KR20210095332A - Waste plastic treatment device and treatment method - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a waste plastic treatment device and a waste plastic treatment method thereof. According to the present invention, waste plastic materials are mixed and input without being separately into low-density materials, difficult-to-digest materials, and high-density materials according to molecular weights, high-voltage electricity of 3 kW and ultra-high frequency of 2,450 MHz are applied through dielectric heating using molecular affinity of plastic in addition to external electric heating of ceramics to generate internal friction heat of hydrogen molecules, and thus the waste plastic mixture is simultaneously liquefied to recombine and re-manufacture a liquid mixture so that H_2 gas, which is clean alternative energy, can be produced from a plastic resin raw material and by-products. Accordingly, the waste plastic treatment method is a material circulation treatment technology for an environmental industrial structure. In addition, generation of various harmful gases causing fossil energy depletion, ozone layer destruction, and global climate change is fundamentally removed, thereby providing effects of preventing destruction of the earth, protecting life and health of humans, animals, and plants, and preventing serious damage to the nature or the environment. The method comprises a waste plastic pulverization step, an input step, a melting step, a hydrogenation step, a crystallization step, and an H_2 gas generation step.

Description

Waste plastic treatment device and treatment method

The present invention relates to an apparatus and method for treating waste plastics, and more specifically, by remanufactured without generating various harmful substances in treating waste plastics, it is possible to completely treat waste plastics and at the same time, H2, a clean alternative fuel It relates to a method by which a gas can be obtained as a by-product and to an apparatus usable for the method.

The rapid development of the petroleum industry after World War II provided various conveniences to mankind. Among them, the development of a technology to convert materials such as C6H6 and C2H4 to C6H5CHCH2 (styrene monomer) finally allowed mankind to enjoy the plastic age. In addition, infinite electrical energy from nuclear power has made humans extremely materially affluent.

However, the affluent material life of modern times has also presented mankind with a fatal challenge that is difficult to overcome. In the midst of an imminent depletion of resources, the process of incinerating an enormous amount of waste every day, dioxins emitted from the combustion of fossil energy, exhaust gas from automobiles, Destruction of oxygen and by-products such as various harmful gases emitted from thermal power plants is caused by natural causes such as lack of oxygen in the atmosphere, changes in global climate, soil pollution, water pollution, marine pollution, ozone layer destruction, and thawing of perennial snow in the North and South Poles and alpine regions. By destroying the balance, it not only causes diseases to humans, animals, and plants, but also causes mutations of animals and plants and fatal incurable diseases, driving the entire biological system, including humans, to the brink of extinction. If this catastrophic scenario is not implemented along with the fundamental change in human consciousness, the development of innovative environmental technologies and their global application, the planet will be doomed in the not-too-distant future.

As an urgent task, the use of fossil fuels and incineration of waste must be stopped immediately to protect the ozone layer and prevent the “adverse effect” of global climate change. In addition, in order to prevent resource depletion, the primary used material must be recycled and recovered for each component, converted into a beneficial and harmless material, and remanufactured.

New technologies to be invented necessary to solve these difficulties must meet the following three conditions.

First: Wastes such as garbage are recovered by each component of the waste chemical rather than a block-type landfill facility or a managed landfill facility (leachate treatment facility, gas incineration, cogeneration facility, and fuel conversion facility), and use a new method based on the material synthesis affinity temperature. It should be converted into useful and harmless substances.

Second: It must be possible to produce better and harmless clean energy of thermal power to replace fossil fuels due to energy depletion;

Third: In the process of burning clean energy, harmful substances should not be emitted and converted into beneficial substances, and existing substances should be recycled and remanufactured through recycling rather than consuming them.

In general, industrial waste plastics and household waste plastics are recycled or disposed of depending on whether they can be recycled or not, and non-corrosive waste plastics among non-recyclable waste plastics are incinerated or melted and solidified depending on whether they can be burned or not, and are used as construction materials. However, since further recycling is not possible after that, it is incinerated and disposed of.

Waste plastic treatment methods by incineration and combustion are harmful gases (CO, CO2, HCN, NO2, NH3, NOx, CH3, etc.) is the main cause of environmental pollution, and in particular, dioxins have a problem with fatal effects on human, animal, and plant life.

ClOx and BrOx generated by incineration of waste plastics reach the ozone layer without being decomposed and destroy the ozone (O3) layer. It causes a greenhouse effect in the world, leading to global warming, and warming is caused by thawing of perennial snow in the Antarctic, Arctic, and alpine regions, causing low-lying countries to become submerged in water and lose their territories, leading to various natural disasters in the global village, and super typhoons in the United States. This swept away, leading to the desertification of the continent, the earth will be on the verge of extinction.

Dioxins are known to develop at approximately 350 to 750°C and to break down above 750°C. However, in case of incineration at a temperature of 400℃ or higher, since dioxin is already generated, it is necessary to raise the temperature to destroy it in a state where dioxin is restrained. If not, there is a problem in that a partial low-temperature section occurs, and it is not easy to uniformly increase the overall temperature above a certain temperature.

In addition, when incinerated above 380°C (the flash point of chemical substances is 270°C), organic materials such as wood and fibers are completely burned, but chemical materials such as synthetic resins are incompletely burned, resulting in dioxins and harmful gases. will cause

As a way to solve this problem, a technology has been proposed to classify inorganic substances such as sand or concrete, organic substances, and chemicals into a single species and separately incinerate or recycle them. In reality, it is difficult to rise.

Accordingly, with the support of the G-7 countries, the Republic of Korea, and the UN international funds, an attempt was made to synthesize crude oil using incineration pyrolysis technology of waste plastics, but it was difficult to separate isomers, a huge amount of manpower was consumed due to the coking phenomenon inside the machine, and a huge amount of harmful gas was generated. and 25% of incineration ash, production of crude oil is less than 30%, and the economic feasibility is inferior.

On the other hand, due to the exhaustion of fossil fuels and the harmful gases emitted, countries around the world tried to replace H2O with H2 clean energy based on electrolysis to produce hydrogen energy. Since it is more expensive than it is, an attempt to substitute H2 is also a far cry from practical use.

As a result of repeated research to solve the various problems that occur in the conventional waste plastic treatment, the present inventors have developed a method that can completely re-manufacture the waste plastic without separation, incineration or incineration pyrolysis, and the present invention came to

Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to completely process waste plastics as a renewable raw material without generating various harmful substances, and at the same time obtain H2 gas, a clean alternative fuel, as a by-product, and an apparatus that can be used in the method is to provide

The object of the present invention as described above is that by simultaneously melting low-density, high-density, and incombustible plastic materials at a high temperature in a vacuum state, combustion does not occur, and thus various harmful gases are not generated, and the molten plastic liquid mixture is transferred under reduced pressure to a distillation column. It was achieved by synthesizing C2H4 and C6H6 in , and providing a method and apparatus capable of producing H2 as a by-product while simultaneously producing a styrene monomer resin therefrom.

The present invention comprises the steps of crushing waste plastic; introducing the pulverized waste plastic into a waste plastic treatment device; Heating the introduced waste plastic with a ceramic heater, applying compression friction heat, and simultaneously melting it into a fusible material using a hydrogen molecular material separation method by dielectric heating; adding an alumina carrier to the molten material to perform a hydrogenation reaction; fusion crystallization of the hydrogenated fused material in a reduced pressure distillation apparatus; and cooling the fused crystal obtained above to synthesize C2H4 and C6H6.

In the present invention, "hydrogen molecular material separation method" means high-voltage electricity of 3 kW and ultra-high frequency of 2,450 MHz through a dielectric heating device to a high-density molecular material, and H molecules start to rotate, and C and H molecules are subjected to molecular friction heat. It means molecular separation due to the rapid increase in frictional heat inside the material. In other words, when alternating current is applied to a high-density molecular material and crossed with yin and yang, + material molecules are arranged in negative electricity and - material molecules are arranged in positive electricity. The elements C and H molecules are separated from each other.

In the present invention, the term “fusion material” refers to a liquid material obtained by dissolving and mixing isomer materials having different melting points at the same time.

In the present invention, "fusion crystal" refers to a beneficial and useful material made by causing a hydrogenation reaction of a compatible material at an affinity temperature.

Materials applicable to the method for treating waste plastics according to the present invention include low-density plastics, such as PC, PE, etc., high-density plastics, such as polymers, nylon, various films, and the like, and difficult plastics, for example, It covers various plastic materials such as PVC and ABS.

In addition, according to the present invention, without artificially separating various waste plastic materials, low-density plastics are generally produced by introducing them into a waste plastics treatment device at the same time or separately, heating by a ceramic heater, heating by compression friction heat, and separation of hydrogen molecular substances. It separates and liquefies at 110 to 130° C., high-density plastics begin to separate and liquefy at 180 to 210° C., and difficult plastics begin to separate and liquefy at 170 to 180° C. Here, the low-density plastic has a molecular weight of less than 500, so there is no internal friction heat of hydrogen molecules, and it starts to melt at 130°C only by external heating of the ceramic heater. It is heated by the heat generated by the ceramic heater external heating temperature of 130℃ and the internal friction heat of hydrogen molecules is added to 90℃ and it starts to melt at 220℃. It is heated by the ceramic heater, and the internal heating temperature of the ceramic heater is 130℃ and 40℃ of internal friction heat of hydrogen molecules is added to 170℃ and it starts to melt. Therefore, according to the present invention, the low-density plastic, high-density plastic, and difficult-to-digest plastic are not combusted, but are liquefied at the same time to form a mixture.

When 3 kW of high-voltage electricity and 2,450 MHz of ultra-high frequency are administered to the mixture at 270° C. with a dielectric heating device, C and H are separated due to a rapid increase in frictional heat inside the material due to the heat of molecular friction to form a fusion material. When an Al(OH)3 carrier is added here, a hydrogenation reaction occurs, and when the pressure is reduced by -40 mmAq in a vacuum distillation apparatus, the temperature rises 108 ° C. (370℃~380℃) is fused and crystallized, and when cooled, C6H6 and C2H4 are synthesized, and light C2H4 and heavy C6H6 are separately discharged. It is produced as C6H5CHCH2 resin by polymerization catalysis, while H2 gas, a clean energy raw material, can be produced as a by-product.

In the waste plastic treatment method according to the present invention, a process in which low-density, high-density and difficult-to-digest plastics are harmonized into the same material by thermal equilibrium chemical reaction will be described as follows.

When the temperature reaches 270℃ by heating the electric ceramic outside the melting furnace in the control box, a strong compression of 200HP is applied to the extrusion driving part, and waste plastic is put in from the raw material inlet.

When high-voltage electricity of 3 kW and ultra-high frequency of 2450 MHz are input through dielectric heating to the injected waste plastic, the internal friction heat temperature rapidly increases inside the hydrogen molecule, and the bond between C and H is separated and liquefied.

Since low-density polymer materials are not affected by dielectric heating, there is no frictional heat generation, so free energy is reduced and entropy rises. do.

When the screw inside the melting furnace is rotated at a speed of 30 times/minute, the materials of each group pass through the melting furnace and the low-density material is melted at 130°C by electric heating in one step, and the previous electric heating temperature of 130°C in the second step Through dielectric heating, high-voltage electricity of 3kW and ultra-high frequency of 2450MHz are inputted to increase 90℃, to a total of 220℃, and melt the high-density polymer material, so that the entire material is finally in a liquid state with the same properties.

The liquid material is a material in a state in which the link between C and H molecules is broken at a temperature of 270° C., and is transferred to a vacuum distillation column by an Al(OH) 3 group carrier and is reduced by -40 mmAq by a decompression device, inside the distillation column When the temperature of C becomes 370 ~ 380℃, which is the affinity temperature of molecules C and H, C6H6 and C2H4 are synthesized and distilled inside the distillation column, and then transferred to a cooling device to produce C6H6 and C2H4.

A chemical reaction occurs due to frictional heat between molecules of matter, and according to the second law of thermodynamics, that is, the law of increasing entropy, energy moves from a high level to a low level to achieve thermal equilibrium. When the chemical reaction of a substance continues, the free energy that does effective work increases or decreases, and the isomeric substance is converted into a substance with the same properties in a state of thermal equilibrium.

The present invention also provides a waste treatment apparatus using the waste treatment method.

A waste treatment apparatus according to the present invention includes a first processing unit, a second processing unit, and a third processing unit, and the first processing unit includes: a vertical injection channel provided to communicate in a vertical direction; an extrusion vertical feed screw rotatably provided inside the vertical injection flow path; a vertical drive unit for driving the vertical feed screw; a horizontal injection passage provided in communication with the vertical injection passage in a horizontal direction and having a waste plastic inlet on one side; a horizontal transfer screw rotatably provided inside the horizontal injection passage; a ceramic heater heating device installed outside the horizontal injection passage; and a high-density chemical dielectric heating device installed outside of the horizontal injection flow path, the second processing unit is connected to the vertical injection flow path on one side and the waste plastic treated in the first processing unit is provided with an inlet and a reduced pressure transporter extrusion flow path; an extrusion feed screw which is axially rotatably provided inside the extrusion flow path; an extrusion driving unit for driving the extrusion feed screw; a vacuum pump connected to one side of the extrusion passage to discharge air in the extrusion passage to vacuum; a ceramic heater heating device for increasing the temperature inside the extrusion passage installed outside the extrusion passage; a high-density polymer dielectric heating device connected to one side of the extrusion passage; Al(OH)3 inlet connected to one side of the extrusion flow path; a reactor connected to the extrusion flow path to hydrogenate the waste plastic and Al(OH)3 inputted therefrom; and a carrier outlet connected to the extrusion passage and a decompression transfer device for the compatible material, wherein the third processing unit includes: a distillation column; a pressure reducing device connected to one side of the distillation column; and C2H4 and C6H6 provide a waste plastic treatment apparatus, characterized in that configured as an outlet.

In the waste plastic treatment apparatus according to the present invention, a plurality, preferably four, of the horizontal injection flow passages are provided at predetermined intervals in the circumferential direction with respect to the vertical injection flow passage.

In the waste plastic treatment apparatus according to the present invention, at least one pair of each of the extrusion feed screw, the vertical feed screw, and the horizontal feed screw is provided in parallel with a predetermined distance from each other.

The waste plastic treatment apparatus and method according to the present invention do not separate waste plastic materials into low-density materials, difficult-to-digest materials, and high-density materials according to their molecular weight, but mix and add them, and external electric heating of ceramics together with the molecular affinity of plastics By generating internal friction heat of hydrogen molecules by applying high-voltage electricity of 3 kW and ultra-high frequency of 2,450 MHz through dielectric heating using properties, the waste plastic mixture is liquefied at the same time and resynthesized into a liquid mixture. and clean alternative energy H2 gas can be produced, thereby fundamentally eradicating the generation of various harmful gases that cause fossil energy depletion, ozone layer destruction, and global climate change, thereby protecting the destruction of the earth and the life and health of humans, animals, and plants. , it has an effect of preventing serious damage to nature or the environment, and is a very useful invention in the waste plastic treatment and environmental protection industries.

1 schematically shows a flow chart of waste plastic treatment and use using a waste plastic treatment apparatus according to the present invention;
It is also
2 is a diagram schematically showing the configuration of a waste plastic treatment apparatus according to the present invention.
3 is a diagram schematically showing the configuration of a horizontal injection flow path of the waste plastic treatment apparatus of the present invention.

Hereinafter, preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, the scope of the present invention is not limited to these embodiments.

As shown in FIG. 2 . First, when the plastic waste plastic is input into the horizontal injection passage 40, it flows into the extrusion passage 11 through the vertical injection passage 30, and at this time, the horizontal transfer screw 41 and the vertical transfer screw 31 With the compression force, the waste plastic is fed under pressure to the extrusion flow path (11). In the extrusion flow path 11, the waste plastic is melted at a high temperature by the compression friction heat caused by the rotation of the extrusion feed screw 15 in a vacuum state, the heat by the ceramic heater heating, and the frictional heat inside the waste plastic material molecules by the dielectric heating. It is discharged as a liquid mixture.

The vertical injection passage 30 is preferably provided with a vertical transfer screw 31 in the axial direction so that waste plastic can be input from the side.

The horizontal injection flow path 40 is provided with at least one, preferably four, in a direction transverse to the vertical injection flow path 30, and the gelled waste plastic is supplied to the vertical injection flow path 30, and the vertical injection flow path ( 30), it is also possible that a plurality of pieces are provided at a predetermined interval. In this case, the waste plastic is supplied from a plurality of flow paths to one flow path, and the waste plastic in a compacted state is supplied to the extrusion flow path 11 . A transfer screw is also provided in the horizontal injection passage 40 so that the waste plastic is pressurized.

The extrusion flow path 11 pressurizes the waste plastic while raising the temperature of the waste plastic by compression friction heat during shaft rotation of the conveying screw, heat by the ceramic heater, and frictional heat inside the waste plastic material molecule by dielectric heating, Since the low-density, high-density, and difficult-to-digest polymer material must be completely melted by raising the temperature to the melting point at the same time before being discharged to the outside, it is preferable to provide a plurality of transfer screws so that the section temperature and the compression speed can be independently controlled.

It is preferable to maximize the mixing and friction of the waste plastic by providing a plurality of transfer screws provided in the extrusion passage 11 and the horizontal injection passage 40 in parallel with each other at a predetermined distance.

As shown in FIG. 2 , the vertical injection flow path 30 is provided in communication with the waste plastic inlet 13 of the extrusion flow path 11 in the vertical direction, and a vertical transfer screw 31 therein is axially rotatable. It is provided, and the vertical transfer screw 31 is driven by the vertical drive unit (32).

As shown in FIG. 3, on the outer axis of the vertical injection flow path 30, four horizontal injection flow passages 40 are provided radially at predetermined intervals along the circumferential direction and communicate with each other, each horizontal injection flow passage 40. A horizontal transfer screw 41 is provided to be rotatable in each axis inside the An inlet 40a, a vacuum pump 20, a ceramic heater heating 40-1, a dielectric heating device 40b, and a water vapor discharging device 40c are provided, respectively.

The waste plastic injected into the waste plastic inlet 40a of the horizontal injection passage 40 is transferred toward the vertical injection passage 30 by the horizontal transfer screw 41, at this time, one of the four horizontal injection passages 40 By simultaneously transferring the waste plastic to the vertical injection passage 30 , the gelled waste plastic is supplied to the vertical injection passage 30 .

On the other hand, as the inside of the extrusion flow passage 11 is brought into a vacuum state by the vacuum pump 20-1, the force of moving the waste plastic from the vertical injection passage 30 to the extrusion passage 11 by external pressure will receive

The waste plastic passing through the four horizontal injection passages 40 is in a state of being in close contact with the vacuum by the vacuum pump 20, and frictional heat caused by friction and pressure by the horizontal transfer screw 41, external ceramic heater 40-1) It is melted and melted by the heat by the heat and the frictional heat inside the molecule by the dielectric heating device 40b. The waste plastic transported to the vertical injection passage 30 is pressurized to the extrusion passage 11 by the vertical transfer screw 31, and at this time, the waste plastic passes through the vertical injection passage 30 and is in frictional contact with the vertical transfer screw 31. And the temperature is increased by the pressure.

Since the waste plastic supplied from the four horizontal injection passages 40 is transported in a compacted state inside the vertical injection passage 30, the waste plastic or the fluid inside cannot be captured, but the horizontal injection passage 40 Water vapor generated from the waste plastic in the bed is discharged to the outside by the waste plastic inlet (40a) and the water vapor outlet (40c).

In the interior of the four horizontal injection passages 40, moisture of inorganic materials such as soil, sand, and concrete, and organic materials such as wood and fibers evaporate and dry, and while passing through the vertical flow passage 30, the internal temperature increases It continuously rises to a completely dry state, and begins to melt, and the gelled hydrocarbon compound is pumped into the vertical injection passage 30 and the non-gelled chemical is fed into the extrusion passage 11 in a solid state.

As shown in FIG. 2 , the extrusion flow path 11 includes an extrusion flow path 11 receiving waste plastic from the vertical injection flow path 30 , a vacuum pump 20-1, and a dielectric heating device 12-1. , it is composed of a hydrogenation reactor 11-1 with a length of 500 mm, and a flange connection part 18. In addition, it is composed of an Al(OH)3 carrier alumina inlet 12 at the upper portion, a crude oil distillation column 16 as a carrier, and a decompression device 14 for conveying the carrier to the distillation column.

A pair of extrusion feed screws 15 are axially rotatably provided in the extrusion flow path 11 , and the extrusion feed screws 15 are driven by an extrusion drive device 17 .

A gelled waste plastic inlet 13 is formed on one side of the extrusion flow path 11 to receive the gelled waste plastic from the vertical injection flow path 30, and the gelled waste plastic passes through the extrusion flow path 11 inside Meanwhile, the remaining water vapor is discharged to the outside by the vacuum pump 20-1, and the waste plastic in the vacuum is heated by the heating of the ceramic electric heater 40-1 and the frictional heat inside the molecule by the dielectric heating device 12-1. After being completely liquefied by separation of hydrogen molecules, the Al(OH)3 input from the Al(OH)3 inlet 12 is transferred to the distillation column 16 using Al(OH)3 as a carrier.

The waste plastics transferred to the distillation column 16 are light C2H4 (16-1) and heavy C6H6 (16-2) at the affinity temperature of C6H6 and C2H4 (370°C-380°C) based on the distillation column reduced pressure temperature rise principle, respectively. are released separately.

11 Extrusion flow path 11-1 Hydrogenation reactor
12 Al(OH)3 carrier inlet 12-1 Dielectric heating device
13 Waste plastic inlet 14 Pressure reducing device
15 Extrusion transfer screw 16 Distillation column
16-1 C2H4 outlet 16-2 C6H6 outlet
17 Extrusion actuator 18 Flange connection part
20 vacuum pump 20-1 vacuum pump
30 Vertical injection flow path 31 Vertical feed screw
32 Vertical drive unit 40 Horizontal injection flow path
40-1 Ceramic heater heating device 40a Waste plastic inlet
40b Dielectric heating device 40c Steam exhaust device
41 Horizontal feed screw 42 Horizontal drive unit

Claims (5)

crushing waste plastic;
introducing the pulverized waste plastic into a waste plastic treatment device;
Heating the introduced waste plastic with a ceramic heater, applying compression friction heat, and simultaneously melting it into a fusible material using a hydrogen molecular material separation method by dielectric heating;
adding an alumina carrier to the molten material to perform a hydrogenation reaction;
fusion crystallization of the hydrogenated fused material in a reduced pressure distillation apparatus; and
A waste plastic treatment method comprising the step of synthesizing C2H4 and C6H6 by cooling the fused crystal obtained above and generating H2 gas as a by-product. The method of claim 1, wherein the hydrogen molecular material separation method by dielectric heating is performed by administering high-voltage electricity of 3 kW and ultra-high frequency of 2,450 MHz to a dielectric heating device. A waste plastic treatment apparatus comprising a first processing unit, a second processing unit, and a third processing unit, the first processing unit comprising: a vertical injection flow path provided to communicate in a vertical direction; an extrusion vertical feed screw rotatably provided inside the vertical injection flow path; a vertical drive unit for driving the vertical feed screw; a horizontal injection passage provided in communication with the vertical injection passage in a horizontal direction and having a waste plastic inlet on one side; a horizontal transfer screw rotatably provided inside the horizontal injection passage; a ceramic heater heating device installed outside the horizontal injection passage; and a high-density chemical dielectric heating device installed outside of the horizontal injection passage,
The second processing unit is connected to the vertical injection flow path on one side, and the waste plastic treated in the first processing unit is an extrusion flow path equipped with an inlet and a reduced pressure feeder; an extrusion feed screw which is axially rotatably provided inside the extrusion flow path; an extrusion driving unit for driving the extrusion feed screw; a vacuum pump connected to one side of the extrusion passage to discharge air in the extrusion passage to vacuum; a ceramic heater heating device for increasing the temperature inside the extrusion passage installed outside the extrusion passage; a high-density polymer dielectric heating device connected to one side of the extrusion passage; Al(OH)3 inlet connected to one side of the extrusion flow path; a reactor connected to the extrusion flow path to hydrogenate the waste plastic and Al(OH)3 inputted therefrom; and a carrier outlet connected to the extrusion flow path and a decompression transfer device for the compatible material,
The third processing unit is a distillation column; a pressure reducing device connected to one side of the distillation column; And C2H4 and C6H6 waste plastic treatment apparatus, characterized in that consisting of the outlet. [Claim 4] The waste plastic treatment apparatus according to claim 3, wherein four horizontal injection passages are provided at predetermined intervals in the circumferential direction with respect to the vertical injection passage. [Claim 4] The waste plastic treatment apparatus according to claim 3, wherein at least one pair of each of the extrusion feed screw, the vertical feed screw and the horizontal feed screw is provided in parallel with a predetermined distance from each other.

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