MXPA98000560A - Modular shock absorber and structure that contained it - Google Patents
Modular shock absorber and structure that contained itInfo
- Publication number
- MXPA98000560A MXPA98000560A MXPA/A/1998/000560A MX9800560A MXPA98000560A MX PA98000560 A MXPA98000560 A MX PA98000560A MX 9800560 A MX9800560 A MX 9800560A MX PA98000560 A MXPA98000560 A MX PA98000560A
- Authority
- MX
- Mexico
- Prior art keywords
- members
- damping
- rigid
- structural
- damper
- Prior art date
Links
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Abstract
The present invention provides a modular damper, which comprises one or more individual damping elements, which are mounted on the structure of the damper. The shock absorbers are useful to cushion structures such as buildings, bridges, and
Description
MODULAR SHOCK ABSORBER AND STRUCTURE THAT CONTAINS IT
The present invention relates to a nodular cushion / which comprises one or more individual damping elements, which are mounted on the frame of the damper. Modular dampers are useful for damping structures such as buildings, bridges, etc.
BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION
Energy dissipating dampers are used conventionally in structures such as buildings, bridges, water towers, improvement of civil infrastructure, etc., to reduce the effect of vibration due to wind, earthquakes, etc. Typically, these energy-dissipating dampers absorb a material that dampens vibration, which is attached directly to the relatively large structural members of the dampers. Those dampers are then placed in such a coition structure a building in a way to more effectively reduce the effects of the vibration of the structure. The following references describe energy dissipating dampers, non-nodular ocnocics that can be used in buildings, etc. Caldwell et al., U.S. Patent No. 3,605,953 discloses a non-modular cushion having a visco-elastic layer firmly attached adhesively to a pair of rigid members that
REF: 26648 have large surfaces. Each rigid member has a stiffness of steel that exceeds 0.1 inches. { 2.54 go). The damping unit can be mounted between a supporting colurana and a lattice beam in a structure under construction. Scholl, U.S. Patent No. 4,910,929, discloses a non-modular shock absorber having a rigid component and a flexible component with optional heat dissipative covers laminated to the flexible co-component. The rigid component is typically connected between the beams or columns of a building or structure to provide damping equal to or greater than 100% of the inherent damping of the building. Fükahori et al., US Patent No. 4,761,925 discloses an anti-seismic rubber bearing made of rigid, firm plates and alternating flexible plates with viscoelastic properties all bonded between the flanges of a thick steel plate. The anti-seismic rubber bearing has a flexibility or a stiffness coefficient in the horizontal direction and is interposed between a building and a foundation. Robinson, US Patent No. 4,117,637 discloses a cyclic shear energy absorber interposed between members of a structure to isolate it from earthquakes or movement caused by a strong wind. The useful energy absorbing materials named include lead, aluminum, superplastic alloys, and ice. Miles, U.S. Patent No. 4,425,980 discloses beam dampers comprising a beam with flanges and a layer of visuoellast material between the shoulders and the surface of a structure to be damped. The beam may have a cross section in the form of I, L, Z, U, or T. White, U.S. Patent No. 4,823,522 discloses an energy absorbing assembly in which a number of metal plate-like, separate elements are coupled so that the elements are elevated away from the upper ends thereof. The upper ends can be coupled to a floor beam and the cantilevered ends are coupled to a column adjacent to the floor beam. Renault et al. (US-A-4 121 393) discloses a friction support comprising an upper metal plate surrounding an elastomeric block which is fixed rigidly to both the flat plate and the foundation slab by means of a load distribution plate. The metal plate ßiferior has a friction surface which cooperates with another plate intended to perform the function of a sliding shoe and the metal plate which is intended to perform the function of a sliding plate. The elastomeric block is of this node arranged in series with the friction surfaces, with respect to the transmission of the acceleration relations between the floor and a structure, which supports the metal load of the plate. The elastomeric block is constituted by a set of elastomer plates that are joined together by means of steel plates. The number and surface area of the foundation blocks is governed by the maximum allowable compression percent.
The connection between the elastopériso block and the upper metal plate can be obtained by joining, welding, joining the rebars, joining another orifice by means of a tongue and groove connection or the ilaro glue type, or molding the elastemero acn cavities or grooves formed on the plate.
EREVE DESCRIPTION CE THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an energy dissipating damper which utilizes a damper module (also referred to as a buff or damping element) made of alternating layers of vibration damping material and rigid steels (metal plates, for example). A modular shock absorber can be formed from individual contributing modules by securing the individual shock absorbers to the structural members of the shock absorber. The individual damping elements can, for example, be secured or otherwise attached to the structural members of the modular damper via any combination of bolts or screws, pins, welding, or adhesive bonding, interlocking surface features, or other fastening techniques. . The other rigid members of the module can optionally be extended, allowing the damping element to be screwed, welded, or otherwise more easily fastened to the structural members of the energy dissipating modular damper. The modular damper technique is unique in that it allows the entire connection of the vibration damping material to the rigid members of the damping elements to take place away from the large structural members of the modular damper (when using damping modules having two external rigid members) ). This offers tremendous advantages related to design flexibility, performance testing, user services, inventory management, manufacturing processes, manufacturing cost, quality, production safety / ergonomics, and shipping. The shock absorbers are typically tested for the ability to dissipate energy and bond strength. An important advantage of the modular damper of the present invention is the ease of testing the energy dissipation capacity and binding strength of each damper module having two external rigid members. For longer and conventional heavy shock absorbers, to evaluate the energy dissipation capacity and bond strength of the manufactured product, the ocppleto feeder should be tested. To test a large and heavy final assembly is difficult, expensive and sometimes impossible. The test of the smaller damper modules used in the present invention in relation to the energy dissipation capacity and bond strength is relatively easy since it allows a larger sampling plan for those performance tests. A conventional shock absorber is not made of individual modules that can be tested individually before making the final shock absorber. In this way, the large shock absorber itself must be tested. This necessitates the use of a large machine capable of a large input force to test the properties of the shock absorber. This large machine is typically a test unit capable of a high frequency (1 Hz) excitation of 200 ips (9.09 x ÍO4 leg) at 1000 ips (4.55 x 105 kg) at shifts of up to 1.5 inches (38 mm) or more . This type of device is very rare and difficult and expensive to operate. The smaller individual damping elements used in the shock absorber of the present invention can be tested in a relatively small test unit and require a significantly lower input force due to their smaller fissile dimensions. Another significant advantage is the ability to remove and / or replace the modules or damping elements of the final shock absorber. The damping elements could be unscrewed, for example, from the structural members of the shock absorber once the shock absorber has been installed in its functional location (in a building, bridge, etc. ). The damping elements that are adhesively bonded or welded to the damper via the rigid outer members could also be removed or replaced. Adhesive bonds can be broken by the use of solvent and / or heat treatment and / or by cutting to remove the damping elements. The welds can be destroyed or cut to the flame to remove the damping elements. Although the damping elements are very likely to be damaged during the bonding of adhesive joints or the removal of welds, the structural members of the feeder will remain useless. The damping elements installed via bolts or screws or pins are removed more conveniently and are probably not damaged during a removal process. It is difficult to remove the shock absorber material for maintenance, replacement of damaged material, or stiffness adjustments of the conventional shock absorber since the shock absorber material is attached directly to the structural members of the shock absorber (a metal shock absorber frame, for example). A "shock absorber shell" in a term widely used to collectively describe all structural members of the shock absorber. The advantages related to improved customer services are possible when using the modular damper of the present invention, wherein the damper modules can be serviced, tested, modified or replaced regularly if the energy dissipation capacity is exceeded during the operation. Currently, the wide variety of installation environments in a structure require unique buffers from structure to structure, making it difficult to service the market with a standard product. Another advantage of the present invention are readily available inventories. Since the damping elements are not manufactured for use in a single damper, they can be stored in a number of "standard" configurations. These shock absorbers ß
"standard", generic, could then be incorporated into adapted dampers, so that the necessary adapted dampers could be supported with generic damping modules. Only the structural members (structural framework, for example) could then be adapted for each project. Furthermore, the installation of a damping element in the final damper by screws or bolts, pins, welding, interlocking surface characteristics, etc., of the element to the structural members is much simpler than the manual joining process for the modern dampers. For example, they are a conventional shock absorber with structural members of structural grade steel beams, it is expensive and difficult to manufacture such members with the surface smoothness required to join them and they are large enough for the current challenges during the joining process. More specifically, for a complex shock absorber design such as a four-sided square tube shock absorber, each side must be prepared for joining, bonding, curing, and then cleaning or curing the excess adhesive, if used; in an area strongly restricted by the surrounding structural shock absorbers. In this way, the preparation of conventional shock absorbers is complex. Such problems are overcome by the modular damper of the present invention.
The present invention also provides easier handling of the material. For a joint factory, the logistics and handling aspects of the smaller rigid members of the damping elements (small metal plates, for example) in a precision assembly process are greatly simplified in relation to dealing with members large and heavy structural elements of the finished shock absorber. Those advantages are related to the improvement of the use of factory space, higher productivity, and less investment required for proper material handling equipment to handle large structural parts safely. In this way, if desired, a workshop responsible for installing the damping elements or modules in the final damper could then deal with those logistical aspects of the final large part. Furthermore, the possibility of using a consistent and predictable shape and size of the rigid members of the damper module makes the automation of the joining process simpler than for a conventional damper, and therefore much more feasible from a cost point of view. The usual nature of current and past shock absorbers, the unpredictable size and shapes of the parts, and the volume of many of those parts has greatly complicated any consideration of automated production. The variety and uniqueness of the shock absorbers of the past has called for the attachment of the shock absorbing material directly to a large assortment of structural members of significant size. Given the usual nature of the shock absorber market, it is impossible to predict characteristic shapes and sizes of the requested structural members and thus it has been prohibitively expensive to automate the joining process. Even with a shock absorber designed as usual, an adapted modular damper could allow one to automate the attachment of the damper module and still adapt the structural members to meet the needs of the customer. With the present invention, the manufactured shock absorber element could have the option of providing the shock absorbing elements to a contractor to install them on the structural members of the final shock absorber. In this way, one could be able to support a client's business in a cheaper way. The present invention also provides the advantage of a consistent bonding quality between the vibration damping material and the substrate to which it is attached. In the present invention the vibration damping material adheres to smaller rigid members of the damping modules instead of the larger structural members of the damping itselfBy excluding the large, heavy and complicated parts which are typical for the structural members of the shock absorber of the joining process, the joints made between the vibration damping material and the rigid members of the damping element can be controlled more easily. Also, as mentioned above, the manufacture of a traditional shock absorber requires that the vibration dampening material be attached directly to the large structural members of the shock absorber. In such circumstances, each structural member should preferably be precision machined to a smoothness not greater than 0.005 inches (0.127 mm) in the areas to be attached to the vibration damping material. This is a very expensive process. Sometimes, a portion of the structural member has to be removed to achieve the requirements of smoothness, significantly weakening the limb. Using the present invention, the rigid members of the damping element are typically selected so that they are flat and rectangular and also relatively small in comparison with the structural members. It is much less expensive to accurately machine the rigid members of the shock absorber elements to the specific needs. Thus, in the present invention, the large and bulky structural members no longer need to be machined to a desired smoothness since they are not already involved in direct bonding to the vibration damping material. In addition, the smallest and lightest parts (ie, union with the smaller rigid members instead of the heavier and larger structural members) translate into improved production safety. The auto-attack could also contribute to the safety and hergonium of the damping modules. The present invention thus provides a modular damper comprising: two or more structural members and at least one damping member selected from the group consisting of damping elements, stacks of damping elements and combinations thereof, wherein each damping element independently comprises : (i) two rigid external members; (ii) at least one layer of a vibration damping material between the two external rigid members; (iii) optionally one or more internal rigid members, positioned internal to the outer rigid members, wherein each rigid member in the damping element is separated from another rigid member by at least one layer of vibration damping material; and (iv) optionally an adhesive layer between any of the rigid members and the layers of vibration damping material; wherein each stack of damping elements comprises two or more attached damping elements; wherein the rigid external members and the structural members and the internal rigid members, if present, have higher stiffness coefficients than those of the layers of vibration damping material, wherein each structural member is attached to at least one other structural member via at least one damping member, and wherein the damping members are positioned so that the mechanical energy applied to the structural member of the damper is at least partially dissipated by at least one damping member. The following modular shock absorber of the invention although more advantageous than conventional shock absorbers is less advantageous than the front shock absorber of the invention due to the use of shock absorbers having only an external rigid member. Such damping elements are more difficult to replace due to the fact that the layer of external vibration damping material is attached to a structural member. Also, testing of the individual damping elements of such a shock absorber is more difficult since a shock absorber / structural member unit will preferably need to be tested together. The present invention also provides a second modular damper comprising: two or more structural members and at least one damper member selected from the group consisting of a first damper member; wherein each first damping element independently comprises: (i) an external rigid member; (ii) an outer layer of a vibration-damping material attached to the external rigid member, and optionally a layer of adhesive on the side of the outer layer of the layer of vibration-damping material furthest from the external rigid member. (iii) optionally one or more internal rigid members positioned between the external rigid member and the outer layer of vibration damping material, wherein each rigid member in the damping element is separated from another rigid member by at least one layer of damping material of vibrations; (iv) optionally an adhesive layer between any of the rigid members and the layers of vibration damping material;
and optionally one or more damping members selected from the group consisting of a second damping element, second damping element stack and combinations thereof; wherein each second cushion element independently comprises: (i) two external rigid members; (ii) at least one layer of a vibration damping material between the rigid outer members; (iii) optionally one or more internal rigid members, positioned internal to the external rigid members, wherein each rigid member in the damping element is separated from another rigid member by at least one layer of vibration damping material; and (iv) optionally an adhesive layer between any of the rigid members and the layers of vibration damping material; wherein each stack of damping elements comprises two or more attached damping elements. wherein the rigid external members, the structural members and the internal rigid members, if present, have higher stiffness coefficients than the layers of vibration damping material;
and wherein each structural member is joined to at least one other structural member via at least one damping member, and wherein the damping members are collated so that the mesenolic energy applied to the structural member of the damper is at least partially dissipated by at least one buffer member.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Figure 1 illustrates a side elevation view of a mode of a damping element useful in a modular damper of the present invention. Figure 2 illustrates a side elevation view of another damping element useful in the modular damper of the present invention. Figure 3 illustrates a side elevation view of another embodiment of a damping element useful in the modular damper of the present invention. Figure 4 illustrates a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a damping element useful in the modular damper of the present invention. Figure 5 illustrates a side elevation view of another embodiment of a damping element useful in the modular damper of the present invention.
Figure 6 illustrates a cross-sectional view of a damping element useful in the modular damper of the present invention. Figure 7 illustrates a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a modular damper of the invention. Figure 8 illustrates a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a modular damper of the invention. Figure 9 illustrates a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a modular damper of the invention. Figure 10 illustrates a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a modular damper of the invention. Figure 11 illustrates a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a modular damper of the invention. Figure 12 illustrates a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a modular damper of the invention. Figure 13 illustrates a side elevation view of another embodiment of a damping element useful in the modular damper of the present invention. Figure 14 illustrates a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a damping element useful in the modular damper of the invention. Figures 15a-e illustrate plan views of different embodiments of damping elements useful in the modular dampers of the invention show the locations with fastening holes.
Figures 16a-c illustrate plan views of different embodiments of damping elements useful in the modular dampers of the invention showing the possible welding locations. Figure 17 illustrates a plan view of a rigid member of a damping element useful in a modular damper of the invention. Figure 18 illustrates a cross-sectional view of one end of another embodiment of a modular damper of the invention. Figure 19 illustrates a cross-sectional view of one end of another embodiment of a modular damper of the invention. Figure 20 illustrates a side elevational view of a building part with a modular damper of the invention shown in the drawing. Figure 21 illustrates the force on a modular damper of the present invention against displacement of one of the damping elements. Figure 22 illustrates the force versus displacement of a modular damper of the present invention. Figure 23a illustrates an elevation view of a portion of a cushion element subjected to flexure.
Figure 23b illustrates a schematic side view (model) of Figure 23a subject to bending. Figure 24 illustrates a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a modular damper of the invention. Figure 25 illustrates a side elevation view of another embodiment of a shock absorber of the invention. Figure 26a illustrates a plan view of another embodiment of a modular damper of the invention. Figure 26b illustrates a side elevational view of the modular damper of Figure 26a. Figure 26c illustrates an enlarged elevation view of the modular damper of Figure 26a.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Member »Build it» dßl Modular Damper
The structural members of the modular damper referred to herein can have a variety of shapes. They can be in the form of plates, rods, rods, tubes, I-beams, walls, etc. They can be straight, angulated, etc. They are typically made of a metal such as steel or aluminum or its alloys, etc. Although the width and length of the structural members of a shock absorber can vary, the width typically ranges from about 4 inches (102 rom) to about 46 inches (1224 mm), most typically from about 6 inches (153 mm) to about 24 inches (612 mm) and the length typically ranges from about 6 inches (153 mm) to about 216 inches (5486 mm), most typically from about 12 (305 mm) to about 144 inches (3658 mm). A person skilled in the art of designing energy dissipating dampers for buildings, bridges, etc., could be able to determine the structural members appropriately for a particular use. Useful structural members include, but are not limited to those selected from the group consisting of structural girders including "I" beams, "T" beams, grooved beams, angles, tubes, or other form of structural beam. They are optionally acartabonados.
Rigid Members »
The rigid members that constitute the damping element can be formed from a variety of materials depending on the desired application of the final damper. The rigid member may be formed from a material including, but not limited to, those selected from the group consisting of metals, such as steel, stainless steel, copper, aluminum, etc .; alloys of metals, plastics; and woods. Typically the rigid member is formed from a metallic material-such as steel or stainless steel. The rigid member may have a variety of shapes including, but not limited to those selected from the group consisting of plates (such as curved plates, flat plates, etc.), rods, rods, tubes, T-beams, corrugated beams, angles , beams in I. Typically the rigid members are in the form of plates, most typically plates that are rectangular in shape. The rigid members (external and internal, if present), as well as the structural damping members typically have a stiffness coefficient that is greater than that of the vibration damping layer which also constitutes the damping element. The rigid member typically has a stiffness coefficient of at least 10 times greater than that of the layers of vibration damping material, preferably at least about 100 times larger, more preferably at least 1000 times larger, and most preferable approximately 10,000 times larger. The relationship of a shear stress to the corresponding shear strain is called the stiffness coefficient of a material and is represented below by G.
Shear stress (10) Shear strain
For most materials this is one-third to one-half greater than Young's modulus. For a better discussion of the stiffness coefficient, see Modern University Physics, Chapter 10, pp 210-219, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc., (1960). The thickness of the rigid members may vary depending on the desired application of the damping element. Typically, the thickness of each rigid member ranges from about 1/16 inch (1.5 mm) to about 2 inches (51 mm), preferably from about 1/4 inch (6 rom) to about 2 inches (51 mm), and more preferably from about 1/2 inch (13 rom) to about 1 inch (25 mm). If a rigid member is too thin the following problems can occur: flexion and / or failure of the rigid member when the rigid member is subjected to large forces. If the rigid member is too thick the damping module and the shock absorber become heavier than necessary and require more area in the construction or other structure in which the damper is installed.
The length and width of the rigid members may vary. Typically, the width of a rigid member ranges from about 2 inches (51 mm) to about 48 inches (1224 mm), more typically from about 4 inches (102 mm) to about 24 inches (612 mm). The length of a rigid member typically ranges from about 6 inches (153 mm) to about 96 inches (2448 mm), most typically from about 6 inches (153 mm) to about 48 inches (1224 mm). A rigid member differs from a shock absorbing structural member in that the rigid member is typically smaller in dimension than the structural members, in length and / or width.
Layers of Material Vibration Damper
A layer of vibration damping material can be continuous or discontinuous. A layer of continuous vibration damping material may contain a type of damping material or may comprise adjacent sections of different vibration damping materials, for example. A continuous layer may contain sections of buffer material separated by non-damping materials or spaces, for example. In addition, when at least two buffer layers are present each layer may comprise the same or different buffer materials. Preferably, the rigid members are covered substantially with a continuous layer of cushioning material, although the layers may be discontinuous. The vibration damping material comprises a viscoelastic material. A viscoelastic material is one that is viscous, and therefore capable of dissipating energy, still exhibiting certain elastic properties, and therefore capable of storing energy in the desired temperature and frequency range. That is, a viscoelastic material is an elastomeric material that typically contains long chain molecules that can convert mechanical energy into heat when they deform. Such a material can typically be deformed, for example, stretched, by an applied load and gradually recover its original shape, for example, contract, a time after the load has been removed. Viscoelastic materials suitable for use in the vibration damping materials of the present invention have a shear storage modulus G ', i.e. the measurement of energy stored during deformation, of at least about 1 psi.
(6.9 x 103 Passes) at operating temperature and frequency (typically from -40 ° C to 50 ° C and approximately 0.1 Hz to 15 Hz). The storage module of the useful viscoelastic materials can be as high as 10,000 psi (6.9 x 107 Pascals); however, typically it is about 50-5000 psi (3.5 x 105 - 3.5 x 107 Passes). Particularly preferred viscoelastic materials provide the structure, (the constructed building, for example) with a stress energy ratio, that is, fraction of stress energy stored in the buffer material in relation to the total stress energy stored in the structure , of at least about 2%. Suitable viscoelastic materials, at the temperature and frequency of operation, for use in the vibration damping materials of the present invention have a loss factor,, that is, the ratio of energy loss to energy storage or the ratio of the module of shear loss G "to the shearing storage module G ', of at least about 0.1, preferably the loss factor is at least about 0.5, more preferably greater than about 0.8, and more preferably greater than 1.0, at the frequency and temperature of operation experienced by the material.This loss factor represents a measure of the dissipation of material energy and depends on the frequency and temperature experienced by the cushioning material.For example, for Scotchdamp "* SJ2015X Type 110, a polymer of acrylic crosslinked, at a frequency of 1 Hz, the loss factor at 68 ° F (20 ° C) is ap approximately 1.3, while at 158 ° F (70 ° C) the loss factor is approximately 1.0. The stiffness of a layer of vibration damping material in the cut is calculated as follows:
k - k '+ jk "(20)
G'A G "A (30) h h
where k - complex stiffness of the buffer material layer kr - accommodation stiffness of the buffer material layer k "- loss stiffness of the buffer material layer
j - V-l
G '- storage stiffness coefficient of the cushioning layer G "- loss stiffness coefficient of the cushioning material layer A - cutting area of the cushioning material layer h = thickness of the cushioning material layer.
Useful vibration damping materials can be isotropic as well as anisotropic materials, particularly with respect to their electrical properties. As used herein, an "anisotropic material" or "non-isotropic material" is one in which the properties depend on the direction of measurement. Suitable materials having viscoelastic properties include urethane rubbers, silicone rubbers, nitrile causes, butyl rubbers, acrylic rubbers, natural rubbers, styrene-butadiene rubbers, and the like. Other useful buffers include polyesters, polyurethanes, polyamides, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, polyvinyl butyral, polyvinyl butyral-polyvinyl acetate copolymers, epoxy-acrylate interpenetrating networks, and the like. Thermoplastic and thermosetting resins suitable for use as vibration damping material can also be used in the manufacture of damping elements. Useful vibration damping materials can also be crosslinkable to increase their strength and processability. Such materials are classified as thermosetting waste. When the viscoelastic material is a thermosetting resin, prior to manufacturing the cushion, the thermosetting resin is typically in a thermoplastic state. During the manufacturing process, the thermosetting resin can be cured and / or crosslinked, typically to a solid state, although it could be a gel after curing as long as the cured material possesses the viscoelastic properties described above. Depending on the particular thermosetting resin employed, the thermosetting resin may include a curing agent, for example, satallizer, which when exposed to an appropriate energy source (such as thermal energy) initiates the polymerization of the thermosetting resin. Particularly preferred vibration materials are those based on acrylates. In general, any suitable viscoelastic material can be used. The choice of the viscoelastic material for a set of conditions, eg, temperature and frequency of vibration, etc., is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art of vibration damping. The selection of suitable cushioning material is also based on the processability of the cushioning material in a cushioning element (cutting or other fabrication) and the desired structural integrity of the finished cushion construction with the selected cushioning material. It should be understood that mixtures of any of the above materials may also be used. In addition, of the viscoelastic material, the vibration damping material of the present invention can include an effective amount of fibrous and / or particulate material. Here, an "effective amount" of a fibrous and / or particulate material is an amount sufficient to impart at least an improvement in the desirable characteristics of the viscoelastic material, but not too much that gives rise to any significant deleterious effect on the structural integrity of the shock absorber. in which the viscoelastic material was incorporated. Generally, the fibrous and / or particulate material is particularly effective to increase the stress energy ratio of a damping element that contains the same amount and type of viscoelastic material without the fibrous or particulate material. Typically, the amount of fibrous material in the viscoelastic material is within the range of about -3-60% by weight based on the total weight of the vibration dampening material. Typically, the amount of particulate material, the amount of particulate material in the viscoelastic material, is within the range of about 0.5-70%, based on the total weight of the vibration dampening material.
. The fibrous material may be in the form of a fibrous plush or cloth, although fibrous strands are preferred. The fibrous strands can be in the form of strands, cords, threads, skeins, filaments, etc., while the viscoelastic material can wet the surface of the material. They can be dispersed randomly or uniformly in a specific order. Examples of useful fibrous materials include metallic fibrous materials, such as aluminum oxide, magnesium, or steel fibers, non-metallic fibrous materials, such as glass fiber, natural organic fibrous materials such as wool, cotton, and cellulose and synthetic fibrous materials such as polyvinyl alcohol, nylon, polyester, rayon, polyamide, acrylic, polyolefin, aramid, and phenol. The particulate material useful in the invention may be in the form of nodules, bubbles, beads, lamellae, or powder, while the viscoelastic material may wet the surface of the particle. The particulate material may vary in size, but typically should not be larger than the thickness of the layer of absorbing material Examples of useful particulate materials include coated or uncoated glass and ceramic beads or bubbles such as thermally conductive bubbles. powders such as aluminum oxide powder and aluminum nitride powder, silica, metal flakes, such as copper flakes, cured epoxy nodules, and the like In addition to the fibers and the particulate material, the vibration damping material of the present invention may include additives such as fillers, (eg, talc, etc.), colorants, reinforcing agents, flame retardants, antioxidants, antistatic agents, and the like Sufficient amounts may be used in each of those materials to produce the desired result. Combinations of fibrous material and particulate material could also be useful and could n be used in the range of about 0.5 to 70 weight percent of the total weight of the vibration dampening material. The preferred viscoelastic material is the viscoelastic acrylic polymer Scotchdamp ™ SJ2015X, types 109, 110, 112 and 113 available from 3M, St. Paul, Minnesota, and described in Suggested Purchase Specification, Scotchdamp ™ Viscoelastic Polymers, No. 70-072-0225- 7 (89.3) Rl of 3M Industrial Tape and Specialties Division. Viscoelastic materials are sensitive to temperature. Specifically, Chang et al., "Viscoleastic Dampers as Energy Dissipation Devices for Seismic Applications" in Earthquake Spectra, Vol. 9, No. 3 (1993) p. 371-387, notes that an increase in temperature softens the viscoelastic material and the buffering efficiency of the material decreases. Additional information on temperature sensitivity on the viscoelastic acrylic polymer Scotchdamp ™ SJ2015X, types 109, 110, 112, and 113 are provided in the Suggested Purchase Specification cited above. Accordingly, temperature changes in the viscoelastic material can be considered when a vibration damping material is selected to construct the modular dampers of the present invention. _
Adhesive layer
To facilitate adhesion in the layer of vibration-damping material to the rigid members, a bead of adhesive such as an epoxy is preferably provided between the rigid member and the layer of vibration-damping material to more effectively join both sapes. The adhesive used should form a joint between the rigid member and the cushion layer having greater strength than the strength of the buffer layer itself. Preferably, a structural adhesive is used. Typically, an adhesive is considered structural if its strength at the bottom is greater than 1000 psi (6.9 x 106 pass), preferably greater than 2000 psi (1.4 x 107 pass), and more preferably greater than 3000 psi (2.1 x). 107 pass). The adhesive layer is preferably resistant to moisture and resistant to either solvent, gases, or chemicals that may come into contact with it in its operating environment. In addition, the adhesive layer is preferably resistant to plasticizers or residual solvents that may be contained in the cushioning material. Preferably, the adhesive layer is more resistant than the vibration dampening layer as the shear strength decreases with increasing temperature. Typically, both the cushioning material and the adhesive will soften as their temperatures increase. A preferred adhesive will have a cut resistance that exceeds the cut resistance of the cushion material at all operating temperatures, typically from about -AO to about 50 ° C, more typically from about 0 ° C to about 40 ° C, more typically from about 15 ° C to about 35 ° C.
Design and Method of Manufacturing the Shock Absorber Element
The design of the individual damping elements may vary. Preferably, the damping element comprises two external rigid members: a first external rigid member and a second external rigid member and a layer of vibration damping material therebetween. The damping element may optionally further comprise one or more internal rigid members and alternating layers of vibration damping material. The number of alternating layers of vibration damping material and rigid members may vary as long as the structural integrity of the damping element is maintained. Typically, the number of rigid members (including both the external and internal rigid members) in a damping element ranges from 1 to approximately 120, more preferably from 2 to approximately 24, preferably from approximately 2 to approximately 8, and more preferably, from about 2 to about 4, to facilitate manufacturing. The most desirable number of layers for any damping element will depend on whether or not the stress in the damping layer and / or heat buildup in the operation element are related. The use of rigid members with good thermal conductivity and specific heat or thermal conductive fibrous or particulate materials in the vibration dampening material will reduce the buildup of heat in the dampening material.
Preferably, the thermal conductivity of the rigid members should be greater than about 0.2 watts / m degrees C, preferably greater than about 30 watts / m degrees C, and more preferably greater than about 40 watts / m degrees C Another factor to be considered in determining the number of layers in the damping element is the available thickness of the damping material. For example, if 5/8 inches (15.9 mm) of cushioning material is required to meet the damping demands and the selected cushioning material is available only in 1/8 (3.18 mm), 1/4 inch (6.35 mm) thickness , and 1/2 inch (12.7 mm), five 1/8 inch (3.18 mm) layers of material can be used in the damping element. A less preferred damping element is one having an external rigid member only and a layer of external vibration damping material. As indicated above, such an element may have optional internal rigid members and layers of vibration damping material as long as a layer of external vibration damping material is present. The external surface of the layer of vibration damping material (the surface in contrast with the structural member) can optionally be coated with an adhesive. Such an element can be screwed, welded, joined with pins, adhesively bonded, bonded via interlocking surface features, etc., to a shock absorbing structural member via its external rigid member. The buffer layer could then be attached to a structural member via conventional means such as thermal or adhesive bonding. Such an element thus provides some of the advantages of the damping element having two external rigid members. However, the element having two external rigid members is much more preferred. Although the method of preparing the cushion element may vary, a typical process is as follows: rigid members are first provided which typically have been produced at a smoothness of about 0.001 inch (0.025 mm) to about 0.025 inch (0.63 mm), preferably from about 0.001 (0.025 mm) to about 0.015 inches (0.381 mm) and more preferably from 0.001 inches (0.025 mm) to about 0.005 inches (0.125 mm). If the rigid members do not occur to the desired smoothness, it may be difficult to obtain the necessary joining force between the rigid member and the vibration dampening layer. If the requirement of smoothness is thus more applicable to the surfaces of the rigid members that are actually attached to a vibration dampening layer. Ideally all rigid members used regardless of their composition: metal, plastic, etc., have smoothness of about 0.001 inch (0.025 mm) to about 0.005 inch (0.125 ram). The outer surface of a more external rigid member that comes into contact with the structural members of the damper via screws or bolts, for example, might not necessarily need to have this particular smoothness. If an external rigid member is to be adhesively bonded to the structural members, however, the surface of the external rigid member and the surface of the structural member preferably should meet the same requirements of smoothness. A layer of an adhesive such as an epoxy is typically coated on a surface of the rigid member that comes into contact with the layer of vibration damping material. The thickness of the adhesive layer may vary depending on the application. Preferably, this adhesive coating is a thin continuous layer. Typically, the adhesive layer has a thickness of about 0.002 inches (0.051 mm) to about 0.050 inches (1.27 mm), preferably from about 0.002 inches (0.051 mm) to about 0.15 inches (0.381 mm). The adhesive layer must be minimally thick enough to provide intimate contact between the common bonding surfaces of the cushion layers and the rigid members. Any gap in the adhesive layer will reduce the total bond strength and will concentrate the stress during the modular damper operation and nucleate a fracture in the cushion layer. The bond strength is optimized when an adhesive layer having a thickness of about 0.002 inches (0.051 mm) inches to about 0.015 inches (0.381 mm) is used when the preferred structural epoxy is used. Epoxy adhesives generally provide a stronger and more reliable bond between the cushioning material and the rigid member than other adhesives. Adhesive layers can be coated by a variety of methods such as spray, flame spread, brush, etc. Preferably the adhesive is applied both to the rigid member and to the layer of vibration damping material involved in the joint. Care should be taken not to introduce air into the adhesive layer when the layers are put together to be joined together. Typically, the adhesive layer is coated both on the rigid member and on the layer of damping material by means of a dispensing nozzle which releases a load of adhesive to the bonding surfaces which is evenly distributed over the bonding area. The terms "bonding surface" and "bonding area" and "cutting area" are used interchangeably herein. These terms represent the common surface area between two layers that are joined together. Next, the adhesive coated layer of vibration damping material is placed on top of the adhesive layer on the first rigid member. If the vibration damping material is liquid, it can be injected or poured alternately into a mold, in which the rigid members of the damping element have been properly arranged. The vibration damping material then cures so that the liquid damping material solidifies. Additionally, it is possible with some damping materials to form a joint between the damping layers and the rigid members through heat and / or pressure. Any joining method that produces a joint between the layers of shock absorbing material and the rigid members of force that exceeds the strength of the cushioning material itself, it is an acceptable manufacturing method. The use of an epoxy adhesive is preferred in the manufacture of the damping elements. Typically, the vibration dampening layer has a thickness of about 0.06 inches (1.5 mtn) to about 5 inches (127 mm), preferably about 0.15 inches (3.8 mm) to about 2 inches (50.8 mm). If the layer of vibration damping material is very thin, many damping layers will be necessary to maintain a shear stress at a sufficiently low level to avoid fracture failures in the layers of damping material. It is typically desirable from a manufacturing perspective to minimize the required number of layers of cushioning material. Next, one side of the second rigid member that has been produced to the necessary smoothness is provided with a layer of adhesive thereon and secured to the opposite side of the vibration damping material that has also been coated with an adhesive layer. The damping element can then be placed in a clamping device that controls the relative alignment of the layers as appropriate. However, external clamping devices are not readily available for an adapted product. Such fastening devices, however, can be adapted. Typically, an alignment clamping device designed to be used in the manufacture of the damping element of the present invention comprises an expandable steel or aluminum frame equipped with an effective number of "bumpers" or "cushion mattresses". The frame typically colls around the unpressed cushion element in the expanded state and then engages so that the provided bumpers form a restricting perimeter around the layers being joined, holding them in the correct alignment until all the adhesive joints they have healed sufficiently, so that the damping element can be moved without damaging the adhesive bonds or disturb the desired alignment of the flaps. The clamping device serves for the pre-cured buffer layers so that a mold could serve for the liquid buffer material in the production of the damping elements. To put it simply, the clamping device simply restricts the damping layers, the rigid members, and any optional layers, to produce the correct alignment of the parts in the damping element until all the joints between the damping layers, rigid members , and any adhesive layers have formed. The clamping element containing the damping element is colossally formed in a press and is pressed or squeezed to a thickness that is distributed to the total thickness of the damping element, including the layers of damping material, rigid members, and any adhesive layers used. Buffer elements formed with typical two-part structural adhesives can be allowed to cure at room temperature or in an oven to accelerate curing (typically at about 32 to about 150 degrees C). As discussed above, this method can be modified when the cushioning material is suitable for use in a thermal bonding or hot melt process. The only limit to the number of layers that can be joined concurrently with the adhesive is the time required to apply the adhesive to the appropriate cushioning element and to press the element in opposition to the "working life" of the adhesive, of which its resistance to flow remains low. . If the working life of the adhesive is exceeded, the thickness control of the different adhesive layers will be reduced. The compression pressure must be adequate to flatten the element to the thickness of the final desired damping element. As discussed above, the thicknesses of the rigid members as well as the thicknesses of the vibration damping layers may vary. In each particular cushion element, the rigid members may have different thicknesses although preferably each has the same thicknesses to minimize the number of unique parts that must be handled in the manufacture. Also, in each particular damping element each vibration damping layer typically has the same thickness although damping layers of different thicknesses can be provided. Preferably, the thickening layers of vibrations in a particular element have the same thickness to minimize the number of unique parts that must be handled in the manufacture and thus reduce the inventory of parts, requiring fewer assembly devices, facilitating automation, and increasing the ease and convenience of manufacturing. The total thickness of each damping element or stack of damping element is preferably the same for the damping elements located between the same two modular damping structural members, simply for logistical reasons in the installation of the damping elements. There are no requirements that all layers of such damping elements of such placed damping elements have the same shape, thickness, area, or composition of material. It is preferred, although not required, that each damping element incorporated in a given damper be of similar construction in terms of the number of layers and materials. The size in terms of the width and length of the individual shock absorbers may vary within the shock absorber for the purpose of using the "mixed and uniform" shock absorber design. By "mixed and uniform" damper design it means that the damping elements having different energy dissipation capacities are used in the damper to produce a final damper having the desired energy dissipation capacity. As mentioned above, the damping elements can be prepared to have different energy dissipation capabilities. This can be done by altering the composition of the buffer layers or the thickness and / or area of the buffer layers. The buffer layer itself is typically selected to operate at a shear stress of up to 100%. The bonding strength between the layer of cushioning material and the rigid member should be sufficiently large to withstand the maximum damping operation stress. As such, the total shear strength of the damping elements should at least be adequate to ensure that the damping material fails cohesively before any of the joining interfaces delaminate or the adhesive cohesively fails. The element "shock absorber" is preferably assembled and attached to the shock absorbing structural members with a minimum stress introduction in the layers of shock absorbing material It is common practice that the initial stress in the cushioning material in a shock absorber in general should be greater than 5% and preferably greater than 2% Normally, it is required that the thickness variation of the buffer layer must be less than 10%.
Assuming that the damping element is produced with minimal stress in the layers of damping material the element is preferably produced so that all the joining surfaces of the rigid members and any joining surfaces of the damping structural members are substantially parallel, so that more preferable parallels. The term "bonding surface" as used herein, refers to a surface in direct interface or interconnection via an adhesive bond, with a layer of cushioning material. This is done so that the interface between the layers of damping material and the adjacent rigid members, or adjacent shock-absorbing structural members, experiences shearing stress mainly during the operation of the damper. Apart from the parallelism of the joining surface of these members, additional stresses will be introduced on the joints of the damper operation. This does not limit the shape of the rigid members to flat plates strictly. Meanwhile, the joining surfaces of the rigid members and the joining surfaces, if present, of the shock absorbing structural members are parallel or substantially parallel, some or all of the rigid members can be contoured or bevelled. Note that the joining surfaces of the rigid members with different thicknesses can be maintained parallel or substantially parallel to each other or to the joining surface of the shock absorbing structural members if the structural members to which they are attached are provided with coupling surface characteristics or of substantial coupling, respectively. Although the preferred damping elements are manufactured so that their joining surfaces of the rigid member are substantially parallel, (more preferably parallel) and that the damping elements or stack of damping elements are attached to the structural members of the shock absorber so that those joining surfaces and any joining surfaces of the shock absorbing structural members remain substantially parallel (more preferably parallel), with the conditions also preferably being made to keep those joining surfaces substantially parallel or parallel during the operation of the modular shock absorber . The forces acting on the structural members of the shock absorber can cause them to move apart, pulling the joining surfaces of the rigid members of the shock absorber element or the shock absorbing structural members out of parallelism. The use of a restrained stopper or spacer rod, or any other means to maintain proper alignment of the attachment surface of the shock absorbing structural member and / or the joining surfaces of the rigid member during the operation of the shock absorber are acceptable methods for maintaining the joining surfaces substantially parallel or parallel. The damping members (damping elements and / or stacks of damping elements) should be placed inside the shock absorber so that the mechanical energy applied to the structural members of the damper is at least partially dissipated by at least one of the damping members, (preferably all the damping members when more than one is present) should preferably dissipate at least about 10%, more preferably at least about 25% should dissipate, more preferably at least about 50% dissipate.
Calculation of the Energy Dissipation Capacity in the Shock Absorber Element and the Shock Absorber
A damping element is designed so that it has a specific energy dissipation capacity. For a damping element with a damping material that behaves linearly, ie, that an input force unit results in a displacement unit in the damping material through the range of input forces encountered, the stiffness of storage (k ') and the loss factor (?) are used to address the energy dissipation sapacity of the damping element. For a harmonic response, the energy dissipation per cycle (Eß? ßmßnto) is determined as:
E. Iemento - px k '?
where: x - displacement amplitude; k'- storage rigidity of the buffer element? - loss factor
Equation 40 can also be used to calculate the energy dissipation for a modular damper by replacing the storage stiffness and loss factor of the entire modular damper for k 'and,, respectively. Consider first the simplest form of a damping element having two external rigid members as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1 illustrates a damping element made up of two external rigid members 2 and 6, a layer of vibration damping material 4 , and without internal rigid inner member layers or adhesive joints joining the layer of vibration absorbing material to the two outer rigid layers. It should be assumed that a thermal bond has effected the joining of the vibration damping layer to the rigid members shown. It is considered that the element has a complex rigidity according to what is defined by:
ßißm # nto "ßl« mantle + «: item 0)
where: j- A; k.lßm.nto- complex rigidity of the damping element; k '.? ««. storage stiffness of the buffer element; and kwßi «". nto-rigidity of loss of the damping element.
The ratio of k ".? ßw.nt. To k'ß? ßm # r? To is defined as the loss factor of the damping element.
This complex rigidity of the damping element illustrated in Figure 1 can be calculated as the complex stiffness of the individual layers combined in series:
(80) k '? L + j k, k »R2 + j k" R2 k' D + j k "D
wherein: kR? - rigid stiffness of the rigid member 2 k'Rl - storage stiffness of the rigid member 2 k * stiffness of loss of the rigid member 2 km- rigid rigidity of the rigid member 6 k'w- stiffness of storage of the rigid member rigid member 6 kwR2- stiffness of loss of rigid member 6 o- complex rigidity of vibration dampening layer 4 k'D- stiffness of storage of vibration dampening layer 4 k "0 - loss stiffness of vibration dampening layer Figure 2 illustrates a damper module having an external rigid member Ri identified as 20 and RN identified as 40, internal rigid member R2 identified as 24, R3 identified as 28, and RN-t identified as 36, The cushion module has layers of vibration dampening material Dj identified as 22, D2 identified as 26, D3 identified as 30, DM-I identified as 34, and DM identified as 38. For a general case of an element thermally bonded cushion, as shown in Figure 2, comprised of any number of rigid member layers (N) and vibration dampening layers (M), the series combination of the complex rigid of the individual layers is given by:
wherein: N- the number of rigid members in the damping element (including the rigid internal and external members) M- the number of damping layers of vibrations in the damping element kRn- the rigid rigidity of the rigid limb nth the complex stiffness of the nth vibration buffer layer.
Since the rigid members of the damping element are selected using so that | kRt, | > > | krtn | for any n and any m, the contribution of the layers of the rigid member. the complex stiffness of the total damping element would be negligible compared to that of the vibration damping layers. This can be represented by reducing Equation 90 as follows:
0? Mnmto
so that :
As noted above in Equations 20 and 30, the complex stiffness of the individual vibration damper layers in the cut is given by:
where: km - complex rigidity of the vibration damping layer layer G'om "storage stiffness coefficient of the vibration damping material layer Ctm, - loss stiffness coefficient of the vibration damping layer j»
Ao- cutting area of the layer of vibration damping material hom- thickness of the layer of vibration damping material
Equations 110 and 120 can be employed to grade the complex stiffness of a damping element. Increasing G'n ,, Gn? *., And A ^ of any vibration damping layer, for example, will result in an increase in ko »and K.i.m.nto. Similarly, the increase of hom of any vibration dampening layer will have the effect of reducing ko »and k.?ßra."to. One skilled in the art could thus modify Equation 120 to take into account the effect of the adhesive layers on the complex stiffness for a damper element constructed with adhesive bonds between the layers of the rigid member and the vibration damping layers. Once the complex stiffness of the individual shock absorbers of a given shock absorber is known, the total complex stiffness of the entire shock absorber can be determined. Figures 8, 9 and 10 show the representative shapes in which the damping elements can be combined to form a damper: in parallel (Figure 8), in series (Figure 9), or in combination of parallel and series (Figure 10) ). Other configurations are also possible. It is considered that a modular damper is composed of damping elements in parallel if the damping elements are rigidly connected, directly or indirectly, between common grounding points and the displacement experienced by the damping elements (ie parallel) at any time is the same as the displacement of the damper modulates itself. Figure 12 shows the absolute displacement of the damping elements (? X) and the entire damper (? X). Note that elements 386 and 388 in Figure 12 are in parallel since:
? xjße -? x3ßß -? X (130) If there is no displacement between the damping elements and the shock absorbing structural members and all the rigid members and all the structural members of the shock absorber are sufficiently rigid, a shock absorber composed of a number of damping elements in parallel can be calsulated by:
where: kßmoriguaor- complex stiffness of a modular shock absorber Q- the number of shock absorbers in parallel k.?"».ntoq- stiffness of the damper element kth.
Similarly, a modular shock absorber provides shock absorbers in series if the shock absorbers are joined in a stack arrangement and the force acting through each of the individual shock absorbers is the same. The shock-absorbing elements, which are in series in this way, are also known as batteries. Assuming once again that no slippage occurs between the damping elements and the shock absorbing structural members and all the rigid members and all the structural members of the shock absorber are sufficiently rigid, the complex stiffness of a shock absorber composed of a number of damping elements in series can be determined by:
where: kanßreiquadcir- complex rigidity of a modular damper S «the number of damper elements in series k # J.m." complex stiffness of the damping element s (th).
An example of a modular damper made of the damping elements A 172, B 174, C 174, and D 176 in parallel is shown in Figure 8. Applying Equation 140 to this damper gives:
Kfcmort l guarior kA + kB + kc + kD (1 60) where kA, kB, c, and kD - complex rigidity of the damping elements A, B, C and D, respectively. An example of a modular damper made of the damping elements E 227 and F 237 in series is shown in Figure 9. Applying Equation 150 to this damper we obtain:
1 - . 1 - 1 + 1 (170) иbuffer
where kE and kr m complex stiffness of the damping elements E and F, respectively. Figure 10 illustrates a more complex modular damper where elomenloa love t. hju u i uu U fi'J «l.'tvl are in parallel and the upper element J268 and the lower element K268 are in parallel, but the combined complex stiffness of elements H269 and 1267 are in series with the combined complex stiffness of elements J268 and K268. With the usual assumption that 1) no slip occurs between the shock absorbing elements and the structural members of the shock absorber and 2) the structural members and the rigid member of the shock absorber are selected so as to be sufficiently rigid, the resulting complex stiffness of the shock absorber shown in FIG. Figure 10 is: 1 1 + 1 (180) kamort lguador (kj + kfj) (j + kfc) An expert in the technique may extend this result so that when calculating the rigidity of a modular damper, use any number of combinations in series and in parallel of damping elements.
Installation of the Shock Absorber Elements in the Modular Shock Absorber
The damping elements are typically constructed so that the rigid and outer members are of different lengths when screws or bolts are used as connection means as in Figure 1, Figure 4, Figure 13 and Figure 14. For example, rigid inner members , if present, they could typically be from the same cutting area as the buffer layers as in Figure 13. Alternatively, the internal rigid members may extend beyond the buffer layers as shown in Figure 4, Figure 6 and Figure 14 to facilitate the dissipation of heat in the damping element during operation. Typically, when using bolts or bolts, the external rigid members are of different lengths, so that the holes for the bolts or bolts in one are located beyond the buffer layers than in the others to prevent interference between the bolts or screws. bolts during the installation of the element in the shock absorber. For a damper having two external structural members and a central structural member, one of the damping elements is typically attached first to the center of the structural member, where one of the places to screw the external rigid member (when using screws or bolts) they are easily accessible with tools due to the stacked lengths of two rigid outer members of the cushion element. An external structural member of the damper is then coned to the other rigid outer member of the damper member. A similar screwing operation can be followed when one or more damping elements are inserted between the central structural member and the other outer structural members. Different means of attaching the damping elements to the structural members of the dampers such as threads / bolts, pins, welding, clamping surface saws, joining, etc. can be used. Each particular method has its own advantages and disadvantages. Screwing, for example, allows a quick and easy installation of the damping element. In addition, no heat is required during screwing which could soften the layers of cushioning material and any adhesive layers that are present. A disadvantage of screwing is that it sometimes allows sliding between the damper member and the structural members due to the clearance of the screw hole when the frictional force between them is smaller than the force experienced in the damper. The sliding in the shock absorber will decrease the efficiency, that is to say, its stability to the functioning as shock absorber, of the shock absorber. This decrease results from the amount of displacement of the shock absorber that is not transferred to the cushion material through the rigid members when the bolts or bolts are moved within the gap space of the hole. The closely coupled parts (i.e., the damping elements and shock absorbing structural members) transfer substantially all of the energy introduced to the damping cups when the parts are loosely placed or adjusted resulting in less energy being transferred to the layers of damping material. The bending in the rigid members and the structural members is also worrisome when it is screwed although this is a concern for all methods of joining the shock absorber element. Another disadvantage of bolting is that the rigid outer members may need to extend beyond the cushioning plates to allow bolting. Thus increasing the length of the damping element. In this way, the damping elements are typically attached first to the central structural member of the shock absorber (when a shock absorber having three structural members as in Figure 7)., Figure 8, Figure 9, Figure 11, Figure 12, Figure 18 and Figure 20 are being prepared) followed by joining to the outer structural members. The damping elements can be installed in the damper differently. If a damping element is to be installed between two structural members, the damping element is typically installed so that the superfisiness of the external rigid member of the damping element is attached to the surface of a different strutural member. If three damping elements are to be installed in series between two structural members of a shock absorber, the damping elements can be stacked vertically and joined together via their external rigid members are the exposed upper part and the rigid external members at the bottom of the stack United one to a separate structural member. See Figure 11. In this way, the surface of the first rigid member of a first damper member could be attached to the surface of a first ram member, and the surface of a second rigid member external of the damper member attached to the surface of the first member external rigid of a second damping element. The surface of the second external rigid member of the second damper member is joined to the surface of a first rigid member of a third damper member. The surface of the second external rigid member of the third cushion element could then be attached to the surface of the second stiffening member. In this way, two or more damping elements stacked or vertically joined between two structural members can be joined. Another representative situation is when three cushion elements instead of being vertically stacked are horizontally collided with each other, so that the surface of the first rigid external member of the damping element joins the surface of a first structural member and the surface of the second member. The outer rigid of the damping element joins a superfisie of the second clamping member. Such elements are thus configured in parallel between the first and second structural members of the shock absorber. Other configurations and numbers of damping elements are also possible.
Welding is a relatively easy means of joining the damping elements. Very little reduction in buffer efficiency can occur due to the minimum slip between the rigid members and the structural member while the weld remains intact. In addition, the rigid outer members may not extend so that the damping element is installed in the damper. A disadvantage of welding is that the heat generated during the process can raise the temperature of the layers of damping material and / or adhesive layers thus introducing a risk of damaging the joints or damping material. The attachment of the damping elements in the damper via adhesives is advantageous since flexing is less likely to occur in the rigid outer members of the damping elements. It is also advantageous in that that extension of the rigid outer members backwards of the buffer layer is not required. One disadvantage of adhesive bonding is that it is more difficult and time consuming than other methods. The shock absorber must be handled carefully until the adhesive has set or hardened. The fastening with pins of the damping elements is advantageous since the occurrence of sliding in comparision is reduced by screwing. In addition, it is easy to attach the damping elements to the shock absorbing structural members via the fasteners are pins. Also, the rigid members do not have to extend to join the cushion element. One disadvantage of fastening pins is that precise machining of the holes for the pins in the shock absorbing structural members is required. It is necessary to have an adjustment of precision between the pin and the hole for the pin, so that there is no loss of efficiency of the shock absorber. The possible bending of the external rigid members of the damping elements is a factor that must be taken into consideration when constructing the modular damper of the present invention. The flexure can be sweated by an external rigid member being subjected to an exssional compression twill during the operation of the shock absorber (See Figure 23a). as an example, assume that the outer rigid member is firmly attached only to one structural member to one end of the rigid member and the load P is applied to the other end of the rigid member as shown in Figure 23b. The critical load (Pr) for the fricsion of the rigid member is calculated as:
where / = (200) 12
w - ansho of the rigid member h - thickness of the rigid member L - length of the rigid member E - the elasticity module of the rigid member. If the royal serge attached to the rigid limb is sersana to the sritisa flexing serge, the rigid limb may thicken, become wider, or be shortened to increase the critical load.
Resistance of the Rigid Member, Structural Members and Fasteners
The rigid outer members of a shock absorbing element and the mechanical fasteners that can be used between those rigid external members and a shock absorbing ram member and / or an outer rigid member of another shock absorbing element must be strong enough to transfer forces between such members. The dissolution of bolted joints, are pins, and remashes can be found in Chapter 8 of Meshanisal Engineering Design, 5th Ed., Authorized by J. E. Shigley and C. R. Misshke, published by MsGraw-Hill, Ins. 1989
Each pattern of screws (or pins, etc.) will have its own advantages and disadvantages and should be selected based on the materials used and the end use of the shock absorber. A representative example of a possible screw pattern includes screws that encompass the perimeters of the external rigid members of the damping element as shown in Figure 15c. Another representative example of a possible screw pattern involves a series of screws on the edges of the ansho (Figure 15a) or along (Figure 15b) only of the rigid outer members. The configuration of screws (or pins), etc.) preferred depends on the spasm restraints of the shock absorber and the input load of the shock absorber during operation. Similar examples are also shown for the welding in Figure 16a where the full width edges have been welded, Figure 16b where the full length edges have been welded, and Figure 16c where points have been collided. welding around a perimeter of the external rigid member. Figures 15d and 15e show two arrangements of orifices for pin pins, representative. The following fasters were taken into account in the determination of the screw configuration: the possible bending of a rigid member, the size of the parts implied in the screw (for example, the rigid members and shock-absorbing members may need to be elongated and / or become wider to accommodate the holes for the screws or bolts), the size and quantity of screws suitable to generate enough friction to prevent the sliding of the rigid member of the damping element against the structural members shock absorbers; the need to have access to the screws for installation and removal; and the need to have spasium for the installation and removal of the damping elements. Figure 17 shows a generalized external rigid member located in regions 564 and 566 (longitudinal edges), 568 and 570 (edges to the ansho), and 562 (interior). The limit between the limits and the interior is the limit of the bonding surface in sontasto are the damping sapa adyasente. Note that the damping element will have an interior arrangement, but that the regions of the edge are not always present, for example, in Figure 5, where the damping sags have a length and ansho that the external rigid members. For any general purpose, however, the places of union may be selented anywhere in any one or more of those regions as long as all the factors previously mentioned have been considered in an adequate manner. Additionally, a given damping element can be joined by any combination of methods, for example, Figure 4 shows an element of its external rigid members are joined by a combination of bolts and bolts pins. Any screw configuration can be used as long as size restrictions on the shock absorber and design loads on the screws and other parts are not exceeded. Similar considerations apply to the other fastening methods.
Modular Damper Installation in a Structure
The modular damper of the present invention can be used in numerous structures, including but not limited to the following: edifices, posts, towers,
(such as water towers, equipment towers, etc.) chimneys, machines, equipment, floors, facades, vehicles, monuments, shelves, sculptures, solar panels, telescopes, frames, dams, roofs, etc. The modular damper of the invention can be installed in the final structure to be damped in a variety of locations depending on the desired damper. For example, the modular damper can be connected via its shock absorbing structural members to secondary structural members of the structure to be damped (such as a building). These subsurface members of the structure are typically connected directly to the primary structural members of the structure to be damped. See Figure 20 wherein the damper is connected via its shock absorbing structural members 806 and 810 to the structural members 816, 820 and 822 of the structure to be damped. The term "primary structural numbers," as used herein, refers to columns, beams, walls, and arms of the superstructure. "Secondary structural members" as used herein, refer to connection members of the primary structural members and the structural members shock absorbers. In the absence of the shock absorber, these secondary structural members bear only the load resulting from their own weight. Another, installation method involves connecting the shock absorber members directly to the structural members of the structure to be damped. In this cirsunstansia, the shock-absorbing members of the damper could typically need to be elongated in recession to the anterior sasso so that they could be sapased to support the primary structural members of the structure to be cushioned.
Other methods of solosion and the alizasión of the modular damper of the invention in the estrustura to be cushioned will be somprendidas by those experts in the tésnisa. The present invention can be better understood by reference to the following figures. Figure 1 illustrates a damper module comprising the rigid members 2 and 6 and the layer of vibration damping material 4. The outer rigid member 6 extends beyond the rigid member 2 to facilitate the installation of the module in a damper. The screw holes 8 are contained in the external rigid members 2 and 6. Fi and F2 represent the forces acting on the damper module. Figure 3 illustrates a damper module comprising the outer rigid members 42, the adhesive layers 44. and the layer of vibration dampening material 46. Figure 4 illustrates a damper module which includes an external rigid member 52, an external rigid member 68. , an internal extended rigid member 60 and the vibration damper material webs 58 and 64. The adhesive webs 54 are used between the interfaces of the rigid member and the web of vibration damping material. Orifices for screw 70 and orifices for pins 78 are present in outer rigid members 52 and 68. Figure 5 illustrates a cushion module having rigid members 86 and layers of vibration dampening material 90 and 94. Adhesive layers 88 they are present between the interfaces of the rigid member and the layer of vibration damping material. Figure 6 illustrates a damper module comprising external rigid members 104 and layers of vibration dampening material 106 with threaded edges. An internal rigid member cup 108 is ensumed between the vibration damper material sheet 106. The inner rigid member extends beyond the cushion cups 106 and the external rigid members 104. Figure 7 illustrates one embodiment of a modular shock absorber of the invention. The shock absorber extends the external cross members 114 and the sentral shoulder member 116. The shock absorber also includes the individual shock absorbers 117 attached to the external cross members 114 and the sentral shaft member 116 via the screws 150., threads 151 and pins 161 and 162. Each cushion member 117 includes external rigid members 140, internal rigid members 142, and vibration damping material webs 144. External external members 114 are made via stop rods 122 and the screws 158. The strut members 114 are also attached to the primary strutural member 120. The stop rods 122 and 124 pass through the holes 160 in the central structural member 116. Although the damping elements 117 are presented here as identical, each Individual damper element 117 could have different stiffness values. For example, two elements can each have 5 stiffness units, while two other snubber elements can each have 10 stiffness units, while two other snubber elements can each have 50 stiffness units, resulting in this mode at 65 stiffness units per side are respected to the central stiffening member 116 if the shock absorbing element 117 having the same stiffness were collimated on opposite sides of the central structural member 116. Figure 8 illustrates a modular damper having external structural members 166. and structural members 168. The shock absorber further comprises the cushion elements 172, 176, and 174, screwed between the internal structural member 168 and the external structural members 166. The cushion member 172 comprises the rigid outer members 180, the rigid internal members 182 and the layers of cushioning material 184 joined between the members gidos. The damping elements 176 comprise the external rigid members 190 and the layer of vibration damping material 192 joined therebetween. The damping elements 174 comprise the external rigid members 196, the internal rigid member 200, and the layers of vibration damping material 198. The rigid external members of all the damping elements extend beyond the vibration damping material and any internal rigid member, if present, to facilitate the screwing of the shock absorbing elements to the internal and external internal members 166 via the screws 216. The stop rods 124 pass through the orifices 160 in the internal stricture member 168, these are the external cross members 166 via the screws 158. Figure 9 illustrates a modular shock absorber, constructed using a "series" of cushion modules, which includes the external cross members 226 and 248, internal strut member 223, and the damping elements 227 and 237. The cushion element 227 that is screwed between the m internal strutural member 226 and internal strutural member 234 via screws 250, external rigid members 228 and the sap of vibration dampening material 230 joined together. The external rigid members 228 extend beyond the chamber of vibration dampening material 230. The damper element 237 comprises external rigid members 246, the inner rigid member 240, and the layers of dampening material 238 joined between the rigid members. Each rigid outer member 246 extends beyond the rigid member 240 and the layers of vibration dampening material 238. Figure 10 illustrates a modular damper comprising the internal structural members 254 and the internal structural member 258. The cushion modules 264 and 268 they are screwed together via the screws 255. The damper module 264 comprises the external rigid members 272 and the layer of vibration dampening material 274 bonded therebetween. The outer rigid members 272 and 286 extend beyond the internal rigid members 290, if present, and the vibration damping material sheets 274 and 288 for all the damping elements., 269, 264, and 268. The stop rods 124, two of the suals pass through the holes 160 in the internal strut member 258, are the external strutural members 254. Figure 11 illustrates a modular shock absorber that somersates the members. external structural members 308, central structural member 310 and shock absorbing elements 314 and 316 welded therebetween. The cushion element 314 is welded to the cross member 308 and also to the cushion member 316 via the weld 344. The cushion member 316 is also welded to the central structural member 310 via the welds 344. The cushion member 314 comprises the external rigid members 334 and the inner rigid member 338 and layers of vibration damper material 336 and 340, the suals have different thicknesses, joined together. The shock absorbing element 316 suffers the rigid outer members 346 and the layer of vibration dampening material 347 bonded therebetween. The outer structural members 308 are connected to the screws 326 and the stop rods 324. The stop rods 324 pass through the structural member 310 via the holes 160. The purpose of the stop rods 324 is to keep the structural members 324 parallel during the operation of the shock absorber. FIG. 12 illustrates a modular damper that protrudes the external strut members 380 and 384, the internal strut member 382, and the damper elements 386 and 388 welded together via the welds 408. The damper member 386 protrudes the outer rigid members 394 and the sapa of vibration dampening material 390 joined together. The damper element 388 comprises the external rigid members 394 and the layer of vibration dampening material 390 bonded therebetween. F! illustrates the force in the external structural member 380. F2 illustrates the force in the external structural member 384. F3 illustrates the force in the internal structural member 382. x illustrates the relative displacement between the two external rigid members 394 of each of the damper modules 386 and 388. X illustrates the relative displacement between the central structural member 382 and the external structural members 382 and 384 of the modular damper. Figure 13 illustrates a damper module comprising the rigid members 420 and 432 and the alternating layers of the layers of vibration dampening material 422 and the rigid members 428 bonded therebetween. The outer rigid member 420 and the outer rigid member 432, the suals extend beyond the rigid member 420, possess both screw holes 436. Figure 14 illustrates a cushion module comprising the rigid members 450 and 451 and the alternating layers of vibration damping material sheets 452 and internal rigid members 454. The internal rigid members 454 extend beyond the layers of damping material 452. The outer rigid members 450 and 451 contain screw holes 472 and pin holes 480.
Figures 15a-s illustrate various screw configurations for the representative damping element. Figure 15a illustrates a cushion member 496 having an external rigid member 490 having bolt holes 492 collated along the ends only. Figure 15b illustrates a damper member having an outer rigid member 502 having screw holes 500 along the sides only. Figure 15c illustrates a damper member having an outer rigid member 506, having orifices 504 along the ends and sides. Figure 15d-e illustrates pin patterns for a damping element. Figure 15d illustrates a cushion element having an external rigid member having holes for pin bolts 522 and a pattern of ordered rows. Figure 15e illustrates a cushion element having an external rigid member 532 having holes for pin bolts 530 in a stacked row pattern. Figures 16a-c illustrate welding patterns for a damping element. Figure 16a illustrates a cushion element having an external rigid member 540 having bent welded ends 542.
Figure 16b illustrates a shock absorbing element having an external rigid member 550 and tapered side welds 548. Figure 16c illustrates a cushion member having an outer rigid member 556 and weld points 554 around the spun ends. Figure 17 illustrates an outer rigid member 563 having an interior 562 and edges 564, 566, 568, and 570. Figure 18 illustrates a modular damper comprising the outer structural members 708 and an internal T-shaped structural member 702, and the shock absorbing elements 704 joined together. Each damping element 704 comprises alternating rigid members 712 and the layers of vibration damping material 714 joined therebetween. The damper may be conested to the shell to be damped via the orifices for screws 710. Figure 19 illustrates a modular damper having a "tube" configuration comprising external structural members 594 and internal structural member 598, and the damping elements 584 united among them. The damping elements 584 each comprise the external rigid members 602, the internal rigid member 606 and layers of vibration damping material 604 joined therebetween.
Figure 20 illustrates a modular damper that projects the external cross members 810, the sentral shaft member 806 and the damping modules 812 are threaded via screws and pins therebetween. The shock absorbing element 812 suffers the rigid outer members 814 and the sack of vibration damping material 815. The support member 820 is secured between the outer structural members 810. The secondary structural member 822 secures the support member 820 to the gusset 816. which is attached to the beam 800. The central structural member 806 is attached to the gusset 816, the sual is attached to the beam 800. The stop rods 809 passing through the holes 160 in the sentral shaft member 806, are connected the outer structural members 810 via screws 811. Figure 23a illustrates a simple bending situation wherein the rigid member 900 is attached to the cushion layer 902. The rigid member has a length 910, a width 914 and a thickness 912, and is attached to the shock absorber structural member (not shown) via the screws 906 through the screw holes 904. The distributed load 916 is applied to tr through the cutting area of the buffer layer. Figure 23b depicts a model of the situation illustrated in Figure 23a. The force P acts on the simply supported rigid member 908, which is connected at a point to ground 910.
Figure 24 illustrates a modular damper comprising grooved beam external structural members. 980, the inner structural member of square tubular beam 986, damping elements comprising the outer rigid members 990 and the layers of external vibration damping material 992, and the fasteners 994 which join the rigid outer members to the internal structural member of square tubular beam 986. The stop rods 982, which pass through the holes 160 in the inner structural member of superstructure tubular beam 986 connected to the external structural members of grooved beam 980 via the fasteners 988. Figure 25 illustrates a modular shock absorber of the invention comprising external beam structural members in "I" 950, the internal structural member 956, the damping elements comprising the outer rigid members 958 ,. the layers of vibration damping material 962, and the adhesive layers 964. The welds 960 serve to 'attach the damping elements via the outer rigid members 958 to the outer structural members 950. The stop rods 954 passing through the holes 160 on the inner structural member 956 conestan the external cross members 950 via the fasteners 952.
TESTING METHOD
The following test method was used here.
Dynamic Shock Absorber Test
A modular damper of the invention was installed between the load cell and the grinder of a large dynamic test machine somersially available from MTS Systems Corporation, Eden Prairie, MN, so that the sentral strutural member of the modular damper was tested to the same extent. of serge and the external estrustural members of the shock absorber were stamped on the assailant. The test machine had the following components: a Model 311.31 load frame, a Model 445 controller, a Model 204.41 driver, and a Model 3317 load cell 106 somersially available from Lebow Associates, Inc., Oak Park, Michigan. Using the actuator, the two external estrustural members moved simultaneously in a sinusoidal waveform at 0.5 Hertz for 5 cycles. The displacement between the two rigid outer members of a damping element and the displacement between the central structural member and one of the external cross members was measured using a linear variable displacement transducer Model GCD-121-1000 (LVDT), commercially available from Schaevitz Engineering, Pennsauken, NJ. The exit signals from the twill sellers and the LVDT were fed to a Nicolet Model 420 data acquisition system commercially available from Nicolet Intrument Corporation, Madison, Wl, from the sual force-displacement graphs were obtained.
EXAMPLE
The following Example illustrates better but does not limit the present invention. All the parts, percentages, relationships, etc., in the Example and the rest of the specifisation are in weight unless another soda is specified.
EXAMPLE 1
A modular damper of the present invention illustrated in Figure 26a, Figure 26b, and Figure 26s was prepared as follows. First, two shock absorbing elements 1002 were mounted, one of which includes the outer rigid members 1004 and 1009 and two rigid external members 1008 stratified are three layers of cushioning material 1006 and the adhesive webs 1003 between all interfaces. The two outer rigid limbs 1004 and 1009 were laminated aspherical plasters on the projection of the American Iron and Steel Institute (ANSI) 1020. The first plate of the rigid external member 1009 was 24.00 inches (610 mm) in length by 12.00 _ inches (305 mm). mm) wide by 0.470 inches (11.9 mm) thick. On each end, four screw holes with a diameter of 1 1/6 inches (27 mm) equally spaced 3 inches (76.2 mm) were drilled in a row parallel to the edge across the width of the plate. The first of these holes was located at a distance of 1.50 inches (38.1 mm) from the longitudinal edge and 1.50 inches (38.1 mm) from the edge in width. The plate of the second rigid outer member 1004 was 19.50 inches (495 mm) long by 12.00 inches (305 mm) wide by 0.970 inches (24.6 mm) thick. On each end of 1004, four threaded screw holes with a diameter of 7/8 inches (22.2 mm) equally spaced 2.62 inches (66.5 mm) in a row parallel with the edges across the width of the slab and beveled to 8 rossas per inch. The first were those orifices located at a distance of 2.07 inches (52.6 mm) from the longitudinal edge and 1.50 inches (38.1 mm) from the edge widthwise. The bent major surface of each rigid side was flattened to 0.005 inches (0.127 mm) and had a measured roughness of 63 micropulgadas (2.5 x 10"J mm). External rigid members of different dimensions were used, so that the rigid member 1009 could extend beyond the outer rigid member 1004 for screwing the shock absorbing structural members 1000, 1001, and 1028. The flat, uniform surface of the outer plates 1004 and 1009 were cleaned with a commonly available degreasing solution and roughened to expose a surface of "Metal ready for the union. The two internal rigid members 1008 were hot-rolled steel plates 12 inches (305 mm) wide by 15 inches (381 mm) long by 1/8 inches
(3.2 mm) of AISI 1020 thickness. The largest surface of each side of each rigid member was flattened to 0.005 inches (0.127 mm) and had a final measured roughness of 62 micro-inches
(2.5 x 10"3 mm) The flat, uniform surfaces of the rigid members were cleaned with a comersially available degreasing solution and roughened before bonding Each of the three vibration buffer 1006 sags were 0.53 inches (13.5 mm) thick by 12 inches (305 mm) of ansho by 15 inches (381 mm) long The cushioning material used was Ssotshdamp ™ SJ 2015X type 109 available from Minnesota Minning and Manufasturing Co., St. Paul, MN Each larger surface of the viscoelastic cushioning material is textured is an abrasive pad prior to bonding.A two-part epoxy adhesive, Scotch-Weld ™ Adhesive DP-460, commercially available from Minnesota Minning and Manufacturing Co., St. Paul, MN, it was mixed and applied to the clean, rough surface of the first metal plate 1009 and to one of the prepared surfaces of the layer of vibration dampening material 1006. The surface coated with adhesive The buffer layer was attached to the adhesive-coated surface of the metal layer to form the adhesive layer 1003. Care was taken to avoid trapping air in the adhesive layer. Similarly, the remaining bonds were formed between the remaining cushion element layers, adding layer to the sheet until the second plate of the external rigid member 1004 was applied. Care was taken not to exceed the epoxy working life during this process . The entire sheet containing the layers as illustrated in Figure 26c was placed in a device to maintain proper alignment of the different layers during the curing of the epoxy. The damping element was then pressed to approximately 5 psi (3.5 x 104 Passes) for two hours at approximately 72 ° F (22 ° C) and a relative humidity of 40%. A press stop located at the end between the extended external rigid members 1004 and 1009 was loosened so that the total thickness of the cushion element 1002 was 3.37 inches (85.6 mm). Each of the outer structural members 1000 and 1001 was a structural grooved beam of 20.7 lb / ft (30.9 kg / m) of hot rolled steel AISI 1020 of 12 inches (305 mm) of ansho by 37.62 (966 mm) long . An angle of 45 ° was drawn at the extreme end of each of these structural members 1000 and 1001 as illustrated in Figure 26b. Four rows of holes were drilled in rows parallel to the edge across the width of the structural members 1000 and 1001 to accommodate the joint screws 1010 and the stop screw or flange 1016. The first row of stop screw holes was located at 3.00. inches (76.2 mm) of the angular end of the channel. Those two holes 13/16 inches (20.6 mm) in diameter were placed 7 inches (179 mm) apart, starting at 2.50 inches (63.5 mm) from the longitudinal edge on both sides. The second row of holes for stop screws was located 32.12 inches (816 mm) from the angled end of 1000 and 1001 with the two holes separated 7 inches (179 mm) and 2.5 inches (63.5 mm) from each longitudinal edge.
In addition, a row of orifices for screw was soldered to both 7.06 inches (179 mm) and 28.06 inches.
(713 mm) between the angled end of 1000 and 1001 to accommodate screws 1010. Each of these rows included four holes of 1 1/16 inches (27.0 mm) in diameter and equally spaced 2.26 inches (66.5 mm) starting at 2.07 inches (52.6 mm) of the longitudinal edge in both parts. The central structural member 1028 was an AISI 1020 hot-rolled plate 12 inches (305 mm) wide by 38.38 inches (975 mm) long by 1 inch (25.4 mm) thick are the same orifices for screws as the first member rigid external dessrito here previously. In an additional way, a row of swab orifisium twill seam sellers of test equipment are drilled are a diameter of 1 1/16 inches (27.0 mm) equally spaced 1020 over one end 1028. Those holes were separated 3 inches (76.2 mm), starting at one place at 1.37 inches (34.8 mm) from one edge width and 1.50 inches (38.1 mm) from the longitudinal edge. The structural member 1028 also had four grooves 1018 that sorren parallel to the longitudinal edges, which measure 1.03 inches (26.2 mm) in length by 5.03 inches (128 mm) in length are 0.52 inches (13.2 mm) in radius at each end. Those grooves 1018 allowed the stop screws 1016 to move with respect to 1028 during the operation of the shock absorber. Two of those 1018 slots were centered 7 inches (178 mm), starting at 2.50 inches (63.5 mm) from the longitudinal edge of 1028 and 3.5 inches (88.9 mm) from the edge opposite the row of cell attachment hole. load 1020. The other two slots 1018 were equally spaced 7 inches (178 mm) and centered starting at 29.12 inches (740 mm) from the center of the first set of slots 1018 and 2.50 inches (63.5 mm) from the longitudinal edge of structural member 1028. Four stop screws with a diameter of 1 inch (25.4) 1016 were fabricated from AISI 1018 cold rolled steel. The total length of each screw was 10.23 inches (260 mm) and the distance between the flange surfaces was 7.74 inches (197 mm). Both ends of the stop screw 1016 were threaded to a diameter of 3/4 inches (19.1 mm) and 10 threads per inch for a distance of 1.26 inches (32.0 mm) from the screw end. The shock absorber was assembled as follows. One end of a steel plate 20.0 inches (508 mm) by 15.50 inches (394 mm) by 2 inches (51 mm) thick 1022 was joined via the weld 1030 to the non-angled end of the structural member 1000 to provide a flange for Attach the shock absorber to the actuator of the test machine. Four holes 1024 were drilled in this stop plate or flange, each located at a corner of the plate at 2.25 inches (57.2 mm) from each edge. The flange 1022 and the structural member 1000 were positioned so that the flat side was 4.00 inches (102 mm) apart 20.00 inches (508 mm) from the edge of the flange and centered through the length of that edge. The first cushion element 1002 was placed on the flat side of the outer structural member 1000 which had been welded to the flange 1022. The screw holes in the outer rimember 1004 of the cushion element were aligned with the screw holes in 1000. Screws were inserted Grade 5, 1010 one-inch (25.4 mm) diameter serrated steel - 8 threads / inch by 1.5 inches (38 mm) in length in screw holes drilled in 1000, in screw holes in 1004, and They were tightened with a pneumatic wrench. The next central structural member 1028 was placed on the damper element 1002 so that the screw holes were aligned. Similarly, the second cushion element 1002 was placed and aligned on 1028 with 1009 of the second element 1002 placed in contaste are 1028. Screws 1012 similar to those previously described but measuring 3 1/4 inches (82.6 mm) were used. length for loosely pumping the riouter members 1009 and the sentral shaft member 1028 are 1 inch (25.4 mm) hex nuts 1014. A stop screw 1016 was inserted through each slot 1018 in 1028 through the hole for the stop screw in member 1000, colosed are a 3/4 inch (19.1 mm) hexagonal thread, and tight in place are a pneumatic key. The second outer structural member 1001 was then placed on the second shock absorbing element 1002 with its flat surface in contact with 1004 of the second shock absorbing member 1002 so that all the screw holes were aligned with the coupling holes in the shock absorbing element 1002 and the threaded ends of the stop screw. The screws 1010 and the hexagonal nuts 1026 were added and tightened with a pneumatic wrench. All remaining 1014 nuts were tightened. Finally, the end of the second external structural member 1001 that was not angled was welded to the flange plate or stop 1022 via weld 1032. The modular damper was inserted into the test equipment and tested according to the Dynamic Test of the Shock Absorber here before The test was effected at 70 ° F (21 ° C). The maximum displacement amplitude was 0.3 inches (7.6 mm). The absorber dissipated approximately 30,000 lb-in (3,500 N-m) in sada sislo. The test results are illustrated graphically in Figures 21 and 22. Figure 21 shows the displacement between the two rigid outer members of one of the two damping elements against the force in the damper. Figure 22 represents the displacement between the sentral strutural member and an external strutural member versus the force in the absorber. The area in sirsuito elíptiso sada represents the energy dissipated in a displacement shekel. Figures 21 and 22 show similar power dissipation and force displacement circuits. This indicates that the connection between the damper element and the structural members of the damper was good and slippage did not occur for this test sequence. Although the invention has been described in connection with the specific modalities, it should be understood that it is capable of further modifications. The claims of the present are intended to cover those variations that an expert in the art could meet as equivalent to what has been discussed here. It has been noted that they are related to this date, the best method conosido by the solisitante to bring to the praised the invention, is the sonvensional for the manufastura of the objects to which it refers. The invention having been resolved, it is claimed that this property is respected in the following:
Claims (13)
1. A modular damper, characterized in that it comprises: two or more structural members, wherein each structural member is joined to at least one damping element, wherein the damping element independently comprises: (i) two external rigid members; (ii) at least one layer of vibration damping material between the rigid outer members; wherein the rigid outer members and the structural members have higher stiffness coefficients than those of the layers of vibration damping material, wherein each structural member is joined to the at least one other structural member via a damping element, and wherein the damping elements they are collated so that the mechanical energy applied to the shock absorber structural members is at least partially dissipated by at least one buffer food.
2. A modular shock absorber, sarasterized because it appears: two or more structural members and at least one first damping element; wherein the damping element independently somprende: (i) an external rigid member; (ii) an external sap of vibration-damping material attached to the outer member, wherein the outer rigid member and the cross-members have greater rigidity issues than the sags of vibration-damping material; and wherein each structural member is joined to at least one other structural member via at least one damping element, and wherein the damping elements are collated so that the mesenolic energy applied to the damping structural members is at least partially dissipated by at least one shock absorber element.
3. The modular damper according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that one or more internal rigid members are welded inside the damping element, where the rigid member in the damping element is separated from another rigid member by at least one sap of vibration dampening material.
4. The modular damper according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that at least one rigid member of each damping element is separated from the layer of the vibration damping material by a layer of adhesive.
5. The modular damper according to claim 1 6 2, characterized in that the damping elements are joined to the structural members via union means selected from the group consisting of screws or bolts, pins, welding, adhesives, surface interlocking features and combinations thereof.
6. The modular shock absorber according to claim 1 or claim 2, characterized in that the damping element has layers of vibration damping material with thicknesses of approximately 1.5 mm to approximately 127 mm.
7. The modular damper according to claim 1 or claim 2, characterized in that the structural members are selected from the group consisting of I-beams, T-beams, grooved beams, angles, flat metal plates, and tubes.
8. The modular damper according to claim 1 or claim 2, is sarasterized in that the rigid members of the damping element are selected from the group consisting of rods, rods, plates, I-beams, T-beams, corrugated beams, angles, plates, flat metal, and tube sections.
9. The modular damper according to claim 1 or claim 2, characterized in that the stiffening members, and the rigid members have a stiffness coefficient at least about 10 times larger than that of the layers of vibration damping material.
10. The modular damper according to claim 1 or 2, sarasterized because 2 or more of the damping elements are stacked and joined together.
11. A strut, sarasterized because it has at least one modular damper of sonicity are claim 1 or claim 2 incorporated therein.
12. The compliance structure is claim 11, characterized in that the modular damper is connected via its structural members to the secondary structural members of the structure.
13. The structure according to claim 11, characterized in that the modular damper is connected via its structural members to the primary structural members of the structure.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US50570095A | 1995-07-21 | 1995-07-21 | |
| US505700 | 1995-07-21 | ||
| PCT/US1996/009901 WO1997004193A1 (en) | 1995-07-21 | 1996-06-11 | Modular damper and structure with this damper |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| MXPA98000560A true MXPA98000560A (en) | 1998-04-01 |
| MX9800560A MX9800560A (en) | 1998-04-30 |
Family
ID=24011454
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| MX9800560A MX9800560A (en) | 1995-07-21 | 1996-06-11 | Modular damper and structure with this damper. |
Country Status (13)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5946866A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0840830A1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPH11509608A (en) |
| KR (1) | KR19990035758A (en) |
| CN (1) | CN1191003A (en) |
| AU (1) | AU6109396A (en) |
| IL (1) | IL122798A0 (en) |
| JO (1) | JO1928B1 (en) |
| MX (1) | MX9800560A (en) |
| PE (1) | PE12998A1 (en) |
| TR (1) | TR199800101T1 (en) |
| TW (1) | TW295612B (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1997004193A1 (en) |
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-
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- 1996-06-11 AU AU61093/96A patent/AU6109396A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1996-06-11 IL IL12279896A patent/IL122798A0/en unknown
- 1996-06-11 MX MX9800560A patent/MX9800560A/en unknown
- 1996-06-11 KR KR1019980700414A patent/KR19990035758A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1996-06-11 CN CN96195645A patent/CN1191003A/en active Pending
- 1996-06-11 WO PCT/US1996/009901 patent/WO1997004193A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1996-06-11 JP JP9506665A patent/JPH11509608A/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1996-06-11 TR TR1998/00101T patent/TR199800101T1/en unknown
- 1996-06-11 EP EP96918424A patent/EP0840830A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1996-07-16 JO JO19961928A patent/JO1928B1/en active
- 1996-07-18 PE PE1996000542A patent/PE12998A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
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1997
- 1997-07-15 US US08/893,120 patent/US5946866A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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