KR20180098345A - 규산염 광물로부터 리튬의 회수 - Google Patents
규산염 광물로부터 리튬의 회수 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- KR20180098345A KR20180098345A KR1020187021278A KR20187021278A KR20180098345A KR 20180098345 A KR20180098345 A KR 20180098345A KR 1020187021278 A KR1020187021278 A KR 1020187021278A KR 20187021278 A KR20187021278 A KR 20187021278A KR 20180098345 A KR20180098345 A KR 20180098345A
- Authority
- KR
- South Korea
- Prior art keywords
- lithium
- nitric acid
- nitrate
- solution
- leaching
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 179
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 139
- 229910052604 silicate mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 85
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 title claims description 7
- IIPYXGDZVMZOAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium nitrate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O IIPYXGDZVMZOAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 252
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 192
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 163
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 156
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 155
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 52
- 238000002386 leaching Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 259
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 89
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 76
- 229910052808 lithium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 73
- XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L lithium carbonate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]C([O-])=O XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 72
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 61
- 229910001947 lithium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 59
- FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium oxide Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-2] FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 52
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 49
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 43
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 42
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 42
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 40
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 claims description 29
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000003546 flue gas Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 21
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 20
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910013553 LiNO Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- GLXDVVHUTZTUQK-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium hydroxide monohydrate Substances [Li+].O.[OH-] GLXDVVHUTZTUQK-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000006386 neutralization reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- PQVSTLUFSYVLTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl n-ethoxycarbonylcarbamate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)NC(=O)OCC PQVSTLUFSYVLTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 229940040692 lithium hydroxide monohydrate Drugs 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910018068 Li 2 O Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000002642 lithium compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005119 centrifugation Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007792 gaseous phase Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000011946 reduction process Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005201 scrubbing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001760 lithium mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 abstract description 8
- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen oxide Inorganic materials O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 119
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 93
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 66
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 61
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 50
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 43
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 35
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 34
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 31
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 31
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 31
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 31
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 27
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 27
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 27
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 26
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 26
- 206010057190 Respiratory tract infections Diseases 0.000 description 26
- -1 cobalt Chemical class 0.000 description 26
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 25
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 24
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 22
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 17
- 235000012970 cakes Nutrition 0.000 description 16
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 15
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 14
- CNLWCVNCHLKFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum;lithium;dioxido(oxo)silane Chemical compound [Li+].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O CNLWCVNCHLKFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 13
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 13
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 13
- 229910052642 spodumene Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- GQPLMRYTRLFLPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrous Oxide Chemical compound [O-][N+]#N GQPLMRYTRLFLPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 12
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 229910001963 alkali metal nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 11
- 239000000706 filtrate Substances 0.000 description 11
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 235000017550 sodium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 11
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 10
- FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium nitrate Chemical compound [K+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 10
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 10
- MGWGWNFMUOTEHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-1,3-thiazol-2-amine Chemical compound CC1=CC(C)=CC(C=2N=C(N)SC=2)=C1 MGWGWNFMUOTEHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 9
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 9
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 9
- 239000012065 filter cake Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 150000002823 nitrates Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- JCXJVPUVTGWSNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen dioxide Inorganic materials O=[N]=O JCXJVPUVTGWSNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 9
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium nitrate Inorganic materials [Na+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 8
- IOVCWXUNBOPUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M Nitrite anion Chemical compound [O-]N=O IOVCWXUNBOPUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 7
- 239000000567 combustion gas Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 229910000027 potassium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000012808 vapor phase Substances 0.000 description 7
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 6
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000010891 electric arc Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052914 metal silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000004317 sodium nitrate Substances 0.000 description 6
- 235000010344 sodium nitrate Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 5
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 230000018044 dehydration Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000006297 dehydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 5
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000004323 potassium nitrate Substances 0.000 description 5
- 235000010333 potassium nitrate Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 238000010977 unit operation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910010100 LiAlSi Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orthosilicate Chemical compound [O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000007084 catalytic combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000543 intermediate Substances 0.000 description 4
- VTHJTEIRLNZDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Mg+2] VTHJTEIRLNZDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 239000000347 magnesium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910001862 magnesium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 description 4
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium oxide Inorganic materials [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 4
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052903 pyrophyllite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000011833 salt mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000012047 saturated solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- BHPQYMZQTOCNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium cation Chemical compound [Ca+2] BHPQYMZQTOCNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910001424 calcium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000571 coke Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910001873 dinitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium chloride Inorganic materials [Li+].[Cl-] KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 229910001425 magnesium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Mg+2] AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 3
- 229910001414 potassium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910001415 sodium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000003039 volatile agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002918 waste heat Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910000789 Aluminium-silicon alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910021532 Calcite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000019738 Limestone Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000011398 Portland cement Substances 0.000 description 2
- WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[K+] WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910000288 alkali metal carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000008041 alkali metal carbonates Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumane Chemical compound [AlH3] AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052822 amblygonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000010953 base metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012267 brine Substances 0.000 description 2
- ZCCIPPOKBCJFDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium nitrate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O ZCCIPPOKBCJFDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000498 cooling water Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910000174 eucryptite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 2
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- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000006028 limestone Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000670 limiting effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- YIXJRHPUWRPCBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium nitrate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O YIXJRHPUWRPCBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 2
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- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000036961 partial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002006 petroleum coke Substances 0.000 description 2
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PXXKQOPKNFECSZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum rhodium Chemical compound [Rh].[Pt] PXXKQOPKNFECSZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000001376 precipitating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002203 pretreatment Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000013535 sea water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 2
- SQGYOTSLMSWVJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver(1+) nitrate Chemical compound [Ag+].[O-]N(=O)=O SQGYOTSLMSWVJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;chloride;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Na+].[Cl-] HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bromide Chemical compound [Br-] CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910000519 Ferrosilicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Fluoride anion Chemical compound [F-] KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 241000500881 Lepisma Species 0.000 description 1
- JLVVSXFLKOJNIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium ion Chemical compound [Mg+2] JLVVSXFLKOJNIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910000990 Ni alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JFBZPFYRPYOZCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].[Al] Chemical compound [Li].[Al] JFBZPFYRPYOZCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007259 addition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 239000012670 alkaline solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 1
- WNROFYMDJYEPJX-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[Al+3] WNROFYMDJYEPJX-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
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- SMBQBQBNOXIFSF-UHFFFAOYSA-N dilithium Chemical compound [Li][Li] SMBQBQBNOXIFSF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SXGDIBYXFSKCRM-UHFFFAOYSA-L dilithium hydrogen carbonate hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Li+].C([O-])(O)=O.[Li+] SXGDIBYXFSKCRM-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- XUCJHNOBJLKZNU-UHFFFAOYSA-M dilithium;hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[OH-] XUCJHNOBJLKZNU-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010494 dissociation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000005431 greenhouse gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- KWLMIXQRALPRBC-UHFFFAOYSA-L hectorite Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-].[OH-].[Na+].[Mg+2].O1[Si]2([O-])O[Si]1([O-])O[Si]([O-])(O1)O[Si]1([O-])O2 KWLMIXQRALPRBC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000271 hectorite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003837 high-temperature calcination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen iodide Chemical compound I XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001026 inconel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 206010022000 influenza Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052909 inorganic silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002198 insoluble material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N kaolin Chemical compound O.O.O=[Al]O[Si](=O)O[Si](=O)O[Al]=O NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012633 leachable Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940006487 lithium cation Drugs 0.000 description 1
- JTPQTAGNJYVLPD-UHFFFAOYSA-K lithium lead(2+) trihydroxide Chemical compound [Pb+2].[OH-].[Li+].[OH-].[OH-] JTPQTAGNJYVLPD-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- IDNHOWMYUQKKTI-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium nitrite Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]N=O IDNHOWMYUQKKTI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- VVNXEADCOVSAER-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium sodium Chemical compound [Li].[Na] VVNXEADCOVSAER-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HLRJTHWYGVQPHP-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;carbonic acid;hydrogen carbonate Chemical compound [Li+].OC(O)=O.OC([O-])=O HLRJTHWYGVQPHP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- HQRPHMAXFVUBJX-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;hydrogen carbonate Chemical compound [Li+].OC([O-])=O HQRPHMAXFVUBJX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- 239000001095 magnesium carbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
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- ZLNQQNXFFQJAID-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium carbonate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-]C([O-])=O ZLNQQNXFFQJAID-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000021 magnesium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 150000002736 metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- 150000007522 mineralic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- DOTMOQHOJINYBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N molecular nitrogen;molecular oxygen Chemical compound N#N.O=O DOTMOQHOJINYBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003472 neutralizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001272 nitrous oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
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- POECFFCNUXZPJT-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;carbonic acid;hydrogen carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].OC(O)=O.OC([O-])=O POECFFCNUXZPJT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052644 β-spodumene Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Images
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- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B3/00—Extraction of metal compounds from ores or concentrates by wet processes
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Abstract
Description
도 1은 리튬-함유 규산염 광물로부터 리튬 수산화물, 탄산 리튬, 및 리튬 금속으로서 리튬을 회수하는 공정 및 시스템의 개념도이다.
도 2는 포함될 수 있는 주요 유닛 동작을 나타내는, 일반화된 공정의 블록도이다.
도 3a 및 도 3b는 공정 및 시스템의 보다 구체적인 실시예를 도시하는 개략적인 흐름도를 나타낸다.
Claims (28)
- 리튬을 포함하는 규산염 광물로부터 리튬을 회수하기 위한 공정으로서, 상기 공정은:
규산염 광물을 질산과 혼합하는 단계;
상기 규산염 광물에 있는 리튬 유가물(lithium values)이 규산염 광물에서 질산 리튬으로 침출되게 하는 조건을 갖는 침출 공정에 혼합물을 가하는 단계를 포함하는 것을 특징으로 하는, 리튬을 회수하기 위한 공정. - 제1항에 있어서, 상기 침출 공정의 조건은 리튬 질산염으로, 상기 규산염 광물에서 리튬 유가물의 침출을 촉진하나, 상기 규산염 광물에서 비-리튬(non-lithium) 유가물은 상기 규산염 광물에서 침출되지 않는 경향이 있도록 하는, 상기 침출 공정의 증가된 온도 및/또는 압력을 포함하는 것을 특징으로 하는, 리튬을 회수하기 위한 공정.
- 제1항 또는 제2항에 있어서, 상기 침출 공정 조건은 화학량론적으로 과량인 질산에서 상기 규산염 광물을 제어된 시간 동안 반응시키는 것을 포함하고,
상기 제어된 시간은, (i) 잔류 유리 질산(residual free nitric acid)을 중화시키고/중화시키거나, (ii) 과량의 질산을 증기인 물과 함께 증류시키도록, 침출물을 가열함으로써 종료되는 것을 특징으로 하는, 리튬을 회수하기 위한 공정. - 제3항에 있어서, (i)에서, 상기 잔류 유리 질산은, 상기 리튬을 회수하는 공정의 일부로서 생성된 알칼리성 리튬 화합물의 일부를 재활용함으로써 중화되고, 재활용되는 상기 알칼리성 리튬 화합물은 Li2O, LiOH, 및 Li2CO3 중 하나 이상을 포함하는 것을 특징으로 하는, 리튬을 회수하기 위한 공정.
- 제3항 또는 제4항에 있어서, (i)에서, 상기 침출 공정으로부터 생성된 침출물 덩어리는, 상기 침출물 덩어리 내의 고체가 질산 리튬을 포함하는 용액으로부터 분리되는 고체-액체 분리 단계로 전달되고, 상기 고체가 찌꺼기(tailings)로서 상기 침출 공정으로부터 분리되는 것을 특징으로 하는, 리튬을 회수하기 위한 공정.
- 제3항에 있어서, (ii)에서, 상기 과량의 질산 및 수증기는 건조 단계에서 증기로 증류 제거되고, 증류된 상기 질산 및 수증기는 상기 침출 공정에서의 재사용 및/또는 질산 재생을 위해 수집되는 것을 특징으로 하는, 리튬을 회수하기 위한 공정.
- 제3항 내지 제6항 중 어느 한 항에 있어서, 상기 침출 공정에 의해 생성된 질산 리튬의 용액이 비교적 순수한 결정질 LiNO3를 형성하도록 농축되고 결정화되는 결정화 단계를 더 포함하는 것을 특징으로 하는, 리튬을 회수하기 위한 공정.
- 제7항에 있어서, 상기 결정화된 LiNO3는, 원심분리에 의해, 용액으로부터 분리되고, 상기 분리된 결정질 LiNO3는 상기 LiNO3가 Li2O로 분해가 이루어지는 온도에서 열분해 공정을 거쳐서, 질소 산화물을 포함하는 가스상 스트림이 생성되는 것을 특징으로 하는, 리튬을 회수하기 위한 공정.
- 제8항에 있어서, 상기 열분해 공정은, 과량의 공기 중에서 촉매화 암모니아의 연소에 의한 것과 같은, 상기 LiNO3의 간접적인 가열을 포함하고, 가스 스트림이 상기 침출 공정에서 재사용 및/또는 질산 재생을 위해 수집되는 것을 특징으로 하는, 리튬을 회수하기 위한 공정.
- 제8항 또는 제9항에 있어서, 상기 Li2O는: (a) Li2O가 LiOH로 전환되고 LiOH가 용액에 용해되도록, 슬래킹(slaking) 단계에서 물로 슬레이크(slaked)되고, (b) 카본 열처리 환원(carbothermal reduction) 공정과 같은 공정에 의해서 리튬 금속으로 전환되는 것을 특징으로 하는, 리튬을 회수하기 위한 공정.
- 제10항에 있어서, (a)로부터의 상기 LiOH 용액은, 결정성 수산화 리튬 일 수화물 LiOH.H2O를 형성하고 상기 LiOH 용액이 농축 및 결정화되는 결정화된 상기 LiOH.H2O가 원심 분리에 의해 용액으로부터 분리되는, 추가 결정화 단계를 거치는 것을 특징으로 하는, 리튬을 회수하기 위한 공정.
- 제11항에 있어서, 상기 결정성 수산화 리튬 일 수화물로부터 분리된 수산화 리튬 용액이,
- 상기 규산염 광물의 질산과의 반응을 종료시키는 데 사용되기 위한, 상기 침출 공정으로 재순환;
- 공정 배출가스에서 이산화탄소를 세정하여 탄산 리튬이 풍부한 스트림이 생성되도록 하는 것 중 어느 하나를 위해 사용되고,
- 상기 스트림의 일부가 고체 형태의 탄산 리튬을 포함하는 상기 수산화 리튬용액은 상기 잔류물을 중화시키거나 또는 질산이 없는 상태로 남아있는 것을 특징으로 하는, 리튬을 회수하기 위한 공정. - 제12항에 있어서, 고체 형태의 상기 탄산 리튬이 분리되고 분류되어, 더 거친 부분은 상기 공정의 탄산 리튬 생성물을 형성하고 더 미세한 부분은 상기 스트림과 함께 상기 이산화탄소의 세정에 재순환되는 것을 특징으로 하는, 리튬을 회수하기 위한 공정.
- 제1항 내지 제13항 중 어느 한 항에 있어서, 상기 규산염 광물은 상기 규산염 광물을 상기 질산 용액과 혼합하기 이전에 상기 리튬 유가물을 활성화시키도록 전처리되고, 상기 전처리는 소성(calcination) 또는 로스팅(roasting)과 같은 열처리, 또는 분쇄 또는 미세 분쇄와 같은 기계적 처리를 포함하는 것을 특징으로 하는, 리튬을 회수하기 위한 공정.
- 리튬을 포함하는 규산염 광물로부터 리튬을 회수하기 위한 시스템으로서, 상기 시스템은 상기 규산염 광물 및 질산의 혼합물이 상기 규산염 광물에서 리튬 유가물이 상기 규산염 광물로부터 질산 리튬으로 침출되는 조건하에 놓이는 침출 반응기를 포함하는 것을 특징으로 하는, 리튬을 회수하기 위한 시스템.
- 제15항에 있어서, 상기 침출 반응기는:
(i) 오토클레이브(autoclave)와 같은 압력 용기-여기서 침출을 위한 상기 조건은 상승된 온도 및 압력을 포함함-;, 또는
(ii) 중공 플라이트 스크류 컨베이어와 같은 분해 반응기-여기서 침출을 위한 상기 조건은 상승된 온도를 포함하나 대기압을 포함함-를 포함하는 것을 특징으로 하는, 리튬을 회수하기 위한 시스템. - 제16항에 있어서, 상기 침출 반응기로부터 생성된 질산 리튬 수성상(aqueous phase)은 알칼리성 리튬 화합물을 포함하는 재순환된 생성물로 중화되는 중화 용기를 더 포함하는 것을 특징으로 하는, 리튬을 회수하기 위한 시스템.
- 제17항에 있어서, 침출 반응기로부터의 고체-여기서, 상기 고체는 공정 찌꺼기(tailings)로 분리됨-가 상기 질산 리튬 수성상으로부터 분리되고 여과 장치와 같은 고체-액체 분리 스테이지를 더 포함하는 것을 특징으로 하는, 리튬을 회수하기 위한 시스템.
- 제18항에 있어서, 결정질 LiNO3를 형성하도록, 상기 질산 리튬 용액이 농축되고 결정화되는 결정화기를 더 포함하는 것을 특징으로 하는, 리튬을 회수하기 위한 시스템.
- 제19항에 있어서, 상기 결정성 LiNO3가 용융 상태로 가열되는, 가열된 유지 용기를 더 포함하는 것을 특징으로 하는, 리튬을 회수하기 위한 시스템.
- 제20항에 있어서, 로스터와 같은 열처리 유닛을 더 포함하고, 상기 열처리 유닛은 상기 용융된 LiNO3가 고체 Li2O로 분해되도록 하는 온도에서 작동하도록 구성되는 것을 특징으로 하는, 리튬을 회수하기 위한 시스템.
- 제21항에 있어서, 고체 Li2O 및 탄소 소스의 혼합물이 가열된 다음, 수렴- 발산 노즐과 같은 급속-냉각 장치에 의해 생성된 리튬 금속이 응축되는, 카본 열처리 환원로를 더 포함하는 것을 특징으로 하는, 리튬을 회수하기 위한 시스템.
- 제15항 내지 제22항에 있어서, 질산 플랜트를 더 포함하고, 질소 및/또는 질산 증기의 산화물을 함유하는 가스상 스트림은 상기 침출 반응기에서 사용하기 위한 질산이 생성되도록 상기 질산 플랜트로 보내지는 것을 특징으로 하는, 리튬을 회수하기 위한 시스템.
- 제19항에 있어서. 시스템 연도 가스(system flue gases)가 결정성 LiNO3를 물로 슬레이킹(slaking)함으로써 생성되는 수산화 리튬 용액으로 세정되는, 세정 용기를 더 포함하고, 상기 세정 용기는 탄산 리튬이 풍부한 스트림을 형성하도록 구성되는 것을 특징으로 하는, 리튬을 회수하기 위한 시스템.
- 리튬을 함유하는 규산염 광물로부터 리튬 금속을 생성하기 위한 공정으로서, 상기 공정은:
상기 규산염 광물로부터 리튬 유가물이 추출되도록 상기 규산염 광물을 산성 침출물에 가하는 단계;
상기 추출된 리튬 유가물을 리튬 산화물로 전환시키도록 열처리하는 단계;
상기 리튬 산화물이 탄소 소스와 혼합되도록 상기 리튬 산화물을 환원 단계로 처리하는 단계를 포함하고,
상기 환원 단계는 상기 리튬 산화물이 리튬 금속으로 환원되고 탄소 소스가 가스 형태로 산화되기에 충분한 온도에서 이루어지는 것을 특징으로 하는, 리튬 금속을 생성하기 위한 공정. - 제25항에 있어서, 상기 환원 단계 직후, 증기로서의 상기 리튬 금속 및 상기 가스의 산화된 탄소는 액체 리튬 금속을 형성하도록 급속하게 냉각되는 것을 특징으로 하는, 리튬 금속을 생성하기 위한 공정.
- 제26항에 있어서, 상기 리튬 금속 증기 및 상기 가스상의 산화된 탄소는 수렴- 발산 노즐을 통한 초음속 팽창과 같은 팽창에 의해 급속하게 냉각되는 것을 특징으로 하는, 리튬 금속을 생성하기 위한 공정.
- 제26항 또는 제27항에 있어서, 상기 액체 리튬 금속과 상기 가스상의 산화된 탄소의 혼합물은, 상기 혼합물을 사이클론 분리기를 통과함으로써, 서로 분리되는 것을 특징으로 하는, 리튬 금속을 생성하기 위한 공정.
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