NO158375B - PYROTECHNICAL TASK RATES. - Google Patents
PYROTECHNICAL TASK RATES. Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- NO158375B NO158375B NO833739A NO833739A NO158375B NO 158375 B NO158375 B NO 158375B NO 833739 A NO833739 A NO 833739A NO 833739 A NO833739 A NO 833739A NO 158375 B NO158375 B NO 158375B
- Authority
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- Norway
- Prior art keywords
- fog
- cesium
- specified
- kit
- compound
- Prior art date
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- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- NLSCHDZTHVNDCP-UHFFFAOYSA-N caesium nitrate Chemical compound [Cs+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O NLSCHDZTHVNDCP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052792 caesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- -1 cesium compound Chemical class 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000003595 mist Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia chloride Chemical compound [NH4+].[Cl-] NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- VHHHONWQHHHLTI-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexachloroethane Chemical compound ClC(Cl)(Cl)C(Cl)(Cl)Cl VHHHONWQHHHLTI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910000990 Ni alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910001093 Zr alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000019270 ammonium chloride Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- AIYUHDOJVYHVIT-UHFFFAOYSA-M caesium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cs+] AIYUHDOJVYHVIT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N caesium atom Chemical class [Cs] TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- LYQFWZFBNBDLEO-UHFFFAOYSA-M caesium bromide Chemical compound [Br-].[Cs+] LYQFWZFBNBDLEO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- KOPBYBDAPCDYFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N caesium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Cs+].[Cs+] KOPBYBDAPCDYFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001942 caesium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 9
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 6
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 5
- KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butadiene Chemical compound C=CC=C KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 4
- GDDNTTHUKVNJRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-bromo-3,3-difluoroprop-1-ene Chemical compound FC(F)(Br)C=C GDDNTTHUKVNJRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000000806 elastomer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000010355 oscillation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000779 smoke Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000005062 Polybutadiene Substances 0.000 description 2
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 159000000006 cesium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000012188 paraffin wax Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920002857 polybutadiene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 2
- AKEJUJNQAAGONA-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfur trioxide Chemical compound O=S(=O)=O AKEJUJNQAAGONA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KEQGZUUPPQEDPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethylimidazolidine-2,4-dione Chemical compound CC1(C)N(Cl)C(=O)N(Cl)C1=O KEQGZUUPPQEDPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VXEGSRKPIUDPQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[4-(4-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl]aniline Chemical compound C1=CC(OC)=CC=C1N1CCN(C=2C=CC(N)=CC=2)CC1 VXEGSRKPIUDPQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MQIUGAXCHLFZKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Di-n-octyl phthalate Natural products CCCCCCCCOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OCCCCCCCC MQIUGAXCHLFZKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CYTYCFOTNPOANT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Perchloroethylene Chemical group ClC(Cl)=C(Cl)Cl CYTYCFOTNPOANT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003868 ammonium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- BJQHLKABXJIVAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)COC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OCC(CC)CCCC BJQHLKABXJIVAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XQPRBTXUXXVTKB-UHFFFAOYSA-M caesium iodide Chemical compound [I-].[Cs+] XQPRBTXUXXVTKB-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- XTHPWXDJESJLNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorosulfonic acid Substances OS(Cl)(=O)=O XTHPWXDJESJLNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007123 defense Effects 0.000 description 1
- YWEUIGNSBFLMFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphosphonate Chemical compound O=P(=O)OP(=O)=O YWEUIGNSBFLMFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013399 edible fruits Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000002191 fatty alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- LIKBJVNGSGBSGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(3+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Fe+3].[Fe+3] LIKBJVNGSGBSGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000113 methacrylic resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrate group Chemical group [N+](=O)([O-])[O-] NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- DLYUQMMRRRQYAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphorus pentoxide Inorganic materials O1P(O2)(=O)OP3(=O)OP1(=O)OP2(=O)O3 DLYUQMMRRRQYAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003380 propellant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005049 silicon tetrachloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011863 silicon-based powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229950011008 tetrachloroethylene Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000001931 thermography Methods 0.000 description 1
- XJDNKRIXUMDJCW-UHFFFAOYSA-J titanium tetrachloride Chemical compound Cl[Ti](Cl)(Cl)Cl XJDNKRIXUMDJCW-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007306 turnover Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003751 zinc Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
- C06D—MEANS FOR GENERATING SMOKE OR MIST; GAS-ATTACK COMPOSITIONS; GENERATION OF GAS FOR BLASTING OR PROPULSION (CHEMICAL PART)
- C06D3/00—Generation of smoke or mist (chemical part)
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D5/00—Heat treatments of cast-iron
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/08—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for tubular bodies or pipes
- C21D9/14—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for tubular bodies or pipes wear-resistant or pressure-resistant pipes
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02F—CYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02F1/00—Cylinders; Cylinder heads
- F02F1/18—Other cylinders
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02F—CYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02F1/00—Cylinders; Cylinder heads
- F02F1/18—Other cylinders
- F02F1/20—Other cylinders characterised by constructional features providing for lubrication
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Plant Pathology (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Glass Compositions (AREA)
- Air Bags (AREA)
- Fireproofing Substances (AREA)
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
- Aiming, Guidance, Guns With A Light Source, Armor, Camouflage, And Targets (AREA)
- Feeding, Discharge, Calcimining, Fusing, And Gas-Generation Devices (AREA)
- Curing Cements, Concrete, And Artificial Stone (AREA)
- Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
Description
Oppfinnelsen angår pyrotekniske tåkesatser som frembringer tåker som er ugjennomtrengelige i det synlige og infrarøde område. Tåkesatsene ifølge oppfinnelsen er definert i kravene. The invention relates to pyrotechnic fog kits that produce fogs that are impenetrable in the visible and infrared range. The mist rates according to the invention are defined in the claims.
Kunstig tåke anvendes i teknikken for å unngå frost Artificial fog is used in the technique to avoid frost
på plantefelter (spesielt ved frukt- og vindyrking). Herunder frembringer man vanligvis enten røktåke eller oljetåke eller sprøyter ut en fin vanntåke som i tillegg kan være stabili- on planting fields (especially when growing fruit and wine). This usually creates either smoke or oil mist or sprays out a fine water mist which can also be stable
sert ved hjelp av glycerol, fettalkoholer eller lignende stoffer, og som spres ut i et mer eller mindre tykt skikt over den beplanting som skal beskyttes, for å reflektere den fra jorden utstrålte varme og dermed hindre en avkjøling. served with the help of glycerol, fatty alcohols or similar substances, and which is spread out in a more or less thick layer over the vegetation to be protected, in order to reflect the heat radiated from the earth and thus prevent cooling.
For oppnåelse av dette formål må disse tåker opprettholdes For the achievement of this purpose, these fogs must be maintained
over lengre tidsrom, dvs. at tap som fås ved kondensasjon og vindbevegelse, stadig må erstattes ved løpende fremstil- over a longer period of time, i.e. that losses caused by condensation and wind movement must constantly be replaced during ongoing production
ling av ny tåke. Til dette formål anvendes der således stort sett kontinuerlig arbeidende anlegg. ling of new fog. For this purpose, plants that work continuously are used.
Kunstige tåker anvendes ytterligere fremfor alt i den militære sektor til kamuflasje av militæranlegg, troppeav-delinger og kjøretøyer. Spesielt ved beskyttelse av troppe-avdelinger og kjøretøyer kommer det an på å skjule disse kortvarig mot direkte innsikt fra fienden, og til dette for- Artificial fogs are further used above all in the military sector to camouflage military installations, troop units and vehicles. Especially when protecting troop units and vehicles, it is important to hide these for a short time from direct insight from the enemy, and for this purpose
mål blir der vanligvis i retning mot fienden skutt ut en pyroteknisk ladning som deler seg opp som en haglladning og danner et stort antall tåkefrembringende partikler som sørger for en meget rask og jevn tåkelegning av større om- target, a pyrotechnic charge is usually launched in the direction of the enemy, which splits up like a shot charge and forms a large number of fog-producing particles that ensure a very fast and uniform fog laying of larger areas
råder (se DE-B 30 31 369 og den der anførte litteratur). prevails (see DE-B 30 31 369 and the literature cited there).
Til dette formål er der kjent et stort antall forskjel-lige røk- og tåkeblandinger. Som eksempler kan der nevnes titantetraklorid, silisiumtetraklorid, klorsulfonsyre, resp. disses kombinasjoner med ammoniakk eller svoveltrioksid som væskeformet tåkedanner eller rødt fosfor, HC-blandinger (heksakloretan/zink/zinkoksid) og ammoniumperklorat/zinkoksid som faste tåkedannere. Ved bruk blir disse stoffer .omdannet til egnede produkter enten ved en sekundær forbrenningsreaksjon eller ved hjelp av den varme som frigjøres ved stoffenes omset-ning med hverandre. Avgjørende for kvaliteten av tåkedannelsen er den hastighet som tåken dannes med, tåkekonsentrasjonen og arten av dens utbredelse samt varigheten av tåkelegnin-gen. Tåkeblandinger som er egnet for alle disse formål, er allerede kjent (se DE-B 30 31 369). A large number of different smoke and fog mixtures are known for this purpose. Examples include titanium tetrachloride, silicon tetrachloride, chlorosulfonic acid, resp. their combinations with ammonia or sulfur trioxide as a liquid fog generator or red phosphorus, HC mixtures (hexachloroethane/zinc/zinc oxide) and ammonium perchlorate/zinc oxide as solid fog generators. When used, these substances are converted into suitable products either by a secondary combustion reaction or by means of the heat released when the substances interact with each other. Decisive for the quality of the fog formation is the speed with which the fog is formed, the fog concentration and the nature of its spread as well as the duration of the fog. Mist mixtures suitable for all these purposes are already known (see DE-B 30 31 369).
Der skal også henvises til DE-A 25 56 256, DE-A Reference should also be made to DE-A 25 56 256, DE-A
25 09 539, DE-A 18 12 027, DE-B 12 46 488, DE-A 30 12 405, DE-A 27 29 055, DE-A 27 43 363 og DE-A 19 13 790. 25 09 539, DE-A 18 12 027, DE-B 12 46 488, DE-A 30 12 405, DE-A 27 29 055, DE-A 27 43 363 and DE-A 19 13 790.
For en vidstrakt anvendelse i moderne forsvarsteknikk har imidlertid disse blandinger en helt vesentlig ulempe. Mens det tidligere spesielt kom an på å frembringe en tåke som var tettest mulig i synlig lys, har militære overvåknings-stasjoner idag også infrarødt-peileapparater og varmebilde-apparater som utnytter det forhold at militære mål som følge av sin energiomsetning sender ut en meget intens varmestrå-ling som kan oppdages på stor avstand. Da infrarød stråling ved bestemte bølgelengder absorberes effektivt som følge However, for a wide-ranging application in modern defense technology, these mixtures have a very significant disadvantage. While in the past it was particularly important to produce a fog that was as dense as possible in visible light, military monitoring stations today also have infrared tracking devices and thermal imaging devices that take advantage of the fact that military targets, as a result of their energy turnover, emit a very intense heat radiation that can be detected from a great distance. As infrared radiation at certain wavelengths is effectively absorbed as a result
av atmosfæriske bestanddeler som CC>2 og vanndamp, arbeider disse apparater fortrinnsvis i de såkalte "vinduer" i atmos-færen som ligger ved 0,7-1,5 um, 2-2,5 um, 3-5 um og 8-12 um. Spesielt forsøker man å arbeide i området 8-12 um, da forstyr-relser som følge av røk, dis og normal tåke antar et minimum i dette område. Omvendt er det hensikten med pyrotekniske tåkesatser å sikre en størst mulig absorpsjon eller reflek-sjon av IR-strålingen i dette området. of atmospheric constituents such as CC>2 and water vapour, these devices work preferably in the so-called "windows" in the atmosphere which lie at 0.7-1.5 µm, 2-2.5 µm, 3-5 µm and 8- 12 um. In particular, one tries to work in the area of 8-12 µm, as disturbances due to smoke, haze and normal fog assume a minimum in this area. Conversely, the purpose of pyrotechnic fog sets is to ensure the greatest possible absorption or reflection of the IR radiation in this area.
Videre inneholder de fleste pyrotekniske tåkesatser etsende, giftige eller sterkt sure komponenter såsom fosfor-pentoksid, saltsyre, svovelsyre og titan- eller zinksalter, som er usedvanlig skadelige for mennesker og planter i de konsentrasjoner som forekommer i tåker. Ved tilsetning av metalloksider, buffersubstanser og ammoniumforbindelser har man av denne grunn sørget for at den frembragte tåke i de fleste nåværende tåkesatser er nøytrale eller bare så sure som absolutt nødvendig. En oppgave ifølge oppfinnelsen ligger derfor også i å modifisere de kjente, tåkesatser slik at de så vidt mulig ikke reagerer surt. Furthermore, most pyrotechnic fog kits contain corrosive, toxic or strongly acidic components such as phosphorus pentoxide, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid and titanium or zinc salts, which are exceptionally harmful to humans and plants in the concentrations found in fogs. By adding metal oxides, buffer substances and ammonium compounds, it has therefore been ensured that the fog produced in most current fog kits is neutral or only as acidic as absolutely necessary. A task according to the invention therefore also lies in modifying the known mist kits so that, as far as possible, they do not react acidly.
Disse oppgaver blir overraskende løst ved de trekk These tasks are surprisingly solved by those moves
som er angitt i kravene, dvs. ved at man til de i og for seg kjente tåkesatser tilsetter en passende cesiumforbindelse which is stated in the requirements, i.e. by adding a suitable cesium compound to the fogging agents known per se
fortrinnsvis i en mengde på 0,5-50% og helst 5-25%. preferably in an amount of 0.5-50% and preferably 5-25%.
Ved denne tilsetning av cesiumforbindelser blir overraskende gjennomsiktigheten av tåkene med IR-lys, spesielt med bølgelengde på 3-5 og 8-12 um, helt avgjørende redusert, selv om det hittil ikke har vært mulig å fastslå hva denne virkning beror på. With this addition of cesium compounds, the transparency of the mists with IR light, especially with wavelengths of 3-5 and 8-12 µm, is surprisingly reduced, even though it has not been possible to determine what this effect is due to.
Som cesiumforbindelser kan der fortrinnsvis anvendes cesiumklorid, cesiumbromid, cesiumnitrat eller cesiumoksid. As cesium compounds, cesium chloride, cesium bromide, cesium nitrate or cesium oxide can preferably be used.
Det foretrekkes å benytte en cesiumforbindelse som har fått tilsatt en heksakloretansats med silisium og aluminium som metallpulver. Tåkesatsen kan fortrinnsvis inneholde 50-70 vektprosent heksakloretan, 20-40 vektprosent silisium- og/eller aluminiumpulver og 1-20% cesiumforbindelse. It is preferred to use a cesium compound to which a hexachloroethane mixture with silicon and aluminum has been added as metal powder. The mist batch can preferably contain 50-70% by weight hexachloroethane, 20-40% by weight silicon and/or aluminum powder and 1-20% cesium compound.
Da cesium-salter i det nære infrarød-område opptil Then cesium salts in the near infrared range up to
12 um som kjent ikke oppviser noen absorpsjon som kan føres tilbake til svingninger som cesiumioner tar del i (cesium-halogenider oppviser ingen svingninger og cesiumnitrat bare en svingning av nitratgruppen ved 7,2 um), kan virkningen ikke skyldes en absorpsjon av IR-lyset. Da de anvendte mengder er relativt små i forhold til mengden av hele tåkesatsen og bare utgjør gjennomsnittlig 25%, samtidig som de øvrige tåkedannende bestanddeler er tilstede i tilsvarende mindre mengde, kan heller ikke økningen av partikkeltallet i det dispergerte system være ansvarlig for virkningen. Da også synkehastigheten og kondenserbarheten av de dannede tåkeskyer ifølge observasjonene hittil ikke avviker fra verdiene for tilsvarende tåkesatser uten tilsetning av cesiumsalter, synes heller ikke en forbedring av spredningsvirkningen av de frem-stilte partikler å være ansvarlige for virkningen. Hvis man nemlig antar at Stokes<1> lov som en første tilnærming gjelder for disse partikler, dvs. at synkehastigheten er proposjonal med kvadratet av partikkeldiameteren, ville en økning av partikkeldiameteren fra 1 um i vanlige tåkesatser til 10 um, noe som vil være nødvendig for en effektiv spredning i IR-området på 8-12 um, bety en økning av synkehastigheten med en faktor på 100. Det må derfor være en sak for videre forskning å finne en tilfredsstillende teori for hvorfor de pyrotekniske tåkesatser ifølge oppfinnelsen har en tilfredsstillende tetthet både i det synlige og i det infrarøde området. 12 µm which is known to show no absorption traceable to oscillations in which cesium ions take part (cesium halides exhibit no oscillations and cesium nitrate only an oscillation of the nitrate group at 7.2 µm), the effect cannot be due to an absorption of the IR light . As the amounts used are relatively small in relation to the amount of the entire fog batch and only amount to an average of 25%, while the other fog-forming components are present in correspondingly smaller amounts, the increase in the number of particles in the dispersed system cannot be responsible for the effect either. As the sinking speed and condensability of the fog clouds formed, according to the observations so far, do not deviate from the values for corresponding fog rates without the addition of cesium salts, an improvement in the scattering effect of the produced particles also does not seem to be responsible for the effect. Namely, if one assumes that Stokes<1> law as a first approximation applies to these particles, i.e. that the sinking speed is proportional to the square of the particle diameter, an increase of the particle diameter from 1 um in normal fog rates to 10 um, which would be necessary for an effective dispersion in the IR range of 8-12 um, means an increase of the sinking speed by a factor of 100. It must therefore be a matter for further research to find a satisfactory theory for why the pyrotechnic fog sets according to the invention have a satisfactory density both in the visible and in the infrared range.
En annen hensikt med den foreliggende oppfinnelse er Another purpose of the present invention is
å øke tåkeutbyttet av fosforholdige tåkesatser. to increase the fog yield of phosphorus-containing fog sets.
De vanligvis anvendte metaller magnesium og titan fører til et askeinnhold etter avbrenning av tåkesatsene på 60-70%. The commonly used metals magnesium and titanium lead to an ash content of 60-70% after burning the fog batches.
Overraskende er det nå lykkes å øke effektiviteten Surprisingly, it has now succeeded in increasing efficiency
av slike tåkesatser ved at man istedenfor magnesium og titan anvender en zirkonium/nikkel-legering med fortrinnsvis 70% zirkonium og 30% nikkel. Askeinnholdet av slike satser kan på denne måte reduseres helt ned til 5%. Tilsetninger av bor virker i samme retning og forbedrer ytterligere IR-ab-sorpsjonen. Ved tilsetning av ammoniumklorid kan effektiviteten ytterligere økes. of such mist rates by using a zirconium/nickel alloy with preferably 70% zirconium and 30% nickel instead of magnesium and titanium. In this way, the ash content of such batches can be reduced all the way down to 5%. Additions of boron act in the same direction and further improve the IR absorption. By adding ammonium chloride, the efficiency can be further increased.
En tåkesats som inneholder en zirkonium/nikkel-legering, kan fortrinnsvis ha følgende sammensetning: Rødt fosfor 30-50% A fog kit containing a zirconium/nickel alloy can preferably have the following composition: Red phosphorus 30-50%
zirkonium/nikkel-legering 3-15% zirconium/nickel alloy 3-15%
bor 5-20% boron 5-20%
cesiumforbindelse 5-25% cesium compound 5-25%
og eventuelt aluminiumpulver i mengder på 3-20%. and possibly aluminum powder in amounts of 3-20%.
Etter eventuelt ammoniumklorid kan fortrinnsvis foreligge i mengder på 5-25%. After any ammonium chloride can preferably be present in amounts of 5-25%.
Den store fordel ved de foran beskrevne tåkesatser består i at de er passivt virksomme. Det .vil si at de ikke oppviser noen egen varmetoning og således ikke endrer omgi-velsesbildet i infrarødsikt-apparater. The big advantage of the above-described fog kits is that they are passively active. This means that they do not exhibit any heat tinting of their own and thus do not change the surrounding image in infrared vision devices.
I de følgende eksempler er en rekke tåkesatser ifølge oppfinnelsen sammenlignet med tilsvarende tåkesatser uten tilsetningen ifølge oppfinnelsen. In the following examples, a number of fogging kits according to the invention are compared with corresponding fogging kits without the addition according to the invention.
Eksempel 1 Example 1
Ammoniumperklorattåke. Ammonium perchlorate mist.
1,7 kg ammoniumperklorat, 1,5 kg zinkoksid, 0,8 kg polyklorisopren og 0,5 kg ammoniumklorid ble knadd til en deig med en oppløsning av 0,5 kg dioktylftalat i 1 liter metanol. Blandingen ble presset gjennom en sil med en maske-vidde på 0,3-0,5 mm og tørket på en rist. Det tørkede granu-lat ble deretter presset til presslegemer på ca. 50 g under et trykk på 500-1500 bar som angitt i DE-B 30 31 369. 20 presslegemer ble forenet med en tennsats som angitt i eksem- 1.7 kg of ammonium perchlorate, 1.5 kg of zinc oxide, 0.8 kg of polychloroisoprene and 0.5 kg of ammonium chloride were kneaded into a dough with a solution of 0.5 kg of dioctyl phthalate in 1 liter of methanol. The mixture was pressed through a sieve with a mesh size of 0.3-0.5 mm and dried on a grid. The dried granulate was then pressed into compression bodies of approx. 50 g under a pressure of 500-1500 bar as stated in DE-B 30 31 369. 20 pressing bodies were united with an ignition set as stated in example
pel 2 i DE-B 30 31 369 i en plast- eller metallhylse for dannelse av en ladning. pel 2 in DE-B 30 31 369 in a plastic or metal sleeve to form a charge.
Tennsatsen inneholdt følgende bestanddeler: magnesiumpulver (1,2 kg), vivianitt (0,9 kg), amorft bor (2,39 kg), pulverformet klorparafin (0,8 kg) og svartkruttmel (4,71 kg). Magnesiumpulveret og vivianitten ble først blandet sammen. Deretter ble klorparafinen oppløst i to liter perkloreten tilsatt og sammenblandet. Det amorfe bor ble så tilsatt og blandingen gjentatt i fem minutter. Som siste bestanddel ble svartkruttet tilsatt og blandet med de andre bestanddeler i ti minutter, hvoretter blandingen ble tørket og presset under et trykk på 1500 bar. The primer contained the following ingredients: magnesium powder (1.2 kg), vivianite (0.9 kg), amorphous boron (2.39 kg), powdered chlorinated paraffin (0.8 kg) and black powder (4.71 kg). The magnesium powder and vivianite were first mixed together. The chlorinated paraffin dissolved in two liters of perchlorethylene was then added and mixed together. The amorphous boron was then added and the mixing repeated for five minutes. As the last ingredient, the black powder was added and mixed with the other ingredients for ten minutes, after which the mixture was dried and pressed under a pressure of 1500 bar.
Den samme blanding som angitt foran ble dessuten blan- The same mixture as indicated above was also mixed
det med 0,4 kg cesiumnitrat og bearbeidet på samme måte til presslegemer på ca. 50 g. Som foran ble 20 presslegemer for- that with 0.4 kg of cesium nitrate and processed in the same way into compacts of approx. 50 g. As before, 20 pressing bodies were pre-
enet med en tennsats i en hylse for å danne en ladning. united with an igniter in a sleeve to form a charge.
For bedømmelse av tåkevirkningen ble tre hvite plater For judging the fogging effect, three white plates were used
som var oppvarmet til ca. 40°C oppstilt ved siden av hveran- which was heated to approx. 40°C placed next to each
dre i terrenget med en avstand på 10 m og observert på en avstand av 100 m med infrarødsikt-apparater og optiske sikt-apparater ved bølgelengder på 10 um, 3,5 um og 0,6 um. Tåkeladninger med den ovennevnte sammensetning ble skutt ut med en drivladning ca. 40-50 m foran målet, hvor der i løpet av sekunder dannet seg en 3-15 m høy og 25t40 m bred og dyp tåkevegg. Ved temperaturer på 22°C og en relativ luftfuktig- dre in the terrain at a distance of 10 m and observed at a distance of 100 m with infrared vision devices and optical vision devices at wavelengths of 10 µm, 3.5 µm and 0.6 µm. Fog charges with the above composition were launched with a propellant charge approx. 40-50 m in front of the target, where within seconds a 3-15 m high and 25t40 m wide and deep fog wall formed. At temperatures of 22°C and a relative humidity
het på 48% ble de nedenstående dekkforhold observert. at 48%, the following tire conditions were observed.
Med meget god forstås en tildekning på 95-100%, dvs. at målet ikke lenger kan skjelnes fra bakgrunnen. Med "god" forstås en tildekning på 80-95%, dvs. at målet nesten ikke kan bestemmes. Med "moderat" forstås en tildekning på 50-80%. Med "dårlig" forstås en tildekning på under 50%, noe som medfører at målet tydelig kan fastslås. Very good means coverage of 95-100%, i.e. that the target can no longer be distinguished from the background. By "good" is meant a coverage of 80-95%, i.e. that the target can hardly be determined. "Moderate" means a coverage of 50-80%. By "poor" is meant a coverage of less than 50%, which means that the target can be clearly determined.
Eksempel 2 Example 2
Heksakloretan-tåke Hexachloroethane mist
2,5 kg heksakloretan, 0,8 kg zinkoksid, 0,4 kg sili- 2.5 kg hexachloroethane, 0.8 kg zinc oxide, 0.4 kg silicon
ciumpulver, 0,3 kg aluminiumpulver og 0,3 kg amorft bor ble blandet intensivt og formet til en deig i et knaapparat med 2 kg av en 10%'s elastomerbindemiddeloppløsning i ace-ton. Blandingen ble bearbeidet til presslegemer på samme måte som i eksempel 1. Presslegemene ble isolert ved hjelp av et ytterligere overtrekk av metakrylharpiks og forenet til tåkeladninger i henhold til eksempel 1. cium powder, 0.3 kg of aluminum powder and 0.3 kg of amorphous boron were mixed intensively and formed into a dough in a kneader with 2 kg of a 10% elastomer binder solution in acetone. The mixture was processed into compacts in the same manner as in Example 1. The compacts were isolated by means of a further coating of methacrylic resin and combined into fog charges according to Example 1.
Den samme blanding som ovenfor, men med tilsetning av 1 kg cesiumnitrat ble bearbeidet til tåkeladninger på tilsvarende måte. The same mixture as above, but with the addition of 1 kg of cesium nitrate, was processed into fog charges in a similar way.
Tåkevirkningen bedømmes på samme måte som i eksempel 1, idet resultatene.er angitt i den nedenstående tabell. The fogging effect is assessed in the same way as in example 1, the results being given in the table below.
De dannede tåker hadde en pH-verdi på ca. 5-7. Elastomeren bestod av butadien. Polybutadien kan også anvendes. The mists formed had a pH value of approx. 5-7. The elastomer consisted of butadiene. Polybutadiene can also be used.
Eksempel 3 Example 3
Rød fosfortåke Red phosphorus mist
0,65 kg rødt fosfor, 0,15 kg jern(III)oksid, 0,15 kg aluminiumpulver og 0,15 kg magnesiumpulver ble knadd sammen med 0,2 kg 10%'s elastomerbinder og bearbeidet til presslegemer i henhold til eksempel 1. 0.65 kg of red phosphorus, 0.15 kg of iron (III) oxide, 0.15 kg of aluminum powder and 0.15 kg of magnesium powder were kneaded together with 0.2 kg of 10% elastomer binder and processed into compacts according to example 1 .
På samme måte ble blandinger som ytterligere inneholdt 0. 40 kg cesiumnitrat, bearbeidet til presslegemer. In the same way, mixtures which further contained 0.40 kg of cesium nitrate were processed into compacts.
Tåkevirkningen ble bestemt i henhold til eksempel The fog effect was determined according to Example
1, og følgende resultater ble oppnådd. 1, and the following results were obtained.
0,65 kg heksakloretan, 0,2 kg siliciumpulver og 0.65 kg of hexachloroethane, 0.2 kg of silicon powder and
0,15 kg aluminiumpulver ble blandet sammen og under svakt trykk presset inn i en hylse som var forbundet med en driv-og tennsats. 0.15 kg of aluminum powder was mixed together and pressed under slight pressure into a sleeve which was connected to a drive and ignition set.
På samme måte ble der bearbeidet blandinger som ytterligere inneholdt 0,01-0,10 kg cesiumklorid. In the same way, mixtures were processed which further contained 0.01-0.10 kg of cesium chloride.
Følgende tåkevirkning ble oppnådd: The following fog effect was achieved:
I de etterfølgende eksempler er der angitt oppskrifter som har vist seg gunstige. In the following examples, there are recipes that have proven to be beneficial.
Som bindemiddel anvendes butadien (polybutadien). Butadiene (polybutadiene) is used as a binder.
Eksempel 5 Example 5
Eksempel 6 Eksempel 7 Example 6 Example 7
Eksempel 8 Example 8
Eksempel 9 Eksempel 10 Eksempel 11 Eksempel 12 Eksempel 13 Eksempel 14 Eksempel 15 Eksempel 16 Eksempel 17 Eksempel 18 Example 9 Example 10 Example 11 Example 12 Example 13 Example 14 Example 15 Example 16 Example 17 Example 18
Cesiumbromid og cesiumjodid gir de samme resultater som cesiumklorid. Cesium bromide and cesium iodide give the same results as cesium chloride.
Claims (10)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE3238444A DE3238444C2 (en) | 1982-10-16 | 1982-10-16 | Pyrotechnic smoke packs |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
NO833739L NO833739L (en) | 1984-04-17 |
NO158375B true NO158375B (en) | 1988-05-24 |
NO158375C NO158375C (en) | 1988-08-31 |
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Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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NO833739A NO158375C (en) | 1982-10-16 | 1983-10-14 | PYROTECHNICAL TASK RATES. |
Country Status (14)
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EP (1) | EP0106334B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JPS6042194B2 (en) |
KR (1) | KR910000506B1 (en) |
AR (1) | AR231962A1 (en) |
AT (1) | ATE40101T1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA1237581A (en) |
DE (2) | DE3238444C2 (en) |
DK (1) | DK164665C (en) |
ES (1) | ES8602564A1 (en) |
FI (1) | FI76066C (en) |
IL (1) | IL69859A (en) |
NO (1) | NO158375C (en) |
SG (1) | SG80491G (en) |
ZA (1) | ZA837647B (en) |
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GB8820660D0 (en) * | 1988-09-01 | 1988-11-16 | Astra Holdings Plc | Smoke producing article |
DE4016854A1 (en) * | 1990-05-25 | 1991-11-28 | Diehl Gmbh & Co | Camouflage and swap device |
DE4327976C1 (en) * | 1993-08-19 | 1995-01-05 | Buck Chem Tech Werke | Flare charge for producing decoys |
DE19601506C2 (en) * | 1996-01-17 | 2000-05-18 | Rheinmetall W & M Gmbh | Method and device for generating a visual barrier using an artificial fog |
DE19914097A1 (en) * | 1999-03-27 | 2000-09-28 | Piepenbrock Pyrotechnik Gmbh | Pyrotechnic active mass for generating an aerosol that is highly emissive in the infrared and impenetrable in the visual |
DE19914033A1 (en) | 1999-03-27 | 2000-09-28 | Piepenbrock Pyrotechnik Gmbh | Process for generating a camouflage fog that is transparent on one side in the infrared spectral range |
DE10152023B4 (en) * | 2001-10-22 | 2005-06-16 | Buck Neue Technologien Gmbh | Shock insensitive smoke projectiles |
DE10308307B4 (en) * | 2003-02-26 | 2007-01-04 | Buck Neue Technologien Gmbh | Projectile and submunition with preload body |
JP4969841B2 (en) * | 2005-01-19 | 2012-07-04 | 日本工機株式会社 | Infrared shielding fuming composition |
JP4969842B2 (en) * | 2005-12-09 | 2012-07-04 | 日本工機株式会社 | Red phosphorus fuming composition and method for producing the same |
CN107021865A (en) * | 2017-05-26 | 2017-08-08 | 北京理工大学 | May interfere with visible ray, infrared and millimeter wave wide-band Smoke Material |
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DE378780C (en) * | 1922-05-03 | 1923-08-01 | Harry James Nichols | Smoke generator |
GB1454258A (en) * | 1972-08-23 | 1976-11-03 | Secr Defence | Smoke generating compositions |
DE3012405A1 (en) * | 1980-03-29 | 1981-10-01 | Pyrotechnische Fabrik F. Feistel GmbH + Co KG, 6719 Göllheim | COMBINATION FOG |
-
1982
- 1982-10-16 DE DE3238444A patent/DE3238444C2/en not_active Expired
-
1983
- 1983-09-19 DK DK426783A patent/DK164665C/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1983-09-28 IL IL69859A patent/IL69859A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1983-10-04 FI FI833595A patent/FI76066C/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1983-10-07 CA CA000438624A patent/CA1237581A/en not_active Expired
- 1983-10-11 KR KR1019830004813A patent/KR910000506B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1983-10-13 AR AR294526A patent/AR231962A1/en active
- 1983-10-14 ZA ZA837647A patent/ZA837647B/en unknown
- 1983-10-14 DE DE8383110260T patent/DE3378977D1/en not_active Expired
- 1983-10-14 NO NO833739A patent/NO158375C/en unknown
- 1983-10-14 EP EP83110260A patent/EP0106334B1/en not_active Expired
- 1983-10-14 ES ES526488A patent/ES8602564A1/en not_active Expired
- 1983-10-14 JP JP58191067A patent/JPS6042194B2/en not_active Expired
- 1983-10-14 AT AT83110260T patent/ATE40101T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1991
- 1991-10-05 SG SG804/91A patent/SG80491G/en unknown
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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EP0106334B1 (en) | 1989-01-18 |
DE3238444A1 (en) | 1984-08-02 |
ATE40101T1 (en) | 1989-02-15 |
ES526488A0 (en) | 1985-12-01 |
DK426783A (en) | 1984-04-17 |
FI76066C (en) | 1988-09-09 |
ES8602564A1 (en) | 1985-12-01 |
FI76066B (en) | 1988-05-31 |
CA1237581A (en) | 1988-06-07 |
EP0106334A2 (en) | 1984-04-25 |
IL69859A (en) | 1989-01-31 |
FI833595A (en) | 1984-04-17 |
DE3378977D1 (en) | 1989-02-23 |
JPS59131592A (en) | 1984-07-28 |
ZA837647B (en) | 1984-07-25 |
DK164665B (en) | 1992-07-27 |
FI833595A0 (en) | 1983-10-04 |
NO833739L (en) | 1984-04-17 |
DK164665C (en) | 1992-12-14 |
DE3238444C2 (en) | 1986-10-30 |
JPS6042194B2 (en) | 1985-09-20 |
SG80491G (en) | 1991-11-15 |
KR910000506B1 (en) | 1991-01-26 |
AR231962A1 (en) | 1985-04-30 |
DK426783D0 (en) | 1983-09-19 |
NO158375C (en) | 1988-08-31 |
EP0106334A3 (en) | 1985-12-04 |
KR840006473A (en) | 1984-11-30 |
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