NL2029759B1 - Supplementary feeding feed for yaks as well as preparation method and application thereof - Google Patents

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to a supplementary feeding feed for yaks as well as a preparation method and application of the supplementary feeding feed. The supplementary feeding feed for yaks can be prepared by the following method: adding three kinds of Bacillus subtilis powder of which the addition dosages are respectively 0.1%, 0.01% and 0.001%, dissolving the added Bacillus subtilis powder into a cane sugar solution of 3—5% so as to obtain a solution, then mixing a crude feed with the solution, and adding water so as to enable the water content of the final crude feed to achieve 65%—70%. The present disclosure further comprises the preparation method and the application of the supplementary feeding feed for the yaks. The supplementary feeding feed for the yaks, disclosed by the present disclosure, can increase the utilization rate of nutrient components in the feed, improve the palatability of the crude feed, increase the intake of the feed, reduce the cost of the feed, and effectively improve the production performance of the organisms of the yaks.

Description

P801/NLpd

SUPPLEMENTARY FEEDING FEED FOR YAKS AS WELL AS PREPARATION METHOD

AND APPLICATION THEREOF

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates to a supplementary feeding feed for livestock as well as a preparation method and application of the supplementary feeding feed, and specifically relates to a supplementary feeding feed for yaks as well as a preparation meth- od and application of the supplementary feeding feed.

BACKGROUND ART

Yaks in alpine pastoral area are mostly fed by grazing on natural grassland. However, the yield and nutrition of forage in natural grassland show seasonal changes. During warm season, the forage is high in yield and adequate in nutrition; while during cold season, the standing crop of forage is inadequate and the nu- trition is lacking. The seasonal fluctuation in the number and nu- tritional quality of forage results in prominent seasonal contra- diction between supply and demand of grass and livestock during warm season and cold season in animal husbandry production in al- pine pastoral areas. The body weight of the yak increases and de- creases with the seasons, and the nutrition of the yak go through a vicious cycle of summer satiation, autumn fatness, winter thin- ness and spring death repeatedly with the green, luxuriant and yellow of forage. To turn things around, supplementary feeding of yaks in alpine pastoral areas in winter is mainly in drylot feed- ing by individual farmers, in which concentrated feed with crude feed is the dominate mode, employing a feeding mode of limited quantity of concentrated feed and free access to crude feed. How- ever, the scientific feeding management technology is relatively backward, specialized forage is inadequate, and the feeding mode is extensive. In the utilization of forage in alpine pastoral are- as, the nutrition collocation of forage has a low added value; particularly, the poor palatability of the crude feed causes a low utilization rate of the crude feed and a serious waste, and also causes the decrease in the production performance of livestock and obstacles in the reproduction. These problems have become the bot- tleneck of restricting the development of animal husbandry in al- pine pastoral areas, seriously affecting the sustainable develop- ment of animal husbandry on the grassland. Therefore, it is urgent to improve the palatability of hay, straw and other crude feed, and greatly increase the intake and utilization rate of the crude feed.

A great deal of research has been carried out on the scien- tific collocation of forage nutrition in cold pastoral areas. Tra- ditional methods include physical methods and chemical methods.

These methods can improve the nutritional value of the crude feed and improve the palatability, but the cost is very high, some of them may cause environmental pollution, so the application range is limited. Additionally, in recent years, the abuse of antibiot- ics in the production of animal husbandry in China has become more and more serious and has threatened the health of human being. The use of antibiotics is seriously restricted or even banned in many countries. Therefore, it has become a hot topic in the field of animal nutrition to find and develop green and pollution-free an- tibiotic substitutes without drug residues.

In recent years, Bacillus subtilis is one of microbial spe- cies published by the Ministry of Agriculture in China which is allowed to be directly fed to animals and allowed to be used. It is usually formulated into microbial additives because of its non- toxic, harmless, no residue, no pollution and no drug resistance and is favored by the researchers. As a feed additive, Bacillus subtilis exists in feed in the form of endospore, which has a very strong stress resistance. Extracellular enzymes that are secreted by Bacillus subtilis, including o-amylase, protease, lipase, cel- lulase and the like, can supplement the deficiency of endogenous enzymes in the intestinal tract of livestock and poultry, and also secrete enzymes that can degrade the complex carbohydrates in the crude feed, e.g., enzymes that can degrade pectin, glucan, and cellulose, wherein some of the enzymes are those that animals don’t have in themselves, while pectin, cellulose and other compo- nents are the main antinutritional factors of the crude feed.

Therefore, the addition of Bacillus subtilis can significantly in-

crease the utilization rate of the crude feed; and also provide a variety of vitamins for the animal body, e.g., nicotinic acid, fo- lic acid, nicotinic acid, vitamin C, vitamin Bl, vitamin B2, vita- min B6, vitamin B12 and so on, so as to promote the absorption of vitamins by the body. In addition, through regulating and improv- ing the microecological environment in the digestive tract of livestock and poultry, Bacillus subtilis enables the number of beneficial bacteria, such as Lactobacillus and Streptococcus, in the gastrointestinal tract to increase, which can reduce the pH in the intestinal tract and inhibit the propagation of pathogenic bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract, thus being used instead of antibiotics and becoming one of environment-friendly high quality and efficient feed additives to ensure the safety of livestock and poultry products; and also affect the digestion and absorption of nitrogen, sulphur, calcium, phosphorus and other elements as well as the fermentation in the hindgut, thereby increasing the produc- tion performance of the livestock and improving the physical health. It has even reported that, Bacillus subtilis has a very strong biological assimilation effect, which enables to effective- ly reduce the concentration of ammonia gas, indole and other harm- ful gases produced from the faeces so as to reduce the odor of the faeces; moreover, its metabolites can also inhibit the growth and reproduction of mosquitoes and flies, not only improving the breeding environment but also being beneficial to the resource utilization of the faeces.

At present, Bacillus subtilis is mainly used as microbial feed in the fields of livestock and poultry including chicken, pigs and so on as well as aquatic animals including grass carp, rainbow trout and so on, but its application effect on yaks is not ideal and lack of specificity. Therefore, it is necessary to de- velop a supplementary feeding feed for yaks added with Bacillus subtilis powder which can improve the palatability of the crude feed, greatly increase the intake and the utilization rate of the crude feed, and enhance the production performance of the organ- isms of the yaks, in order to develop pollution-free animal hus- bandry and produce organic green livestock products in alpine pas- toral areas.

SUMMARY

A technical issue to be solved in the present disclosure is to provide a supplementary feeding feed for yaks which can improve the palatability of the crude feed, greatly increase the intake and the utilization rate of the crude feed, and enhance the pro- duction performance of the organisms of the yaks.

A technical issue to be further solved in the present disclo- sure is to provide a preparation method of the supplementary feed- ing feed for yaks.

A technical issue to be further solved in the present disclo- sure is to provide supplementary feeding method of the supplemen- tary feeding feed for yaks.

The present disclosure employs a technical scheme as below to solve the technical issue: a supplementary feeding feed for yaks, which can be prepared by the following method: adding three kinds of Bacillus subtilis powder of which the addition dosages are re- spectively 0.1%, 0.01% and 0.001%, dissolving the added Bacillus subtilis powder into a cane sugar solution of 3-5% so as to obtain a solution, then mixing a crude feed with the solution, and adding water so as to enable the water content of the final crude feed to achieve 65%-705%.

Furthermore, Bacillus subtilis powder of which the addition dosage is 0.1% is added and dissolved into a cane sugar solution of 4%, then mixed with a crude feed, into which is then added wa- ter so as to enable the water content of the final crude feed to achieve 70%.

Furthermore, the crude feed is oat or Elymus dahuricus hay (more preferably, Elymus dahuricus hay).

Furthermore, the viable count of the Bacillus subtilis powder is 100-1000 billion/g.

The present disclosure employs a technical scheme as below to further overcome the technical issue: a preparation method of the supplementary feeding feed for yaks, wherein, dissolving different dosages of Bacillus subtilis powder into a cane sugar solution of 3-5% so as to obtain a solution, then spraying the solution onto a crude feed with a length of 3-5 cm evenly for micro-storage, then adding water so as to enable the water content of the final crude feed to achieve 65%-70%, and fermenting at room temperature for 30-50 days.

Furthermore, the micro-storage is in a mode of vacuum micro- storage in plastic bags. 5 The present disclosure employs a technical scheme as below to further overcome the technical issue: a supplementary feeding method of the supplementary feeding feed for yaks, wherein, sup- plementary feeding is performed at 8:00 in the morning and at 18:00 in the evening once respectively every day, concentrated feed is fed first and then crude feed, and the yaks have free ac- cess to water, wherein the feeding amount of the crude feed is 0.5-1.5% the body weight of the yak.

The supplementary feeding feed for yaks disclosed by the pre- sent disclosure can increase the utilization rate of nutrient com- ponents in the feed, improve the palatability of the crude feed, increase the intake of the feed, reduce the cost of the feed, and effectively improve the production performance of the organisms of the yaks. It is demonstrated from the experiment that, the degra- dation rates of Elymus dahuricus neutral detergent fiber, acid de- tergent fiber, hemicelluloses and acid detergent lignin, in all of which the water content is 70%, by the Bacillus subtilis microbial agent of which the addition dosage is 0.1% are 1.2%, 2.2%, 0.4% and 15.6% respectively, meanwhile the Bacillus subtilis microbial agent can also increase the contents of organic matter, crude pro- tein and crude fat in the feed, and the average daily weight gain of the yaks is 491 g.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

The present disclosure will be further illustrated in combi- nation with the following examples.

Example 1 1. Preparation of a supplementary feeding feed for yaks: dif- ferent dosages of Bacillus subtilis powder was dissolved into a cane sugar solution of 4% so as to obtain a solution, wherein, the cane sugar was used to activate the biclogical enzyme preparation; then the solution was sprayed onto oat or Elymus dahuricus raw ma- terials evenly for micro-storage, then water was added so as to enable the water content of the final crude feed to achieve 65%- 70%, and they were fermented at room temperature for 40 days by employing a mode of vacuum micro-storage in plastic bags. 2. A supplementary feeding method of the supplementary feed- ing feed for yaks: supplementary feeding was performed at 8:00 in the morning and at 18:00 in the evening once respectively every day, concentrated feed was fed first and then crude feed, and the yaks had free access to water, wherein the feeding amount of the crude feed is 1% the body weight of the yak. 3. Experimental results: 3.1 Three kinds of Bacillus subtilis powder of which the ad- dition dosages are respectively 0.1%, 0.01% and 0.001% are mixed with a cane sugar solution of 4% so as to obtain a solution, the solution was then sprayed onto Elymus dahuricus or oat hay evenly so as to enable the final water content to achieve 65%-70%. The degradation rates of hemicellulose and pectin and other antinutri- tional factors in the crude feed after fermentation were shown in

Table 1; and the contents of organic matter and crude protein and other nutritional components in the crude feed after fermentation were shown in Table 2.

Table l-Degradation rates of hemicellulose and pectin and other antinutritional factors in the crude feed after fermentation

Hemicellu- Content of

Sample Name NDF (2%) ADF (&) ADL (%) lose pectin (3)

Oat 653 — Bacillus sub- 71.533 42.556 28.977 5.536 0.034 tilis 0.1%

Oat 65% - Bacillus sub- 75.482 45.008 30.475 6.227 0.044 tilis 0.01%

Cat 653 — Bacillus sub- 74.083 45.797 28.286 8.396 0.008 tilis 0.001%

Elymus dahuricus 303- 82.690 52.754 22.945 2.826 0.018

Control

Elymus dahuricus 30% - 21.108 52.759 28.349 7.597 0.011

Bacillus subtilis 0.1

Elymus dahuricus 50%- 79.278 51.400 27.869 10.916 0.066

Control i snes [0 Pe pee pe per 80.706 52.364 28.342 8.298 0.046

Pacillus subtilis 0.1 oe pew fe pe pe 79.438 51.230 28.209 9,556 0.011

Control

Bacillus subtilis 0.1

Note: NDF represents neutral detergent fiber; ADF represents acid detergent fiber; ADL represents acid detergent lignin.

It can be known from Table 1 that, for Bacillus subtilis mi- cro-storage oat grass of which the water content was 65% and the addition dosage was 0.1% and Bacillus subtilis micro-storage Ely- mus dahuricus of which the water content was 70% and the addition dosage was the same as above, the various antinutritional factors in the crude feed all showed varying degrees of decline compared with their respective controls. Wherein, for the Bacillus subtilis micro-storage oat grass of which the water content was 65% and the addition dosage was 0.1%, the contents of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, hemicellulose, acid detergent lignin and pectin were reduced by 2.325%, 1.001%, 1.324%, 1.002% and 0.006% respectively relative to the control; while for the Bacillus sub- tilis micro-storage Elymus dahuricus of which the water content was 70% and the addition dosage was 0.1%, the contents of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, hemicellulose, acid deter- gent lignin and pectin were reduced by 0.955%, 0.83%, 0.126%, 1.501% and 0.008% respectively relative to the control. Other treatments only partially reduced some of the indexes, but the ef- fects were not as good as the above two treatments. It was found through the test that Bacillus subtilis has different degradation effects on different kinds of crude feed. Bacillus subtilis of 0.1% dosage mainly degrade hemicellulose and related components of cat grass as well as the structural components of the cell wall of

Elymus dahuricus, such as lignin, pectin and the like.

Table 2 - Contents of organic matter and crude protein and other nutritional components in the crude feed after fermentation

Crude pro- {Crude fat [Organic mat- {Crude ash |ATA

Sample Name

EE i al rd ld oat 65s-Control 5.979 0.695 807.349 6.847 [3.619

Oat 65% - Bacillus 3.768 1.295 787.006 6.170 3.110 subtilis 0.1%

Oat 65% — Bacillus 3.475 0.745 764.594 5.455 2.359 subtilis 0.01%

Cat 65% - Bacillus 3.323 0.950 851.311 5.278 2.050 subtilis 0.001%

Elymus dahuricus 2.845 0.640 873.034 2.817 1.555 30%-Control

Elymus dahuricus 30% — Bacillus sub- 13.032 0.647 883.895 2.810 2.583 tilis 0.1%

Elymus dahuricus 2.900 0.840 863.724 3.290 1.883 50%-Control

Elymus dahuricus 50% - Bacillus sub- {2.604 0.963 877.688 2.843 1.538 tilis 0.1%

Elymus dahuricus 3.085 0.322 824.762 3.189 1.862 70%-Control

Elymus dahuricus 70% — Bacillus sub- {3.703 0.960 882.688 4.009 2.249 tilis 0.1% (Note: AIA represents acid-insoluble ash)

It can be known from Table 2 that, for the Bacillus subtilis micro-storage oat grass of which the water content was 65% and the addition dosage was 0.1%, when being compared with the control, there was no improvement in other nutritional components except that the content of the crude fat nearly doubled. Compared with the control, Bacillus subtilis micro-storage Elymus dahuricus of which the water content was 70% and the addition dosage was 0.1% significantly increase the contents of crude protein, crude fat, organic matter and ash and other mineral elements by 20%, 198%, 7%, 26% and 21% respectively. Other treatments only partially in- creased some of the nutritional indexes.

In summary, it was found from the above comparative analysis that, Bacillus subtilis micro-storage Elymus dahuricus of which the water content was 70% and the addition dosage was 0.1% has the best fermentation effect, not only reducing the various antinutri- tional factor components in the Elymus dahuricus, improving the palatability of Elymus dahuricus; more important, significantly increasing the contents of various nutritional components in the

Elymus dahuricus, which is beneficial to the nutrient conversion rate and the utilization rate of crude feed by the livestock.

Example 2

Through the previous screening, six yaks for the test were fed with Bacillus subtilis micro-storage Elymus dahuricus of which the water content was 70% and the addition dosage was 0.1%, so as to investigate the digestion, absorption and metabolism of the mi- cro-storage Elymus dahuricus in the body of vaks as well as the improvement on the production performance of yaks. Wherein, the comparison results on the intake of micro-storage Elymus dahuricus and traditional Elymus dahuricus hay by yaks were shown in Table 3, the changes of the apparent digestibility of nutrients after feeding two kinds of crude feed were shown in Table 4, and the changes of production performance of the organisms of yaks and the feed reward after feeding different kinds of crude feed were shown in Table 5, and the changes of the body length of yaks after feed- ing different kinds of crude feed were shown in Table 6.

Table 3-Comparison on the intake of micro-storage Elymus da- huricus and traditional Elymus dahuricus hay by yaks

Intake of crude feed

Feed type (g/day for each yak) 1650

Elymus dahuricus 1570 hay 1790 1890

Micro-storage Ely- 2050 us dahuricus 1850

It can be known from Table 3 that, after micro-storage with

Bacillus subtilis at an addition dosage of 0.1%, the palatability of Elymus dahuricus was significantly improved and the feed intake of yaks was significantly increased by 15.6%. The larger the feed intake of yaks, the higher the proportion of nutrients used for weight gain. Therefore, it not only increased the utilization rate of the crude feed, but also reduced the cost of the feed.

Table 4-Changes of the apparent digestibility of nutrients after feeding two kinds of crude feed

Hemi- | Mag-

Dry Crude [Crude Cal- {Potas-

NDF DE cellu- |ADL nesi- matter [protein|fat cium sium lose hur

Intake 2515.7 [426.03 [172.05 {1929.4 [1098.95 [930.45 [199.23 {11.49 23.32 [7.1 (g/d) fecal

Elymus / ‚ lexcrer daduri- 1202.4 [174.62 [15.06 825.47 [539.95 [285.53 [167.96 {8.46 [16.6 [3.93 tion cus hay (g/d)

Digesti- bility 165.6 |ss.01 [|s1.25 {57.22 [50.87 65.62 [15.7 [26.34 {2e.81 [44.57 {(%)

Intake 3724 [391.65 [151.18 [19384 [1o5z.26 (786.12 [214.46 [1.95 j24.26 [7.38 {g/d)

Elymus / ‚ |Fecal clahuri- ezcre- cus 1414 [157.29 [14.23 {714.28 [499.15 [215.13 [178.37 f10,46 {14.52 [6.32 / tion [nr Ccro—- (g/d) storage [

Digesti- bility (62.03 [59.84 [e0.58 61.15 [52.56 72.63 [16.83 12.52 f4C.14 13,4 {%)

It can be known from Table 4 that, after micro-storage with

Bacillus subtilis at an addition dosage of 0.1%, Elymus dahuricus significantly increased the digestibility of fiber-related index- es, the digestibility of crude protein was also increased slight- ly; at the same time, it was also found that there were great dif- ferences in the digestion and metabolism of different mineral ele-

ments by this bacterium.

Table 5-Changes of production performance of the organisms of yaks and the feed reward after feeding different kinds of crude feed

Ci

Total 2

Q.

Final Total feed in- ®

Initial Daily Total th

Feeding weight oflweight take ?

Yak No. weight weight feed to a mode the trialjgain {g/day € (Kg) gain (Kg) gain © (Kg} (Kg) for each a vak) P dahuri- i 2 230.6 250.6 20.0 0.526 4980 9.5 3.0 cus dahuri- cus micro- © 160.1 i89.2 29.1 0.766 5550 7.2 2.4 storage

It can be known from Table 5 that, after micro-storage with

Bacillus subtilis at an addition dosage of 0.1%, Elymus dahuricus significantly increased the total feed intake, and improved the daily weight gain and feed reward of the yaks. For Elymus dahuri- cus micro-storage, the average daily weight gain was increased by 40.1%, and the average feed to gain of the feed was reduced by 31.2% compared with those in the traditional feeding mode.

Table 6-Changes of the body length of yaks after feeding dif- ferent kinds of crude feed

Final Final

Total Daily Initial Total [Daily

Initial |height length

Feeding height [height jbody length |length height [of the of the mode gain gain length gain gain (cm) trial trial (cm) (cm) (cm) {cm) {cm} (cm) (cm)

SI

Elymus hay

EE

Elymus ee pe Pople RE br / 107 116 © 0.11 105 167 62 0.78 ml Cro— er Rb 106 115 0.11 110 163 53 0.66

It can be known from Table 6 that, after micro-storage with

Bacillus subtilis at an addition dosage of 0.13, Elymus dahuricus made no significant changes in the average height of the yaks, while the body length of the yaks were increased significantly, and the average daily length gain was increased by 36.7% compared with that of the yaks in the traditional feeding mode.

Claims (6)

CONCLUSIONS 1. Supplementary feed for yaks, wherein the supplementary feed for yaks can be prepared by the following method: adding Bacillus subtilis powder of which the added dosage is 0.15%, dissolving the added Bacillus subtilis powder in a cane sugar solution of 4 % to obtain a solution, then evenly spraying the solution on a forage with a length of 3-5 cm for micro storage, and then adding water to bring the water content of the final forage to 70% to reach, and ferment at room temperature for 30-50 days; wherein the forage is oats or Elymus dahuricus hay. A supplementary feed for yaks according to claim 1, wherein the forage is Elymus dahuricus hay. The supplementary feed for yaks according to claim 1, wherein the viable number of the Bacillus subtilis powder is 100-1000 millJard/g. The method of preparing the supplementary feed for yaks according to any one of claims 1 to 3, comprising adding Bacillus subtilis powder whose added dose is 0.1%, dissolving the added Bacillus subtilis powder in a 4% cane sugar solution and then evenly spraying the solution onto a 3-5 cm long forage for micro storage, then adding water to make the water content of the final forage 70% and let it ferment for 30-50 days at room temperature. The method of preparing the supplementary feed for yaks according to claim 4, wherein the micro-storage is in a vacuum micro-storage mode in plastic bags. 6. Method for supplementing with the supplementary feed for yaks vol- according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the supplementary feeding is carried out every day at 8:00 am and 6:00 pm respectively, with concentrates first fed and then roughage, and the yaks having free access to water, with the feed amount of the roughage being 0.5-1.5% of the body weight of the yak.