NO124503B - - Google Patents

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Publication number
NO124503B
NO124503B NO168528A NO16852867A NO124503B NO 124503 B NO124503 B NO 124503B NO 168528 A NO168528 A NO 168528A NO 16852867 A NO16852867 A NO 16852867A NO 124503 B NO124503 B NO 124503B
Authority
NO
Norway
Prior art keywords
skin
heat
foam
during
reaction
Prior art date
Application number
NO168528A
Other languages
Norwegian (no)
Inventor
O Hakonsen
Original Assignee
Sintef
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Sintef filed Critical Sintef
Priority to NO168528A priority Critical patent/NO124503B/no
Priority to GB25890/68A priority patent/GB1224246A/en
Priority to US734423A priority patent/US3518673A/en
Priority to SE07472/68A priority patent/SE352173B/xx
Priority to DE19681766526 priority patent/DE1766526B1/en
Priority to FR1567838D priority patent/FR1567838A/fr
Publication of NO124503B publication Critical patent/NO124503B/no

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Classifications

    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01QANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q21/00Antenna arrays or systems
    • H01Q21/06Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart
    • H01Q21/22Antenna units of the array energised non-uniformly in amplitude or phase, e.g. tapered array or binomial array
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01SRADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S1/00Beacons or beacon systems transmitting signals having a characteristic or characteristics capable of being detected by non-directional receivers and defining directions, positions, or position lines fixed relatively to the beacon transmitters; Receivers co-operating therewith
    • G01S1/02Beacons or beacon systems transmitting signals having a characteristic or characteristics capable of being detected by non-directional receivers and defining directions, positions, or position lines fixed relatively to the beacon transmitters; Receivers co-operating therewith using radio waves
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01QANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q11/00Electrically-long antennas having dimensions more than twice the shortest operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q11/02Non-resonant antennas, e.g. travelling-wave antenna
    • H01Q11/10Logperiodic antennas
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01QANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q19/00Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic
    • H01Q19/28Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using a secondary device in the form of two or more substantially straight conductive elements
    • H01Q19/30Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using a secondary device in the form of two or more substantially straight conductive elements the primary active element being centre-fed and substantially straight, e.g. Yagi antenna
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01QANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q21/00Antenna arrays or systems
    • H01Q21/06Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01QANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q21/00Antenna arrays or systems
    • H01Q21/06Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart
    • H01Q21/08Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart the units being spaced along or adjacent to a rectilinear path

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
  • Remote Sensing (AREA)
  • Variable-Direction Aerials And Aerial Arrays (AREA)
  • Casting Or Compression Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)

Description

Framgangsmåte ved framstilling av skumplastlegemer av eksotermt esende og herdnende plastkomposisjoner. Procedure for the production of foam plastic bodies from exothermically evaporating and hardening plastic compositions.

_ Oppfinnelsen vedrører framgangsmåte for framstilling av skumplastlegemer av eksotermt esende og herdnende plastkomposisjoner, og da spesielt overflaten på _ The invention relates to a procedure for the production of foam plastic bodies from exothermically evaporating and hardening plastic compositions, and in particular the surface of

skumplastlegemer av den art som fåes ved å la en substansblanding ese fritt opp mens den fortrinsvis befinner seg på et underlag av en eller annen art, f. eks. i en oppad åpen form. Mere spesielt angår oppfinnelsen slike komposisjoner som utvik-ler reaksjonsvarme under de prosesser som bevirker esning og herdning, og hvor denne varme i seg selv kan være virksom ved understøttelse av esning og herdning. foam plastic bodies of the kind obtained by allowing a mixture of substances to rise freely while it is preferably located on a substrate of one kind or another, e.g. in an upward open form. More particularly, the invention relates to such compositions which develop heat of reaction during the processes which effect etching and hardening, and where this heat in itself can be effective in supporting etching and hardening.

Den for tiden mest aktuelle represen-tant for de materialer som med fordel kan behandles ifølge oppfinnelsen, er polyure-tanet. Ved framstillingen av polyuretan-skumlegemer blander man raskt sammen polyestre eller polyetre, polyisocyanater, vann, en aktivator, og eventuelt spesielle tilsatser, og lar blandingen strømme ut på et gjerne kontinuerlig beveget underlag. Blandingen begynner nesten straks å ese opp, og den samtidig inntredende herding er i alt vesentlig fullført så tidlig at de oppskummende legemer ikke i nevneverdig grad synker sammen, (slik de ville gjøre om de bestod av et ikke-herdnende, f. eks. et termoplastisk materiale). På denne måte framstiller man lange blokker av polyuretanskum, med et tverrsnitt på gjerne 120x 20—25 cm, og av disse blokker skjærer man da de plater, tråder eller profiler som re-presenterer handelsvaren. The currently most relevant representative of the materials that can be advantageously treated according to the invention is the polyurethane. In the production of polyurethane foam bodies, polyesters or polyethers, polyisocyanates, water, an activator, and possibly special additives are quickly mixed together, and the mixture is allowed to flow onto a preferably continuously moving substrate. The mixture begins to rise almost immediately, and the simultaneously occurring hardening is essentially completed so early that the foaming bodies do not sink together to any significant extent, (as they would do if they consisted of a non-hardening, e.g. a thermoplastic material). In this way, long blocks of polyurethane foam are produced, with a cross-section of preferably 120x20-25 cm, and from these blocks the plates, threads or profiles that represent the merchandise are cut.

Men det er en betydelig ulempe ved But there is a significant drawback

den beskrevne støpning, at man ikke er herre over den del av det støpte legemets the casting described, that one is not master of that part of the cast body

overflate som under esningen befant seg overfor fri luft. surface that was exposed to free air during the etching.

Som vanlig er ved slik helt eller delvis fri ekspansjon, vil der også for det her-omhandlede plast opptre en huddannelse på den frie overflate. Denne hud består av sammenfalt skum, og den må vanligvis skjæres bort som avfall før oppdelingen i ovennevnte handelsvare kan finne sted. Ikke bare betyr skumcellenes sammenfall i seg selv et tap i oppnådd skumplastut-bytte, men tapet blir enda større ved at overflaten som helhet blir ujevn, slik at der ofte må skrelles ganske tykt før man kommer ned til et homogent skumplast. Likeledes vil der på grunn av det nevnte forhold vanskelig kunne framstilles for markedsføring noe slikt skumplastprodukt i uskrellet stand, dvs. med hud hvor en sånn kan være ønskelig. Man har i slike tilfeller måttet ty til en gjensmeltning av de skårne produkters overflateporer, f. eks. ved at man under oppspaltningen av blokken anvender en oppvarmet kniv. Angå-ende diverse problemer i forbindelse med hudens optreden og funksjon, samt visse resepturmessige forholdsregler for regulering av huddannelsen, kan henvises til Kunststoffe 1954, side 556. Under forsøk med direkte framstilling av med hud for-synte handelsvarer, som er gjenstand for eget patentkrav, har oppfinneren gjort den observasjon at huden i enhver henseende blir verre jo tynnere blokken eller støpen gjøres. Det skulle således være helt ute-lukket å kunne framstille etter vanlig framgangsmåte og i direkte prosess tynnere plater, profiler, tråd osv. med en under framstillingsprosessen selvdannet hud. Når det her skrives om den bedre hud på tykke blokker og den dårligere hud på tynnere plater og profiler, så har dette sin årsak i at huden i tykkere blokker blir ved oppesingen strukket ved at der dannes en oppad bue fra det punkt hvor plastblandingen legges på underlaget og til blokkens endelige konstante høyde. As is usual with such completely or partially free expansion, a skin formation will also occur on the free surface for the plastic referred to here. This skin consists of collapsed foam, and it usually has to be cut away as waste before the division into the above-mentioned commodity can take place. Not only does the collapse of the foam cells in itself mean a loss in the achieved foam yield, but the loss is made even greater by the fact that the surface as a whole becomes uneven, so that you often have to peel quite thickly before you get down to a homogeneous foam. Likewise, due to the aforementioned situation, it will be difficult to produce such a foam plastic product for marketing in an unpeeled state, i.e. with a skin where such a product might be desirable. In such cases, one has had to resort to a remelting of the cut products' surface pores, e.g. by using a heated knife during the splitting of the block. Regarding various problems in connection with the appearance and function of the skin, as well as certain prescription precautions for regulating the formation of the skin, reference can be made to Kunststoffe 1954, page 556. During experiments with the direct production of commercial goods provided with skin, which is the subject of a separate patent claim , the inventor has made the observation that the skin becomes worse in every respect the thinner the block or cast is made. It should thus be completely out of the question to be able to produce thinner plates, profiles, wire etc. using the usual procedure and in a direct process with a self-formed skin during the manufacturing process. When it is written here about the better skin on thick blocks and the worse skin on thinner plates and profiles, the reason for this is that the skin in thicker blocks is stretched during lifting by forming an upward arc from the point where the plastic mixture is placed on the substrate and to the final constant height of the block.

Denne strekking eller utstramming av hudoverflaten vil foruten å jevne ut even-tuelle uregelmessigheter ved pålegging av plastblandingen, også gjøre at huden blir tynnere, og da i særdeleshet tynnere i forhold til blokktykkelse. Når dertil blokken i seg selv er et magasin for den varme som er utviklet under oppesingen, så får huden en tilførsel av varme fra det under-liggende skum. Denne varmetilførsel som vesentlig oppveier hudoverflatens varme-avgivelse er vanligvis nok til at huden får den tilstrekkelige herdningstemperatur til å herde (tørke) før den skrumper eller snurper så den ikke gir en jevn hud. Derved dannes den bedre hud på tykke blokker. This stretching or tightening of the skin surface will, in addition to smoothing out any irregularities when applying the plastic mixture, also make the skin thinner, and in particular thinner in relation to the block thickness. In addition, when the block itself is a reservoir for the heat developed during the heating, the skin receives a supply of heat from the underlying foam. This heat input, which substantially offsets the skin surface's heat output, is usually enough for the skin to obtain the sufficient curing temperature to harden (dry) before it shrinks or snarls so that it does not produce an even skin. Thereby, a better skin is formed on thick blocks.

Den dårligere hud på tynnere plater og profiler, får ingen vesentlig strekk under oppesingen av skummet, og resultatet blir derfor tykkere og oftest også blankere hud, men denne skrumper eller snurper seg, og oftest i den grad at den også drar sammen selve skummet til et langt mindre volum enn opprinnelig. The poorer skin on thinner plates and profiles does not get any significant stretch during the foaming, and the result is therefore thicker and often also glossier skin, but this shrinks or curls, and most often to the extent that it also pulls the foam itself into a far less volume than originally.

Det som her er beskrevet om hudens generelle variasjoner når den framkommer på tykke blokker eller tynnere plater og profiler har også et stort variasjonsområde med hensyn til plastblandingens resepturmessige forhold, som f. eks. isocyanat-mengden i en blanding for polyuretanskum. En såden resepturmessig regulering av huden, kan kun tjene til å skape en «flatere» eller tynnere hud, den kan ikke oppheve ulempene ved skrumping på tynnere plater eller profiler. Oppfinneren er kommet frem til en metode som i praksis kan gi en minst like så god og plan hud på tynnere plater og profiler som på tykke blokker. What is described here about the skin's general variations when it appears on thick blocks or thinner plates and profiles also has a large range of variation with regard to the recipe-wise conditions of the plastic mixture, such as e.g. the amount of isocyanate in a mixture for polyurethane foam. Such prescription regulation of the skin can only serve to create a "flatter" or thinner skin, it cannot eliminate the disadvantages of shrinking on thinner plates or profiles. The inventor has come up with a method which in practice can give at least as good and flat skin on thinner plates and profiles as on thick blocks.

Framgangsmåten er kjennetegnet ved at man regulerer temperaturen i det over-flatesjikt hvorfra huden dannes og/eller regulerer temperaturen på overflaten av den ferdig dannede hud, før huden herder i vanlig atmosfærisk temperatur. I praksis kan dette utføres på en hvilken som helst måte. Det enkleste prinsipp er sim-pelthen å anordne en varmeisolering, som forhindrer eller i det minste forsinker varmegivelsen til omgivelsene. Andre mid-ler kan være oppvarming ved mørk stråling eller ved varmelamper, hvilken oppvarming da i hovedsak har til hensikt å kompensere for det varmetap som støpe-blokken eller liknende har ved stråling og/eller ved ledning. Det sistnevnte gjør seg særlig sterkt gjeldende ved framstilling av polyuretanskum, hvor man på grunn av at det frigjøres giftige damper må anordne sterk ventilasjon. Temperaturen på det herdnede legemets overflate må avpasses etter det materialet som behandles og det produkt som framstilles. I alminnelighet bør varmeisoleringen, res-pektive varmetilførselen, ledes slik at overflaten holdes på en temperatur som ligger nær opp til den temperatur som etableres i legemets indre p. g. a. reaksjonens var-metoning. For polyuretanskum vil dette kunne bety noe fra 80° C, og oppover. F. eks. ved varmebestråling kan man gå opp til en ganske høy temperatur med be-grenset bestrålingstid, men dog ikke så stor varmetilføring at huden misfarger (svir). Som eksempel på andre selvesende og selvherdnende plastkomposisjoner overfor hvilke oppfinnelsen kan nyttiggjøres, skal nevnes reaksjonsblandinger av olje og svovelklorid av den art som omhand-les i norsk patent nr. 83.536. The method is characterized by regulating the temperature in the surface layer from which the skin is formed and/or regulating the temperature on the surface of the finished skin, before the skin hardens in normal atmospheric temperature. In practice, this can be done in any way. The simplest principle is simply to arrange a thermal insulation, which prevents or at least delays the release of heat to the surroundings. Other means can be heating by dark radiation or by heat lamps, which heating is then mainly intended to compensate for the heat loss that the casting block or similar has by radiation and/or by conduction. The latter applies particularly strongly to the production of polyurethane foam, where strong ventilation must be provided due to the release of toxic fumes. The temperature of the hardened body's surface must be adapted to the material being processed and the product being produced. In general, the heat insulation, or the heat supply, should be managed so that the surface is kept at a temperature that is close to the temperature established in the body's interior due to the heat generation of the reaction. For polyurethane foam, this could mean anything from 80° C and upwards. For example with heat irradiation, you can go up to a fairly high temperature with a limited irradiation time, but not so much heat input that the skin discolours (burns). As an example of other self-releasing and self-hardening plastic compositions against which the invention can be useful, mention should be made of reaction mixtures of oil and sulfur chloride of the kind dealt with in Norwegian patent no. 83,536.

Claims (1)

Framgangsmåte ved framstilling av skumplast, fortrinsvis polyuretaner, av den art hvor en friskblandet komposisjon eksotermt eser opp og herdner, og hvor der på den del av materialet som derunder er i kontakt med den omgivende atmosfære dannes en stort sett porefri hud, karakterisert ved at man under og/eller umiddel-bart etter reaksjonen begrenser, eller kom-penserer, varmetap fra den del av mate-rialets overflate som gir nevnte hud, idet man fortrinsvis ved bestråling meddeler samme overflate en høyere temperatur f. eks. høyere enn den som ved reaksjonen etableres i massens indre.Process for the production of foam plastics, preferably polyurethanes, of the kind where a freshly mixed composition exothermically rises and hardens, and where a largely pore-free skin is formed on the part of the material that is in contact with the surrounding atmosphere, characterized by during and/or immediately after the reaction limits, or compensates for, heat loss from the part of the material's surface that provides said skin, preferably by irradiation giving the same surface a higher temperature, e.g. higher than that established by the reaction in the interior of the mass.
NO168528A 1967-06-08 1967-06-08 NO124503B (en)

Priority Applications (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NO168528A NO124503B (en) 1967-06-08 1967-06-08
GB25890/68A GB1224246A (en) 1967-06-08 1968-05-30 Improvements in or relating to antenna system
US734423A US3518673A (en) 1967-06-08 1968-06-04 Antenna system for ils localizers
SE07472/68A SE352173B (en) 1967-06-08 1968-06-04
DE19681766526 DE1766526B1 (en) 1967-06-08 1968-06-07 ANTENNA SYSTEM FOR EMISSING AN ILS LANDING COURSE BEAM
FR1567838D FR1567838A (en) 1967-06-08 1968-06-07

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NO168528A NO124503B (en) 1967-06-08 1967-06-08

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
NO124503B true NO124503B (en) 1972-04-24

Family

ID=19910103

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
NO168528A NO124503B (en) 1967-06-08 1967-06-08

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US3518673A (en)
DE (1) DE1766526B1 (en)
FR (1) FR1567838A (en)
GB (1) GB1224246A (en)
NO (1) NO124503B (en)
SE (1) SE352173B (en)

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3868689A (en) * 1973-07-30 1975-02-25 Texas Instruments Inc Log periodic pole mounted marker beacon antenna
JPS602628B2 (en) * 1977-12-05 1985-01-23 株式会社東芝 Aircraft landing guidance system
DE4446128A1 (en) * 1994-12-23 1996-06-27 Sel Alcatel Ag antenna
US10837479B2 (en) 2017-02-14 2020-11-17 Whirlpool Corporation Multi-layer encapsulation system for joint sealing of vacuum insulated cabinets

Family Cites Families (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2513493A (en) * 1945-09-17 1950-07-04 Honeywell Regulator Co Aircraft control system
US2593485A (en) * 1948-02-06 1952-04-22 Int Standard Electric Corp Localizer beacon system
US2993665A (en) * 1948-09-15 1961-07-25 Honeywell Regulator Co Automatic instrument landing systems for air-borne craft
US3147479A (en) * 1962-03-01 1964-09-01 Radiation Inc Plural juxtaposed parabolic reflectors with frequency independent feeds
US3257661A (en) * 1962-04-11 1966-06-21 Robert L Tanner Log-periodic antenna
GB987470A (en) * 1962-06-13 1965-03-31 Secr Aviation Improvements in or relating to aircraft approach and landing systems

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
SE352173B (en) 1972-12-18
FR1567838A (en) 1969-04-08
US3518673A (en) 1970-06-30
DE1766526B1 (en) 1971-10-07
GB1224246A (en) 1971-03-03

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