NL6606632A - - Google Patents

Info

Publication number
NL6606632A
NL6606632A NL6606632A NL6606632A NL6606632A NL 6606632 A NL6606632 A NL 6606632A NL 6606632 A NL6606632 A NL 6606632A NL 6606632 A NL6606632 A NL 6606632A NL 6606632 A NL6606632 A NL 6606632A
Authority
NL
Netherlands
Application number
NL6606632A
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed filed Critical
Publication of NL6606632A publication Critical patent/NL6606632A/xx

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F10/00—Homopolymers and copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F110/00—Homopolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
    • C08F110/02—Ethene
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F210/00—Copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
    • C08F210/16—Copolymers of ethene with alpha-alkenes, e.g. EP rubbers
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S526/00—Synthetic resins or natural rubbers -- part of the class 520 series
    • Y10S526/902—Monomer polymerized in bulk in presence of transition metal containing catalyst
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S526/00—Synthetic resins or natural rubbers -- part of the class 520 series
    • Y10S526/905—Polymerization in presence of transition metal containing catalyst in presence of hydrogen
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S526/00—Synthetic resins or natural rubbers -- part of the class 520 series
    • Y10S526/912—Reaction medium purification

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Transition And Organic Metals Composition Catalysts For Addition Polymerization (AREA)
  • Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
NL6606632A 1965-05-14 1966-05-13 NL6606632A (pm)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US455941A US3324101A (en) 1965-05-14 1965-05-14 Olefin polymerization process and catalyst therefor
US455975A US3324095A (en) 1965-05-14 1965-05-14 Polymerization process

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
NL6606632A true NL6606632A (pm) 1966-11-15

Family

ID=27038028

Family Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
NL135065D NL135065C (pm) 1965-05-14
NL6606632A NL6606632A (pm) 1965-05-14 1966-05-13

Family Applications Before (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
NL135065D NL135065C (pm) 1965-05-14

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (2) US3324101A (pm)
BE (1) BE680954A (pm)
DE (1) DE1645585C2 (pm)
DK (1) DK130722B (pm)
GB (1) GB1146145A (pm)
NL (2) NL6606632A (pm)
SE (1) SE388863B (pm)

Families Citing this family (109)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3513150A (en) * 1965-11-23 1970-05-19 Mitsubishi Chem Ind Method of manufacturing polyethylene
US3513151A (en) * 1965-12-27 1970-05-19 Owens Illinois Inc Reaction product of metal oxides and hydrocarbylcyclosiloxanes and method of polymerization using same
US3493554A (en) * 1966-06-27 1970-02-03 Nat Distillers Chem Corp Olefin polymerization process employing a chromate catalyst
US3474080A (en) * 1966-06-27 1969-10-21 Nat Distillers Chem Corp Catalytic process for olefin polymerization
US3468865A (en) * 1966-12-23 1969-09-23 Owens Illinois Inc Polymerization and catalysts
US3535297A (en) * 1968-02-14 1970-10-20 Union Carbide Corp Polymerization of ethylene using supported activated chromyl chloride catalysts
FR2009345A1 (pm) * 1968-05-25 1970-01-30 Mitsubishi Chem Ind
US3839313A (en) * 1968-10-09 1974-10-01 Montedison Spa Catalysts for the polymerization of olefins
CA995396A (en) * 1971-03-18 1976-08-17 Robert N. Johnson Catalyst modified with strong reducing agent and silane compounds and use in polymerization of olefins
FR2207145B1 (pm) * 1972-11-17 1975-09-12 Naphtachimie Sa
US3876554A (en) * 1973-11-08 1975-04-08 Chemplex Co Organotin chromate polymerization catalyst
US4020092A (en) * 1973-11-08 1977-04-26 Chemplex Company Compounds bis(tributyltin)chromate and bis(triphenyltin)chromate
US3884832A (en) * 1974-02-04 1975-05-20 Chemplex Co Organotin chromate polymerization catalyst
SE392112B (sv) * 1974-04-19 1977-03-14 Unifos Kemi Ab Lagtryckspolyetenkomposition innehallande fosfonsyraderivat
US4053435A (en) * 1975-03-12 1977-10-11 Gulf Research & Development Company Catalysts for the polymerization of ethylene
US3984351A (en) * 1975-03-14 1976-10-05 National Petro Chemicals Corporation Olefin polymerization catalyst
US4192775A (en) * 1975-03-14 1980-03-11 National Petro Chemicals Corporation Olefin polymerization catalyst
US4031298A (en) * 1975-06-30 1977-06-21 Chemplex Company Polymerization catalyst and method
IT1039828B (it) * 1975-07-09 1979-12-10 Montedison Spa Componenti di catalizzatori perla polimerizzazione di olefine e catalizzatori da essi ottenuti
US3956257A (en) * 1975-08-14 1976-05-11 Phillips Petroleum Company Hydrocarbylaluminum hydrocarbyloxide antifouling agent in olefin polymerization process
US4053437A (en) * 1976-03-04 1977-10-11 Chemplex Company Polyolefin catalyst and method for its preparation
US4065612A (en) * 1976-03-30 1977-12-27 Union Carbide Corporation Phenol modified polymerization catalyst and polymerization process
US4100105A (en) * 1977-01-21 1978-07-11 Union Carbide Corporation Titanium-modified silyl chromate catalysts for ethylene polymerization
DE2802763A1 (de) * 1978-01-23 1979-07-26 Hoechst Ag Verfahren zur herstellung eines katalysators
US4297461A (en) * 1979-06-08 1981-10-27 National Petro Chemicals Corp. Olefin polymerization catalyst
US4260706A (en) * 1979-06-21 1981-04-07 National Petro Chemicals Corp. Olefin polymerization catalyst
US4460755A (en) * 1982-09-30 1984-07-17 Union Carbide Corporation Direct conversion of a polymerization reaction catalyzed by a Ziegler-type catalyst into one catalyzed by a chromium-based catalyst
US4806513A (en) * 1984-05-29 1989-02-21 Phillips Petroleum Company Silicon and fluorine-treated alumina containing a chromium catalyst and method of producing same
US4560733A (en) * 1984-10-01 1985-12-24 Phillips Petroleum Company Polymerization and catalyst
US4540757A (en) * 1984-10-01 1985-09-10 Phillips Petroleum Company Polymerization and catalyst
US4803251A (en) 1987-11-04 1989-02-07 Union Carbide Corporation Method for reducing sheeting during polymerization of alpha-olefins
CA2020509C (en) * 1989-08-10 1998-04-28 William K. Reagen Chromium compounds and uses thereof
US5034364A (en) * 1989-11-09 1991-07-23 Mobil Oil Corporation Multiple chromium compound-containing catalyst composition and olefin polymerization therewith
FI902123A7 (fi) * 1990-04-26 1991-10-27 Borealis Holding As Siirtymämetallipohjainen katalyytti olefiinien polymeroimiseksi ja kopolymeroimiseksi, sen valmistus ja käyttö
US5137994A (en) * 1991-05-23 1992-08-11 Union Carbide Chemicals & Plastics Technology Corporation Process for the simultaneous trimerization and copolymerization of ethylene
US5443874A (en) * 1993-05-24 1995-08-22 Mitsubishi Petrochemical Co., Ltd. Hollow multi-layer molding
CN1166701C (zh) 1998-12-29 2004-09-15 切夫里昂菲利普化学有限责任公司 改进的铬酸酯催化剂及用其生产高性能聚乙烯产品的方法
CZ288056B6 (cs) * 1999-04-08 2001-04-11 Polymer Institute Brno, Spol. S R. O. Způsob přípravy kopolymerů ethylenu vhodných pro výrobu fólií nebo trubek
WO2004031292A2 (en) 2002-10-02 2004-04-15 Dow Global Technologies Inc. POLYMER COMPOSITIONS COMPRISING A LOW VISCOSITY, HOMOGENEOUSLY BRANCHED ETHYLENE/α-OLEFIN EXTENDER
US6989344B2 (en) * 2002-12-27 2006-01-24 Univation Technologies, Llc Supported chromium oxide catalyst for the production of broad molecular weight polyethylene
US20100291334A1 (en) * 2002-12-27 2010-11-18 Univation Technologies, Llc Broad Molecular Weight Polyethylene Having Improved Properties
US20040167015A1 (en) * 2003-02-26 2004-08-26 Cann Kevin J. Production of broad molecular weight polyethylene
DE602004021787D1 (de) * 2003-03-28 2009-08-13 Union Carbide Chem Plastic Katalysatoren basiert auf chrom in einem mineralöl und verfahren zur polymerisation von ethylen
US6982304B2 (en) * 2003-12-22 2006-01-03 Union Carbide Chemicals & Plastics Technology Corporation Blow molding resins with improved ESCR
US7151073B2 (en) * 2004-01-16 2006-12-19 Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. Mesoporous catalyst support, a catalyst system, and method of making and using same for olefin polymerization
WO2006107373A1 (en) * 2005-03-31 2006-10-12 Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. Processes for producing high density polyethylene
JP2009531484A (ja) * 2006-03-31 2009-09-03 サウディ ベーシック インダストリーズ コーポレイション シリルクロメート触媒の調製プロセス
US20140179882A9 (en) 2008-02-21 2014-06-26 Univation Technologies, Llc Systems and Methods for Fabricating Polymers
BRPI0923478B1 (pt) 2008-12-22 2019-11-05 Univation Tech Llc sistemas e processos para a fabricação de polímeros
US20110256632A1 (en) 2009-01-08 2011-10-20 Univation Technologies, Llc Additive for Polyolefin Polymerization Processes
WO2010080871A1 (en) 2009-01-08 2010-07-15 Univation Technologies, Llc Additive for gas phase polymerization processes
EP2451848A1 (en) * 2009-07-09 2012-05-16 Union Carbide Chemicals & Plastics Technology LLC Enhanced condensed mode operation in method of producing polyofefins with chromium based catalysts
CN102712701A (zh) 2009-12-07 2012-10-03 尤尼威蒂恩技术有限责任公司 减少催化剂的静电荷的方法和使用该催化剂生产聚烯烃的方法
CN102453154B (zh) * 2010-10-22 2013-07-24 中国石油化工股份有限公司 乙烯聚合用有机铬催化剂及其制备方法
CN102627710B (zh) * 2012-04-16 2017-12-29 华东理工大学 一种负载型双中心复合聚乙烯催化剂的制备方法和应用
EP2935352B1 (en) 2012-12-19 2020-08-26 Saudi Basic Industries Corporation Polymerisation of ethylene in the presence of a silylchromate based catalyst.
US10227428B2 (en) 2013-11-21 2019-03-12 Univation Technologies, Llc Methods for controlling polymer properties
US20170226241A1 (en) 2013-11-28 2017-08-10 Saudi Basic Industries Corporation Chromium-based catalyst component comprising a modified inorganic oxide support
EP3149061B1 (en) 2014-05-27 2019-03-13 SABIC Global Technologies B.V. Process for transitioning between incompatible catalysts
CN112778445B (zh) 2014-09-02 2023-07-21 尤尼威蒂恩技术有限责任公司 使用铬类催化剂的聚烯烃制造
EP3188831B1 (en) 2014-09-02 2020-10-28 Univation Technologies, LLC Polyolefin production with chromium-based catalysts
SG10201801618TA (en) 2014-09-02 2018-03-28 Univation Tech Llc Polyolefin production with chromium-based catalysts
EP3223943B1 (en) 2014-11-24 2023-09-27 Univation Technologies, LLC Composition comprising particles
SG11201703845PA (en) 2014-11-24 2017-06-29 Univation Tech Llc Chromium-based catalyst compositions for olefin polymerization
US10479883B2 (en) 2015-05-05 2019-11-19 Sabic Global Technologies B.V. Compositions for automotive interior parts
US20180179308A1 (en) 2015-06-23 2018-06-28 Sabic Global Technologies B.V. Polymerisation of ethylene in the presence of a silylchromate based catalyst
US10913831B2 (en) 2016-01-29 2021-02-09 Univation Technologies, Llc Polyolefin film with improved toughness
EP3445790B1 (en) 2016-04-20 2023-07-12 Univation Technologies, LLC Polymer flow index modifier
BR112019008131B1 (pt) 2016-11-08 2022-12-20 Univation Technologies, Llc Polietileno bimodal
SG11201903391PA (en) 2016-11-08 2019-05-30 Univation Tech Llc Polyethylene composition
RU2758879C2 (ru) 2016-11-08 2021-11-02 ЮНИВЕЙШН ТЕКНОЛОДЖИЗ, ЭлЭлСи Полиэтиленовая композиция
EP3545010B1 (en) 2016-11-28 2021-03-31 Univation Technologies, LLC Producing a polyethylene polymer
CN109983035B (zh) 2016-12-15 2022-02-11 尤尼威蒂恩技术有限责任公司 对聚合工艺进行评定
SG11202001172PA (en) 2017-08-28 2020-03-30 Univation Tech Llc Bimodal polyethylene
WO2019051006A1 (en) 2017-09-11 2019-03-14 Univation Technologies, Llc BIMODAL POLYETHYLENE COMPOSITION CONTAINING CARBON BLACK
WO2019083716A1 (en) 2017-10-27 2019-05-02 Univation Technologies, Llc RESINS AND FILMS BASED ON A POLYETHYLENE COPOLYMER
CA3079202A1 (en) 2017-10-27 2019-05-02 Univation Technologies, Llc Selectively transitioning polymerization processes
KR102636033B1 (ko) 2017-12-05 2024-02-14 유니베이션 테크놀로지즈, 엘엘씨 변형된 분무-건조된 지글러-나타 (전구)촉매 시스템
US11325927B2 (en) 2017-12-05 2022-05-10 Univation Technologies, Llc Activated spray-dried Ziegler-Natta catalyst system
US20210079129A1 (en) 2017-12-18 2021-03-18 Dow Global Technologies Llc Hafnocene-titanocene catalyst system
CN111372958B (zh) 2017-12-18 2023-06-30 陶氏环球技术有限责任公司 二茂锆-二茂钛催化剂体系
WO2019190897A1 (en) 2018-03-26 2019-10-03 Dow Global Technologies Llc Spray-dried zirconocene catalyst system
WO2019190898A1 (en) 2018-03-28 2019-10-03 Univation Technologies, Llc Multimodal polyethylene composition
CA3037503A1 (en) 2018-04-26 2019-10-26 Nova Chemicals Corporation Phosphinimine amido-ether complexes
CN112513109B (zh) 2018-05-24 2024-02-02 尤尼威蒂恩技术有限责任公司 单峰聚乙烯共聚物及其膜
SG11202011823SA (en) 2018-06-12 2020-12-30 Dow Global Technologies Llc Activator-nucleator formulations
CA3102431A1 (en) 2018-06-13 2019-12-19 Univation Technologies, Llc Spray-dried ziegler-natta (pro)catalyst systems
WO2020028229A1 (en) 2018-07-31 2020-02-06 Univation Technologies, Llc Unimodal polyethylene copolymer and film thereof
EP3830145A1 (en) 2018-07-31 2021-06-09 Univation Technologies, LLC Unimodal polyethylene copolymer and film thereof
CN109438593B (zh) * 2018-11-26 2020-09-22 上海化工研究院有限公司 一种生产超高分子量聚烯烃用催化剂及其制备方法和应用
EP3715385B1 (en) 2019-03-26 2024-01-31 SABIC Global Technologies B.V. Chromium oxide catalyst for ethylene polymerization
CN113924338B (zh) 2019-06-10 2024-03-29 尤尼威蒂恩技术有限责任公司 聚乙烯共混物
MX2022012343A (es) 2020-04-01 2022-10-27 Dow Global Technologies Llc Copolimero de polietileno lineal bimodal de baja densidad.
EP4139371B1 (en) 2020-04-21 2024-08-14 Nova Chemicals (International) S.A. Cyclopentadienyl/adamantyl phosphinimine titanium complexes
WO2021214612A1 (en) 2020-04-21 2021-10-28 Nova Chemicals (International) S.A. Cyclopentadienyl/adamantyl phosphinimine zirconium and hafnium complexes
US20230312894A1 (en) 2020-09-30 2023-10-05 Univation Technologies, Llc Bimodal polyethylene copolymers for pe-80 pipe applications
KR20240046865A (ko) 2021-06-22 2024-04-11 에퀴스타 케미칼즈, 엘피 재생 중합체 공정 및 제품
AU2023317459A1 (en) 2022-08-04 2025-02-20 Equistar Chemicals, Lp Polyethylene recyclate blend products
CN120418300A (zh) 2022-12-20 2025-08-01 Sabic环球技术有限责任公司 用于聚乙烯聚合的催化剂
WO2024132245A1 (en) 2022-12-20 2024-06-27 Sabic Global Technologies B.V. Process for the production of polyethylene
WO2024253861A1 (en) 2023-06-08 2024-12-12 Dow Global Technologies Llc Supported olefin polymerization catalysys comprising substituted 2-hydroxythiophene compounds
WO2024253859A1 (en) 2023-06-08 2024-12-12 Dow Global Technologies Llc Supported olefin polymerization catalysts comprising substituted 2-hydroxythiophene compounds
WO2024253863A1 (en) 2023-06-08 2024-12-12 Dow Global Technologies Llc Supported olefin polymerization catalysts comprising substituted 2-hydroxythiophene compounds
WO2024253864A1 (en) 2023-06-08 2024-12-12 Dow Global Technologies Llc Supported olefin polymerization catalysts comprising substituted 2-hydroxythiophene compounds
WO2024253862A1 (en) 2023-06-08 2024-12-12 Dow Global Technologies Llc Supported olefin polymerization catalysts comprising substituted 2-hydroxythiophene compounds
WO2024253860A1 (en) 2023-06-08 2024-12-12 Dow Global Technologies Llc Supported olefin polymerization catalysts comprising substituted 2-hydroxythiophene compounds
WO2025006396A1 (en) 2023-06-27 2025-01-02 Equistar Chemicals, Lp Polymer recyclate blend product and process
CN119264188A (zh) * 2023-07-04 2025-01-07 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 铬系化合物及其制备方法与应用、苄醇类化合物催化氧化的方法
WO2025165750A1 (en) 2024-01-29 2025-08-07 Equistar Chemicals, Lp Polyethylene recyclate blend products

Family Cites Families (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
BE637740A (pm) *
US2863891A (en) * 1955-03-18 1958-12-09 Little Inc A Metal organo-silyl esters
US2882264A (en) * 1955-10-10 1959-04-14 Dow Chemical Co Polymerization of ethylene
US2981725A (en) * 1955-11-16 1961-04-25 Shell Oil Co Process for polymerizing olefins
US2898328A (en) * 1956-07-10 1959-08-04 Ici Ltd Polymerisation of olefins
NL103354C (pm) * 1957-06-28
BE586915A (pm) * 1959-01-27
US2994711A (en) * 1959-08-10 1961-08-01 Nat Distillers Chem Corp Triorganosiloxymetal oxides
US3046267A (en) * 1959-09-22 1962-07-24 Nat Distillers Chem Corp Catalytic process for polymerizing ethylenically unsaturated hydrocarbons
US3046268A (en) * 1959-09-22 1962-07-24 Nat Distillers Chem Corp Catalytic process for polymerizaing ethylenically unsaturated hydrocarbons
NL128841C (pm) * 1963-06-21

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB1146145A (en) 1969-03-19
DE1645585A1 (de) 1970-07-09
US3324095A (en) 1967-06-06
DE1645585C2 (de) 1983-05-11
DK130722C (pm) 1975-09-01
DK130722B (da) 1975-04-01
BE680954A (pm) 1966-11-14
US3324101A (en) 1967-06-06
NL135065C (pm)
SE388863B (sv) 1976-10-18

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
DK130722C (pm)
DE1475715B2 (pm)
JPS4423886Y1 (pm)
JPS4823545Y1 (pm)
DE1302107B (pm)
JPS4329745Y1 (pm)
AU6702965A (pm)
BE674907A (pm)
BE674752A (pm)
NL6604514A (pm)
NL6603837A (pm)
NL6602821A (pm)
BE673712A (pm)
BE668136A (pm)
NL6611631A (pm)
BE673358A (pm)
BE684258A (pm)
BE679904A (pm)
BE675031A (pm)
BE675030A (pm)
BE674921A (pm)
BE674919A (pm)
BE673649A (pm)
BE674876A (pm)
BE674859A (pm)