NO117861B - - Google Patents
Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- NO117861B NO117861B NO160198A NO16019865A NO117861B NO 117861 B NO117861 B NO 117861B NO 160198 A NO160198 A NO 160198A NO 16019865 A NO16019865 A NO 16019865A NO 117861 B NO117861 B NO 117861B
- Authority
- NO
- Norway
- Prior art keywords
- aluminum
- stated
- compounds
- electrolytes
- electrolyte
- Prior art date
Links
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 97
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 90
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 56
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- -1 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumane Chemical class [AlH3] AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000005662 Paraffin oil Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-Dioxane Chemical compound C1COCCO1 RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003512 tertiary amines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims 3
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims 3
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims 1
- PUZPDOWCWNUUKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium fluoride Chemical compound [F-].[Na+] PUZPDOWCWNUUKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 28
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 14
- 235000013024 sodium fluoride Nutrition 0.000 description 14
- 239000011775 sodium fluoride Substances 0.000 description 14
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 8
- 150000003839 salts Chemical group 0.000 description 7
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Al](Cl)Cl VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 6
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- DNEHKUCSURWDGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum sodium Chemical compound [Na].[Al] DNEHKUCSURWDGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000010802 sludge Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 5
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 4
- WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[K+] WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- NROKBHXJSPEDAR-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium fluoride Chemical compound [F-].[K+] NROKBHXJSPEDAR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 4
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-O pyridinium Chemical group C1=CC=[NH+]C=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 4
- KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium Chemical compound [Na] KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- SIPUZPBQZHNSDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(2-methylpropyl)aluminum Chemical compound CC(C)C[Al]CC(C)C SIPUZPBQZHNSDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910001610 cryolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 150000004678 hydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- UWNADWZGEHDQAB-UHFFFAOYSA-N i-Pr2C2H4i-Pr2 Natural products CC(C)CCC(C)C UWNADWZGEHDQAB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011698 potassium fluoride Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910000104 sodium hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000012312 sodium hydride Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- CXWXQJXEFPUFDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetralin Chemical compound C1=CC=C2CCCCC2=C1 CXWXQJXEFPUFDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QPUYECUOLPXSFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methylnaphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(C)=CC=CC2=C1 QPUYECUOLPXSFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 2
- USIUVYZYUHIAEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenyl ether Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1OC1=CC=CC=C1 USIUVYZYUHIAEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- KPJPHPFMCOKUMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodomethane Chemical compound I[CH2] KPJPHPFMCOKUMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000001103 potassium chloride Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000011164 potassium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000003270 potassium fluoride Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000003856 quaternary ammonium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 2
- VOITXYVAKOUIBA-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylaluminium Chemical compound CC[Al](CC)CC VOITXYVAKOUIBA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JLTRXTDYQLMHGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylaluminium Chemical group C[Al](C)C JLTRXTDYQLMHGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229920000742 Cotton Polymers 0.000 description 1
- OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethane Chemical compound CC OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Fluoride anion Chemical compound [F-] KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- JLTDJTHDQAWBAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-dimethylaniline Chemical compound CN(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 JLTDJTHDQAWBAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003723 Smelting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001491 aromatic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001721 carbon Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009918 complex formation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- ZSFZQNSWHYVSDP-UHFFFAOYSA-G dialuminum;sodium;heptachloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-] ZSFZQNSWHYVSDP-UHFFFAOYSA-G 0.000 description 1
- 125000004177 diethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- YNLAOSYQHBDIKW-UHFFFAOYSA-M diethylaluminium chloride Chemical compound CC[Al](Cl)CC YNLAOSYQHBDIKW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- DDXLVDQZPFLQMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M dodecyl(trimethyl)azanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)C DDXLVDQZPFLQMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008240 homogeneous mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012456 homogeneous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- SMWDFEZZVXVKRB-UHFFFAOYSA-O hydron;quinoline Chemical compound [NH+]1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 SMWDFEZZVXVKRB-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- AWJUIBRHMBBTKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N isoquinoline Chemical class C1=NC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 AWJUIBRHMBBTKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011244 liquid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- SIAPCJWMELPYOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium hydride Chemical compound [LiH] SIAPCJWMELPYOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000103 lithium hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000004108 n-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 150000007530 organic bases Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003242 quaternary ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004381 surface treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- PUGUQINMNYINPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl 4-(2-chloroacetyl)piperazine-1-carboxylate Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OC(=O)N1CCN(C(=O)CCl)CC1 PUGUQINMNYINPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YMBCJWGVCUEGHA-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetraethylammonium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CC[N+](CC)(CC)CC YMBCJWGVCUEGHA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004580 weight loss Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41F—PRINTING MACHINES OR PRESSES
- B41F27/00—Devices for attaching printing elements or formes to supports
- B41F27/12—Devices for attaching printing elements or formes to supports for attaching flexible printing formes
- B41F27/1218—Devices for attaching printing elements or formes to supports for attaching flexible printing formes comprising printing plate tensioning devices
- B41F27/1225—Devices for attaching printing elements or formes to supports for attaching flexible printing formes comprising printing plate tensioning devices moving in the printing plate end substantially rectilinearly
- B41F27/1243—Devices for attaching printing elements or formes to supports for attaching flexible printing formes comprising printing plate tensioning devices moving in the printing plate end substantially rectilinearly by pivotal or swivelling motion, e.g. by means of a rocking lever
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Supply, Installation And Extraction Of Printed Sheets Or Plates (AREA)
- Electrolytic Production Of Metals (AREA)
Description
Fremgangsmåte for elektrolytisk utskillelse av aluminium. Process for electrolytic precipitation of aluminium.
Problemet ved den elektrolytiske utskillelse av aluminium ved moderate tem-peraturforhold og med et lite strømforbruk er ennå ikke blitt tilfredsstillende løst. The problem of the electrolytic separation of aluminum at moderate temperature conditions and with a low power consumption has not yet been satisfactorily solved.
Ved den tekniske utvinning av aluminium benytter man utelukkende smelte-elektrolyse ved 800—900° i en i vidtgående utstrekning av smeltet kryolitt bestående elektrolyt. Strømforbruket utgjør ca. 24 kWh/kg aluminium. In the technical extraction of aluminium, melt electrolysis at 800-900° is used exclusively in an electrolyte consisting largely of molten cryolite. The power consumption amounts to approx. 24 kWh/kg aluminium.
Den samme fremgangsmåte blir også The same procedure will also be
prinsipielt anvendt ved elektrolytisk raffi-nering ved den såkalte «3-sjiktsmetoden». Strømforbruket er noe mindre, men utgjør likevel ca. 20 kWh/kg. principally used in electrolytic refining using the so-called "3-layer method". The power consumption is somewhat less, but still amounts to approx. 20 kWh/kg.
For en elektrolyse ved lavere temperaturer er det blitt foreslått en rekke av elektrolyter, men ingen av disse har fått virke-lig betydning i praksis. For electrolysis at lower temperatures, a number of electrolytes have been proposed, but none of these have gained real importance in practice.
Ved siden av visse kompleksforbindel-' Beside certain complex compound-'
ser av aluminiumkloridet sammen med organiske baser, f. eks. pyridin, er det nevnt i litteraturen visse rent anorganiske elektrolyter, som f. eks. natriumaluminium-klorid i smeltet eller også nå en kompleks aluminiumforbindelse som dannes av li-tiumhydrid og aluminiumklorid i eterisk oppløsning (D. E. Couch og A. Brenner, Journal Electroohemical Society 99 (1952) 234). looks of the aluminum chloride together with organic bases, e.g. pyridine, certain purely inorganic electrolytes are mentioned in the literature, such as e.g. sodium aluminum chloride in the melt or now a complex aluminum compound formed from lithium hydride and aluminum chloride in ethereal solution (D. E. Couch and A. Brenner, Journal Electrochemical Society 99 (1952) 234).
Det har hittil ikke blitt nevnt noe om anvendelsen av slike elektrolyter i teknisk målestokk. So far, nothing has been mentioned about the use of such electrolytes on a technical scale.
Det ble nå oppdaget at under visse be-tingelser kunne man fremstille utmerkede It was now discovered that under certain conditions excellent ones could be produced
elektrolyter for utskillelse av aluminium ved moderate temperaturer av rent organiske aluminiumiforbindelser, dvs. av slike electrolytes for the separation of aluminum at moderate temperatures from purely organic aluminum compounds, i.e. from such
forbindelser som inneholder minst et kull-stoffatom som er umiddelbart forbundet med aluminium. compounds containing at least one carbon atom immediately bonded to aluminum.
Aluminium-trialkyler, aluminium-di-alkyl-hydrider-AlR.2H-, aluminium-alkyl-halogenider, som AIR2CI, AIRCI2; og liknende substanser er ikke elektriske ledere. Men man kan omdanne dem til elektrolyter ved å overføre dem til kompleksforbindelser. F. eks. danner natriumetyl med Aluminum trialkyls, aluminum di-alkyl hydrides-AlR.2H-, aluminum alkyl halides, such as AIR2CI, AIRCI2; and similar substances are not electrical conductors. But one can convert them into electrolytes by transferring them to complex compounds. For example forms sodium ethyl with
aluminiumtrietyl: natriumaluminium-tetra-etyl-NaAl (C2Hn)-t. Denne viser faktisk i smeltet tilstand en meget god ledeevne. Dette har allerede vært vist av F. Hein (Zeitschrift fiir anorganische Chemie 141, 161—226 (1924) ), som fremstilte av natriumetyl og aluminiumtrietyl et oljeaktig produkt og undersøkte dettes ledeevne, hvilket produkt han riktignok betegnet som en oppløsning av natriumetyl i aluminiumtrietyl, men som likevel har vært den oven-nevnte kompleksforbindelse, hvilket man nå vet med sikkerhet. F. Hein har ikke angitt hvilket element skiller seg under elektrolysen på katoden. Hvis man undersøker dette, finner man at der dannes på katoden hovedsakelig natrium. Ved siden av dette kan det også skilles ut noe aluminium og ofte oppdager man at der dannes en svampaktig blanding av natrium og aluminium på katoden. Forholdet mellom den dannede mengde av natrium og aluminium er herved avhengig av strømtettheten. Ved særlig lave strømtettheter dannes fortrinnsvis aluminium. Ved teknisk brukbare strømtettheter får man likevel aldri utelukkende aluminium. Denne elektrolytt er derfor ikke brukbar for utvinning av alu- aluminum triethyl: sodium aluminum-tetra-ethyl-NaAl (C2Hn)-t. This actually shows a very good conductivity in the molten state. This has already been shown by F. Hein (Zeitschrift fiir anorganische Chemie 141, 161—226 (1924) ), who prepared from sodium ethyl and aluminum triethyl an oily product and investigated its conductivity, which product he admittedly designated as a solution of sodium ethyl in aluminum triethyl , but which has nevertheless been the above-mentioned complex compound, which is now known with certainty. F. Hein has not indicated which element separates during electrolysis at the cathode. If one examines this, one finds that mainly sodium is formed on the cathode. In addition to this, some aluminum can also be separated and you often discover that a spongy mixture of sodium and aluminum is formed on the cathode. The ratio between the formed amount of sodium and aluminum is thereby dependent on the current density. At particularly low current densities, aluminum is preferentially formed. At technically usable current densities, however, aluminum is never exclusively obtained. This electrolyte is therefore not usable for the extraction of alu-
minium. Det samme gjelder også éri rekke organiske kompleksforbindelser, f. eks. KAL (CoHsOaCk; NaAl(C2Hr,)3F; og liknende. minimum. The same also applies to a number of organic complex compounds, e.g. KAL (CoHsOaCk; NaAl(C2Hr,)3F; and the like).
Utmerkete elektrolytter med høy spesi-fikk ledningsevne for utskillelse av metal-lisk aluminium oppnår man likevel ved å anvende elektrolytter som ved siden av slike kompleksforbindelser også inneholder organiske aluminiumforbindelser i over-skudd. Slike elektrolytter, henholdsvis elek-trolyttblndinger, lar seg ikke på noen måte framstille ved vilkårlig å blande sammen aluminiumtrietyl med hvilken som helst av de ovenfor angitte kompleksforbindelser, da ofte de to teoretisk mulige komponen-ter i en slik blanding i virkeligheten ikke er homogent blandbare med hverandre. F. eks. kan man ikke framstille av de ovenfor angitte natriumaluminiumtetraetyl og aluminiumtrietyl en homogen blanding eller oppløsning, da de to stoffer er praktisk talt fullstendig uoppløselige i hverandre inntil man kommer til høyere temperaturer. Derimot i alle de kombinasjoner hvor det er tilstede en tilstrekkelig gjensidig blandbarhet og oppløselighet, oppdager man også ved elektrolysen at der utvinnes rent aluminium av utmerket kvalitet. Excellent electrolytes with high specific conductivity for the separation of metallic aluminum are nevertheless obtained by using electrolytes which, in addition to such complex compounds, also contain organic aluminum compounds in excess. Such electrolytes, respectively electrolyte mixtures, cannot be produced in any way by arbitrarily mixing together aluminum triethyl with any of the above-mentioned complex compounds, as often the two theoretically possible components in such a mixture are in reality not homogeneously miscible together. For example cannot produce a homogeneous mixture or solution from the above-mentioned sodium aluminum tetraethyl and aluminum triethyl, as the two substances are practically completely insoluble in each other until higher temperatures are reached. On the other hand, in all those combinations where there is sufficient mutual miscibility and solubility, it is also discovered by electrolysis that pure aluminum of excellent quality is extracted.
Oppfinnelsen har som vesentlig gjen-stand anvendelsen av elektrolytter for elektrolyttisk utskillelse av aluminium, og disse er sammensatt av følgende bestand-deler: 1) organiske forbindelser av aluminium av den generelle formel AIR (R') 2, hvor R betyr alkyl og R' alkyl, vannstoff eller halogen, og 2) kompleksforbindelser av forbindel-sene etter 1) med alkaliforbindelser av formelen MeR', hvor Me betyr et alkalimetall og R', som i den annen formel, alkyl, vannstoff eller halogen. Istedenfor disse alkaliforbindelser kan der også anvendes kvartære ammoniumforbindelser. The invention has as its essential object the use of electrolytes for the electrolytic separation of aluminum, and these are composed of the following components: 1) organic compounds of aluminum of the general formula AIR (R') 2, where R means alkyl and R' alkyl, hydrogen or halogen, and 2) complex compounds of the compounds according to 1) with alkali compounds of the formula MeR', where Me means an alkali metal and R', as in the second formula, alkyl, hydrogen or halogen. Instead of these alkali compounds, quaternary ammonium compounds can also be used.
Disse kompleksforbindelser har således formelen These complex compounds thus have the formula
MeR'.AlR(R')2 MeR'.AlR(R')2
resp. skrevet på en annen måte MeAlR(R')3. respectively written differently MeAlR(R')3.
De totale elektrolytter består således av A1R(R')2 + Me A1R(R')3. The total electrolytes thus consist of A1R(R')2 + Me A1R(R')3.
Disse elektrolytter kan enten anvendes i iform av ekte forbindelser av bestanddele-ne til 1) og til 2), f. eks. i form av forbin-delsen NaF . A1(C2H5)3 . A1(CH3)3 These electrolytes can either be used in the form of true compounds of the components of 1) and 2), e.g. in the form of the compound NaF. A1(C2H5)3 . A1(CH3)3
eller or
NaF.Al(C2H5)3.Al(C2H5)3, NaF.Al(C2H5)3.Al(C2H5)3,
som man også kan skrive som følger: which can also be written as follows:
NaF . 2Al(C2H5)s. NaF. 2Al(C2H5)p.
De kan imidlertid også anvendes i form However, they can also be used in form
av deres blandinger eller i form av deres oppløsninger. Som oppløsningsmidler kan anvendes de i det følgende anførte. of their mixtures or in the form of their solutions. The following solvents can be used as solvents.
Viktig er det at i alle tilfeller så anvendes: a) såvel en forbindelse av gruppen 1 som også en forbindelse av gruppen 2, og b) ikke noen aluminiumhalogenider, som aluminiumklorid eller aluminium-bromid. It is important that in all cases: a) a compound of group 1 as well as a compound of group 2 is used, and b) no aluminum halides, such as aluminum chloride or aluminum bromide.
For kompleksdannelse er spesielt egnet alkalialkyler-, hydrider og -halogenider, samt tetraetylammoniumlhalogenider, tri-etyl-n-ibutyl-ammoniumhalogenider, etyl-tri-n-butylammoniumhalogenider, dodecyl-tri-metyl-ammoniumhalogenider, som klo-ridet, videre kvartære pyridinium-, kinoli-nium- og isokinoliniumsalter, som f. eks. pyridiniumj odmetylat. Alkali alkyls, hydrides and halides, as well as tetraethylammonium halides, tri-ethyl-n-butyl-ammonium halides, ethyl-tri-n-butylammonium halides, dodecyl-tri-methyl-ammonium halides, such as chloride, further quaternary pyridinium are particularly suitable for complex formation -, quinolinium and isoquinolinium salts, such as e.g. pyridinium iodmethylate.
Eksempelvis oppnår man en egnet elektrolytt ved å oppløse 1 mol natriumalumi-nium-diisobutyl-dihydrid-NaAl-(iso-C4Hi))2 H- i aluminiumtrietyl. Den herved til grunn liggende komplekstorbindelse kan man lett For example, a suitable electrolyte is obtained by dissolving 1 mol of sodium aluminum diisobutyl dihydride-NaAl-(iso-C4Hi))2 H- in aluminum triethyl. The underlying complex network can easily be seen
framstille ved addisjon.av natriumhydrid produce by addition of sodium hydride
til diisobutyl-aluminiumhydrid. Selvfølge-lig kan man også omvendt framstille den samme elektrolytt av natriumaluminium-trietyl-hydrid og diisobutyl-aluminiumhydrid eller også enklere ved å oppløse natriumhydrid i en blanding av aluminiumtrietyl og diisobutylaluminiumhydrid. to diisobutyl aluminum hydride. Of course, one can also conversely produce the same electrolyte from sodium aluminum triethyl hydride and diisobutyl aluminum hydride or even more simply by dissolving sodium hydride in a mixture of aluminum triethyl and diisobutyl aluminum hydride.
Fluorholdige organiske aluminiumkom-pleksforbindelser har vist seg å være særlig egnet for sammenblanding av elektrolyter av nevnte type, f. eks. danner det av natriumfluorid og 1 mol aluminiumtrietyl framstilte natriumaluminiumtrietylfluorid-NaAlCCsHrOaF — med et et 2 mol aluminiumtrietyl en ny og vel definert annen kompleksforbindelse med sammensetning NaF.2Al(C2Hr.)3, som smelter meget lavt. Fluorine-containing organic aluminum complex compounds have proven to be particularly suitable for mixing electrolytes of the aforementioned type, e.g. sodium aluminum triethylfluoride-NaAlCCsHrOaF, prepared from sodium fluoride and 1 mol of aluminum triethyl, forms with a et 2 mol of aluminum triethyl a new and well-defined different complex compound with the composition NaF.2Al(C2Hr.)3, which melts very low.
Smeiten oppviser følgende spesifikke led-ningsevner : 3.3 x IO-<3> ohm-1 om-1 ved 24° C og 15,0 x 10—^ ohm-<1> om-<1> ved 80° C og 42.5 x 10<83> ohm-<1> om-<1> ved 160° C, The alloy exhibits the following specific conductivity: 3.3 x IO-<3> ohm-1 om-1 at 24° C and 15.0 x 10—^ ohm-<1> om-<1> at 80° C and 42.5 x 10<83> ohm-<1> ohm-<1> at 160° C,
og gir ved elektrolysen et.tett fastsittende aluminium av utmerket kvalitet. På samme måte kan man fremstille en elektrolyt ved å oppløse natriumfluorid i en blanding av aluminiumtrimetyl og aluminiumtrietyl. Her dreier det seg likeledes om en kompleksforbindelse av 1 mol natriumfluorid med 2 mol (her forskjellig fra hverandre) aluminiumtrialkyl. and gives, by electrolysis, a tight-fitting aluminum of excellent quality. In the same way, an electrolyte can be prepared by dissolving sodium fluoride in a mixture of aluminum trimethyl and aluminum triethyl. Here it is likewise a complex compound of 1 mol of sodium fluoride with 2 mol (here different from each other) of aluminum trialkyl.
I de heretter beskrevne elektrolytblan-dinger er det foreløpig ikke mulig å angi hvilke komplekse enkeltforbindelser virke-lig er tilstede i den flytende elektrolyt. In the electrolyte mixtures described hereafter, it is currently not possible to indicate which complex single compounds are actually present in the liquid electrolyte.
, En utmerket elektrolyt har f. eks. i smeiten nøyaktig eller tilnærmelsesvis den følgende sammensetning: NaF.2Al(C2HB)3 . 3 Al(C2Hr,)2F. Ved å ta hensyn til forløpet av følgende reaksjoner A1F<3> + 2 A1(C2H5)3 = 3 A1(C2H5)2F Og , An excellent electrolyte has e.g. in the smelting exactly or approximately the following composition: NaF.2Al(C2HB)3 . 3 Al(C2Hr,)2F. By taking into account the course of the following reactions A1F<3> + 2 A1(C2H5)3 = 3 A1(C2H5)2F And
NaF + A1(C2H5)2F = NaAl(C2H5)2F2 NaF + Al(C2H5)2F = NaAl(C2H5)2F2
kan den også skrives: it can also be written:
Na Al(C2H5)2F2 . 2 Al(C2Hr,)2F . 2 A1(C2H5)3 eller Na A1F4 . 4 Al(C2Hr,)s, hvilket man lett konstaterer da den kan spaltes i NaF + AlFa + 4 Al(C2Hr,)3. Den samme elektrolyt kan også smeltes sammen av natriumfluorid, aluminiumtrietyl og aluminiumdietylfluorid. En videre utmerket elektrolyt av denne gruppe danner seg når man koker fintpulverisert tørt kryolit med mer enn 6 mol av aluminiumtrietyl. Kryolit går i oppløsning. Det dannes 2 sjikt hvorav det øverste sjikt består . av aluminiumtrietyl som lett kan skilles mens det nedre sjikt har følgende sammensetning: 3 NaAlF2(C2H5)2 + 4 Al(2Hs)3. Na Al(C 2 H 5 ) 2 F 2 . 2 Al(C2Hr,)2F . 2 A1(C2H5)3 or Na A1F4 . 4 Al(C2Hr,)s, which is easily ascertained as it can be split into NaF + AlFa + 4 Al(C2Hr,)3. The same electrolyte can also be fused by sodium fluoride, aluminum triethyl and aluminum diethyl fluoride. Another excellent electrolyte of this group is formed when finely powdered dry cryolite is boiled with more than 6 moles of aluminum triethyl. Cryolite dissolves. 2 layers are formed, of which the top layer consists. of aluminum triethyl which can be easily separated while the lower layer has the following composition: 3 NaAlF2(C2H5)2 + 4 Al(2Hs)3.
Liknende elektrolyter er angitt i den følgende tabell. De herved angitte sammen-setninger trenger man ikke følge helt nøy-aktig, men bare omtrent. Formlene i tabel-len er skrevet på en slik måte at man kan se av hvilke grunnstoffer elektrolyttene er sammensatt. Hvis man ville uttrykke alle formlene korrekt i kjemisk forstand, måtte man stundom forene 1 mol av den i elektrolyten tilstedeværende alkalihalogenid, resp. hydrid e. 1. med 1 mol av den organiske aluminiumforbindelse til en kompleks av typen Me(AlR3X). Man ser av formlene av de nedenfor angitte elektrolyter at i alle tilfelle er det mere enn 1 mol av den organiske aluminiumforbindelse tilstede pr. Similar electrolytes are listed in the following table. The compositions indicated here do not have to be followed exactly, but only approximately. The formulas in the table are written in such a way that you can see which elements the electrolytes are composed of. If one wanted to express all the formulas correctly in a chemical sense, one sometimes had to combine 1 mol of the alkali halide present in the electrolyte, resp. hydride e. 1. with 1 mol of the organic aluminum compound to a complex of the type Me(AlR3X). It can be seen from the formulas of the electrolytes given below that in all cases there is more than 1 mol of the organic aluminum compound present per
1 mol alkalihalogenid, -hydrid e .1., hvilket er i samsvar med fremgangsmåten ifølge oppfinnelsen. 1 mol alkali halide, -hydride e.1., which is in accordance with the method according to the invention.
Ved å velge egnete kvartære amimo-niumsalter kan man fremstille etter behag oppløsninger av kvartære salter i aluminiumtrietyl. Ved slike elektrolytkombina-sjoner uteblir ofte dannelsen av flytende faser med den bestemte sammensetning 1 saltmolekyl og 2 aluminiumtrialkylmole-kyler. Man kan så fremstille med store va-riasjonsmuligheter oppløsninger som bare inneholder lite elektrolyt og meget aluminium trietyl. By choosing suitable quaternary ammonium salts, solutions of quaternary salts in aluminum triethyl can be prepared as desired. With such electrolyte combinations, the formation of liquid phases with the specific composition 1 salt molecule and 2 aluminum trialkyl molecules often fails. One can then produce, with great variation, solutions that only contain a small amount of electrolyte and a lot of aluminum triethyl.
Flere av de ovenfor beskrevne elektrolyter kan blandes med oppløsningsmid-ler etter behag eller i bgrenset grad. Det kan bare bli tale om slike oppløsningsmid-ier som ikke spalter de organiske aluminiumforbindelser, f. eks. kullvannstoffer, spesielt aromatiske kullvannstoffer. Også eter og tertiæraminer; som tetrahydrofu-ran, dimetylanilin, dioksan, pyridin o.l. Several of the electrolytes described above can be mixed with solvents as desired or to a limited extent. It can only be a question of such solvents which do not split the organic aluminum compounds, e.g. hydrocarbons, especially aromatic hydrocarbons. Also ether and tertiary amines; such as tetrahydrofuran, dimethylaniline, dioxane, pyridine etc.
Det er ikke å anbefale å drive fortyn-ningen av elektrolytene med slike oppløs-ningsmidler for langt fordi den spesifikke ledningsevne da vil synke og man trenger derfor en større mengde av elektrisk energi for utvinning av aluminium. It is not recommended to drive the dilution of the electrolytes with such solvents too far because the specific conductivity will then decrease and a greater amount of electrical energy is therefore needed for the extraction of aluminium.
Men en slik fortynning kan være beret-tiget for å beskytte elektrolyten, som er meget ømfintlig ovenfor luft. Typen og mengden av det anvendte oppløsningsmid-del utøver også en virkning på egenskapene av det utskilte aluminium, spesielt tetthet og hårdhet av overtrekket. But such a dilution may be necessary to protect the electrolyte, which is very sensitive to air. The type and quantity of the solvent used also exerts an effect on the properties of the precipitated aluminum, especially density and hardness of the coating.
Med passende oppløsningsmidler kan man også fremstille elektrolytkombinasjo-ner som på grunn av en begrenset blandbarhet og oppløselighet ikke ville være mulig uten oppløsningsmidler, f. eks. kombi-nasjonen natrium-aluminiumtetraetyl og aluminiumtrietyl i nærvær av noe toluol. With suitable solvents it is also possible to prepare electrolyte combinations which, due to limited miscibility and solubility, would not be possible without solvents, e.g. the combination sodium aluminum tetraethyl and aluminum triethyl in the presence of some toluene.
Da elektrolytens ledeevne økes kraftig med stigende temperatur, har elektrolyse-temperaturer av over 100° til maksimalt 200° ofte vist seg å være hensiktsmessige, selv om de ikke er nødvendige. I slike tilfelle er høytkokende aromatiske forbindelser som metylnaftalin, difenyleter, tetralin o. 1. egnet som fortynningsmidler. Since the conductivity of the electrolyte is greatly increased with increasing temperature, electrolysis temperatures of over 100° to a maximum of 200° have often been found to be appropriate, although not necessary. In such cases, high-boiling aromatic compounds such as methylnaphthalene, diphenyl ether, tetralin etc. are suitable as diluents.
Hvis man arbeider — hvilket ofte er fordelaktig — uten siike f ortynningsmidler, så kan man beskytte de oppvarmede elek-trolytsmeltene mot innvirkning av luft på en lettvint m!åte ved å overtrekke dem med litt parafinolje. Ingen av dem er blandbare med parafinolje. Men også når man tar hensyn til denne forsiktighetsregel, er det nødvendig å utføre elektrolysen i lukkede beholdere og å fylle det frie rom ovenfor oljen med en indifferent ibeskyttelsesgass, som kvelstoff. If you work - which is often advantageous - without safe thinners, you can easily protect the heated electrolyte melts from the influence of air by coating them with a little paraffin oil. None of them are miscible with paraffin oil. But even when this precautionary rule is taken into account, it is necessary to carry out the electrolysis in closed containers and to fill the free space above the oil with an indifferent inert gas, such as nitrogen.
Det skal ennå nevnes at man selvføl-gelig også kan tolande flere av de oven-nevnte elektrolyter med hverandre på egnet måte, f. eks., kan man også oppløse i elektrolyten NaF(Al(C2HB)3)2 visse meng-der av natriumaluminiumtetraetyl uten at anvendbarheten av elektrolyten tar noen skade herved. Den overskytende mengde av aluminiumtrietyl som også herved er tilstede, er tilstrekkelig. De ovenfor eksempelvis angitte elektrolyter inneholder som til aluminium bundne rester metyl, etyl og 1-butyl. Man kan selvfølgelig også oppbygge lignende brukbare elektrolyter med andre alkylrester, også med slike som har høyere kullstofftall. Dette kan ha visse fordeler da ømfintligheten mot luft, spesielt selv-antendbarheten avtar ved større alkylrester. Det er likevel forståelig at når den organiske del i elektrolytsystemet blir stør-re, må den spesifikke ledeevne synke, da det i hver volumenhet tilsammen er et mindre ioneantall tilstede. Derfor byr overgangen til slike høyere alkylforbindelser som regel ikke på noen spesielle fordeler. Det finnes dog unntagelser fra denne regel da f. eks. frembringelsen av tynne aluminiumsbelegg på metalltråd ikke er avhengig av omkost-ningene ved den anvendte elektriske energi. It should also be mentioned that, of course, you can also mix several of the above-mentioned electrolytes with each other in a suitable way, for example, you can also dissolve in the electrolyte NaF(Al(C2HB)3)2 certain amounts of sodium aluminum tetraethyl without the applicability of the electrolyte being harmed thereby. The excess amount of aluminum triethyl which is also present here is sufficient. The above-mentioned electrolytes, for example, contain methyl, ethyl and 1-butyl as aluminum-bound residues. One can of course also build up similar usable electrolytes with other alkyl residues, also with those that have a higher carbon number. This can have certain advantages as sensitivity to air, especially self-ignitability, decreases with larger alkyl residues. It is nevertheless understandable that when the organic part in the electrolyte system becomes larger, the specific conductivity must decrease, as there is a smaller number of ions present in each volume unit. Therefore, the transition to such higher alkyl compounds usually does not offer any special advantages. There are, however, exceptions to this rule when, e.g. the production of thin aluminum coatings on metal wire does not depend on the costs of the electrical energy used.
De nye elektrolyter kan i alle tilfelle anvendes med fordel når det dreier seg om utskillelse av meget rent aluminium, dvs. man kan avende dem for frembringelse av aluminiumovertrekk på andre metaller, som kopper eller også på et grunnmateria-le bestående av mindre rent aluminium, eller også for aluminiumraffinering. I alle tilfelle elektrolyserer man hensiktsmessig i nærvær av aluminiumanoder. The new electrolytes can in any case be used with advantage when it comes to the separation of very pure aluminium, i.e. they can be used to produce an aluminum coating on other metals, such as copper or also on a base material consisting of less pure aluminium, or also for aluminum refining. In all cases, electrolysis is carried out appropriately in the presence of aluminum anodes.
I dette tilfelle forekommer det praktisk talt ikke elektrolyttap såfremt strømtett-heten holder seg under ca. 2 Amp/dm<2>. Hvis man derimot anvender f. eks. anoder av kopper, jern eller platina, så finner dét sted en gassutvikling på anoden. Gas-sene består av etan og etylen ved etyl-holdige elektrolyter, og elektrolyten vil litt etter litt bli tømt med hensyn til det i over-skudd . tilsatte aluminiumtrialkyl mens elektrolysen foregår. Dette kan selvfølgelig utjevnes på den måte at man tilsetter fra tid til annen den nødvendige mengde av den organiske aluminiumlforbindelse. Ved å anvende aluminiumanode gjør en lignende gassutvikling seg gjeldende først ved høy-ere strømtettheter. Ellers oppløses der som regel ved anoden nøyaktig den mengde av aluminium som utskilles ved katoden. In this case, there is practically no loss of electrolyte as long as the current density remains below approx. 2 Amp/dm<2>. If, on the other hand, you use e.g. anodes of copper, iron or platinum, gas evolution takes place on the anode. The gases consist of ethane and ethylene in the case of ethyl-containing electrolytes, and the electrolyte will gradually be depleted due to the excess. added aluminum trialkyl while the electrolysis takes place. This can of course be balanced by adding the required amount of the organic aluminum compound from time to time. By using an aluminum anode, a similar gas development becomes apparent only at higher current densities. Otherwise, as a rule, exactly the amount of aluminum that is separated at the cathode dissolves at the anode.
Hvis man anvender vanlig urent aluminium av karakter Huttenaluminium som anode, blir forurensningene fra aluminiu-met uoppløst igjen i form av sort slam. Slamimet blir først løst hengende ved anoden, men oppløser seg for det meste under elektrolysens forløp, faller ned på bunnen av cellen, men som oftest blir også en del suspendert i elektrolyten, hvorved det kan forekomme at de små partikler av anodeslammet setter seg fast på katodeovertrek-ket og forstyrrer utvinnelsen. If ordinary impure aluminum of the grade Huttenaluminium is used as the anode, the impurities from the aluminum remain undissolved in the form of black sludge. The sludge first becomes loosely suspended at the anode, but mostly dissolves during the course of the electrolysis, falls to the bottom of the cell, but most often a part is also suspended in the electrolyte, whereby it can happen that the small particles of the anode sludge get stuck on the cathode coating and interferes with the extraction.
Man kan unngå denne vanskelighet på en meget enkel måte ved å omgi anodene med en tett tilsittende pose bestående av vanlig bomullsvev, hvorved anodeslammet blir fullstendig holdt tilbake. Slike beskyt-telsesanordninger for anoden er merkelig nok overordentlig holdbare i lange tider til tross for elektrolytens relativt høye temperaturer av oftest fra 60—150° og endog opp til 200°. This difficulty can be avoided in a very simple way by surrounding the anodes with a tight-fitting bag consisting of ordinary cotton tissue, whereby the anode sludge is completely retained. Such protective devices for the anode are strangely extremely durable for long periods of time despite the relatively high temperatures of the electrolyte, usually from 60-150° and even up to 200°.
Det er lett å opprettholde klemmlespen-ningen ved elektrolysen mellom like store parallelle plater mellom 0.3 og 1 Volt ved at platene er på 3 cm avstand fra hverandre. Energibehovet pr. kg. utskilt aluminium under disse omstendigheter er mellom 0.9 og 3 kwh ved 150° C. It is easy to maintain the clamping voltage during the electrolysis between parallel plates of equal size between 0.3 and 1 Volt, as the plates are 3 cm apart. The energy requirement per kg. aluminum separated under these circumstances is between 0.9 and 3 kwh at 150° C.
Aluminiumovertrekkene er først tette og kompakte, men blir kornete ettersom det utskilte lag blir tykkere. Likevel går det an å utskille aluminium i betraktelig tykke lag uten at cellene blir forstyrret på grunn av brodannelse. Innenfor de lagtyk-kelser som er mlulige ved overflatebehand-ling, er overtrekket fullstendig tett og glatt og festet såfremt man har renset overfla-tene grundig på grunnmaterialet. Det utskilte aluminium er ifølge spektroskopisk undersøkelse 99.999 pst. rent, selv om man går ut fra vanlig urenset aluminium (Huttenaluminium) som anode. Ved å anvende kvartære ammoniumforbindelser for frem-stilling av kompleksforotindelsene har man de forskjelligste elektrolytene til disposi-sjon hvorved man etter ønske kan påvirke egenskapene av aluminiumutfellingen, spesielt med hensyn til hårdhet, glans og korn-struktur. For å frembringe aluminiumovertrekk på metalloverflater kan det an-befales å anvende anoder av reneste aluminium. I dette tilfelle er det unødvendig å anordne en beskyttelse for elektrolyten mot forurensninger ved anodeslammet, slik som ovenfor beskrevet. Renheten av aluminium som er fremstillet ifølge oppfinnelsen fremgår ved siden av spektrosko-piske undersøkelser også av følgende for-søk: Et på en blank stålplate som grunn-lag fremlbrakt aluminiumovertrekk ble trukket som folie og kuttet i ca. 2 cm2 store stykker. 5 ccm 20 pst.-isk saltsyre ble helt over et slikt stykke. For å sam-menligne ble den samme mengde av alu-miniumplate med 99.8 pst. aluminium un-derkastet den samme prøven. I den sam-menlignende prøven gikk temperaturen opp i syren innen 12 minutter til 77° og alumjiniumet var bitt fullstendig oppløst under livlig vannstoffutvikling. Det elektrolytisk utskilte aluminium ga ingen tem-peraturforhøyelse, og ble, etter å ha lig-get i saltsyren i timevis, fremdeles uopp-løst. The aluminum coatings are dense and compact at first, but become grainy as the deposited layer becomes thicker. Nevertheless, it is possible to excrete aluminum in considerably thick layers without the cells being disturbed due to bridging. Within the layer thicknesses that are possible with surface treatment, the cover is completely tight and smooth and fixed if the surfaces of the base material have been thoroughly cleaned. The separated aluminum is, according to spectroscopic examination, 99,999 per cent pure, even if one assumes ordinary impure aluminum (Huttenaluminium) as the anode. By using quaternary ammonium compounds for the production of the complex precursors, you have a wide variety of electrolytes at your disposal, with which you can, as desired, influence the properties of the aluminum precipitate, especially with regard to hardness, gloss and grain structure. In order to produce an aluminum coating on metal surfaces, it is recommended to use anodes of the purest aluminium. In this case, it is unnecessary to arrange a protection for the electrolyte against contamination by the anode sludge, as described above. The purity of aluminum produced according to the invention is evident from spectroscopic examinations as well as from the following tests: An aluminum coating produced on a blank steel plate as a basis was drawn as a foil and cut into approx. 2 cm2 large pieces. 5 ccm of 20% hydrochloric acid was poured over such a piece. For comparison, the same amount of aluminum sheet with 99.8 percent aluminum was subjected to the same test. In the comparative test, the temperature in the acid rose to 77° within 12 minutes and the aluminum was almost completely dissolved under lively hydrogen evolution. The electrolytically separated aluminum did not increase the temperature and, after lying in the hydrochloric acid for hours, was still undissolved.
I et videre lignende forsøkspar ble aluminium som var fremstilt ifølge den nye fremgangsmåten, sammenlignet med det beste raffinerte renaluminium (99.99 pst.). Man kunne ikke oppdage noen temperatur-forhøyelse i disse tilfelle, men likevel var det 99.99 pst,-iske aluminium fullstendig oppløst etter 12 timer. Aluminium ifølge oppfinnelsen viste kun et vektstap på ca. 1/3. In a further similar pair of experiments, aluminum produced according to the new method was compared with the best refined pure aluminum (99.99 per cent). No temperature increase could be detected in these cases, but still 99.99% of the aluminum was completely dissolved after 12 hours. Aluminum according to the invention only showed a weight loss of approx. 1/3.
Kopperplater eller koppertråd som ble fremstilt ifølge foreliggende oppfinnelse og forsynt med noen få nye sterke aluminiumovertrekk, kan man oppbevare i timevis i salpetersyre uten at man kan oppdage det minste angrep av salpetersyre på kopperet. Copper sheets or copper wire made according to the present invention and provided with a few new strong aluminum covers can be kept for hours in nitric acid without the slightest attack of nitric acid on the copper being detected.
Den særlige høye renhetsgrad av det fremstilte aluminium er åpenbart en følge av det faktum at alle elektrolyter ble fremstilt av destillerbare og også av destillerte organiske aluminiumiforbindelser. Herved er det åpenbart mulig på en enkel måte å utskille de normale forurensninger i aluminium i en overordentlig virksom grad. The particularly high degree of purity of the produced aluminum is obviously a consequence of the fact that all electrolytes were produced from distillable and also from distilled organic aluminum compounds. Hereby, it is obviously possible in a simple way to excrete the normal contaminants in aluminum to an extremely effective degree.
Eksempel 1. Example 1.
Man fører under kvelstoff 42 gr. natriumfluorid og 260 gr. aluminiumtrietyl sammen og oppvarmer under omrøring til 100—120°, Det faste salt oppløser seg og man får to væskelag. Det øverste lag består av nesten rent aluminiumtrietyl, det nederste er en utmerket elektrolyt for elektrolytisk utskillelse av alumJinium og har nøyaktig sammensetningen 42 gr is carried under nitrogen. sodium fluoride and 260 gr. aluminum triethyl together and heat with stirring to 100-120°. The solid salt dissolves and two liquid layers are obtained. The upper layer consists of almost pure aluminum triethyl, the lower one is an excellent electrolyte for the electrolytic precipitation of alumJinium and has the exact composition
NaF . 2 Al(CoH5)3. NaF. 2 Al(CoH5)3.
Eksempel 2. Example 2.
58 g kaliumfluorid og 284 g aluminium-diisobutylhydrid 58 g potassium fluoride and 284 g aluminum diisobutyl hydride
ble oppvarmet i kvelstoffatmosfære og under omrøring til 100°. Saltet oppløser seg og man får en homogen væske som blir ved ca. 90° krystallisk stiv. Ved smeltelek-trolyse av dette reaksjonsprodukt oppnår man ved katoden en fastsittende alumi-niumlfelling. was heated in a nitrogen atmosphere and with stirring to 100°. The salt dissolves and you get a homogeneous liquid that remains at approx. 90° crystalline rigid. By melt electrolysis of this reaction product, a stuck aluminum precipitate is obtained at the cathode.
Eksempel 3. Example 3.
I kvelstoffatmosfære ble 58 g kaliumfluorid oppløst i 198 g aluminiumtriisp-butyl In a nitrogen atmosphere, 58 g of potassium fluoride were dissolved in 198 g of aluminum triisp-butyl
ved ca. 100°. Til denne reaksjonsblandirig tilsetter man 85 g aluminiumtrimetyl under omrøring og under oppvarming til 80— 90°. Det danner seg herved to væskelag. Det øverste lag leder praktisk talt ikke i det hele tatt den elektriske strøm, det nederste lag har sammensetningen at approx. 100°. 85 g of aluminum trimethyl is added to this reaction mixture while stirring and heating to 80-90°. This creates two liquid layers. The top layer practically does not conduct the electric current at all, the bottom layer has the composition
KF . A1(1-C4H0)« . A1(CH3)3KF. A1(1-C4H0)« . A1(CH3)3
og er meget godt egnet for elektrolytisk utskillelse av aluminium. and is very well suited for the electrolytic separation of aluminium.
Eksempel 4 Example 4
24 g natriumhydrid, 142 g alumSnium-diisobutylhydrid 24 g sodium hydride, 142 g aluminum diisobutyl hydride
og 114 g aluminiumtrietyl ble sammenført i en kvelstoffatmosfære og oppvarmet under omrøring til 110—120°. Det faste na- and 114 g of aluminum triethyl were combined in a nitrogen atmosphere and heated with stirring to 110-120°. The fixed na-
triumhydrid oppløser seg. Den oppstående flytende reaksj onsblanding har sammensetningen triium hydride dissolves. The resulting liquid reaction mixture has the composition
Eksempel 5.' Example 5.'
3/4 grammol (= 55 g) kaliumklorid og 1 grammol (= 120.5 g) aluminiumdietyl-mlonokldrid €1A1(C2Hh)2 — ble ført sammen under kvelstoff. Hvis man oppvarmer .denne reaksj onsblanding til 100°, så løser kaliumkloridet seg lett opp. Det oppstår en homogen væske som stivner ved avkjøling. Ved smelteelektrolysen av dette reaksj oirsprodukt skiller det seg en fast alu-miniumutfelling på katoden. 3/4 gram mole (= 55 g) of potassium chloride and 1 gram mole (= 120.5 g) of aluminum diethyl monochloride €1A1(C2Hh)2 — were brought together under nitrogen. If this reaction mixture is heated to 100°, the potassium chloride dissolves easily. A homogeneous liquid forms which solidifies on cooling. During the melt electrolysis of this reaction product, a solid aluminum precipitate separates on the cathode.
Eksempel 6. Example 6.
Mari fører sammen under omrøring og under kvelstoff tetraetylammoniumklorid og aluminiumtrietyl i et miolforhold av 1 mol : mere enn 2 mol. Det faste salt opp-løser seg og der dannes 2 lag. Det øverste lag består av praktisk talt rent aluminiumtrietyl. Det er desto større jo mere aluminiumtrietyl man har anvendt i over-skudd. Det nedre lag har nøyaktig følgende sammensetning: (C2Hr))4NC1.2Al(C2H5)3 og er en utmerket elektrolyt som er godt egnet for utskillelse av aluminium. Mari brings together, with stirring and under nitrogen, tetraethylammonium chloride and aluminum triethyl in a molar ratio of 1 mol: more than 2 mol. The solid salt dissolves and 2 layers are formed. The top layer consists of practically pure aluminum triethyl. It is all the greater the more aluminum triethyl that has been used in excess. The lower layer has exactly the following composition: (C2Hr))4NC1.2Al(C2H5)3 and is an excellent electrolyte well suited for the separation of aluminium.
Eksempel 7. Example 7.
Pyridiniumjodmjetylat ble som beskrevet i eksempel 6, forent med aluminiumtrietyl. Også her dannes det et gult til brun-farget med aluminiumtrietyl ikke bland-bart flytende nedre væskelag av sammensetning pyridiniumjodmetylat . 2 aluminiumtrietyl. Pyridinium iodomethylate was, as described in Example 6, combined with aluminum triethyl. Here too, a yellow to brown colored with aluminum triethyl immiscible liquid lower liquid layer of composition pyridinium iodomethylate is formed. 2 aluminum triethyl.
Eksempel 8. Example 8.
I flytende aluminium-tri-n-butyl blir dodecyl-trimetyl-ammoniumklorid oppløst i en slik mengde at det molare mengdefor-hold (mol) mellom det kvartære salt og aluminium-tri-n-butyl er større enn 1. Man oppnår elektrolyter med etter ønske varie-rende sammensetning (det kvartære salt er oppløselig i aluminium-tri-n-butyl i alle forhold) som under elektrolysen utskiller en godi |og fastsittende utfelning ved katoden! In liquid aluminium-tri-n-butyl, dodecyl-trimethyl-ammonium chloride is dissolved in such an amount that the molar quantity ratio (mol) between the quaternary salt and aluminum-tri-n-butyl is greater than 1. Electrolytes with varying composition as desired (the quaternary salt is soluble in aluminium-tri-n-butyl in all conditions) which during the electrolysis secretes a good and fixed precipitate at the cathode!
Claims (10)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
SE1288964 | 1964-10-26 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
NO117861B true NO117861B (en) | 1969-10-06 |
Family
ID=20296469
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
NO160198A NO117861B (en) | 1964-10-26 | 1965-10-23 |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US3410211A (en) |
CH (1) | CH425833A (en) |
GB (1) | GB1127904A (en) |
NL (1) | NL6511614A (en) |
NO (1) | NO117861B (en) |
Families Citing this family (16)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3646886A (en) * | 1968-05-10 | 1972-03-07 | Wood Industries Inc | Plate cylinder with interchangeable plate clamping device |
US3659525A (en) * | 1969-10-28 | 1972-05-02 | Wood Industries Inc | Flexible printing plate clamping device |
GB1350391A (en) * | 1970-07-28 | 1974-04-18 | Strachan & Henshaw Ltd | Cocking lock-up |
US3727551A (en) * | 1971-07-22 | 1973-04-17 | North American Rockwell | Reversible lockup for flexible printing plate |
DE2523580C3 (en) * | 1975-05-28 | 1978-06-15 | Albert-Frankenthal Ag, 6710 Frankenthal | Device for attaching flexible printing plates to the plate cylinder of rotary printing presses |
US4104968A (en) * | 1976-06-03 | 1978-08-08 | Albert-Frankenthal Ag | Clamping device for flexible printing plates |
US4068587A (en) * | 1977-02-24 | 1978-01-17 | Dayco Corporation | Printing blanket holding apparatus |
US4090444A (en) * | 1977-03-16 | 1978-05-23 | Dayco Corporation | Printing blanket holding bar |
DE3049143A1 (en) * | 1980-12-24 | 1982-07-22 | M.A.N.- Roland Druckmaschinen AG, 6050 Offenbach | FORM CYLINDERS FOR ARC ROTATION PRINTING PRINTING MACHINES |
DE3116506C2 (en) * | 1981-04-25 | 1984-05-17 | M.A.N.- Roland Druckmaschinen AG, 6050 Offenbach | Device for fastening a printing plate on the forme cylinder of a rotary printing press |
DE3470688D1 (en) * | 1983-11-14 | 1988-06-01 | De La Rue Giori Sa | Plate cylinder with a device for affixing gravure printing plates for a web-printing machine |
US5107763A (en) * | 1990-04-24 | 1992-04-28 | Rockwell International Corporation | Narrow gap plate mounting apparatus and method |
DE4234332A1 (en) * | 1992-10-12 | 1994-04-14 | Heidelberger Druckmasch Ag | Clamping device for attaching a flexible printing form to the outer surface of a cylinder |
US5413042A (en) * | 1994-02-22 | 1995-05-09 | Heidelberg Druckmaschinen Ag | Lock-up assembly for securing a printing plate on a plate cylinder |
DE102004042342B4 (en) * | 2004-09-01 | 2008-02-14 | Maschinenfabrik Wifag | Clamping device for a clamping channel of a cylinder body, printing forme cylinder and method of manufacture |
DE102008002640A1 (en) * | 2008-06-25 | 2010-01-07 | Koenig & Bauer Aktiengesellschaft | Plate cylinder for rotary printing press, has spring plate and/or retaining device arranged in sections for fixing of forward-moving chamfer and/or running chamfer such that spring plate exerts force aligned on edge of cylinder channel |
Family Cites Families (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US823099A (en) * | 1905-08-04 | 1906-06-12 | Duplex Printing Press Co | Means for fastening plates to cylinders. |
US1901076A (en) * | 1924-09-13 | 1933-03-14 | Duplex Printing Press Co | Changeable rotary press |
US1650206A (en) * | 1926-12-17 | 1927-11-22 | Hoe & Co R | Multiple-plate clamping |
US2621592A (en) * | 1947-12-26 | 1952-12-16 | Time Inc | Plate clamp for plate cylinder of printing presses |
US2900904A (en) * | 1953-06-08 | 1959-08-25 | Hantscho George | Printing press rollers |
US2768578A (en) * | 1953-10-08 | 1956-10-30 | Tribune Company | Lock-up mechanism for dry offset printing plates |
US3095811A (en) * | 1960-03-07 | 1963-07-02 | Miehle Goss Dexter Inc | Tension lockup for thin printing plates |
US2963969A (en) * | 1958-11-13 | 1960-12-13 | Goebel Gmbh Maschf | Device for tensioning printing plates particularly steel engraved plates on printing presses |
DE1132933B (en) * | 1961-05-25 | 1962-07-12 | Maschf Augsburg Nuernberg Ag | Device for the correct alignment of printing plates on the forme cylinders |
NL6409594A (en) * | 1963-08-27 | 1965-03-01 | ||
US3335663A (en) * | 1964-08-12 | 1967-08-15 | Miehle Goss Dexter Inc | Plate lockup for reversible plate cylinder |
-
1965
- 1965-09-06 NL NL6511614A patent/NL6511614A/xx unknown
- 1965-09-29 GB GB41312/65A patent/GB1127904A/en not_active Expired
- 1965-10-06 CH CH1374565A patent/CH425833A/en unknown
- 1965-10-08 US US494188A patent/US3410211A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1965-10-23 NO NO160198A patent/NO117861B/no unknown
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
NL6511614A (en) | 1966-04-27 |
CH425833A (en) | 1966-12-15 |
GB1127904A (en) | 1968-09-18 |
US3410211A (en) | 1968-11-12 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
NO117861B (en) | ||
El Abedin et al. | Additive free electrodeposition of nanocrystalline aluminium in a water and air stable ionic liquid | |
US2849349A (en) | Process for the electrolytic deposition of aluminium | |
Kitada et al. | Electrochemically active species in aluminum electrodeposition baths of AlCl3/glyme solutions | |
Forero‐Saboya et al. | Interfaces and interphases in Ca and Mg batteries | |
Tran et al. | Evaluation of Mg [N (SO2CF3) 2] 2/acetonitrile electrolyte for use in Mg-ion cells | |
Elwell et al. | Electrodeposition of solar silicon | |
Kitada et al. | AlCl3-dissolved diglyme as electrolyte for room-temperature aluminum electrodeposition | |
Pershin et al. | Synthesis of silumins in KF-AlF3-SiO2 melts | |
Suzdaltsev et al. | Synthesis of aluminum master alloys in oxide-fluoride melts: a Review | |
AU2015287769A1 (en) | Producing lithium | |
EA024674B1 (en) | Process for manufacturing lower chlorides of titanium | |
CN109477229A (en) | Electrochemical method for producing ammonia | |
CN102888631B (en) | A kind of ionic liquid low-temperature electro-deposition prepares the method for Al-Bi alloy or plating Al-Bi alloy | |
Takeda et al. | Electrowinning of lithium from LiOH in molten chloride | |
JP5888403B2 (en) | Method for preparing plating solution for electroaluminum plating having low melting point, electroplating solution for electroaluminum plating, method for producing aluminum foil, and method for reducing melting point of electroplating solution for electroaluminum plating | |
Zein El Abedin | Electrochemical behavior of aluminum and some of its alloys in chloroaluminate ionic liquids: electrolytic extraction and electrorefining | |
Bilgiç et al. | A system design for large scale production of elemental boron by electrochemical deposition | |
Masuda et al. | Electrodeposition of Tungsten and Related Voltammetric Study in a Basic ZnCl2NaCl (40-60 mol%) Melt | |
JP2014133939A (en) | Method for producing titanium | |
RU2722753C1 (en) | Electrochemical method of producing microdisperse powders of metal hexaborides of lanthanide group | |
JP3218016B2 (en) | Manufacturing method of high purity silicon and high purity titanium | |
Saito et al. | Solid-State Rechargeable Lithium Metal Battery with Li4B4Al3O12Cl-based Water-Resistant Lithium-Ion-Conducting Oxychloride Glass-Ceramic Electrolyte | |
Rudenko et al. | The Effect of Sc 2 O 3 on the Physicochemical Properties of Low-Melting Cryolite Melts КF–AlF 3 and КF–NaF–AlF 3 | |
KR20150046085A (en) | Electrolytic process to silicides |