NL2030301B1 - System for comprehensively monitoring rock mass degradation of hydro-fluctuation belt of bank slope in valley area and monitoring method - Google Patents
System for comprehensively monitoring rock mass degradation of hydro-fluctuation belt of bank slope in valley area and monitoring method Download PDFInfo
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01D—MEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01D21/00—Measuring or testing not otherwise provided for
- G01D21/02—Measuring two or more variables by means not covered by a single other subclass
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
- G01V11/00—Prospecting or detecting by methods combining techniques covered by two or more of main groups G01V1/00 - G01V9/00
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
- G01V9/00—Prospecting or detecting by methods not provided for in groups G01V1/00 - G01V8/00
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- G—PHYSICS
- G08—SIGNALLING
- G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
- G08B21/00—Alarms responsive to a single specified undesired or abnormal condition and not otherwise provided for
- G08B21/02—Alarms for ensuring the safety of persons
- G08B21/10—Alarms for ensuring the safety of persons responsive to calamitous events, e.g. tornados or earthquakes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W4/00—Services specially adapted for wireless communication networks; Facilities therefor
- H04W4/30—Services specially adapted for particular environments, situations or purposes
- H04W4/38—Services specially adapted for particular environments, situations or purposes for collecting sensor information
Abstract
Described is a system for comprehensively monitoring rock mass degradation of a hydro- fluctuation belt of a bank slope in a valley area includes: a data acquisition module connected to a plurality of fixed clinometers, a plurality of displacement meters, a plurality of surface crack meters, a plurality of earth pressure cells, a plurality of automatic thermometers, a water level indicator and a rain gauge; a plurality of integrated multi-antenna global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers; a general packet radio service (GPRS) data transmission device; a Web and database server; an early warning module configured to send early warning information when determining that monitoring data exceeds an early warning value; a cloud server configured to receive data automatically uploaded by the Web and database server, and capable of receiving test data uploaded manually; and a user terminal obtaining the early warning information from the early warning module, and obtaining the monitoring data of all physical quantities of the hydro- fluctuation belt from the cloud server. The present disclosure has the beneficial effects that deformation and stress changes caused by rock mass degradation of the hydro-fluctuation belt the bank slope with different landform features and rock mass qualities can be effectively monitored, and comprehensive degradation parameters of the rock mass of the hydro-fluctuation belt of the bank slope can be fully obtained.
Description
TECHNICAL FIELD The present disclosure relates to the technical field of geological disaster prevention, control and early warning, and particularly relates to a system for comprehensively monitoring rock mass degradation of a hydro-fluctuation belt of a bank slope in a valley area and a monitoring method.
BACKGROUND There are increasing large water storage type hydropower stations. When the hydropower station stores water, the water level of a reservoir area fluctuates, surface water and underground water move extremely actively near the hydro-fluctuation belt of the bank slope of a reservoir area. Accordingly, the bank slopes on the two sides of a main stream and a branch stream of the reservoir area can generate macroscopic degradation to different extents. A water level fluctuation belt slope which suffers from severe rock mass degradation under influence of water level fluctuation is called a hydro-fluctuation belt of a slope. Due to the water-rock interaction, the water erosion effect, the stress, the environmental periodic effect, etc., bank slope hydro-fluctuation belts with different structures and lithologic conditions show remarkable degradation differences. In order to accurately evaluate the stability of the bank slope of the reservoir area, it is necessary to monitor the deformation and degradation of the hydro- fluctuation belt of the bank slope. Research on the hydro-fluctuation belt of the bank slope in the valley area during water storage operation of a hydropower station has been mainly focused on indoor mechanical property testing and non-destructive testing of a rock mass of the hydro-fluctuation belt. Currently, there is no system for systematically monitoring the rock mass of the hydro- fluctuation belt of the bank slope in the valley area and no corresponding monitoring method.
SUMMARY In view of this, to solve the problem of monitoring of rock mass degradation of a hydro- fluctuation belt of a bank slope in a valley area, the embodiments of the present disclosure provide a system for comprehensively monitoring rock mass degradation of a hydro-fluctuation belt of a bank slope in a valley area and a monitoring method. An embodiment of the present disclosure provides a system for comprehensively monitoring rock mass degradation of a hydro-fluctuation belt of a bank slope in a valley area. The system includes: a data acquisition module connected to a plurality of fixed clinometers and a plurality of displacement meters that are arranged in the rock mass of the hydro-fluctuation belt, a plurality of surface crack meters arranged at cracks at a surface of the rock mass of the hydro- fluctuation belt, a plurality of earth pressure cells arranged at a weak interlayer or an interlayer shear zone at a bottom of the hydro-fluctuation belt, a plurality of automatic thermometers arranged on a wall surface of the rock mass of the hydro-fluctuation belt and in the cracks of the rock mass, a water level indicator arranged in a water level monitoring borehole of the hydro- fluctuation belt, and a rain gauge arranged on the surface of the hydro-fluctuation belt; a plurality of integrated multi-antenna global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers arranged on a stable geologic body outside the hydro-fluctuation belt and the rock mass of the hydro-fluctuation belt; a general packet radio service (GPRS) data transmission device connected to the data acquisition module and the plurality of integrated multi-antenna GNSS receivers separately; a Web and database server in wireless communication connection with the GPRS data transmission device; an early warning module in communication connection with the Web and database server and configured to send early warning information when determining that monitoring data, acquired by the data acquisition module, transmitted by the GPRS data transmission device exceeds an early warning value; a cloud server configured to receive the monitoring data uploaded by the Web and database server, and receive scanning data of the surface of the rock mass of the hydro- fluctuation belt from a three-dimensional laser scanner, a sound wave velocity, measured by a sound wave tester, of the rock mass of the hydro-fluctuation belt, and resistivity, measured by a high-density electrical prospecting instrument, of the rock mass of the hydro-fluctuation belt; and a user terminal connected to the early warning module and the cloud server separately, where the user terminal obtains the early warning information from the early warning module, obtains the monitoring data, acquired by the data acquisition module, from the cloud server, and further receives the three-dimensional laser scanning data of the hydro-fluctuation belt, and the sound wave velocity and the resistivity of the rock mass of the hydro-fluctuation belt.
Further, under the condition that an estimated value of maximum deep displacement of the rock mass of the hydro-fluctuation belt is less than a maximum measured value of the fixed clinometer, the fixed clinometer is selected for deep displacement monitoring, and the fixed clinometer is arranged in a vertical borehole provided in the rock mass of the hydro-fluctuation belt; and under the condition that the maximum deep displacement estimated value of the rock mass of the hydro-fluctuation belt is greater than the maximum measured value of the fixed clinometer, the displacement meter is selected for deep displacement monitoring, and the displacement meter includes a stay wire type displacement meter and a multi-point displacement meter.
Further, the plurality of earth pressure cells are arranged at the weak interlayer or the interlayer shear zone at the bottom of the hydro-fluctuation belt and configured to monitor pressure of the rock-soil mass at the weak interlayer or the interlayer shear zone at the bottom of the hydro-fluctuation belt.
Further, when a hydro-fluctuation belt bank slope is a dip slope, the surface crack meter is selected to monitor a width change of a crack on a surface of the rock mass of the hydro- fluctuation belt, the surface crack meter crosses the crack of the rock mass on the surface of the hydro-fluctuation belt, and two ends of the surface crack meter are separately fixed on the rock mass on the surface of the hydro-fluctuation belt by means of expansion bolts; and when the hydro-fluctuation belt bank slope is an inverted-T-shaped near-upright steep bank slope, the monitoring system further includes a rotary-wing unmanned aerial vehicle, and the rotary-wing unmanned aerial vehicle is configured to acquire a sectional orthogonal image map of the hydro-fluctuation belt of the inverted-T-shaped near-upright steep bank slope and directly determine the width and key geometric information of the crack according to the sectional orthogonal image map of the hydro-fluctuation belt of the near-upright steep bank slope.
Further, the system for comprehensively monitoring rock mass degradation of a hydro- fluctuation belt of a bank slope in a valley area includes the plurality of integrated multi-antenna GNSS receivers, where one of the integrated multi-antenna GNSS receivers serves as a base station and is mounted on the stable geologic body except for the hydro-fluctuation belt of the slope; and the other integrated multi-antenna GNSS receivers serve as monitoring stations, and are arranged at a deformation control portion and a sensitive part of the hydro-fluctuation belt for observing horizontal displacement and vertical deformation of the rock mass of the hydro- fluctuation belt of the slope, and the plurality of integrated multi-antenna GNSS receivers are all powered by combination of a high-power solar panel and a battery pack, and are each connected to the GPRS data transmission device.
Further, the system for comprehensively monitoring rock mass degradation of a hydro- fluctuation belt of a bank slope in a valley area includes the plurality of automatic thermometers, where at least two of the plurality of automatic thermometers are fixed on a wall surface of the rock mass of the hydro-fluctuation belt by means of expansion bolts to make contact with the surface of the rock mass, so as to test a temperature change of the surface of the rock mass of the hydro-fluctuation belt; and at least two of the plurality of automatic thermometers are arranged in the cracks of the rock mass of the hydro-fluctuation belt at different depths in such a way that a hoop is fixed at a bottom of the crack of the rock mass of the hydro-fluctuation belt by means of cement, and the automatic thermometer is fixed on the hoop, so as to test temperature changes of the rock masses at different depths.
Further, when decimetre-level and meter-level small-scale measuring window three- dimensional laser scanning is carried out, a base of the three-dimensional laser scanner is fixed on the rock mass of the hydro-fluctuation belt of the slope, a scanning lens is parallel to a measuring window for the rock mass of the hydro-fluctuation belt, so as to acquire degradation information of the surface of the rock mass in a plain scanning manner, and when three- dimensional laser scanning is conducted on a measurement area in different time periods, a distance between the scanning lens and the measurement area is kept consistent; and when hectometre-level large-scale measuring window three-dimensional laser scanning is carried out, the three-dimensional laser scanner is arranged on a dip slope opposite the hydro-fluctuation belt, and an observation point position of the three-dimensional laser scanner and an orientation of the scanning lens are constantly fixed relative to the measurement area of the rock mass of the hydro-fluctuation belt.
Further, the sound wave tester includes a sound wave transmitter and a sound wave receiver, the sound wave transmitter being provided with a plurality of sound wave transmitting probes, and the sound wave receiver being provided with a plurality of sound wave receiving probes; under the condition that the hydro-fluctuation belt bank slope is a dip slope, the sound wave transmitter and the sound wave receiver are arranged in a transmission hole and a reception hole in the hydro-fluctuation belt bank slope respectively, the sound wave transmitting probes in the transmission hole correspond one-to-one to the sound wave receiving probes in the reception hole, and the corresponding sound wave transmitting probe and sound wave receiving probe have a same elevation; and when the hydro-fluctuation belt bank slope is an inverted-T-shaped near-upright steep bank slope, mounting positions of each of the sound wave transmitting probes and each of the sound wave receiving probes are determined by using a sectional orthogonal image map, obtained by nap-of-the-object photogrammetry, of the hydro-fluctuation belt, the sound wave transmitting probe and the sound wave receiving probe are mounted and fixed to a sound wave hanging rope in advance according to terrain information of the inverted-T-shaped near-upright steep bank slope, the sound wave transmitting probe is hung on one side of the bank slope of the hydro-fluctuation belt and clings to a rock face, the sound wave receiving probe is hung on the other side of the bank slope of the hydro-fluctuation belt and clings to a rock face, the sound wave transmitting probes and the sound wave receiving probes on the rock faces on two sides of the inverted-T-shaped bank slope are in one-to-one correspondence, and the corresponding sound wave transmitting probe and sound wave receiving probe has a same elevation.
Further, when a shallow rock mass deterioration test is carried out in a fractured rock mass development area with a near-surface rock mass quality grade of the hydro-fluctuation belt being IV-V, the high-density electrical prospecting instrument is used to replace the sound wave tester for testing, the high-density electrical prospecting instrument is provided with a positive power supply electrode and a negative power supply electrode, the positive power supply electrode includes a plurality of positive measurement electrodes arranged in one test hole at intervals, the negative power supply electrode includes a plurality of negative measurement electrodes arranged in another test hole at intervals, all the positive measurement electrodes correspond one-to-one to all the negative measurement electrodes, and the corresponding positive measurement electrode and negative measurement electrode have a same elevation.
The embodiment of the present disclosure further provides a method for comprehensively monitoring rock mass degradation of a hydro-fluctuation belt of a bank slope in a valley area.
5 The method includes: S1, determining a type of a monitored bank slope according to a terrain of the hydro- fluctuation belt bank slope; carrying out, when the monitored object is an inverted-T-shaped near-upright steep bank slope, a rock mass degradation test by using a wall-mounted sound wave through test, and acquiring a change rule of the crack of the rock mass of the hydro- fluctuation belt by using nap-of-the-object photogrammetry; and monitoring, when the monitored object is a slope, a sound wave value or resistivity of a shallow rock mass, deep displacement of the hydro-fluctuation belt, a width of the crack at surface of the rock mass of the hydro- fluctuation belt, pressure of a rock-soil mass at the weak interlayer or the interlayer shear zone at the bottom of the rock mass of the hydro-fluctuation belt, a surface temperature of the rock mass of the hydro-fluctuation belt, temperatures of the rock mass at different depths, a water level of the hydro-fluctuation belt and rainfall of the hydro-fluctuation belt; S2, determining a quality grade of the rock mass of the hydro-fluctuation belt of the target monitored bank slope and a shallow rock mass degradation testing method according to bank slope engineering geological survey data; using, under the condition that the quality grade of the rock mass of the hydro-fluctuation belt of the slope is I-III, a cross-hole sound wave through test during shallow rock mass degradation test; and using, under the condition that the quality grade of the rock mass of the hydro-fluctuation belt of the slope is IV-V, a high-density electrical method test during the shallow rock mass degradation test; S3, estimating maximum deep displacement of the rock mass of the hydro-fluctuation belt of the target monitored slope according to early-stage engineering geological data, and using, under the condition that an estimated value of the maximum deep displacement exceeds a maximum measured value of the fixed clinometer, the displacement meter for deep displacement monitoring; and using, under the condition that the estimated value of the maximum deep displacement is less than the maximum measured value of the fixed clinometer, the fixed clinometer for deep displacement monitoring; S4, mounting a monitoring apparatus, sequentially connecting all front-end monitoring instruments to the data acquisition module, then connecting the data acquisition module and the plurality of integrated multi-antenna GNSS receivers to the GPRS data transmission device, and then sequentially connecting the GPRS data transmission device, the Web and database server, the early warning system, a cloud and the user terminal; and S5, monitoring rock mass degradation of the hydro-fluctuation belt of the bank slope, and acquiring a required key parameter of the rock mass degradation of the hydro-fluctuation belt at a fixed acquisition frequency.
The technical solution provided in the embodiments of the present disclosure has the beneficial effects that the system for comprehensively monitoring rock mass degradation of a hydro-fluctuation belt of a bank slope in a valley area may effectively monitor deformation and stress changes caused by the rock mass deterioration of the hydro-fluctuation belt with different landform features and lithologic conditions, may also fully obtain comprehensive parameters of rock mass deterioration of the hydro-fluctuation belt of the bank slope, is high in automation degree, comprehensive in monitoring means and high in precision, provides technical support for further researching a rock mass degradation rule, from shallow to deep, of the hydro- fluctuation belt of the bank slope, and provides monitoring data guarantee for further analysing arock mass degradation mechanism of the hydro-fluctuation belt under the water level change condition.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a system for comprehensively monitoring rock mass degradation of a hydro-fluctuation belt of a bank slope in a valley area in the present disclosure; FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of mounting of a fixed clinometer 101 in FIG. 1; FIG. 3 is a side view of arrangement of a transmission hole and a reception hole; FIG. 4 is a front view of arrangement of the transmission hole and the reception hole; FIG. 5 is a sectional view of a cross-hole sound wave through test of a sound wave tester; FIG. 6 is a top view of the sound wave through test when a hydro-fluctuation belt bank slope is an inverted-T-shaped near-upright steep bank slope; FIG. 7 is a front view of the sound wave through test when the hydro-fluctuation belt bank slope is the inverted-T-shaped near-upright steep bank slope; FIG. 8 is a side view of arrangement of two test holes in a high-density electrical method test; FIG. 9 is a front view of the arrangement of the two test holes in the high-density electrical method test; and FIG. 10 is a sectional view of a shallow high-density electrical method through test of a high-density electrical prospecting instrument.
In the figures: 1-data acquisition module, 101-fixed clinometer, 101a-clinometer pipe, 101b- concrete base, 102-surface crack meter, 103-earth pressure cell, 104-automatic thermometer, 105-water level indicator, 106-rain gauge, 2-integrated multi-antenna GNSS receiver, 3-GPRS data transmission device, 4-Web and database server, 5-early warning module, 6-cloud server, 7-three-dimensional laser scanner, 8-sound wave tester, 801-sound wave transmitter, 801a- sound wave transmitting probe, 802-sound wave receiver, 802a-sound wave receiving probe, 9- high-density electrical prospecting instrument, 901-positive power supply electrode, 901a- positive measurement electrode, 902-negative power supply electrode, 902a-negative measurement electrode, 10-user terminal, 11-hydro-fluctuation belt, 11a-transmission hole, 11b-
reception hole, 11¢/11d-testing hole, and 12-convex near-upright steep bank slope.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS In order to make the objective, technical solution and advantages of the present disclosure clearer, embodiments of the present disclosure will be further described in detail in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
With reference to FIG. 1, the embodiment of the present disclosure provides a system for comprehensively monitoring rock mass degradation of a hydro-fluctuation belt of a bank slope in a valley area. The system mainly includes a data acquisition module 1, a plurality of integrated multi-antenna global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers 2, a general packet radio service (GPRS) data transmission device 3, a Web and database server 4, an early warning module 5, a cloud server 6 and a user terminal 10.
The data acquisition module 1 is provided with a plurality of fixed clinometers 101 and a plurality of displacement meters arranged in the rock mass of the hydro-fluctuation belt 11, a plurality of surface crack meters 102 arranged at cracks at a surface of the rock mass of the hydro-fluctuation belt 11, a plurality of earth pressure cells 103 arranged at a weak interlayer or an interlayer shear zone at a bottom of the hydro-fluctuation belt 11, a plurality of automatic thermometers 104 arranged on a wall surface of the rock mass of the hydro-fluctuation belt 11 and in the cracks of the rock mass, a water level indicator 105 arranged in a water level monitoring borehole of the hydro-fluctuation belt 11, and a rain gauge 106 arranged on the surface of the hydro-fluctuation belt 11.
Specifically, with reference to FIG. 2, when the rock mass of the hydro-fluctuation belt monitoring target of the slope is stable, and an estimated value of deep displacement of the rock mass of the hydro-fluctuation belt does not exceed a maximum measured value of the fixed clinometer 101, the fixed clinometer 101 is used for deep displacement monitoring of the rock mass of the hydro-fluctuation belt, and the fixed clinometer 101 is used for monitoring deep displacement of the hydro-fluctuation belt of the bank slope. An arrangement mode of the fixed clinometer 101 includes: a vertical mounting hole is drilled in the rock mass of the hydro- fluctuation belt before the fixed clinometer 101 is mounted, an clinometer pipe 101a is arranged inthe mounting hole, a concrete base 101b is poured at the opening of the mounting hole, the number and the position of a probe of the clinometer are determined according to a depth of the vertical hole, and the fixed clinometer 101 is assembled on the ground before being mounted, and then is lowered into the clinometer pipe 101a. One set of guide grooves of the clinometer pipe 101a and a slope inclination of a degradation belt of the slope are located in the same plane, and the other set of guide grooves and the degradation belt of the slope are consistent in trend. The fixed clinometer 101 is led out of the hydro-fluctuation belt above by means of a professional hydraulic communication data line and is connected to the data acquisition module
1.
The displacement meter includes a stay wire type displacement meter and a multi-point displacement meter. When overall stability of the rock mass of the hydro-fluctuation belt of the slope is poor, and the estimated value of the deep displacement of the rock mass of the hydro- fluctuation belt exceeds the maximum measured value of the fixed clinometer 101, the stay wire type displacement meter and the multi-point displacement meter are used for deep displacement monitoring, a pull rope end pre-embedded method is used for measurement, and the stay wire type displacement meter and the multi-point displacement meter are led out of the hydro-fluctuation belt by means of professional hydraulic communication data lines and are connected to the data acquisition module 1.
When the target monitored hydro-fluctuation belt bank slope is a dip slope, the surface crack meter 102 is selected for crack width monitoring. The surface crack meter 102 crosses a crack at a surface of the rock mass of the hydro-fluctuation belt, and two ends of the surface crack meter 102 are fixed to the rock mass on the surface of the hydro-fluctuation belt 11 by means of expansion bolts respectively. The surface crack meter 102 is used for automatically monitoring deformation of the crack on the surface of the rock mass. The surface crack meter 102 is mounted at a crack between large rocks on the surface of the degradation belt of the hydro-fluctuation belt of the slope, one end of the surface crack meter 102 is fixed at one end of the rock of the bank slope, and the other end is fixed on the rock on the other side of the crack across the measured crack. When the surface crack meter 102 is mounted, a crack meter body needs to be attached to a wall surface of the rock mass, the surface crack meter 102 is fixed to the surface of the rock mass by means of a drilling expansion screw, and when a flexible steel wire rope crosses the monitored crack, a stainless steel pipe is used for fixing and protecting. The surface crack meter 102 is led out of the hydro-fluctuation belt above by means of a professional hydraulic communication data line and is connected to the data acquisition module
1. A plurality of surface crack meters 102 may be arranged and are distributed in an up, down, left and right scattered mode, and a single monitoring area of the hydro-fluctuation belt of the slope is at least arranged in a three-longitudinal and three-transverse mode, and at least provided with nine crack monitoring points.
When the hydro-fluctuation belt bank slope is an inverted-T-shaped near-upright steep bank slope, the width of the crack is monitored by using nap-of-the-object photogrammetry, and the steps are as follows: conventional photogrammetry is carried out on the hydro-fluctuation belt of the inverted-T- shaped near-upright steep bank slope by using a rotary-wing unmanned aerial vehicle; aerial triangulation and dense matching are carried out so as to obtain terrain information of the hydro-fluctuation belt of the inverted-T-shaped near-upright steep bank slope; a flight path, a camera attitude and a lens orientation of approaching photography scanning on the hydro-fluctuation belt of the inverted-T-shaped near-upright steep bank slope is computed;
unmanned aerial vehicle approaching photogrammetry is carried out by means of the flight path, the camera attitude and the lens orientation, so as to obtain a high-precision approaching photogrammetry image; the obtained high-precision approaching photogrammetry image is processed to obtain a sectional orthogonal image map of the hydro-fluctuation belt of the inverted-T-shaped near- upright steep bank slope; a key crack is analysed and selected by using the sectional orthogonal image map of the hydro-fluctuation belt of the inverted-T-shaped near-upright steep bank slope to acquire an initial width and a basic geometric parameter corresponding to the key crack; and the sectional orthogonal image maps, acquired at different moments, of the hydro- fluctuation belt are compared to obtain an expansion evolution rule of each crack of the hydro- fluctuation belt of the inverted-T-shaped near-upright steep bank slope along with time.
The earth pressure cell 103 is configured to measure pressure of the rock-soil mass at the weak interlayer or the interlayer shear zone (potential slide zone) at the bottom of the rock mass of the hydro-fluctuation belt. The earth pressure cells 103 are mounted at different positions of the weak interlayer or the interlayer shear zone (potential slide zone) at the bottom of the rock mass of the hydro-fluctuation belt in a local rock mass grooving mode, deposited silt is cleared before mounting, and cement is used for pouring and plugging, so as to guarantee a later measurement effect. The earth pressure cell 103 is led out of the hydro-fluctuation belt above by means of a professional hydraulic communication data line and is connected to the data acquisition module 1.
The plurality of automatic thermometers 104 are configured to monitor a surface temperature of the rock mass of the hydro-fluctuation belt of the slope and a temperature change of the rock mass at different depths simultaneously, and temperature information obtained by monitoring may be used for quantitatively analysing the influence of a temperature gradient on the shallow surface rock mass deterioration of the hydro-fluctuation belt. Specifically, at least two of the plurality of automatic thermometers 104 are arranged on the wall surface of the rock mass of the hydro-fluctuation belt, and an arrangement mode is that the automatic thermometers 104 are fixed on the smooth wall surface of the rock mass of the degradation belt of the slope by means of expansion bolts. Meanwhile, at least two of the plurality of automatic thermometers 104 are arranged in the crack of the rock mass of the hydro- fluctuation belt, and an arrangement mode is that a hoop is fixedly mounted at bottoms of the cracks, with different depths, of the rock mass of the hydro-fluctuation belt by means of cement, and the automatic thermometer 104 is fixed to the hoop. All the automatic thermometers 104 are led out of the hydro-fluctuation belt above by means of a professional hydraulic communication data line and is connected to the data acquisition module 1.
The water level indicator 105 is arranged in a water level monitoring borehole in the hydro- fluctuation belt of the slope for monitoring the water level change in the hydro-fluctuation belt of the bank slope. When the water level indicator 105 is mounted, a hole is drilled in a certain elevation position of the hydro-fluctuation belt of the slope, the water level indicator 105 is placed in the borehole, meanwhile, a through pipe is mounted and fixed to protect a cable, and a probe of the water level indicator 105 is fixed below a historical lowest water level for monitoring the water level change in the bank slope. The water level indicator 105 is led out of the hydro-fluctuation belt above by means of a professional hydraulic communication data line and is connected to the data acquisition module 1.
The rain gauge 106 is mounted on a stable geologic body close to the rock mass of the hydro-fluctuation belt of the slope, is free of shielding and vegetation covering to the air and is configured to monitor a rainfall condition of a target hydro-fluctuation belt area of the slope, an area within 3 meters near the mounting position of the rain gauge 106 should be an empty space, and nearby plants should be cleared away. The rain gauge 106 is powered by combination a high-power solar panel and a storage battery pack, and the rain gauge 106 is connected to the data acquisition module 1 by means of a professional hydraulic communication data line.
The data acquisition module 1 is connected to the GPRS data transmission device 3, and the data acquisition module 1 acquires monitoring data of deep displacement of the hydro- fluctuation belt of the slope, the width of the crack of the rock mass, pressure of the rock-soil mass, a temperature, the water level and rainfall, etc., and transmits the monitoring data to the GPRS data transmission device 3 in real time. The GPRS data transmission device 3 and the data acquisition module 1 are powered by the combination of the solar panel and the storage battery pack, and the GPRS data transmission device 3, the data acquisition module 1, and the solar panel and the battery pack supplying power are all arranged outside the hydro-fluctuation belt of the slope.
Waterproof grades of the fixed clinometer 101, the stay wire type displacement meter, the multi-point displacement meter, the surface crack meter 102, the earth pressure cell 103, the automatic thermometer 104, the water level indicator 105 and the rain gauge 106 should reach IP68 grade, and use 485 digital signal output with the data acquisition module 1, and the professional hydraulic communication data line used for data transmission of the monitoring apparatus is protected and fixed by a threading pipe, and an anchoring point is arranged every 2 meters, such that the situation that the instrument is disturbed by water level rising and falling of a reservoir, and measurement errors are generated is avoided. A sampling frequency of each monitoring apparatus may be adjusted according to conditions of power supply and deformation of the hydro-fluctuation belt of the slope, but should not be lower than once a day, and may be set to be not lower than once 5 minutes in emergency.
One of the plurality of integrated multi-antenna GNSS receivers 2 serves as a base station and is mounted on the stable geologic body except for the hydro-fluctuation belt of the slope; and the other integrated multi-antenna GNSS receivers 2 each serve as monitoring stations for observing horizontal displacement and vertical deformation of the rock mass of the hydro- fluctuation belt of the slope. The integrated multi-antenna GNSS receiver 2 may be mounted by means of a cement pier or a stand column, and the integrated multi-antenna GNSS receiver 2 is free of shielding to the air after being mounted, and is powered by the combination of the high- power solar panel and the battery pack. GNSS surface displacement monitoring points of the integrated multi-antenna GNSS receivers 2 serving as monitoring stations are arranged at a deformation control portion and a sensitive portion of the hydro-fluctuation belt, the layout requirement of three longitudinal and three transverse is met, each surface displacement monitoring point is provided with one integrated multi-antenna GNSS receiver 2, and at least nine surface displacement monitoring points are arranged. The plurality of integrated muilti- antenna GNSS receivers 2 are connected to the GPRS data transmission device 3, and deformation data of the hydro-fluctuation belt of the bank slope are wirelessly transmitted to the Web and database server 4 by means of the GPRS data transmission device 3.
The cloud server 6 receives the monitoring data acquired by the data acquisition module 1, and may also receive the monitoring data acquired by the three-dimensional laser scanner 7 configured to scan the surface of the rock mass of the hydro-fluctuation belt, the sound wave tester 8 configured to measure a sound wave velocity of the rock mass of the hydro-fluctuation belt, and the high-density electrical prospecting instrument 9 configured to measure the resistivity of the rock mass of the hydro-fluctuation belt.
The three-dimensional laser scanner 7 scans a dislocation feature of the surface of the rock mass of the hydro-fluctuation belt after the water level changes, and obtains the information of development, expansion and evolution of a joint cutting the rock mass of the hydro-fluctuation belt and fragmentation and degradation of the surface of the rock mass. A deformation threshold value obtained according to a scanning result of the three-dimensional laser scanner 7 may serve as a computation basis of a three-dimensional degradation rate of the measurement area. During three-dimensional laser scanning of the rock mass of the hydro- fluctuation belt, measurement areas with three scales of decimetre level, meter level and hectometre level are generally selected. When decimetre-level and meter-level small-scale measuring window three-dimensional laser scanning is carried out, a base of the three- dimensional laser scanner 7 is fixed on the rock mass of the hydro-fluctuation belt of the slope, a scanning lens is parallel to a measuring window for the rock mass of the hydro-fluctuation belt, so as to acquire degradation information of the surface of the rock mass in a plain scanning manner, and when three-dimensional laser scanning is conducted on a measurement area in different time periods, a distance between the scanning lens and the measurement area is kept consistent. Long-distance scanning is carried out during hectometre-level equal-scale three-dimensional laser scanning, an observation point is arranged on a dip slope opposite the hydro-fluctuation belt of the slope, and when three-dimensional laser scanning is conducted on the measurement area in different time periods, the observation point position and a lens inclination angle are kept consistent. Point cloud data acquired by the three-dimensional laser scanner 7 are processed and then uploaded to the cloud server 8, and a user may obtain a three-dimensional laser scanning result from the user terminal 10. With reference to figures 3, 4 and 5, the sound wave tester 8 includes a sound wave transmitter 801 and a sound wave receiver 802; when the hydro-fluctuation belt bank slope is a dip slope, the sound wave transmitter 801 and the sound wave receiver 802 are arranged in a transmission hole 11a and a reception hole 11b in the hydro-fluctuation belt bank slope respectively; and the sound wave tester 8 may carry out shallow hole cross-hole sound wave through test and deep hole cross-hole sound wave through test on the hydro-fluctuation belt of the slope.
The shallow hole cross-hole sound wave through test is suitable for the monitoring of the shallow rock mass degradation of the hydro-fluctuation belt with the quality grade of the shallow rock mass being I-III, and a test physical quantity is the sound wave velocity of the rock mass. During the shallow hole sound wave through test, the transmission hole 11a and the reception hole 11b serve as sound wave testing holes, a testing depth is set to be 3-5 m, the sound wave testing holes are arranged perpendicular to the slope hydro-fluctuation belt and downwards drilled, a distance between the transmission hole 11a and the reception hole 11b is set to be
1.5-2 m, the sound wave transmitter 801 is provided with a plurality of sound wave transmitting probes 8014, a distance between two adjacent sound wave transmitting probes 8014 is 0.5 m, the sound wave receiver 802 is provided with a plurality of sound wave receiving probes 802a, and all the sound wave transmitting probes 8014 and all the sound wave receiving probes 802a are in one-to-one correspondence and are arranged at a same elevation. During the shallow hole sound wave through test, the transmission hole 11a and the reception hole 11b are coupled with the sound wave transmitter 801 and the sound wave receiver 802 by means of water.
The deep hole cross-hole sound wave through test is suitable for all stratums and aims to test the degradation condition of a relatively complete rock mass at the deep portion of the hydro-fluctuation belt of the slope, and the test physical quantity is the sound wave velocity of the rock mass. A deep hole cross-hole through test hole is arranged in a vertically downward drilling mode, a test depth is 30-50 m, a distance between the transmission hole 11a and the reception hole 11b is set to be 1.5-2 m, a distance between two adjacent sound wave transmitting probes 801a is 1 m, and all the sound wave transmitting probes 801a and all the sound wave receiving probes 802a are in one-to-one correspondence and are arranged at the same elevation. During the deep hole cross-hole sound wave through test, the transmission hole 11a and the reception hole 11b are coupled with the sound wave transmitter 801 and the sound wave receiver 802 by means of water. Sound wave data acquired by the sound wave tester 8 are transmitted to the cloud server 8, and the user may call and obtain data of the shallow hole cross-hole sound wave through test and the deep hole sound wave through test from the user terminal 10. When the sound wave test is applied to an area with good rock mass quality (the rock mass quality grade is I-11), the same pair of test holes may be selected for the shallow hole cross-hole sound wave through test hole and the deep hole cross-hole sound wave through test hole.
With reference to figures 6 and 7, specifically, when the hydro-fluctuation belt 11 bank slope is an inverted-T-shaped near-upright steep bank slope 12, mounting positions of each of the sound wave transmitting probes 8014 and each of the sound wave receiving probes 8024 are determined by using a sectional orthogonal image map, obtained by nap-of-the-object photogrammetry, of the hydro-fluctuation belt, the sound wave transmitting probe 801a and the sound wave receiving probe 802a are mounted and fixed to a sound wave hanging rope in advance according to terrain information of the rock mass of the hydro-fluctuation belt, the sound wave transmitting probe 801a is hung on one side of the bank slope of the hydro- fluctuation belt and fixed to a rock face, the sound wave receiving probe 802a is hung on the other side of the bank slope of the hydro-fluctuation belt and fixed to a rock face. For an inverted-T-shaped near-upright steep bank slope 12 which protrudes towards an inside of a valley river channel and has a steep slope surface, a wall-mounted sound wave through test should be used , a test physical quantity is the sound wave velocity of the rock mass, no drilling is needed in the wall-mounted sound wave through test, the sound wave tester 8 is directly used for testing, and the situation that the integrity of the rock mass is damaged by drilling, and then the damage to the rock mass of the hydro-fluctuation belt is aggravated is avoided. The sound wave transmitting probes 801a and the sound wave receiving probes 802a are arranged at the same elevation in a one-to-one correspondence mode, no water coupling is needed, and a sound wave attenuation condition after rock mass degradation of the inverted-T-shaped near- upright steep bank slope may be directly measured. Sound wave data acquired by the sound wave tester 8 in a wall-mounted manner are transmitted to the cloud server 6, and the user can call and obtain wall-mounted sound wave through test data from the cloud server 6 by means of the user terminal 10. Fracture development and weathering are strong in sand, mudstone and other soft rock areas of a hydro-fluctuation belt near-surface area, the rock mass quality grade is IV-V grade, and the shallow hole cross-hole sound wave velocity is extremely low, such that effective data may not be normally obtained. Therefore, shallow hole cross-hole high-density electrical method through monitoring is carried out on a fractured rock mass development area which is strongly broken near the surface and has the rock mass quality grade of IV-V, by using a high-density electrical prospecting instrument 9. The high-density electrical prospecting instrument 9 is used for monitoring a deterioration feature of the shallow rock masses of the slope hydro-fluctuation belts in sand, mudstone and other soft rock areas (the rock mass quality grade is IV-V grade), and a test physical quantity is resistivity of the rock mass.
With reference to figures 8, 9 and 10, the high-density electrical prospecting instrument 9 is provided with a positive power supply electrode 901 and a negative power supply electrode
902, the positive power supply electrode 901 includes a plurality of positive measurement electrodes 901a arranged in one test hole 11c at intervals, the negative power supply electrode 902 includes a plurality of negative measurement electrodes 9024 arranged in another test hole 11d at intervals, all the positive measurement electrodes 901a correspond one-to-one to all the negative measurement electrodes 902a, and the corresponding positive measurement electrode 901a and negative measurement electrode 902a have a same elevation. The test holes 11c and 11d are arranged perpendicular to the hydro-fluctuation belt 11 of the slope and drilled downwards, a depth of the shallow hole cross-hole high-density electrical method test is 3-5 m, a distance between the two test holes 11c and 11d is 1 m, and a distance between two adjacent positive measurement electrodes 901a or negative measurement electrodes 902a in each test hole 11c and 11d is 0.4 m. During the shallow hole high-density electrical method through test, the positive measurement electrode 901a and the negative measurement electrode 9024 are coupled with the test holes 11c and 11d by means of water. Resistivity data acquired by the high-density electrical prospecting instrument 9 is transmitted to the cloud server 6, and the user can call and obtain the resistivity data, acquired through the shallow hole high-density electrical method, from the cloud server 6 by means of the user terminal 10. The shallow hole high-density electrical method through test hole and the deep hole cross-hole sound wave through test hole may be the same borehole.
A test frequency of the three-dimensional laser scanner 7, the sound wave tester 8 and the high-density electrical prospecting instrument 9 is 2-3 times per year.
The GPRS data transmission device 3 is in wireless connection with the Web and database server 4, the Web and database server 4 processes the monitoring data acquired by the data acquisition module 1 in real time, the Web and database server 4 is connected with the cloud server 6, and the Web and database server 4 uploads the processed monitoring data to the cloud server 6 for storage. The Web and database server 4 is further connected to the early warning module 5, and the early warning module 5 is further connected with the user terminal
10. the Web and database server 4 may transmit the monitoring data to the early warning module 5, and the early warning module 5 receives the monitoring data, sends early warning information when any real-time monitoring data exceeds an early warning value, and sends the early warning information to the user terminal 10.
The cloud server 6 stores all data generated in a monitoring process for rock mass degradation of the hydro-fluctuation belt, and the data includes monitoring data of the data acquisition module 1 and testing data of the three-dimensional laser scanner 7, the sound wave tester 8 and the high-density electrical prospecting instrument 9. The cloud server 6 receives and stores the monitoring data transmitted by the Web and database server 4, and the cloud server 6 also receives a data calling instruction from the user terminal 10 and may transmit the stored data to the user terminal 10.
The user terminal 10 may be a mobile phone terminal or a PC terminal, and may directly obtain the early warning information and the monitoring data of the data acquisition module 1 from the early warning module 5, and obtain a three-dimensional laser scanning result of the hydro-fluctuation belt, the sound wave velocity and resistivity of the hydro-fluctuation belt from the cloud server 6. The monitoring data may be visually displayed in a chart form, for example, the user terminal 10 may directly obtain a displacement time curve graph of a monitoring point on the surface of the rock mass of the hydro-fluctuation belt, a deep displacement time curve graph of the rock mass of the hydro-fluctuation belt, a crack width time curve graph, a rock-soil mass pressure time curve graph, and a surface temperature time curve graph of the rock mass of the hydro-fluctuation belt, temperature time curve graphs of the rock mass of the hydro- fluctuation belt in different depths, a bank slope water level time curve graph, a rainfall time curve graph, etc. in different time sequences.
A method for comprehensively monitoring rock mass degradation of hydro-fluctuation belt of bank slope in valley area includes: S1, determine a type of a monitored bank slope according to a terrain of a hydro-fluctuation belt bank slope; carry out, when the monitored object is an inverted-T-shaped near-upright steep bank slope, a rock mass degradation test by using a wall-mounted sound wave through test, and acquire a change rule of a crack of the rock mass of the hydro-fluctuation belt by using nap-of-the-object photogrammetry; and monitor, when the monitored object is a slope, a cross- hole sound wave value (or resistivity) of a shallow rock mass, deep displacement of the hydro- fluctuation belt, the crack at surface of the rock mass of the hydro-fluctuation belt, pressure of a rock-soil mass at a weak interlayer or an interlayer shear zone (potential slide zone) of the rock mass of the hydro-fluctuation belt, a surface temperature of the rock mass of the hydro- fluctuation belt, temperatures of the rock mass at different depths, a water level of the hydro- fluctuation belt and rainfall of the hydro-fluctuation belt; S2, determine a quality grade of the rock mass of the hydro-fluctuation belt of the target monitored slope and a shallow rock mass degradation testing method according to bank slope engineering geological survey data; use, under the condition that the quality grade of the rock mass of the hydro-fluctuation belt of the slope is I-III, a sound wave through test during shallow rock mass degradation test; and use, under the condition that the quality grade of the rock mass of the hydro-fluctuation belt of the slope is IV-V, a high-density electrical method test during the shallow rock mass degradation test; S3, estimate maximum deep displacement of the rock mass of the hydro-fluctuation belt of the target monitored slope according to early-stage engineering geological data, and use, under the condition that an estimated value of the maximum deep displacement exceeds a maximum measured value of a fixed clinometer, a displacement meter for deep displacement monitoring; and use, under the condition that the estimated value of the maximum deep displacement is less than the maximum measured value of the fixed clinometer, the fixed clinometer for deep displacement monitoring;
S4, mount a monitoring apparatus, firstly connect a front-end monitoring instrument to a data acquisition module, then connect the data acquisition module and a plurality of integrated multi-antenna GNSS receivers to a GPRS data transmission device, and then sequentially connect the GPRS data transmission device 3, a Web and database server 4, an early warning system 5, a cloud 6 and a user terminal 10; and S5, monitor rock mass degradation of the hydro-fluctuation belt of the bank slope, and acquire a required key parameter of the rock mass degradation of the hydro-fluctuation belt at a fixed acquisition frequency.
In the specification, the terms such as front, back, top and down are defined based on the positions of parts in the drawings. They are merely intended for the clarity and convenience of expressing the technical solutions. It should be understood that these terms do not limit the protection scope of the present application.
The above embodiments and the features of the embodiments herein may be combined with each other without conflict.
The above descriptions are merely preferred examples of the present disclosure, and are not intended to limit the present disclosure. Any modifications, equivalent replacements, improvements, and the like made within the spirit and principle of the present disclosure shall be all included in the protection scope of the present disclosure.
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