NO126682B - - Google Patents
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- NO126682B NO126682B NO04011/71A NO401171A NO126682B NO 126682 B NO126682 B NO 126682B NO 04011/71 A NO04011/71 A NO 04011/71A NO 401171 A NO401171 A NO 401171A NO 126682 B NO126682 B NO 126682B
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- Prior art keywords
- cross
- tellurium
- stated
- oxide
- salt
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- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 37
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 claims description 36
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 19
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910001868 water Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000003431 cross linking reagent Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tellurium atom Chemical compound [Te] PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCO MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052714 tellurium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000002562 thickening agent Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 229920002521 macromolecule Polymers 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- FXADMRZICBQPQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N orthotelluric acid Chemical compound O[Te](O)(O)(O)(O)O FXADMRZICBQPQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- -1 alkali metal salt Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000008719 thickening Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000003498 tellurium compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- WGLPBDUCMAPZCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trioxochromium Chemical compound O=[Cr](=O)=O WGLPBDUCMAPZCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000423 chromium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000084 colloidal system Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- XERQTZLDFHNZIC-UHFFFAOYSA-L disodium;tellurate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-][Te]([O-])(=O)=O XERQTZLDFHNZIC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 description 25
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 10
- 229920002907 Guar gum Polymers 0.000 description 7
- 239000000665 guar gum Substances 0.000 description 7
- 235000010417 guar gum Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 229960002154 guar gum Drugs 0.000 description 7
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 7
- ZCCIPPOKBCJFDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium nitrate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O ZCCIPPOKBCJFDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- LPXPTNMVRIOKMN-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium nitrite Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]N=O LPXPTNMVRIOKMN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 4
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- TZRXHJWUDPFEEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)OCC(CO[N+]([O-])=O)(CO[N+]([O-])=O)CO[N+]([O-])=O TZRXHJWUDPFEEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000005474 detonation Methods 0.000 description 3
- LAJZODKXOMJMPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N tellurium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Te]=O LAJZODKXOMJMPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XTFIVUDBNACUBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)N1CN([N+]([O-])=O)CN([N+]([O-])=O)C1 XTFIVUDBNACUBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PAWQVTBBRAZDMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3-bromo-2-fluorophenyl)acetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC1=CC=CC(Br)=C1F PAWQVTBBRAZDMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000926 Galactomannan Polymers 0.000 description 2
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 2
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003721 gunpowder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 2
- KMUONIBRACKNSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium dichromate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-][Cr](=O)(=O)O[Cr]([O-])(=O)=O KMUONIBRACKNSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000001235 sensitizing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000010288 sodium nitrite Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- UMGDCJDMYOKAJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiourea Chemical compound NC(N)=S UMGDCJDMYOKAJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OMDQUFIYNPYJFM-XKDAHURESA-N (2r,3r,4s,5r,6s)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[[(2r,3s,4r,5s,6r)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-3-[(2s,3s,4s,5s,6r)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]methoxy]oxane-3,4,5-triol Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@H]1OC[C@@H]1[C@@H](O[C@H]2[C@H]([C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O2)O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)O1 OMDQUFIYNPYJFM-XKDAHURESA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-Dioxane Chemical compound C1COCCO1 RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SPSSULHKWOKEEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene Chemical compound CC1=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C1[N+]([O-])=O SPSSULHKWOKEEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SBASXUCJHJRPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethanol Chemical compound COCCOCCO SBASXUCJHJRPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XNWFRZJHXBZDAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-METHOXYETHANOL Chemical compound COCCO XNWFRZJHXBZDAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HZTVIZREFBBQMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methyl-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene;[3-nitrooxy-2,2-bis(nitrooxymethyl)propyl] nitrate Chemical compound CC1=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C1[N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+](=O)OCC(CO[N+]([O-])=O)(CO[N+]([O-])=O)CO[N+]([O-])=O HZTVIZREFBBQMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JHWIEAWILPSRMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methyl-3-pyrimidin-4-ylpropanoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(C)CC1=CC=NC=N1 JHWIEAWILPSRMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000519 Ferrosilicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920002581 Glucomannan Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000161 Locust bean gum Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910001209 Low-carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000020 Nitrocellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000000380 Nyssa aquatica Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000134552 Plantago ovata Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000003421 Plantago ovata Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000009223 Psyllium Substances 0.000 description 1
- CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N Sucrose Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@]1(CO)O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930006000 Sucrose Natural products 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 240000004584 Tamarindus indica Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000004298 Tamarindus indica Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005273 aeration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007900 aqueous suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium atom Chemical compound [Ba] DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003349 gelling agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxyacetaldehyde Natural products OCC=O WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003999 initiator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000711 locust bean gum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010420 locust bean gum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052752 metalloid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002738 metalloids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003607 modifier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920001220 nitrocellulos Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-M perchlorate Inorganic materials [O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N perchloric acid Chemical compound OCl(=O)(=O)=O VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012286 potassium permanganate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960001841 potassium permanganate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940070687 psyllium Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000012047 saturated solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005204 segregation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000002639 sodium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000005720 sucrose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000213 tara gum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010491 tara gum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- IIXQANVWKBCLEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N tellurium trioxide Chemical compound O=[Te](=O)=O IIXQANVWKBCLEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NDKWCCLKSWNDBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc;dioxido(dioxo)chromium Chemical compound [Zn+2].[O-][Cr]([O-])(=O)=O NDKWCCLKSWNDBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
- C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
- C06B47/00—Compositions in which the components are separately stored until the moment of burning or explosion, e.g. "Sprengel"-type explosives; Suspensions of solid component in a normally non-explosive liquid phase, including a thickened aqueous phase
- C06B47/14—Compositions in which the components are separately stored until the moment of burning or explosion, e.g. "Sprengel"-type explosives; Suspensions of solid component in a normally non-explosive liquid phase, including a thickened aqueous phase comprising a solid component and an aqueous phase
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Colloid Chemistry (AREA)
- Solid Fuels And Fuel-Associated Substances (AREA)
- Compounds Of Alkaline-Earth Elements, Aluminum Or Rare-Earth Metals (AREA)
Description
Vandig gel for et oppslemmet sprengstoff Aqueous gel for a slurry explosive
og fremgangsmåte for fremstilling av samme. and method for producing the same.
Oppfinnelsen vedrører fortykkede, vandige geler egnet for oppslemmede sprengstoffer, fremstilling av slike geler og oppslemmede sprengstoffer som inneholder slike geler. De vandige geler er også verdifulle, generelle binde- og fortykningsmidler. The invention relates to thickened, aqueous gels suitable for slurried explosives, the production of such gels and slurried explosives containing such gels. The aqueous gels are also valuable general binders and thickeners.
Sprengstoffblandinger som omfatter et oksygen-avgivende salt, f.eks. ammoniumnitrat, et løsningsmiddel eller en bærer for saltet, et fortykningsmiddel og et brennstoff er velkjente. Disse blandinger betegnes ofte som oppslemmede sprengstoffblandinger eller, mer generelt, oppslemmede sprengstoffer. Slike oppslemmede sprengstoffer kan variere i grad av fasthet eller konsistens, fra høyviskøse, plastaktige, ekstruderbare blandinger til mindre viskøse, pumpbare eller hellbare, væskeaktige blandinger. Oppslemmede sprengstoffer av ovenfor nevnte typer inneholder normalt som essensielle ingredienser velkjente kraftøkende materialer og brennstoffer, f.eks. findelt lettmetall eller findelt karbon. I noen tilfeller er det fordelaktig å tilsette i blandingen en selveksplosiv brennstoffingrediens, f.eks. partikkelformet TNT, PETN eller røksvakt krutt for ytterligere å for-bedre sensitiviteten og/eller styrken, slik at detonering og ut-bredelse sikres. Et vidt område av slike blandinger er nå kjent på området. Explosive mixtures comprising an oxygen-releasing salt, e.g. ammonium nitrate, a solvent or carrier for the salt, a thickener and a fuel are well known. These mixtures are often referred to as slurried explosive mixtures or, more generally, slurried explosives. Such slurried explosives can vary in degree of firmness or consistency, from highly viscous, plastic-like, extrudable mixtures to less viscous, pumpable or pourable, liquid-like mixtures. Slurry explosives of the above-mentioned types normally contain as essential ingredients well-known power-increasing materials and fuels, e.g. finely divided light metal or finely divided carbon. In some cases, it is advantageous to add a self-explosive fuel ingredient to the mixture, e.g. particulate TNT, PETN or smokeless gunpowder to further improve sensitivity and/or strength, so that detonation and propagation are ensured. A wide range of such mixtures is now known in the art.
Av viktigst kommersiell interesse er de vannbårne sprengstoffeppslemminger hvor vann utgjør den største andel av den flytende bærer eller dispergeringsmidlet for de faste ingredienser i sprengstoffblandingen. Selv om disse vannbårne sprengstoff-oppslemminger er i besittelse av mange fordeler, f. eks. økonomi ved fremstillingen og anvendelsen og av minsket ri-siko, er de imidlertid generelt tilbøyelige til segregering av de faste og flytende ingredienser, både når de pakkes i beholdere og når de plasseres direkte i et borehull. Disse oppslemmede sprengstoffer er også utsatt for fortynning ved hjelp av vann som kan være tilstede i borehullet, og dette vannet kan utlute vannløse-lige ingredienser og resultere i eventuell detoneringssvikt. For å overvinne problemene med vann-angrep og vanngjennomtrengning har produsenter av vannbårne sprengstoff-oppslemminger anvendt et vidt område av fortykningsmidler som essensielle komponenter i oppslemmingene i den hensikt å få ingrediensene til å henge sammen i form av ikke-segregerende geler som vil motstå angrep av overskuddsvann og således overvinne det forannevnte problemer. Of most commercial interest are the water-borne explosive slurries where water constitutes the largest proportion of the liquid carrier or dispersant for the solid ingredients in the explosive mixture. Although these waterborne explosive slurries possess many advantages, e.g. economy of manufacture and use and of reduced risk, however, they are generally prone to segregation of the solid and liquid ingredients, both when packed in containers and when placed directly in a borehole. These slurried explosives are also subject to dilution by water that may be present in the borehole, and this water can leach out water-soluble ingredients and result in possible detonation failure. To overcome the problems of water attack and water penetration, manufacturers of waterborne explosive slurries have used a wide range of thickeners as essential components of the slurries in order to make the ingredients stick together in the form of non-segregating gels that will resist attack by surplus water and thus overcome the aforementioned problems.
Det er kjent mange fortyknings- eller gelerings-midler som har vært anvendt med varierende grad av suksess, enten alene eller i kombinasjon, i vannbårne sprengstoffoppslemminger. således anvendes vanligvis makromolekylære forbindelser som inneholder vicinale cis-hydroksylgrupper, og disse er fordelaktig kryssbundet med kryssbindingsmidler som fester seg til cis-hydroksyl-gruppene. Eksempler på de mest brukte av disse fortykningsmidler er galaktomannanene, spesielt guar-gummi, og disse har vært kryssbundet med f.eks. natriumdikromat, kaliumdikromat, sink-kromat eller kaliumantimonat. Disse oppslemmede sprengstoffer har imidlertid ikke vært helt vellykkete på grunn av synerese under lagring, spesielt ved forhøyete temperaturer og med spreng-stof fblandinger som inneholder kalsiumnitrat. Many thickening or gelling agents are known which have been used with varying degrees of success, either alone or in combination, in waterborne explosive slurries. thus macromolecular compounds containing vicinal cis-hydroxyl groups are usually used, and these are advantageously cross-linked with cross-linking agents which attach to the cis-hydroxyl groups. Examples of the most commonly used of these thickeners are the galactomannans, especially guar gum, and these have been cross-linked with e.g. sodium dichromate, potassium dichromate, zinc chromate or potassium antimonate. However, these slurry explosives have not been entirely successful due to syneresis during storage, particularly at elevated temperatures and with explosive mixtures containing calcium nitrate.
Det er et formål med oppfinnelsen å tilveiebringe en gel som egner seg for fortykning av vandig oppslemmet sprengstoff, idet denne gelen må være stabil ved forhøyete temperaturer selv i nærvær av kalsiumnitrat. It is an object of the invention to provide a gel which is suitable for thickening aqueous slurry explosives, as this gel must be stable at elevated temperatures even in the presence of calcium nitrate.
Det er nå funnet at forbedrete, vandige geler som egner seg for oppslemmede sprengstoffer fortykket med visse cis-hydroksylerte forbindelser kan fremstilles ved kryssbinding av fortykningsmidlet med et oksyd, en syre eller et salt av tellur (VI). således kan det lett fremstilles geler av en seig, gummiaktig konsistens. It has now been found that improved aqueous gels suitable for slurried explosives thickened with certain cis-hydroxylated compounds can be prepared by cross-linking the thickener with an oxide, acid or salt of tellurium (VI). thus, gels of a tough, rubbery consistency can easily be produced.
I overensstemmelse med oppfinnelsen omfatter således en vandig gel som egner seg for bruk i en oppslemmet spreng-stof fblanding, som fortykningsmidde1 en vandig løsning av en makromolekylær forbindelse som inneholder vicinale cis-hydroksylgrupper kryssbundet med et oksyd av tellur (VI) eller en syre fremstilt av det nevnte oksyd eller et salt av syren. Det makromolekylære fortykningsmiddel kan gjerne omfatte en galaktoman-nan-gummi, en glukomannangummi, glukoksylgalaktangummi eller en xylogalaktangummi, f.eks. guargummi, lokustbønnegummi, tara-gummi, Ilesmannan-gummi, tamarindgummi eller psylliumfrøgummi. Kryssbindingsmidlet er med fordel telluroksyd, tellursyre eller et alkalimetallsalt av tellursyre, f.eks. natriumtellurat. Thus, in accordance with the invention, an aqueous gel suitable for use in a slurry explosive mixture, as a thickening agent1, comprises an aqueous solution of a macromolecular compound containing vicinal cis-hydroxyl groups cross-linked with an oxide of tellurium (VI) or an acid prepared of said oxide or a salt of the acid. The macromolecular thickener may preferably comprise a galactomannan gum, a glucomannan gum, glucoxylgalactan gum or a xylogalactan gum, e.g. guar gum, locust bean gum, tara gum, Ilesmannan gum, tamarind gum or psyllium gum. The crosslinking agent is advantageously telluric oxide, telluric acid or an alkali metal salt of telluric acid, e.g. sodium tellurate.
For bruk i et oppslemmet sprengstoff kan gelen med fordel inneholde minst ett uorganisk oksygen-avgivende salt. For use in a slurry explosive, the gel can advantageously contain at least one inorganic oxygen-releasing salt.
En foretrukket, vandig gel for bruk i oppslemmede sprengstoffblandinger inneholder fra 15 til 83 vektdeler av minst ett uorganisk, oksygen-avgivende salt, fra 10 til 30 vektdeler vann og fra 0,2 til 10 vektdeler kryssbundet cis-hydroksylert, makromolekylært fortykningsmiddel hvor kryssbindingsmidlet anvendes i mengder i området 1 til 30 vekt-% av kolloidet. A preferred aqueous gel for use in slurried explosive mixtures contains from 15 to 83 parts by weight of at least one inorganic, oxygen-releasing salt, from 10 to 30 parts by weight of water and from 0.2 to 10 parts by weight of cross-linked cis-hydroxylated macromolecular thickener wherein the cross-linking agent is used in amounts in the range of 1 to 30% by weight of the colloid.
Det uorganiske, oksygen-avgivende salt kan passende omfatte et nitrat eller perklorat av ammoniakk, natrium, kalium, barium eller kalsium eller magnesium, eller en blanding av to eller flere av disse forbindelser. Gelene i henhold til oppfinnelsen oppviser en meget høy grad av toleranse overfor elek-trolytter og kan lages i mettede løsninger av hvilke som helst av disse salter eller blandinger av dem. The inorganic oxygen-releasing salt may suitably comprise a nitrate or perchlorate of ammonia, sodium, potassium, barium or calcium or magnesium, or a mixture of two or more of these compounds. The gels according to the invention exhibit a very high degree of tolerance towards electrolytes and can be made in saturated solutions of any of these salts or mixtures thereof.
De oppslemmede sprengstoffer i henhold til oppfinnelsen omfatter den ovenfor beskrevne gel som inneholder uorganisk, oksygen-avgivende salt blandet med et sensitiverende brennstoff. Brennstoffet utgjør fortrinnsvis fra 5 til 55 vekt-% av sprengstoffet. The slurry explosives according to the invention comprise the gel described above which contains inorganic, oxygen-releasing salt mixed with a sensitizing fuel. The fuel preferably makes up from 5 to 55% by weight of the explosive.
Brennstoffet kan være vannløselig eller vann-uløselig, eksplosivt eller ikke-eksplosivt. Uløselige brennstoffer omfatter gjerne partikkelformet lettmetall eller metalloid, f.eks. , findelt aluminium, aluminiumlegering, silisium, ferrosilisium, ferrofosfor, partikkelformete, organiske eksplosiver, svovel eller karbonholdig materiale. The fuel can be water-soluble or water-insoluble, explosive or non-explosive. Insoluble fuels often include particulate light metal or metalloid, e.g. , finely divided aluminium, aluminum alloy, silicon, ferrosilicon, ferrophosphorus, particulate, organic explosives, sulfur or carbonaceous material.
Nyttige, partikkelformete, organiske eksplosiver som kan brukes i blandingene, omfatter f.eks. TNT, PETN, cyklotri-metylentrinitramin (RDX), "Composition B" (blanding av TNT og RDX), "Pentolite" (blanding av PETN og TNT), røksvakt krutt, nitrocellulose, nitrostivelse og blandinger av disse. Useful particulate organic explosives that can be used in the mixtures include e.g. TNT, PETN, cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX), "Composition B" (mixture of TNT and RDX), "Pentolite" (mixture of PETN and TNT), smokeless gunpowder, nitrocellulose, nitrostarch and mixtures thereof.
Egnete, løselige brennstoffer omfatter glykol, dietylenglykol, dioksan, metyl-cellosolve, metylkarbitol, sukrose, urinstoff eller tiourinstoff. Monomere, løselige brennstoffer bør fortrinnsvis ikke omfatte forbindelser som inneholder cis-hydroksylgrupper (f.eks. glycerol), da disse forbindelser kunne reagere med kryssbindingsmidlet. Suitable soluble fuels include glycol, diethylene glycol, dioxane, methyl cellosolve, methyl carbitol, sucrose, urea or thiourea. Monomeric, soluble fuels should preferably not include compounds containing cis-hydroxyl groups (eg glycerol), as these compounds could react with the cross-linking agent.
Blandingene kan også inneholde modifiseringsmidler, f. eks. tetthets-reguleringsmidl.er. således er det generelt fordelaktig å inkorporere et gassingsmiddel, f.eks. natriumnitritt, i en blanding som ikke inneholder noen selv-eksplosiv sensitiv-ator. The mixtures may also contain modifiers, e.g. density-regulating agents. thus it is generally advantageous to incorporate a gasifying agent, e.g. sodium nitrite, in a mixture containing no self-explosive sensitizer.
Oppfinnelsen omfatter også en fremgangsmåte for fremstilling av en vandig gel som er egnet for bruk i et oppslemmet sprengstoff, hvor en makromolekylær, fortykkende forbindelse som inneholder vicinale cis-hydroksylgrupper oppløst i vann, kryssbindes med et oksyd av tellur (VI), eller en syre fremstilt av det nevnte oksyd, eller et salt av den nevnte syre. The invention also includes a method for producing an aqueous gel suitable for use in a slurry explosive, where a macromolecular thickening compound containing vicinal cis-hydroxyl groups dissolved in water is cross-linked with an oxide of tellurium (VI), or an acid produced from the said oxide, or a salt of the said acid.
I henhold til en egnet fremgangsmåte dispergeres den makromolekylære forbindelse i et ikke-løsningsmiddel, flytende miljø, f.eks. dietylenglykol, og tilsettes til en løsning av kryssbindingsmidlet i vannet som også kan ha det uorganiske, oksygen-avgivende salt oppløst. Alternativt er det også bekvemt å dispergere den makromolekylære forbindelse og kryssbindingsmidlet i et ikke-løsningsmiddel, flytende miljø og å tilsette dispersjonen til vann eller en vandig løsning av oksygen-avgivende salt. Noen få timer etter at fortykningsmidlet og kryssbindingsmidlet er oppløst i vann, er kryssbindingsreaksjonen komplett, og løsningen har forandret seg til en gummiaktig gel. Kryssbindingsmidlet kan tilsettes som det er til den fortykkede gelblanding eller dannes in situ i blandingen, under blandeoperasjonen, ved tilsetning av en téllur-frbindelse som inneholder tellur i et lav-valent oksydasjonstrinn og et oksydasjonsmiddel for å omdanne tellur til det nødvendige, høye oksydasjonstrinn. således kan en forbindelse som inneholder tellur (IV) og hydrogenperoksyd, kromoksyd eller et alkalimetalldikromat, peroksyd eller permanganat, tilsettes til blandingen for dannelse av et kryssbindingsmiddel som inneholder tellur (VI). According to a suitable method, the macromolecular compound is dispersed in a non-solvent, liquid medium, e.g. diethylene glycol, and is added to a solution of the cross-linking agent in the water which may also have the inorganic, oxygen-releasing salt dissolved. Alternatively, it is also convenient to disperse the macromolecular compound and the cross-linking agent in a non-solvent, liquid environment and to add the dispersion to water or an aqueous solution of oxygen-releasing salt. A few hours after the thickener and cross-linking agent are dissolved in water, the cross-linking reaction is complete and the solution has changed to a rubbery gel. The cross-linking agent can be added as is to the thickened gel mixture or formed in situ in the mixture, during the mixing operation, by adding a tellurium compound containing tellurium in a low-valent oxidation state and an oxidizing agent to convert tellurium to the required high oxidation state. thus, a compound containing tellurium (IV) and hydrogen peroxide, chromium oxide or an alkali metal dichromate, peroxide or permanganate may be added to the mixture to form a cross-linking agent containing tellurium (VI).
Kryssbindingsreaksjonen går hurtigere når løsningen er svakt sur, så det er fordelaktig å surgjøre oppslemmingen. The cross-linking reaction goes faster when the solution is slightly acidic, so it is advantageous to acidify the slurry.
De vandige geler og oppslemmede sprengstoffer i henhold til oppfinnelsen har i høy grad forbedret stabiliteten ved for-høyete temperaturer og i lengre lagringsperioder. De er stabile over et pH-område fra under 4 til over 10 og er meget vannre-sistente. The aqueous gels and slurried explosives according to the invention have greatly improved stability at elevated temperatures and during longer storage periods. They are stable over a pH range from below 4 to above 10 and are very water-resistant.
Oppfinnelsen skal i det følgende illustreres ved hjelp av eksempler, hvor alle deler og prosenter angir vekt. In what follows, the invention will be illustrated by means of examples, where all parts and percentages indicate weight.
Eksempler 1- 4. Examples 1-4.
Disse eksempler var vandige geler som inneholdt guar-gummi kryssbundet i forskjellig grad. These examples were aqueous gels containing varying degrees of cross-linked guar gum.
Ved fremstilling av disse eksempler ble det laget 4 løsninger som inneholdt varierende mengder av tellursyre, og til disse ble tilsatt dispersjoner av guargummi i dietylenglykol. I hvert tilfelle dannet det seg først en pasta, men etter flere timer inntrådte gel-dannelse i varierende grad av stivhet, som beskrevet i tabell 1. When preparing these examples, 4 solutions containing varying amounts of telluric acid were made, and dispersions of guar gum in diethylene glycol were added to these. In each case, a paste first formed, but after several hours, gel formation occurred with varying degrees of stiffness, as described in Table 1.
Eksempler 5- 9 Examples 5-9
Disse eksempler var vandige gelbaser som inneholdt oppløst, uorganisk oksydasjonssalt. Sammensetningene var som angitt i tabell 2. Ved fremstilling av gelene ble ammoniumnitratet, kalsiumnitratet, vannet og tellurforbindelsen blandet sammen og pH-verdien justert ved tilsetning av salpetersyre, til 4,5-6,0, oppslemmet sprengstoffs normale pH-verdi. Guargummien ble så tilsatt som en dispersjon i dietylenglykolen. These examples were aqueous gel bases containing dissolved inorganic oxidation salt. The compositions were as indicated in table 2. When preparing the gels, the ammonium nitrate, calcium nitrate, water and tellurium compound were mixed together and the pH value was adjusted by adding nitric acid to 4.5-6.0, the normal pH value of slurry explosives. The guar gum was then added as a dispersion in the diethylene glycol.
Etter lagring ved 50°C i 12 timer ble det i hvert tilfelle fremstilt en fast/, gummiaktig gel som holdt seg stabil ved 50°C i minst 3 måneder. After storage at 50°C for 12 hours, a firm/gummy gel was produced in each case which remained stable at 50°C for at least 3 months.
Eksempler 10 - 13 Examples 10 - 13
Disse eksempler var oppslemmede sprengstoffer med følgende sammensetninger og egenskaper som er vist i tabell 3. Ved fremstilling av blandingene ble en blanding som inneholdt These examples were slurried explosives with the following compositions and properties which are shown in table 3. When preparing the mixtures, a mixture containing
de oksygen-avgivende salter, vann og guargummi (på forhånd dis-pergert i etylenglykolen) surgjort til pH 5,0 med eddiksyre, opp-varmet til 50°C og holdt ved denne temperatur i ca. 3 timer til guargummien var fullstendig oppløst. En vandig løsning eller sus-pensjon av tellurforbindelsen ble tilsatt, fulgt av en blanding av atomisert aluminium og sensitiverende brennstoff. Eksempel 12 ble sensitivert ved lufting med natriumnitritt som ble tilsatt tilslutt til blandingen. I hvert tilfelle ble det etter 12 timer fremstilt en kryssbundet, gummiaktig gel som var meget stabil og the oxygen-releasing salts, water and guar gum (previously dispersed in the ethylene glycol) acidified to pH 5.0 with acetic acid, heated to 50°C and kept at this temperature for approx. 3 hours until the guar gum was completely dissolved. An aqueous solution or suspension of the tellurium compound was added, followed by a mixture of atomized aluminum and sensitizing fuel. Example 12 was sensitized by aeration with sodium nitrite which was added at the end to the mixture. In each case, after 12 hours a cross-linked, rubbery gel was produced which was very stable and
resistent overfor vann. Ingen synerese var påvisbar etter lagring av sprengstoffblandingene i 6 måneder ved 50°C. Minimum-initiatoren og hastigheten for detoneringen ble målt på prøver som ble avfyrt i 6 mm tykke rør av bløtt stål. resistant to water. No syneresis was detectable after storage of the explosive mixtures for 6 months at 50°C. The minimum initiator and the speed of detonation were measured on samples fired in 6 mm thick mild steel tubes.
Eksempel 14 Example 14
Blandingen i henhold til dette eksempel var den samme som i eksempel 10 med unntakelse av at tellursyren ble erstattet med 0,01 del av tellur (IV)-oksyd og, etter at alle ingrediensene var blandet som beskrevet i eksempel 10, ble 0,007 del kalium-permanganat tilsatt for å oksydere tellur (IV)-oksydet til tellur (VI)-oksyd. Egenskapene til sprengstoffblandingen var de samme som i eksempel 10. The mixture according to this example was the same as in Example 10 except that the telluric acid was replaced by 0.01 part of tellurium (IV) oxide and, after all the ingredients were mixed as described in Example 10, 0.007 part of potassium -permanganate added to oxidize the tellurium (IV) oxide to tellurium (VI) oxide. The properties of the explosive mixture were the same as in Example 10.
Eksempel 15 Example 15
Dette eksempel hadde samme sammensetning og ble frem- This example had the same composition and was produced
stilt på samme måte som eksempel 14 med unntakelse av at oksyda-sjonsmidlet som ble brukt, var 0,007 del natriumdikrornat. Egen- set in the same way as example 14 with the exception that the oxidizing agent used was 0.007 part sodium dichloronate. Own-
skapene var de samme som i eksempel 10. the cabinets were the same as in example 10.
Claims (10)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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GB5669470 | 1970-11-30 |
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FR (1) | FR2115993A5 (en) |
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GB1317328A (en) * | 1970-11-30 | 1973-05-16 | Ici Ltd | Slurry explosives |
GB1317327A (en) * | 1970-11-30 | 1973-05-16 | Ici Ltd | Slurry explosives |
US4439254A (en) * | 1982-04-05 | 1984-03-27 | Atlas Powder Company | Solid sensitizers in water gel explosives and method |
US5189249A (en) * | 1991-11-14 | 1993-02-23 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Gel propellant ammunition |
EP1629558A4 (en) * | 2003-03-26 | 2007-09-26 | Osram Sylvania Inc | Tungsten-based electrocatalyst and fuel cell containing same |
RU2591946C2 (en) * | 2014-06-24 | 2016-07-20 | Владимир Эдуардович Анников | Method of producing gel-like water-containing explosive composition |
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US3251781A (en) * | 1961-08-21 | 1966-05-17 | Gen Mills Inc | Organo-metallic gel-producing compositions and processes for preparing organo-metallic gels |
US3400026A (en) * | 1967-01-16 | 1968-09-03 | Du Pont | Thickened aqueous inorganic oxidizer salt explosive composition containing dissolvedproteinaceous material |
US3451868A (en) * | 1967-05-04 | 1969-06-24 | Du Pont | Water-bearing explosive compositions gelled with polymeric amide-aldehyde and method of making same |
US3445305A (en) * | 1967-06-02 | 1969-05-20 | Du Pont | Gelation of galactomannan containing water-bearing explosives |
US3728173A (en) * | 1969-10-17 | 1973-04-17 | Intermountain Res & Eng Co Inc | Dense explosive slurry compositions of high energy containing a gum mixture |
GB1317328A (en) * | 1970-11-30 | 1973-05-16 | Ici Ltd | Slurry explosives |
GB1317327A (en) * | 1970-11-30 | 1973-05-16 | Ici Ltd | Slurry explosives |
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- 1970-11-30 GB GB5669470A patent/GB1317328A/en not_active Expired
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- 1971-10-26 IE IE1355/71A patent/IE35934B1/en unknown
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- 1971-11-08 US US00196797A patent/US3734864A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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- 1971-11-11 SE SE7114436A patent/SE386158B/en unknown
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US3734864A (en) | 1973-05-22 |
IE35934L (en) | 1972-05-30 |
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ES397467A1 (en) | 1975-03-16 |
AU3570671A (en) | 1973-05-24 |
DE2159382A1 (en) | 1972-06-29 |
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OA03847A (en) | 1971-12-24 |
SE386158B (en) | 1976-08-02 |
US3784421A (en) | 1974-01-08 |
ZA717564B (en) | 1973-06-27 |
IE35934B1 (en) | 1976-07-07 |
BE775302A (en) | 1972-05-12 |
CA945764A (en) | 1974-04-23 |
GB1317328A (en) | 1973-05-16 |
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