of corresponding overpressure, extremely high compressive stresses are produced which are also applied to the associated, load-bearing support parts, at the same time that the connecting covers

and bottom parts are tightened tightly.

In static terms, the composite building element forms a composite unit.. For this reason, the connections between the core and the outer plates, or at least the intermediate shells, must be so firm that the shear stresses that are transferred to the interfaces can be absorbed by these,

without the outer plate or the intermediate shells loosening. The outer plates, respectively the shells, must therefore themselves be dimensioned for sufficient minimum strength and bending strength.

The load-bearing support plates can be applied in different ways

pressure stress The pressure stress can thus also be generated by means of liquids that are under pressure. A hollow chamber can fill

read with water of a higher pressure, and a vacuum may be created in an adjacent hollow chamber, or this chamber may be filled with water of the normal pressure determined by the atmospheric pressure. Such pressures can also be produced purely mechanically, e.g. by lever action against a plate or a shell that can be displaced, or exerted

against a position-changing shell, e.g. using a compressed air cylinder with a piston rod.

It is sufficient to exert this pressure only from it

one side, bg thereby let the counter pressure which, through a stationary shell part, is exerted against the supporting support part, act against the other side of the supporting support part* For safety reasons, however, it

advantageous that the pressure effect is exerted from both sides, in the event that the pressure force from one of the two shells disappears. In this connection, it is appropriate that the distance between the movable shell exerts the pressure force and an associated, stationary and pressure-resistant wall

kept as small as possible. In the event of a failure, the necessary pressure will be provided by the second, movable and changeable shell, so that the full bending strength of the bearing support part is maintained undiminished due to the counter pressure from the stationary wall. The cavity between the above-mentioned shells can also be included

advantage is filled in with cell plates, until a minimal gap of less than one millimeter in width remains. -

The use of cellular plates for the application of pressure differs from the use of flat plates. In the case of flat plates, the pressure force will be distributed evenly over the total surface of the pressure-exerting plate.

In the case of the cell plate, however, it is exclusively the very narrow cell steps that transmit the overall pressure. These steps usually take up

less than 1$ of the pressure exerting surface. This implies that it

tbtal pressure exerted against the cell plate is transferred with more than a hundred-fold force by these steps to the lines in the pressure-receiving surfaces touched by the steps. A corresponding tension structure of the pressure lines will thereby be produced. The free field between the cell steps, on the other hand, is affected by the bending forces.

The cell surfaces must therefore be in a certain size ratio, which cannot be exceeded, on the one hand to the bending strength of the supported plate, and on the other hand to the load on the bearing

- support plate, to prevent a bulge or buckling of the supporting support plate. It is advantageous for the cells to have preselected, optimal widths at the lowest possible cell pitch, in order to achieve a

greatest possible energy concentration towards these lines in accordance with the cell structure. Furthermore, the cell stages should, with an appropriate choice of material, e.g. by using steel plates, •• the highest possible bending strength is imparted in connection with the low step height. For insulation reasons and to stiffen the cell steps against buckling, the cells in the tension cavity that occupy the load-bearing support parts can be filled with e.g. plastic foam. However, these fillings must not rest against the sides of the support plate, and otherwise without exerting pressure.....<:>Instead of distributors, grids can also be used that are divided into corresponding, optimal grid fields and where the contact the side with the load-bearing support plates is designed with knife-like, thin edges. On the other hand, it is advantageous that the pressure side of the lattice steps is flat.

The use of composite building elements in residential buildings requires

•production of composite building elements of multi-shell type..' At least a three-shell element where the third shell simultaneously forms the inner wall of a rbm.in a building. Between this and the preceding one, middle

intermediate building shell, a cavity should be provided, in particular to meet the requirements for fire safety.

To prevent the accumulation of condensation water as a result of intruding water vapour, the cavity must be vapor-tightly closed on all sides.

This can be done by all non-metallic wall parts i

a layer is applied to the cavity, e.g. of aluminum foil or vapor-tight polyethylene plastic foil. However, there is also the further problem of preventing stress effects on the cavity walls as a result of occurring pressure changes due to temperature fluctuations in the cavity. For that reason, according to the invention, it is assumed that the cavity is connected to the atmosphere by means of a pipe. In order to prevent the humidity in the atmosphere from penetrating into the cavity, the end of the pipe towards the cavity can be air-tightly connected with a flexible air bag, consisting e.g. of plastic foil* This air bag can be provided with spring-loaded spools which ensure that a necessary minimum of the bag's fillable volume is filled with external air. If the atmospheric pressure drops, air will flow out from the air bag towards the outside. In this way, the cavity can be kept vapor-tight closed to the outside, without

compressive stresses occur.

Especially in cases where the room's inner wall consists of a thin building material1 shell, e.g. a plaster wall or ceramic wall, that is

necessary for the wall to be braced. This can be carried out, by using a panel wall which at the same time forms the building shell towards the inner room--

met. Such a plate cabinet can be trapezoided, and if necessary, wood

with the help of tb, -mutually crossing trapezoidal plates, seal off a cavity airtight, and in the other direction be designed to cover all sides of the plaster wall. Also the cavities against the plaster wall, which arise due to the trapezoidal profile, can be made air- and liquid one and-,

filled with fire-retardant materials,' e.g. with asbestos in suitable form..

For this purpose, other means can also be used, such as stone wool, glass fiber material etc. 1. A water-carrying pipe with thermostatically controlled nozzle openings which is directed towards the plaster back wall, is arranged above the trapezoidal spaces and the "plasterboard. If the thermostats, in a fire trap, exposed to the heat of a fire, corresponding to a preselected temperature, for example through small openings in the plaster wall's upper part, the water will flow out towards the back of the plaster wall and at the same time into the above-mentioned cavities formed by the trapezoidal recesses.

the asbestos filling in the cavities and/or the other fixed posts, e.g.

e.g. stone wool, at the same time as the absorbent back side of the plaster wall is exposed. The wall can be provided with boreholes, through which

the water can penetrate the front and trickle down in the form of a water curtain; .'Thereby the plaster wall cools continuously, while the flammability'' is reduced due to the conversion of the water into water vapour. 1 the same extent as it is formed, the water vapor will displace the oxygen-containing air, and can, in that way, to an increasing degree, exert an extinguishing effect on

the fire scene. There can also be a water pipe on the front of the plaster wall with openings directed towards the plaster wall and controlled by thermostats. Such a water curtain will prevent the fire from penetrating through the plaster wall and into the composite building element. In this way, significant costs can be saved in connection with conventional, building-related fire safety precautions. An outer-' . A further increase in fire safety can be provided by the face of the plaster wall; an easily soluble water carbonate layer is applied and that the water, before it flows into the perforated pipes which produce the water curtain, is led through a container containing dissolved or soluble substances which cause a chemical transformation of the carbonate on the plaster wall, under release of carbonic acid. Such containers for the above-mentioned pipes can be placed at no great cost above the usual suspended ceilings. The carbonic acid will also displace the oxygen-containing air and suffocate the flames.

The liquid-tight depressions in the trapezoidal building shell can be filled with hot water from a heating system, and serve for

space heating or cooling. Using openings against the plaster wall

can the described form of fire safety be provided in the same way*. -'v,;,

When using a flat building shell, the back of a corresponding, thicker plaster wall can be provided with, for example, perpendicular, corrugated profiles that form the cavities. This backside can e.g. be provided with a glued layer of plastic foil, for example polyethylene foil, whereby a watertight and water vapor-tight closure is provided. In the event of a fire, this foil will melt at approx. 150°C, so that the water can penetrate the absorbent plaster wall. All of the other, previously described security measures can thereby also be arranged.

The support elements to be produced according to the invention can have any suitable shape.

Such support elements can e.g. consist of pipes with longitudinal slots, which are inserted concentrically in an unslotted pipe. The ends

of the pipes, respectively the pipe intermediate spaces, must be air-tight, respectively vapor-tight, closed off and elastically sealed, as the seals must thereby be carried out so that there is clearance for the diameter changes of the concentrically placed, slotted pipes that occur under pressure, without this entailing a risk of damage of the sealing elements. All sealing rings can, with the help of elastic plastic foam, be reinforced and secured to a further extent. The internal layout of the pipes, with regard to their design as support parts, is, apart from the round shape, the same as for the rectangular connection building elements. In order to produce compressive stresses, in this case a change in position of the slotted pipes will be required, in the same way as the building shells for building elements. Due to this change in position, the pipes are equipped with longitudinal slots which enable a change in the diameter of the individual, slot-* equipped pipes under the influence of pressure from intermediate pressure means,

e.g. when supplying compressed air or pressurized liquid, to internal or;

the outside of the intermediate, load-bearing support pipe.

It is primarily necessary that the slits are elastic

sealed, thereby preventing the compressed air from penetrating into adjacent/concentric spaces. Such seals can e.g. consist

of elastic sealing inserts which are inserted into the slot, vertically on

the pipe surfaces. If a higher pressure is exerted against the slotted pipe from the outside, the slot edges will be pressed against the elastic seal, thereby strengthening the seal. Preferably, however, the entire pipe section at the slit is further stiffened and sealed against the two other, overlying pipes by means of elastic sealing means.

The slit edges themselves may be deformed. They can e.g. be provided with a right-angled bent edge, so that they are pressed in

hermetically sealed raft systems against the intermediate sealants.

The slot edges can also be bent at an angle of 1180°, and the bent parts can be provided with sealing means and be in engagement with each other.

They can also be placed in engagement with recesses in elastic materials through a clamping effect. There are many possibilities. The spaces between two pipes can e.g. be designed as described below.

The pipe can be, on one or both sides, airtight covered by glued sealing strips, e.g. rubber strips. In addition, pressure means can be arranged, particularly in the form of largely circular cellular plates, preferably also provided with slits, e.g. of metal, plastic or cardboard in one or more

layer, which approximately fills the gap. It is advantageous that the cellular plates are provided with low steps, so that the steps are given the highest possible bending strength* Otherwise, what was previously mentioned in connection with the cellular plates applies to the building elements. In the case of an arrangement of several cell plates, it can be arranged, in connection with each of the cell plates, e.g. intermediate, lighter, slotted tubes of the same or different material, for air-tight division of the space and for pressure transfer to the subsequent cell plate. It is necessary, for static reasons, that all posts are firmly connected to each other, in order to be able to absorb tension, pressure • and thrust forces..

The spaces between two concentric tubes have the same function as the cavities in the joint building elements. The restricted building shells can in the same way be arranged partly as stationary and partly

as position changers. The slotted tubes correspond to the position-changeable building shells of the building element. This creates a multitude of different combination possibilities. ' All spaces can be connected by pipelines

with valves, so that, in accordance with the relevant combination, e.g. a vacuum can be created in the one, airtight closed space due to an overpressure in the two adjacent spaces. In this example, these tubes delimiting the vacuum space are provided

with slits, and when compressed air is supplied to the adjacent rooms, the slitted pipes will be compressed, respectively reducing in diameter.

A change in position is produced in that way, whereby the pipes from the inside are given an increased bending strength due to the pressure<p>g m<p>t-pressure,<p>g thus an increased load-bearing capacity. Instead of, eg in the aforementioned example, creating a vacuum in the intermediate space, this belt can be under atmospheric pressure, while the overpressure in the adjacent mell<p>mr<p>m is instead increased by an atp, resulting in the same stiffening effect.

In stages, all pipes, apart from the outer pipe, are fitted with slits introduced concentrically into each other with mellpmrpm.

In this example, compressed air can be introduced into the cylinder-shaped cavity of the innermost slotted tube. Thereby, the diameter of this pipe increases, so that a corresponding pressure against the pressure-exerting means,

e.g. circular perforated cell plates (which are also provided with slots) are transported through all intermediate slotted tubes and pressure plates, in the direction of the outer tube. The outer pipe must, as a full pipe, absorb the pressure exerted against the inner wall of the pipe, thereby developing a corresponding measured pressure. In this regard, the outer tube can

be equipped with external, pressure-resistant rings which are arranged at a suitable distance from each other. In the latter case, the outer tube can be provided with slots, if this is appropriate.

According to another example, the pressure on the one side, emanating from the middle mr m s m is delimited by the outermost pipe eg, on the

on the other hand, from the innermost slit tube's cylindrical cavity, so that all concentric, intermediate tubes are braced against bending from both sides by means of pressure means.

Due to the ring reinforcement of the outermost pipe, this is therefore a load-bearing support pipe which, with increased bending strength, is stiffened, on the one hand, by the internal pressure means which are in contact with the pipe, and on the other hand, of the m<p>t pressure emanating from the rings.

In the same way as with the building element, it will be advantageous that the pressure medium's cells, chambers etc. are individually sealed airtight, so that the bending strength of the pipe supports is not threatened in the event of pipe damage. This can be carried out in the same way as described in connection with the connection building elements.

Also, the lattice-like pressure exerted by cell steps is of the same importance for the concentration of pressure forces, against lines of contact. It appears that such pipe supports only differ in shape from the rectangular connection elements, respectively support parts." The pipes can be arranged in a sandwich fashion, to increase their bending strength. As a pressure medium, instead of circular cells, corrugated tin plates can be placed in the spaces which, preferably in the transverse direction, can be divided into a number of small chambers which can be individually closed off airtight. The connecting means and other means for maintaining an optimal stiffening pressure provided by means of periodic overpressure can be suitably used as described in connection with the building element. Furthermore, e.g. a preselected overpressure in the cylindrical cavity delimited by the innermost pipe is maintained permanently unchanged by filling in hardening, liquid building materials such as concrete. Also in the present case, the compressed air should preferably be dehumidified with the help of desiccants to such an extent that it does not Condensation can form in the pipes ulrom..

With a very small amount of material, the invention will make it possible to support extremely high loads, up to the limit of the material's strength.

Claims (1)

1. I. Building element, preferably made of metal or plastic, especially a load-bearing element, e.g. for buildings, supports, bridges and vessels, which consists of two or more shells or plates that enclose at least one cavity, characterized in that at least one cavity (14l) in the building element is equipped with load-bearing support elements and/or shells in connection with pressure plates, e.g. cellular plates (13) or grid plates with preferably narrow contact steps and that, with the help of at least one flexible or movable position-changing plate, for example an intermediate building shell, a pressure is exerted against the inserts in the cavity, which corresponds to or exceeds atmospheric pressure, and which is higher than the pressure in the support cavity. 2. Building element 1 in accordance with claim 1, characterized in that the arranged, pressure-exerting means for transferring the pressure consist of steps with spaces, e.g.* cells and chambers. 3» "Building element in accordance with claim 2, grade 3, in that an overpressure, a negative pressure or a vacuum is provided in the individual, air-tight or vapor-tight closed cells, chambers or cavities. 4' Building element in accordance with claim 3, characterized in that cells, chambers and cavities with overpressure and underpressure are arranged in the same cavity. 5* Building element in accordance with claim 4" characterized in that the cavities are connected by valves and/or pipes to produce an overpressure and/or a negative pressure, respectively a vacuum. 6. Building element in accordance with claims 1 and 5" characterized in that the building element is surrounded by an airtight, pressure-resistant chamber (1) with a closable opening and/or valves, and that a negative pressure or vacuum has been created in the chamber space and in the building element or an overpressure. 7" Building element in accordance with claim 6, characterized in that the cells, chambers and cavities are provided with overpressure or underpressure, respectively the vacuum in the open state and, with the help of an external pressure, sealants are pressed on, e.g. sealing plates, which closes the openings, and that all cells, chambers and cavities are individually closed airtight or vapor-tight. 8. Building element in accordance with requirement 7" character I s e r in that an existing internal excess pressure is further increased under impact of a higher, external pressure, and that means are arranged for maintaining the increased pressure stress in the cavity of the building element room, which is induced by the higher external pressure. 1 9". Building element in accordance with claim 8, characterized in that the cells, chambers and cavities in which overpressure is created are individually closed and airtight under the influence of the forward brought, increased pressure stress. 10, Building element in accordance with claim 8, characterized in that, in order to maintain the increased compressive stress in the cavity of the building element, which is produced under the influence of the increased external pressure, there are provided bolting means or screws, or filled with liquid, hardening etoffer, which enables the permanent and unchanged maintenance of the increased pressure stress caused by the overpressure. 11. Building element in accordance with claim 1, characterized by the fact that the inner sides of the building shells comprise right-angled edge parts which are placed against each other in a box-like manner and thereby find themselves in airtight engagement with elastic seals, which means that the mutual distance of the building shells, respectively the volume of the intermediate cavity, can be changed. 12. Building element in accordance with claims 1 and 6, characterized in that; it, as an internal building element in a larger building element, is used a connecting valve arranged air void, smaller building element. 13. Building element in accordance with claim 12, characterized in that the internal, air-empty building element consists of at least two, outer building shells and at least one, intermediate, load-bearing support element whose bending strength increases under the influence of pressure from pressure exerting funds, e.g. cell plates. 14. Building element in accordance with claim 1, characterized in that the building shells, the building plates and the load-bearing support elements are manufactured as composite building elements of single or multiple sandwich design. 15. Building element in accordance with requirements 1 and 14, car a c te r i- s is that the building shells, the building plates and the load-bearing support elements are designed profiled, e.g. trapezoidal, and connected with each other, preferably in the form of mutually crossing; profiles. 3.6, Building element In accordance with one of the requirements 1 to 15, characterized in that at least one of the positions changes straight building shell is connected to the pressure means and the bearing/support means and transfers a compressive stress to these. 1^. Building element.! compliance with one of the requirements 1 to 16, k a r-akt e r.i se r t in that the pressure plates, e.g. cell plates, grid plates, corrugated tin plates, etc. is connected to the surfaces of the support plates, which are to be braced. 18. Building element. in accordance with one of claims 1 to 17, characterized in that, in the case of the pressure plates, e.g. cell* of the plates, side openings are airtight sealing plates, e.g. rubber sheets, felt sheets, plastic sheeting, asbestos sheets or plastic-bonded glass fiber sheets, preferably in combination with air- or vapor-tight foil similar to that which faces the cell board, etc. 19. Building element in accordance with one of claims 1 to 18, k a r act err i sert in that the compressible sealing plates are firmly connected to the support plates. 20. Building element in accordance with one of claims 1 to 19, characterized in that at least one building element cavity is air- or steam-tightly closed. 21. Building element in accordance with one of claims 1 to 20, characterized in particular by pipes which are led airtight from the building element cavities to the outside and which, preferably with the help of valves, can be connected to evacuation means or overpressure devices. 22. Building element in accordance with one of claims 1 to 21, characterized in that, inside the building element, there is at least one cavity with low pressure and at least one adjacent cavity with a relatively higher pressure, and that the higher pressure, at with the help of at least eight, position-changing building shells and through pressure means in the cavity with the lower pressure, is transferred as increased pressure stress to load-bearing supports in the latter cavity, so that these are stiffened with increased bending strength. 23" Building element in accordance with one of the requirements 1 to 22, characterized in that at least one of the outer building shells is position changeable and, by means of connecting means, anchored, to the other outer shell, against higher pressure acting against the outer shell, ... the inside of the shell. 24. Building element in accordance with one of claims 1 to 23, characterized in that the wall element is arranged at least an air-tight or vapor-tight closed cavity, in which a pressure is created that is different from the pressure outside the cavity. 25* Building element in accordance with one of claims 1 to 24, characterized in that the pressures in the successive cavities are different from the pressure within the common intermediate building shells. 26. - Building element in accordance with one of claims 1 to 25, characterized in that at least one of the cavities is connected to the atmosphere, preferably through a volume equalization device; 27. Building element in accordance with one of the claims 1 to 26-, characterized in that the state of the air in the vapor-tight closed cavity, due to the intermediate connected volume equalization device, excludes the formation of condensed water. 28. 'Building element in accordance with one of claims 1 to 27, characterized in that both outer building shells are arranged stationary, while inside the connecting building element there is arranged at least one position-changeable intermediate building shell that airtightly separates the building element, and that a higher air pressure is created in at least one of the cavities and a lower air pressure or vacuum in the other. 29. Building element in accordance with one of claims 1 to 28, characterized in that the cavity of the building element, by means of position-changeable and stationary intermediate building shells, is divided in such a way that cavities with higher air pressure, through position-changeable intermediate shells, influence cavities with lower air pressure, and that the cavity with lower air pressure, which is situated opposite the position-changeable intermediate building shell, is connected to a stationary, position-unchangeable building shell, or itself consists of a further, position-changeable building shell which is arranged adjacent to a cavity with a higher air pressure. 30" Building element in accordance with one of the requirements. 1 to 29, ka r- a c t is i s e r t in that satiable posts, at least. in the stress cavity which is under compressive stress, is tensile, . pressure and. slidingly joined together to form a joint unit (multi-sandwich construction form)..-■• <*> • 31" Building element in accordance with a <y> requirements 1 to 30, characterized in that the compressive stress which is transferred by the movable intermediate building shells to the tension cavity with the load-bearing support parts arranged therein, is maintained effectively and permanently by means of means which anchor the cavity delimiters shell in style-1 ling, also after the tension-producing forces have disappeared., 32. Building element 1 compliance with one of the claims 1 to 31, kar-; a. k t e r i s e r t v e d that all associated^ parts, under the influence of tension, are united into a connected unit. 33" Building element in accordance with one of claims 1 to 32, characterized in that the pressure exerted by the movable intermediate building shells against the pressure plates, e.g. the cell plates, these are concentrated towards the linear contact zones with the surfaces of the supporting support elements, whereby a multiple pressure is achieved in relation to a pressure transfer by surface contact. 34» Building element in accordance with one of claims 1 to 33, k a **-'åkt is i.sert in that the pressure plates, e.g. the cell plates are made of metal and equipped with heat-ray-reflecting cell steps; 35* Building element in accordance with one of claims 1 to 34, characterized in that the load-bearing support parts are at least partially made of metal with metallic shiny surfaces for reasons of reflection of heat rays, or are coated with heat ray-permeable plastic material, e.g. e.g. polyethylene, 36. Building element in accordance with one of the claims 1 to 35, k a r- a c t e r i s e r t h a t that the pressure plates, e.g. the steps of the cells have a low height, in order to provide high bending strength, and that intermediate plates are arranged between each pair of cell plates, e.g. of sheet metal and preferably sheet metal that reflects heat rays, and that the total step height required in each case is provided by the number of cell plates. 37» Building element in accordance with one of claims 1 to 36, characterized in that at least one side of the pressure plates, e.g. the cell plates are fixed due to an airtight connection with the cover plate, e.g. using plastic foam or hardening plastic glue. 38- Building element in accordance with one of claims 1 to 37, characterized in that the pressure medium, e.g. grids, four-step metal, are made <p> with knife edge-like steps m <p> t the surfaces <p> of the load-bearing supports <p> g with pressure <p> pppecting, flat-braced extensions on the other side. 39" Building element in accordance with one of claims 1 to 38" characterized in that the pressure means, such as the cells of the cell plates, are at least partially filled, e.g. with insulating materials and preferably plastic foam, so that the pressure from the cell plates against load-bearing supports is only transferred through the steps, which are thereby, with increased bending strength, stiffened by the plastic foam in the cells. 40; Building element in accordance with one of the requirements 1 to 39» k a i* act e r is e r t in that the movable, positional straight building shell or plates or similar seals off the cavity airtight with the help of at least one seal. 41" Building element in accordance with one of claims 1 to 40" characterized in that, for locking the minimum distance between two movable building shells that delimit a cavity with an internal excess pressure, as well as for preventing bulging of the surfaces, anchoring means are arranged, e.g. . in the form of beam parts and screws. 42"' Building element in accordance with one of the requirements 1 to 41" characterized in that the anchoring means consist of . binding screws with nuts which, under the influence of the outer above pressure, when the building shells have reached their minimum mutual distance, is mechanically attracted in the overpressure chamber.. 43» Building element in accordance with one of the requirements 1; to 42, characterized in that the flat sides of the oppositely located building shell are connected to each other by means of screws which are attached to at least one of the inner sides of the building shell, bg which extends transversely through the cavity. 44" Building element in accordance with a <y> requirements 1 to 43" characterized in that, for air pumping from the cavity, pipes are introduced, preferably with valves, e.g. between the seals and the building shells, which are removed after the air has been pumped out of the hollow 45" Building element in accordance with one of the requirements 1 to 44" characterized in that the outer shells of. the building element that is introduced into the vacuum chamber only rests loosely against the pressure plates, e.g. the cell plates, and that the air with its pressure flows out into the vacuum chamber. tion pipe with valves between the cavity of the building element and the vacuum chamber. Building element in accordance with one of the requirements 1 to 45" characterized by the fact that pipes, preferably with valves, are introduced in the overpressure chamber in the cavities in the building element, in which overpressure is to be provided, so that the same pressure is created in the building element as in the overpressure chamber, and that the preselected, increased/pressure stress in the cavity is then produced by building a further excess pressure is applied to the shells, so that the pressure plates , openings can be closed" 47v Building element in accordance with one of the requirements 1 to 46". k a r- acts mainly in that the individual parts and element groups are placed in the evacuation chamber in such a way that air gaps are formed which can be secured by arranged spacers, so that the air gaps are kept open - until the air is completely pumped out of the cavity inserts, after which the building elements in the vacuum chamber are connected airtight to each other" under the influence of pressure from associated, external pressure plates, and that subsequently, when air is re-introduced into the vacuum chamber, an air pressure is produced which causes all parts of the building element are firmly connected to each other* 48. Building element in accordance with one of claims 1 to 47, characterized in that the individual building element parts and -groups are placed horizontally above each other on carriers in the evacuation ion chamber, and that the air is pumped out of the cavities, and that the carriers <3> then, e.g. with the help of electromagnets,* is removed, after which the assembly of the building element parts and the -group® is carried out, as for this purpose, if necessary, external pressure plates can be arranged, and that then, by re-introducing air into the chamber, a pressure is produced which causes that all parts are firmly joined into a connected unit. 49. Building element in accordance with one of the requirements 1 to 48." car-. a c t e r i s e r in that the seal is composed of different sealants of different properties. 50. Building element in accordance with one of claims 1 to 49, characterized in that the building element in the assembled state is introduced into an evacuable, air-tight closable, pressure-proof chamber, or enclosed by such a chamber, in which the air is pumped out through evacuation pipes, valves and other devices, and that the cavity of the building element is provided with at least one pipe with a valve that is connected to this air space, for the purpose of air pumping, or by means of a pipe connected to an evacuation device such as is located outside the chamber, so that the air in the building element can be pumped out is carried out, after which the atmospheric air. again Introduced into the chamber, whereby the building shells are pressed in the direction of each other, and where <y> ed stiffens each other as well as possibly the internally arranged, load-bearing supporting post. 51.... Building element in accordance with one of the requirements 1 to.5P# k a r-, act e r i s e r t in that in the cavity, between a plaster wall and an overlying building shell that closes the cavity, a. flexible air bag, e.g. made of p <p> lyethylene plastic f <p> lie, which is air-tightly connected to an outward pipe, so that a pressure is created in the cavity that corresponds at all times to that of the outside air .,' pressure, whereby- dry air introduced into the cavity,. can't avoid this, and where there are arranged sprung spools which, in the event of a pressure drop outside the cavity, make it possible for air from the air bag, under the counteraction of this springing effect, to flow outwards with a corresponding reduction in the volume of the residual air. in the air bag, and where the volume of the air bag is dimensioned for up taking of. the necessary, increased amount of air to create the pressure equilibrium, 1 case of a rising external air pressure. 52 o. Building element in accordance with one of the requirements 1 to 5^" characterized in that the individual elements of composite construction element in the vacuum chamber, by means of spacers, are separated from each other at such a distance that the air in the elements can flow completely out into the vacuum chamber, and that at least one pressure plate is arranged which, after the completion of the predetermined air discharge ing0 is used for mutually airtight closing joining of the elements which are placed above or next to each other in the vacuum chamber, the pressure plate thereby being moved in a corresponding manner, e.g. by means of pressure cylinders with pistons and piston stones ger, where the piston rods are led airtight through the side walls of the vacuum chamber, whereby the air gap between the individual elements is closed, after which the outside air is led into the vacuum chamber through a pipe, so that the building shells under the influence of atmospheric pressure are pressed against each other and the composite building element thereby forms a firm, compact, uniform bg load-bearing composite construction* 53° Building element in accordance with one of the requirements 1 to 52, k a r- acts by the fact that adjacent to the cavities in the building element there are pipes with outlet valves, while the building shells together with an external seal enclose the inserts, within the building element's compression, as a result of the air in the building element being led out into the surrounding vacuum chamber, is carried out so that the trapped air can almost completely flow out of the closed cavity, through the loose seal and/or through the pipes with associated outlet valves, and into the vacuum chamber. 54"- - Building element in accordance with one of the claims 1 to 53" characterized in that in connection with the evacuation chamber <p> and the overpressure chamber, internal and external evacuation or overpressure devices are arranged, with associated pipes pg valves. ■ > : 55”; Building element in accordance with one of claims 1 to 54" characterized in that liquid agents, preferably foam-developing agents, are introduced into the cells, which, by uniting with adjacent boards, plates or layers, at least on one opening side, anchor these individually, air- or steam-tight, e.g. by developing an adhesive foam such as polyurethane. 56. Building element in accordance with one of the claims 1 to 55" characterized in that one of at least two cavities is connected to the atmosphere, while a deviating pressure is created in the other cavity. 57* Building element in accordance with one of the requirements 1 to 56, k a r° . a c t e r i s e r t . in that the framing that encloses plaster the plate is air-tightly connected to the building shell in front and preferably consists of a solid material. 58. Building element in accordance with one of claims 1 to 57" characterized in that, directly or indirectly behind the inner wall, e.g. behind the plaster wall, a pressure- and bending-resistant building shell of refractory material is arranged. 59- Building element in accordance with one of the claims 1 to 58" characterized in that a plaster wall is firmly connected to a panel building shell, e.g. of trapezoid shape, while the intermediate cavities are airtight and watertight on all sides. 60. Building element in accordance with one of the requirements in to 59> characterized in that the interior wall shells, e.g. in the form of plasterboard, is braced by cellular boards. 61. Building element in accordance with one of the claims 1 to 60, characterized in that the trapezoid plates, on one or both sides, are cast with plaster, concrete or other, mostly liquid building material, possibly in combination with monier iron or similar.., 62.. Building element in accordance with one of, claims 1 to 61, characterized in that hot water containers are arranged with thermostatically controlled outlet valves that face the plaster wall, or with pipes that are closed with a mass that softens or melts at a certain temperature, such that, in the event of a fire, the hot water can flow into the plaster wall. 63. Building element in accordance with one of claims 1 to 62, characterized in that profiled, preferably trapezoidally profiled, plate shells are arranged behind the inner wall shell, which are watertight. closed on all sides for the purpose of opening up hot water or cooling water and which, in the event of a fire, can lead the water to the inner building shell through openings that are thermostatically controlled or closed by means that melt at preselected temperatures, whereby . the flammability is prevented from penetrating to the insulating part of the building element. -i 64. Building element in accordance with one of claims 1 to; 63" characterized in that the back of the inner wall building shell is provided with profiles for absorbing the water which, for reasons of fire safety, is led in through the profiles' recesses from overhead pipes with e.g. thermostatically controlled openingsc 65. Building element in accordance with one of the requirements 1 to 64, vessel characterized by the fact that, preferably in connection with both sides of the plasterboards, an over-water drainage system <g> sanordniiiger has been installed, in the event of a fire, and that the water has possibly been chemically added, substances.. 66. Building element in accordance with one of the requirements! to 65, k to r-acterized in that the inner wall construction shell has continuous boreholes that start from the back of the shell, for the intake of water that is supplied for fire safety reasons, whereby the inner part of the porous inner wall shell is moistened and the water flows out along the outer wall surface. 67. Building element in accordance with one of claims 1 to 66, characterized in that, in connection with the fire safety system and/or the inner wall, e.g. the plasterboard, gas-evolving substances are arranged, preferably substances that develop carbonic acid gas. 68. Building element in accordance with one of the claims 1 to 67, characterized in that the back of the inner wall is coated with a vapor-impermeable plastic foil, e.g.* of polyethylene, which is destroyed in the event of a fire so that the water fire safety, can penetrate 1 the inner wall* 69* Building element in accordance with one of the requirements 1 to 68, k a r- a k t e .r i certed by the fact that, in: the inner wall, towards the interior room, water vapor valves are arranged to divert the steam that is formed in the cavity behind the inner wall. 70* Building element in accordance with one of the requirements 1 to 69. characterized in that, behind an inner wall or behind an inner wall bracing building plate, e.g. behind a plate shell, a cavity is arranged, which is provided with inserts with a fire-preventing function. 71. Building element in accordance with one of requirements 1 to 70, characterized in that, for the reflection of heat rays clay and at the same time for reasons of fire safety, shiny metal sheets are arranged which are preferably coated with a thin layer of polyethylene. 72. Building element in accordance with one of claims 1 to 71, characterized in that the plasterboard forms a unit in association with the building element. 73.. Building element in accordance with one of claims 1 to 72, characterized in that the tubular building element is designed as a load-bearing support. 74? Building element in accordance with one of claims 1 to 73, characterized in that, in the tubular building element, a number of slotted bg/or unslotted pipes are introduced concentrically. 75. Building element in accordance with one of claims 1 to 74, characterized in that the end parts of the pipes are hermetically closed to the outside and to each other by means of elastic seals. ' ■ .76. Building element in accordance with one of claims 1 to 75, characterized in that means are arranged in connection with the spaces between each pair of pipes for producing an overpressure or underpressure or vacuum, and that the spaces are airtightly closed to each other. 77" Building element in accordance with one of claims 1 to 76, characterized in that the pipe slots are elastically sealed.. 78. Building element in accordance with one of the claims 1 to 79" characterized in that, in the tube spaces, pressure means are arranged, e.g. mostly circular curved cell plates with slots respectively free plate ends. 79. Building element in accordance with one of claims 1 to 78, characterized in that compressible, flexible means are arranged adjacent to the pressure means, e.g. of rubber, foam plastic or similar, e.g. with foil coating against the cells, for airtight closure of each individual cell. 8.0. Building element in accordance with one of claims 1 to 79, characterized in that at least one cavity with positive pressure and at least one cavity with negative pressure or vacuum are arranged, and that the pressure can be exerted with the help of gases, liquids or solids.