KR20160079072A - Suspension and clustering of human pluripotent stem cells for differentiation into pancreatic endocrine cells - Google Patents

Abstract

  The present invention provides a method for producing aggregated pluripotent stem cell clusters for differentiation into endodermal progenitor cells, pancreatic endocrine cells, mesodermal cells or ectodermal cells. Specifically, the present invention discloses a method of differentiating pluripotent cells into beta cells, cardiac cells and neuronal lineage using suspension clustering. The method includes the step of producing an aggregated cell cluster followed by the step of differentiating the cluster.

Description

[0001] Suspension and clustering of human pluripotent stem cells for differentiation into endocrine pancreatic cells [0002]

Cross reference to related application

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Provisional Application No. 13 / 998,974, filed December 30, 2013, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61 / 747,799 (filed December 31, 2012) 61 / 962,158 (filed November 1, 2013), which are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

The present invention relates to a method for producing embryonic stem cells and other pluripotent cells which maintain pluripotency in aggregated cell clusters for differentiation into endoderm progenitor cells, pancreatic endocrine cells, mesoderm or ectodermal cells, To the field of differentiation. In one aspect, the invention discloses a method for producing clusters of pluripotent stem cells and maintaining them in suspension culture for differentiation into pancreatic endoderm, pancreatic endocrine precursor cells, and single-hormone pancreatic endocrine cells have.

Progress in cell-replacement therapy for Type I diabetes mellitus and lack of transplantable Langerhans islands has been focused on developing a source of insulin-producing cells, or beta cells, suitable for engraftment. One approach is to produce functional beta cells from pluripotent stem cells such as embryonic stem cells.

In vertebrate animal embryogenesis, pluripotent cells produce a population of cells containing three embryonic layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) in a process known as gastrulation. Tissues such as the thyroid, thymus, pancreas, bowel, and liver will develop from the endoderm through the intermediate stage. The intermediate stage in this process is the formation of a definitive endoderm.

By the end of vestigial formation, endoderm is divided into anterior-posterior domains, which can be recognized by the expression of panels of factors uniquely representing the anterior, medial and posterior regions of endoderm. For example, HHEX and SOX2 identify the anterior region, while CDX1, 2, and 4 identify the posterior region of the endoderm.

Migration of endoderm tissue causes the endoderm to become very close to the different mesoderm tissues, which helps localize the gut tube. This is accomplished by a number of secretion factors such as FGF, Wnt, TGF- [beta], retinoic acid ("RA"), and BMP ligands and their antagonists. For example, FGF4 and BMP have been reported to promote CDX2 expression in the putative endoderm and suppress the expression of the anterior genes HHEX and SOX2 (2000 Development , 127: 1563-1567). In addition, WNT signaling has been shown to work in parallel with FGF signaling to stimulate postnatal development and suppress full-length fate (2007 Development , 134: 2207-2217). Finally, retinoic acid secreted by the mesenchyme regulates the full-length border (2002 Curr < RTI ID = 0.0 > Biol. , 12: 1215-1220).

The level of expression of particular transcription factors can be used to specify the identity of the tissue. While the complete endoderm is transformed into a primitive gut tube, the intestinal tract is localized to a wide range of domains that can be observed at the molecular level by a limited gene expression pattern. For example, the localized pancreatic domain in the intestinal tract shows very high expression of PDX1 and very low expression of CDX2 and SOX2. PDX1, NKX6.1, PTF1A, and NKX2.2 are highly expressed in pancreatic tissues; Expression of CDX2 is high in intestinal tissue.

The formation of the pancreas results from the differentiation of the endoderm into the pancreatic endoderm. The dorsal and ventral pancreatic domains occur in the epithelium. In addition, the battlefield develops esophagus, organs, lungs, thyroid, stomach, liver, pancreas and furcation.

Pancreatic endoderm cells express the pancreatic-duodenal homeobox gene PDX1. In the absence of PDX1, the pancreas does not develop beyond the formation of the biceps bud and dorsal root. Thus, PDXl expression represents an important step in pancreatic organs formation. A mature pancreas contains both exocrine tissue and endocrine tissue arising from the differentiation of the pancreatic endoderm.

D'Amour et al. Describe the production of abundant cultures of complete endoderm derived from human embryonic stem cells in the presence of high concentrations of actibin and low serum ( Nature Biotechnol 2005, 23: 1534-1541; USA Patent No. 7,704,738). It has been reported that these cells were transplanted under the renal capsule of the mouse to differentiate into more mature cells with characteristics of endoderm tissue (U.S. Patent No. 7,704,738). Completed endodermal cells derived from human embryonic stem cells can be further differentiated into PDX1-positive cells after addition of FGF10 and retinoic acid (US Patent Application Publication No. 2005 / 0266554A1). Subsequent transplantation of these pancreatic progenitor cells within the fat pad of immunodeficient mice resulted in the formation of functional pancreatic endocrine cells after 3 to 4 months of maturation (U.S. Patent No. 7,993,920 and U.S. Patent No. 7,534,608).

Fisk et al. Report the production system of pancreatic islet cells from human embryonic stem cells (US Patent No. 7,033,831). In addition, small molecule inhibitors have been used to induce pancreatic endocrine precursor cells. For example, small molecule inhibitors of the TGF-beta receptor and BMP receptor ( Development 2011, 138: 861-871; Diabetes 2011, 60: 239-247) significantly improve the number of pancreatic endocrine cells Have been used. In addition, small molecule activators have also been used to generate complete endodermal cells or pancreatic progenitor cells ( Curr Opin Cell Biol 2009, 21: 727-732); Nature Chem Biol 2009, 5: 258-265).

Significant progress has been made in improving protocols for culturing progenitor cells such as pluripotent stem cells. PCT Publication WO2007 / 026353 (Amit et al.) Discloses maintaining human embryonic stem cells in undifferentiated state in a two-dimensional culture system. Ludwig et al., 2006 ( Nature Biotechnology , 24: 185-7) discloses a TeSR1 defined medium for culturing human embryonic stem cells on a matrix. U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0155013 (Akaike et al.) Discloses a method for growing pluripotent stem cells in suspension using a carrier adhering to pluripotent stem cells. U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2009 / 0029462 (Beardsley et al.) Discloses a method of expanding pluripotent stem cells in suspension using microcarriers or cell encapsulation. PCT Publication WO 2008/015682 (Amit et al.) Discloses a method for amplifying and maintaining human embryonic stem cells in suspension culture under culture conditions without substrate adherence.

United States Patent Application Publication No. 2008/0159994 (Mantalaris et al.) Discloses a method of culturing human embryonic stem cells encapsulated in an alginate bead in a three-dimensional culture system.

Despite these advances, there remains a need for a method for successfully culturing pluripotent stem cells capable of differentiating into functional endocrine cells in a three-dimensional culture system.

The foregoing summary, as well as the following detailed description of the invention, will be better understood when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. For the purpose of illustrating the invention, the figures show an embodiment of the invention. It should be understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the precise arrangements, embodiments and means illustrated.
FIG. 1A shows the Dispase of human embryonic stem ("hES") cell line H1 immediately after lifting (left panel) and after 24 hours (right panel) ^® - micrographs of treated cells. The cells after the lifting (left panel) were similar to those of the monolayer, where the average fragment diameter was about 20-30 micrometers, and each fragment was a clump of cells. After 24 hours in the nonadherent culture, the cells showed a cluster-like structure.
≪ RTI ID = 0.0 > 1B < / RTI > ^® 1 medium in a 125 mL spinner flask for 4 days, and then cultured in the presence of disperase in human embryonic stem cell line H1 ^® -CD9, < / RTI > SSEA4, CXCR4, TRA-1-60 and TRA-1-81 on the treated cells. Cells showed high expression for the universal markers (CD9, SSEA4, TRA-1-60, and TRA-1-81) while almost no expression of the differentiation marker CXCR4.
Fig. 1C is a graph showing the results of the disruption of the human embryonic stem cell line H1 after 72 and 96- ^® - micrographs of treated cells. In FIG. 1c, loose cell aggregates can be seen after 72 hours (left panel) at 4X magnification, after 96 hours at 4X magnification (center panel) and after 96 hours at 10X magnification (right panel).
Figure 1d shows the expression of the first-line differentiation human embryonic stem cell line H1 against the markers CD9, CD184 (CXCR4) and CD99, ^® - results of flow cytometry on treated cells (see Example 1). As shown in Fig. 1d, the expression of CD9, a universal marker, was almost completely eliminated, while the expression of CXCR4 (CD184) and CD99 as complete endodermal lobe differentiation markers was very high.
Fig. 1 (e) is a graph showing the comparison of the disrupted H1 (WA01) hES cells of the first stage of the human embryonic stem cell line H1 ^® Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) results (see Example 1) for the expression of selected genes related to complete endoderm and genes associated with complete pluripotency for treated cells. (CXCR4, CERBERUS (CER1), and CERBERUS (CER1)) in the expression of allelic genes (CD9, NANOG, and POU5F1 / OCT4) in contrast to undifferentiated WA01 hES cells, GSC, FOXA2, GATA4, GATA6, MNX1, and SOX17).
Fig. 1F is a graph showing the results of the dissociation of human embryonic stem cell line H1 from the complete endoderm to the pancreatic endoderm ^® - microscope photograph of the treated cells (see Example 1). As the differentiation proceeded from the first day of Day 2 (upper left panel) to the 3rd day of Day 2 (upper right panel), to the fourth day of Day 4 (lower left panel) and the first day of Day 4 (lower right panel) A clear morphological change to the eye becomes visible.
Figure 2a shows the effect of EDTA-treated cells of human embryonic stem cell line H1 on the markers associated with universal and differentiation according to Example 2 after two days of culture in stirred suspension culture after EDTA treatment and before transfer to differentiation cultures Lt; RTI ID = 0.0 > flow cytometry < / RTI > This data showed high expression for the universal markers (CD9, SSEA4, TRA-1-60, and TRA-1-81) with little expression of the differentiation marker (CXCR4).
FIG. 2B is a graph showing the distribution of human embryonic stem cells differentiated into the first day and third day cells grown in a spinner flask according to Example 2 and the second day, second day, fourth day and fourth day cells grown in a spinner flask or an Erlenmeyer flask Figure 2 shows a micrograph of EDTA-treated cells of cell line H1. The suspension-differentiated cultures formed spherical aggregates into a substantially uniform and homogeneous population of cells.
FIG. 2C shows flow cytometry data for EDTA-treated cells of human endometrial stem cell line H1 of the first stage to cell surface markers of pluripotent and endodermal differentiation. FIG. As can be seen in FIG. 2C, the expression of the universal marker CD9 was almost completely eliminated, while the expression of CXCR4 (CD184), a marker for complete endodermal development, was very high.
Figure 2d shows qRT-PCR for expression of selected endogenous genes associated with complete endoderm-related genes for EDTA-treated cells of the end stage 1 human embryonic stem cell line H1 versus undifferentiated Hl (WA01) hES cells (See Example 2). Figure 2d shows the decrease in expression of the universal genes (CD9, NANOG, and POU5F1 / OCT4) and the expression of genes related to complete endoderm (CXCR4, CERBERUS ("CER1"), FOXA2, GATA4, GATA6, MNX1, and SOX17) Indicating a large increase in
FIG. 2E is a graph showing the results of the differentiation of EDTA-treated cells of human embryonic stem cell line H1 differentiated into pancreatic endoderm cells from a group 1 in a spinner flask or an Erlenmeyer flask according to Example 2 (NKX6.1, CDX2, SOX2, And chromagranin). ≪ / RTI > Data from flow cytometry showed that for both suspension formats, NKX6.1, the transcription factor required for functional beta cells, is high, and endocrine pancreatic markers such as synaptophysin (data not shown) and chromogranin are high .
Figure 2f shows the expression of selected genes involved in the differentiation of EDTA-treated cells of human embryonic stem cell line H1 further differentiated into pancreatic endoderm cells from stage 1 by suspension in a spinner flask or an Erlenmeyer flask according to Example 2 The results of qRT-PCR are shown. This data contrasts with the expression in WA01 hES cells. RT-PCR results indicate high-level expression of the pancreatic precursor gene.
FIG. ^® Lt; RTI ID = 0.0 > H1 < / RTI > As shown in Figure 3A, the cells were removed from the surface as small aggregates.
FIG. ^® Lt; / RTI > shows a phase contrast microscope photograph of the cells of a human embryonic stem cell line H1 that has been lifted from a static culture after treatment with a human embryonic stem cell line H1 and then amplified in suspension culture for 3 days. In Figure 3b, formation of a substantially uniform spherical population of cell clusters can be seen.
FIG. 3c is a cross- ^® And then amplified in suspension culture for 3 days, and then incubated with an incubator ^® Lt; / RTI > shows a microscope photograph of a cluster of cells of human embryonic stem cell line H1 that has been continuously passaged using dissociation.
Figure 4a shows a micrograph of human embryonic stem cells suspended in culture of cell line H1 using differentiated protocols at different stages of differentiation. In Figure 4a, a micrograph of the cells in each step of differentiation can be seen.
Figure 4b shows the results of flow cytometry on differentiation markers (CXCR4, CD56 and PDX1) for suspension cultured human embryonic stem cells of cell line H1 using differentiation protocols at different stages of differentiation (time after onset of differentiation). At the end of the 4th day of differentiation, a high percentage of cells were positive for PDX1 expression.
Figure 4c shows the non-fasting blood glucose levels of SCID-Bg mice transplanted with differentiated cells encapsulated in a TheraCyte (TM) device.
Figure 5a shows data for flow cytometry on EDTA-treated cells of human embryonic stem cell line H1 prior to transfer to differentiation cultures for markers associated with universality and differentiation. As shown in Fig. 5A, high expression of pluripotency markers CD9, SSEA4, TRA-1-60 and TRA-1-80 was observed.
Figure 5b shows data of cell phase contrast and flow cytometry for CXCR4 / CD184 and CD99 (differentiation markers) and CD9 (universal marker) for three different feed settings during the first period. The conditions tested were as follows: (A) medium replacement at 24 hours after initiation of differentiation, no medium change at 48 hours; (B) 24 hours after the start of differentiation, and glucose bolus added at 48 hours; And (C) Glucose and GDF8 bolus were added at 24 hours after the start of differentiation, without replacing the medium throughout the first period, followed by addition of glucose bolus at 48 hours after initiation.
Figure 5c shows phase contrast images of differentiated cells exhibiting pancreatic endoderm morphology differentiated using the following feed settings during the formation of complete endoderm: (A) medium replacement at 24 hours after initiation of differentiation, at 48 hours No badge replacement; (B) 24 hours after the start of differentiation, and glucose bolus added at 48 hours; And (C) Glucose and GDF8 bolus were added at 24 hours after the start of differentiation, without replacing the medium throughout the first period, followed by addition of glucose bolus at 48 hours after initiation.
Figure 5d shows the selection markers of pancreatic gene expression (NKX6.1 and chromogranin) and the selective non-pancreatic gene (s) of the end-stage 4 differentiated cells differentiated using the following feed settings during the formation of complete endoderm (CDX2 and SOX2): (A) media replacement at 24 hours after initiation of differentiation, no media change at 48 hours; (B) 24 hours after the start of differentiation, and glucose bolus added at 48 hours; And (C) Glucose and GDF8 bolus were added at 24 hours after the start of differentiation, without replacing the medium throughout the first period, followed by addition of glucose bolus at 48 hours after initiation.
Figure 5e shows the results of qRT-PCR for selective pancreas gene expression and non-pancreatic gene expression for differentiated cells at the late phase 4, differentiated using the following feed settings during formation of complete endoderm: (A) The medium was replaced at 24 hours after the initiation of differentiation, and the medium was not changed at 48 hours; (B) 24 hours after the start of differentiation, and glucose bolus added at 48 hours; And (C) Glucose and GDF8 bolus were added at 24 hours after the start of differentiation, without replacing the medium throughout the first period, followed by addition of glucose bolus at 48 hours after initiation. The data are presented as a multiple of the difference in expression relative to the number of undifferentiated H1 (WA01) hES cells (baseline expression of 1).
Figure 5f shows the expression of C-peptide in SCID-Bg mice transplanted with differentiated cells according to the condition A (medium replacement at 24 hours after initiation of differentiation and no medium change at 48 hours). Each SCID-Bg mouse was implanted with 5 million cells under the renal capsule. As shown in FIG. 5f, up to 12 weeks post-transplantation, human C-peptide was detectable at levels above 1 ng / mL and at 16 weeks the C-peptide level was 2.5 ng / mL on average.
Figure 5g shows the effect of glucose on selected SCID-Bg mice before and after administration of differentiated cells (e. G., Transplant) according to the condition A (medium replacement at 24 hours after start of differentiation and no medium change at 48 hours) Indicating the effect of treatment. As shown in Figure 5g, glucose treatment induced a significant increase in circulating human C-peptide from an average of 0.93 ng / mL in the fasted state to 2.39 ng / mL in the fed state.
Figure 5h shows the effect of streptozotocin (STZ) administration (i.e. STZ-Bg) on SCID-Bg mice to which differentiated cells were administered according to the condition A (medium replacement at 24 hours after start of differentiation and no medium change at 48 hours) Induced diabetes). As is apparent from Figure 5h, animals with functional GSIS competent tissue grafts (i. E., Those administered with cells), unlike the untreated controls - which had clinically significant diabetes mellitus - Blood glucose levels were maintained.
FIG. 6A is a graph showing cytotoxicity ^® 3 microcarrier beads of human embryonic stem cell line H1.
FIG. 6b shows the results of the cytotoxic < RTI ID = 0.0 > ^® 3 microcarrier beads of human embryonic stem cell line H1.
Fig. 6C shows a graph showing the activity of microparticles containing microcarriers (WTN3A / AA microcarriers), MCX and GDF8 in media containing plates (WTN3A / AA plate), actin A and WNT3A in media containing actin A (AA) and WNT3A Cell counts as a function of differentiation days for cells of human embryonic stem cell line H1 grown and differentiated on microcarriers (MCX / GDF8 microcarriers) in medium containing plates (MCX / GDF8 plates) and MCX and GDF8 in medium Number / cm < 2 >).
FIG. 6D shows a plate (FIG. 6D) in a medium containing microcarriers (WTN3A / AA microcarrier), MCX and GDF8 in a medium containing plates (WTN3A / AA plate), actin A and WNT3A in a medium containing actin A and WNT3A (Number of cells / ml as a function of days of differentiation for cells of human embryonic stem cell line H1 grown and differentiated on microcarriers (MCX / GDF8 microcarrier) in media containing MCX / GDF8 plates and MCX / ).
Figure 6e shows the results of flow cytometry for the first differentiation stage of cells grown on microcarrier cultures or flat cultures in the presence of: cells of CXCR4 / CD184 (Y-axis) and CD9 (X-axis) (A) WNT3A and AA as point plot of expression; Or (2) MCX and GDF8.
Figure 6f shows the results of flow cytometry for the first differentiation stage of cells grown on microcarrier cultures or planar cultures in the presence of: (a) WNT3A and AA as the total expression of each of the markers (CXCR4 and CD9) ; Or (2) MCX and GDF8.
Figure 6g shows the results of qRT-PCR for the expression of selected genes involved in the differentiation of human embryonic stem cell line H1 differentiated by growing on microcavity beads in flat culture or suspension culture in the presence of: ( a) WNT3A and AA; Or (2) MCX and GDF8.
Figure 7 shows cell counts at various differentiation stages in the bioreactor from Day 1 to Day 4 and Day 3 for cells differentiated according to the protocol of Example 7. [ Cell counts are expressed in million cells / ml as measured by a video-based cell counter (NucleoCounter®).
Figure 8 shows the daily average bioreactor culture pH level as a function of time (number of days of differentiation) during the differentiation protocol of Example 7. The pH levels were measured by NOVA BioFile® FLEX (Nova Biomedical Corporation, Waltham, Mass., USA).
Figure 9 shows the daily average bioreactor culture lactate levels as a function of time (number of differentiation days) during the differentiation protocol of Example 7. Lactate levels were measured by Nova BioProfile 占 flex (Nova Biomedical Corporation, Waltham, Mass., USA).
Figure 10 shows the daily average bioreactor medium glucose level as a function of time (number of differentiation days) during the differentiation protocol of Example 7. Glucose levels were measured by Nova BioProfile ' Flex (Nova Biomedical Corporation, Waltham, Mass., USA).
11 was measured by qRT-PCR for a universal array containing selectable genes associated with pluripotency for cells on Day 0 of Day 0 differentiated according to the protocol of Example 7 (i.e., 24 hours after inoculation) Lt; / RTI > gene expression.
Figure 12 is a graph showing the percentage of the total endoderm arrays containing the selected genes associated with complete endoderm ("DE") for cells on day 0 (ie, 24 hours post-inoculation) (See Example 7).
Figure 13 shows undifferentiated gene expression as measured by qRT-PCR for a universal array containing selectable genes associated with pluripotency on cells at day 0 (ie, 72 hours post-inoculation) at day 0 See Example 7).
Figure 14 shows the undifferentiated gene expression as measured by qRT-PCR on a DE array containing a DE-associated selection gene for cells on Day 0 (ie, 72 hours post-inoculation) on Day 0 See Example 7).
Figure 15 shows the fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) for CD9, CD184 / CXCR4, SSEA4, TRA-1-60 and TRA- 1-81 against cells on Day 0 of the undifferentiated 0 day (ie, 72 hours post- (See Example 7). The results are also shown in Table 8.
16 is a graph showing the results of qRT-PCR for selected genes of cells differentiated according to the protocol of Example 7 on day 0 (day 24 after inoculation) and day 0 (day 72) Lt; RTI ID = 0.0 > undifferentiated < / RTI > gene expression. Specifically, FIG. 16 shows a normal increase in gene expression for GATA4, GSC, MIXL1 and T and an increase over 100x in GATA2 expression during the 0 period of the pre-induction differentiation.
FIG. 17 is a graph showing the relationship between the content of the DE-related selection gene and the expression level of the selective gene for DE in the cells differentiated according to the protocol of Example 7 on day 0 (day 24 after inoculation) and day 0 (day 72) Lt; RTI ID = 0.0 > qRT-PCR. ≪ / RTI > Specifically, Figure 17 shows an increase of more than 100x in the expression of CER1, FGF17, and FGF4 during the pre-induction differentiation phase.
FIGS. 18 and 19 show gene expression for the first day cell differentiated according to the protocol of Example 7. FIG. Figure 18 shows gene expression as measured by qRT-PCR for a universal array containing selectable genes associated with pluripotency for cells at day 1 on day 1. Figure 19 shows gene expression as measured by qRT-PCR for DE arrays containing a selection gene associated with DE for day 1 day cells. Figures 18 and 19 show significant changes in gene expression patterns, such as an increase of about 700x in FOXA2 expression and a 1000x increase in CER1, EOMES, FGF17, FGF4, GATA4, GATA6, GSC, MIXL1, .
FIGS. 20 and 21 show gene expression for the third day cell differentiated according to the protocol of Example 7. FIG. Figure 20 shows gene expression as measured by qRT-PCR for a universal array containing selectable genes associated with pluripotency for cells at day 1 < RTI ID = 0.0 > day 3. < / RTI > Figure 21 shows gene expression as measured by qRT-PCR for DE arrays containing a selection gene associated with DE for the third day cells.
Figure 22 shows the results of FACS on CD9, CD184 (also known as CXCR4) and CD99 for cells on Day 1 of day differentiated according to the protocol of Example 7. FIG. From the CD9 expression / CXCR4 negative pluripotent cell population (Fig. 15) at the onset of differentiation to near homogeneous population (Fig. 22) of CXCR4 expressing cells (98.3% of the cells were CXCR4 positive, +/- 1.9 SD) Was observed.
Figure 23 shows the results of the first day of the third day differentiated according to the protocol of Example 7; Day 1 of the second period; And for DE arrays containing selection-related genes associated with DE, for cells at day 3 and day 2, as determined by qRT-PCR. 23 shows that HNF4α and GATA6 expression levels were increased on days 1 and 3 of day 2, while genes (CXCR4, EOMES, FGF17, FGF4, MNX1, PRDM1, SOX17 and VWF) Lt; RTI ID = 0.0 > termination. ≪ / RTI >
FIG. 24 shows gene expression of the full-length genes AFP, PDX1, and PROX1 as measured by qRT-PCR for the first day-2 cells and the third day-two cells differentiated according to the protocol of Example 7. FIG. As shown in Fig. 24, the expression of these genes was increased.
Figure 25 shows the results of FACS for PDX1, FOXA2, chromogranin NKX2.2 and SOX2 against cells grown at day 3 in day 3 grown in the 3 medium (Table 7) differentiated according to the protocol of Example 7 . As shown in Figure 25, the cells expressed markers consistent with the endoderm pancreatic system when measured by PDX1 and FOXA2 expression (90.9% +/- 11.9 SD being PDX1 positive and 99.2% +/- 0.6 SD being FOXA2 positive).
Figure 26 shows the gene expression when measured by qRT-PCR for a four-ary array containing a selection gene associated with the 4th, 3rd, and 3rd day 3 cells differentiated according to the protocol of Example 7 . Figure 26 shows that these cells express an increased expression of multiple genes (ARX, GAST, GCG, INS, ISL1, NEUROD1, NGN3, NKX2.2, NKX6.1, PAX4, PAX6, PTF1A, and SST) that are commonly expressed in the pancreas Level.
FIG. 27 shows the FACS results for NKX6.1, chromagranin (CHGA), CDX2, SOX2, NKX2.2, PDX1, FOXA2 and NEUROD on the fourth day of cell 4 differentiated according to the protocol of Example 7. FIG. As shown on the third day of the fourth period of FIG. 27, the cells had high levels of PDX1 and FOXA2 expression, and pancreatic endocrine cells (28.1% ± 12.5 SD were chromogranin positive) and pancreatic progenitor cells (58.3% Was positive for NKX6.1). ≪ / RTI >
28 shows the third day of the third day differentiated according to the protocol of Example 7; Gene expression as measured by qRT-PCR for a four-ary array containing a selection gene associated with step 4, for cells on day 4 and day 4 and day 4. 28 shows the increased expression of genes commonly expressed in the pancreas (ARX, GAST, GCG, IAPP, INS, ISL1, MAFB, NEUROD1, NGN3, NKX2.2, NKX6.1, PAX4, PAX6, PTF1A, and SST) Respectively.
Figure 29 shows the mean results of FACS for NKX6.1, chromagranin (CHGA), CDX2, SOX2, NKX2.2, PDX1, FOXA2 and NEUROD on the third day 4 cells differentiated according to the protocol of Example 7. [ . Specifically, Figure 29 shows the average FACS expression pattern of pancreatic precursors generated on a 3 L scale from different seed material lots.
Figure 30 shows the mean results of FACS for NKX6.1, chromagranin (CHGA), CDX2, SOX2, NKX2.2, PDX1, FOXA2 and NEUROD on the fourth day 3 cells differentiated according to the protocol of Example 7. [ . IH3 "or Essential 8, both of which were supplemented with 0.5% BSA, before cell differentiation on Day 3 and Day 4 cells, 0.0 > 0. ≪ / RTI > The cells grown in IH3 medium are "IH3-P growth cells" and the cells grown in Essential 8 ™ are "EZ8 growth cells ". No significant differences in expression patterns were observed between cells grown in different media.
Figure 31 shows the mean of FACS for NKX6.1, chromagranin (CHGA), CDX2, SOX2, NKX2.2, PDX1, FOXA2 and NEUROD versus NKX6.1, chromagranin (See Example 7). There was no significant change in the cell profile on day 3 of day 4.
32 is a graph showing the results of NKX6.1, chromogranin (CHGA), and cholinergin (NOS) treatment on the third and fourth day cells untreated with Anti-Foam C and the third and fourth day cells treated with the defoamer C emulsion (94 ppm) CDX2, SOX2, NKX2.2, PDX1, FOXA2 and NEUROD (see Example 7). The defoamer C emulsion (Sigma catalog number A8011) was not observed to affect the profile of the cells at day 4 on day 4.
33 to 35 show gene expression as measured by qRT-PCR for a selection gene for cells differentiated according to the protocol of Example 8. Fig. Fig. 33 shows gene expression when measured by qRT-PCR on the cell selection gene at 24 hours before the initiation of differentiation (see Example 8). As shown in Figure 33, the cells from the bioreactor retained expression for the genes characteristic of universality (POU5F1, NANOG, SOX2, and ZFP42), and the genes characteristic of differentiation (AFP, and FOXA2: Increased expression of FOXD3, GATA2, GATA4, GSC, HAND2, MIXL1 and T: less than 10-fold). Fig. 34 shows gene expression as measured by qRT-PCR on the cell selection gene at 24 hours after the initiation of differentiation. 35 shows gene expression when measured by qRT-PCR on the cell selection gene at 72 hours after the initiation of differentiation.
Figures 36A to 36E show gene expression as measured by qRT-PCR on select genes for cells differentiated from groups 2 to 3 and 4 according to the protocol of Example 8. [ Specifically, these figures show the first day of the second period; Day 2 of the second period; Day 3 of Day 2; Day 3 of the third period; And gene expression of cells in the fourth day of the first cycle depending on the gene. Figure 36A shows gene expression for AFP, ATOH1 and CDX2. Figure 36B shows gene expression for GAST, HAND1, HHEX and HNF4a. Figure 36c shows gene expression for NKX2.2, NKX6.1, OSRl, and PDXl. Figure 36d shows gene expression for PROX1, PFT1a, SOX17, and SOX2. Figure 36E shows gene expression for SOX9. Data are presented as differences in expression compared to undifferentiated H1 (WA01) hES cell numbers (baseline expression of 1).
Figure 37 shows gene expression as measured by qRT-PCR, with respect to the selection gene for the fourth day and third cell of differentiation according to the protocol in Example 8. As shown in Fig. 37, at the end of differentiation on the third day of the third day, the cells showed a high expression level of PDX1 (1 x 10 < ⁶ Induction of overexpression of overexpression of the pancreas gene (ARX, GCG, GAST, INS, ISL, NEUROD1, NGN3, NKX2.2, NKX6.1, PAX4, PTF1a, and SST) Lt; RTI ID = 0.0 > OCT4 / POU5F1 < / RTI > expression.
38 shows the daily cell count during the differentiation protocol according to Example 8. Fig. Specifically, Figure 38 shows the cell density as a function of the number of days of the process. Figure 38 shows the cell counts for the differentiation protocol of the two reactor runs (PRD1205 and PRD1207) performed at pH 6.8 and 7.2. For comparison, cell counts for cell drift are also shown.
Figures 39a-39d show in vivo (Fig. 39a-d) the cell of Day 4 cell 4 differentiated according to the protocol of Example 8 and transplanted into SCID-Bg mice in vivo ) Biological activity. Cells were transplanted subcutaneously through the teratoside device under the renal capsule, or after incubation in a ultra-low attachment dish. Mice were monitored every 4 weeks after implant grafting for blood glucose and C-peptide levels. 39A is a graph of the < RTI ID = 0.0 > 5x10 < / RTI > ⁶ Or 10 x 10 ⁶ Indicates the level of C-peptide after transplantation of cells on day 4 of Day 4. FIG. 39B shows a graph of the < RTI ID = 0.0 > ⁶ Or 10 x 10 ⁶ Lt; / RTI > glucose level in animals after transplantation of cells on Day 4, Day 4, Day 3. The mice in Figure 39b were treated with STZ before transplantation to remove host < RTI ID = 0.0 > p-cell < / RTI > Figure 39c shows the level of C-peptide produced after transplantation of pre-cryopreserved fourth day 3 cells in a tetrasite device as a function of time (post-transplantation week). FIG. 39d is a graph showing the change in the C-cysteine concentration of the mice treated with the kidney transplants of untreated / new 4 th day 3 cells or cryopreserved 4 th day 3 cells transplanted immediately after thawing (D0) or 1 day after thawing (D1) Peptide levels are compared.
Figures 40A-40D show MCX compounds and GDF-8 (Figure 40A); MCX alone (Fig. 40b); WNT3A and actin A (Figure 40c); And FACS charts for CXCR4, CD99, and CD9 of cells differentiated for 3 days according to the protocol of Example 9, treated on Day 1 on Day 1 with WNT3A alone (Figure 40d). These figures show that the addition of 3 μM MCX in the absence of the TGF-β family member on the first day of differentiation in the suspension cultures resulted in 3 μM MCX + 100 ng / ml GDF-8 or 20 ng / ml WNT-3a + Indicating complete endoderm production at a level comparable to that obtained when cells were treated with 100 ng / ml actin A.
Figures 41a-d show FACS plots for CXCR4, CD99 and CD9 of cells differentiated for 3 days according to the protocol of Example 10, treated with varying amounts of MCX on Day 1 on Day 1. Specifically, the cells on the first day of the first stage were treated with 4 μM of MCX (FIG. 41A); 3 [mu] M MCX (Figure 41b); 2 [mu] M MCX (Figure 41c); And 1.5 [mu] M MCX (Fig. 41d).
42A and 42B show FACS charts for CXCR4, CD99 and CD9 of cells differentiated for 3 days according to the protocol of Example 11. FIG. Specifically, these figures show the role of the frequency of medium replacement in the suspension culture. Figure 42A shows a FACS chart for CXCR4, CD99 and CD9 of cells differentiated for 3 days according to the protocol of Example 10 with complete media change in one cell. Figure 42B shows a FACS chart for CXCR4, CD99 and CD9 of cells differentiated for 3 days according to the protocol of Example 10 without medium change on the third day. The data suggest that in the suspension culture system, the culture medium replaced on day 3 of differentiation (FIG. 42a) produced complete endoderm with the effect comparable to the culture medium (FIG. 42b) that was not replaced on day 3.
Figures 43A and 43B show FACS charts for CXCR4, CD99 and CD9 of cells differentiated for 3 days according to the protocol of Example 12. Specifically, these figures illustrate the role of GlutaMAX ™ in suspension cultures. Cells were cultured in 1 medium supplemented with 1X Glutamax ™ (FIG. 43a) or in Glutamax ™ or no glutamine (0 M glutamax ™) (FIG. 43b) medium. The data suggest that, in suspension culture systems, the addition of glutamax ™ does not appear to affect the efficacy of producing complete endoderm.
44A-44D show the effect of varying amounts of sodium bicarbonate on the differentiated cells according to the protocol of Example 13. FIG. Figures 44a and 44b show CXCR4, CD99, and / or CXCR4 of cells differentiated for 3 days according to the protocol of Example 13 using 3.64 g / l (Figure 44a) or 2.49 g / l (Figure 44b) FACS diagram for CD9 is shown. Figures 44c and 44d show phase contrast microphotographs of cells differentiated for 3 days according to the protocol of Example 13 using 3.64 g / l (Figure 44c) or 2.49 g / l (Figure 44d) .
Figure 45 shows the daily cell counts for cell density as a function of differentiation for differentiated cells according to the protocol of Example 14. Cell counts were obtained using an image-based cell counter (NucleoCounter®).
46 shows the daily average bioreactor culture pH level as a function of time (number of differentiation days) during the differentiation protocol of Example 14. FIG. The pH levels were measured by Nova BioProfile 占 flex (Nova Biomedical Corporation, Waltham, Mass., USA).
Figure 47 shows daily average bioreactor medium glucose levels as a function of time (number of differentiation days) during the differentiation protocol of Example 14. Glucose levels were measured by Nova BioProfile ' Flex (Nova Biomedical Corporation, Waltham, Mass., USA).
Figure 48 shows the daily average bioreactor culture lactate levels as a function of time (number of days of differentiation) during the differentiation protocol of Example 14. Lactate levels were measured by Nova BioProfile 占 flex (Nova Biomedical Corporation, Waltham, Mass., USA).
49 is a graph showing the effect of a pluripotent cell-versus-expression ratio versus an undifferentiated cell-versus-host cell ratio for a pluripotent array containing pluripotency-related selection genes for cells 0 day 1 to 3 and day 1 to day 3 to day differentiated according to the protocol of Example 14. [ , As measured by qRT-PCR. 50 is a graph showing the effect of DE on a DE array containing a selective gene associated with DE for days 0 to 3, day 1 to day 3 and day 2 and day 1 to day 3 of differentiation according to the protocol of Example 14 , As expressed by qRT-PCR as an expression multiple relative to undifferentiated cells.
Figure 51 shows the results of FACS on markers (CD184 / CXCR4, SSEA4, TRA-1-60 and TRA-1-81) related to the universality for cell 0, before differentiating according to the protocol of Example 14 . Specifically, Figure 51 shows high expression of markers associated with universality.
52 shows FACS diagrams for the completed endoderm markers CXCR4, CD99, and CD9 of the cells differentiated to the late phase 1 according to the protocol of Example 14. Fig.
53 shows the first day of the second stage differentiated according to the protocol of Example 14; GAPDH, AFP, HHEX, HNF4 ?, PDX1, and PROX1 on day 2 and day 2 of Day 2 as measured by qRT-PCR as undifferentiated cell-to-cell multiples. Figure 53 shows the increase in expression of the full-length genes (AFP, HHEX, PDX1, and PROX1).
FIG. 54 is a graph showing the effect of GAPDH, AFP, CDX2, GAST, HNF4A, NKX2-2, OSR1, PDX1 and PFT1A on the cells of days 1 to 3 and days 1 to 3 of day 2 differentiated according to the protocol of Example 14. Expression level as measured by qRT-PCR as an expression multiple relative to undifferentiated cells. As shown in Fig. 54, the expression of PDX1 was increased from 12,000 × at the end of day 3 of the second day to 60 days at the end of day 3 of day 3, to 739,000 × as compared with the control.
FIG. 55 shows the results obtained when qRT-PCR, as a multiple of expression relative to undifferentiated cells, for a given gene for cells of Day 3 to Day 3 and Day 4 of Day 4 to Day 4 differentiated according to the protocol of Example 14 ≪ / RTI > Specifically, the top panel of FIG. 55 shows gene expression for GAPDH, AFP, ALB, ARX, CDX2, CHGA, GAST, GCG, IAAP, INS, ISL1, and MAFB. 55 shows gene expression of MAFB, MUCS, NEUROD1, NEUROG3, NKX2-2, NKX6-1, PAX4, PDX1, POUSF1, PTF1A, SST and ZlC1.
56 shows an end-stage micrograph of cells differentiated according to the protocol of Example 14. Fig. In Figure 56, a representative micrograph (4X) of cell clusters of the 0 and 1 to 4 differentiation stages can be seen.
Figures 57 to 80 show that for cells differentiated according to various embodiments of the protocol of Example 15 after differentiating 0 hours, 6 hours, 24 hours, 30 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours for the following genes, Expression of gene when measured by qRT-PCR as expression multiple relative to cells: AFP (Figure 57); CD99 (Figure 58); CD9 (Figure 59); CDH1 (Fig. 60); CDH2 (Figure 61); CDX2 (Figure 62); CER1 (Fig. 63); CXCR4 (Fig. 64); FGF17 (Fig. 65); FGF4 (Fig. 66); FOXA (Fig. 67); GADPH (Figure 68); GATA4 (Fig. 69); GATA6 (Fig. 70); GSC (Fig. 71); KIT (Fig. 72); MIXL1 (Fig. 73); MNX1 (Fig. 74); NANOG (Fig. 75); OTX2 (Figure 76); POUF5F1 (Fig. 77); SOX17 (Fig. 78); SOX7 (FIG. 79) and T (FIG. 80).
Figure 81 shows the percentage of cells in G0 / G1 of the cell cycle to cells after 6 hours, 24 hours, 30 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours of differentiation according to various embodiments of the protocol of Example 15. Specifically, Figure 81 shows the results for clusters treated on the first day of differentiation in one of six conditions: (1) neat, (2) 3 μM MCX + 100 ng / ml GDF-8 (3) 3 μM MCX alone, (4) 100 ng / ml GDF-8 alone, (5) 20 ng / ml WNT-3A (catalog number 1324-WN- 002 (R & D Systems, Minnesota, USA) + 100 ng / ml Activin A (catalog number 338-AC from R & D Systems, Minn. .
82 shows the effect of EDU treatment on cell clusters differentiated according to the protocol of Example 15. Fig. The left panel shows the percentage of cells in G2 / M of the cell cycle to cells after differentiation at 0 hour, 6 hours, 24 hours, 30 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours according to various embodiments of the protocol of Example 15 . Specifically, the left panel shows the results for clusters treated on the first day of differentiation in one of the following six conditions: (1) pure, (2) 3 μM MCX + 100 ng / ml GDF-8 (3) 3 μM MCX alone, (4) 100 ng / ml GDF-8 alone, (5) 20 ng / ml WNT-3A (catalog number 1324-WN-002, MN, USA) or (6) 20 ng / ml WNT-3A alone. In one data set, these clusters were also processed with EDUs. The right panel of Figure 82 shows the percentage of EDU-positive cells at 0 hour, 6 hour, 24 hour, 30 hour, 48 hour, and 72 hour differentiation according to various embodiments of the protocol of Example 15.
83 shows the general operating parameters used in the protocol of Example 15. Fig.
84 shows the EDU incorporation of cells after 6 hours, 24 hours, 30 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours of differentiation according to various embodiments of the protocol of Example 15. FIG. Specifically, Figure 84 shows the results for EDU incubated cell clusters treated on the first day of differentiation in one of six conditions: (1) pure, (2) 3 μM MCX + 100 ng / ml GDF-8 (Catalog No. 1324-WN-002, Catalog No. 120-00, Peprotec), (3) 3 μM MCX alone, (4) 100 ng / ml GDF- USA), or (6) 20 ng / ml WNT-3A alone, with the addition of 100 ng / ml Activin A (Catalog No. 338-AC, RAND Systems, Minn.
85 shows the percentage of cells in G0 / G1 of the cell cycle to cells after differentiation at 6 hours, 24 hours, 30 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours, according to various embodiments of the protocol of Example 15. FIG. Specifically, Figure 85 shows the results for clusters treated on the first day of differentiation in one of six conditions: (1) pure, (2) 3 μM MCX + 100 ng / ml GDF-8 (3) 3 μM MCX alone, (4) 100 ng / ml GDF-8 alone, (5) 20 ng / ml WNT-3A (catalog number 1324-WN-002, MN, USA) or (6) 20 ng / ml WNT-3A alone.
86 shows the percentage of cells in the S phase of the cell cycle relative to the cells after 6 hours, 24 hours, 30 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours of differentiation according to various embodiments of Example 15. FIG. Specifically, Figure 86 shows the results for clusters treated on the first day of differentiation in one of six conditions: (1) pure, (2) 3 μM MCX + 100 ng / ml GDF-8 (3) 3 μM MCX alone, (4) 100 ng / ml GDF-8 alone, (5) 20 ng / ml WNT-3A (catalog number 1324-WN-002, MN, USA) or (6) 20 ng / ml WNT-3A alone.
Figure 87 shows the percentage of cells in the S phase of the cell cycle versus cells after 6 hours, 24 hours, 30 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours of differentiation according to various embodiments of the protocol of Example 15. Specifically, Figure 87 shows the results for clusters treated on the first day of differentiation in one of six conditions: (1) pure, (2) 3 μM MCX + 100 ng / ml GDF-8 (3) 3 μM MCX alone, (4) 100 ng / ml GDF-8 alone, (5) 20 ng / ml WNT-3A (catalog number 1324-WN-002, MN, USA) or (6) 20 ng / ml WNT-3A alone.
Figures 88a-88e are graphs showing the effect of differentiation times on differentiated cells after 0 hour, 6 hours, 24 hours, 30 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours of differentiation according to various embodiments of the protocol of Example 15 , As measured by qRT-PCR. 88a shows gene expression as measured by qRT-PCR as expression multiples for undifferentiated cells for CD99, CD9, CDH1 and CDH2. 88a shows gene expression as measured by qRT-PCR as expression multiples for undifferentiated cells for CXD2, CER1, CXCR4 and FGF17. Figure 88c shows gene expression as measured by qRT-PCR as an expression multiple for undifferentiated cells for FGF4, FOXA, GATA4 and GATA6. Figure 88d shows gene expression as measured by qRT-PCR as expression multiple for undifferentiated cells for GSC, KIT, MIXL1 and MNXl. Figure 88E shows gene expression as measured by qRT-PCR as an expression multiple for undifferentiated cells for NANOG, OTX2, POUF5F1 and SOX17. 88F shows gene expression as measured by qRT-PCR as an expression multiple for undifferentiated cells, for SOX7 and T; The basic data for Figs. 88A to 88F are shown in Figs. 58 to 67 and Fig. 69 to Fig.
89 shows gene expression patterns of pluripotent cells cultured in an exocytic differentiation medium according to the protocol of Example 16 as measured by qRT-PCR. As shown in Figure 89, the cells were differentiated toward the neuronal lineage. Specifically, the left panel of FIG. 89 shows a gene expression pattern for an induced pluripotent stem cell line generated from cord tissue cells (UTC). The right panel of Figure 89 shows the gene expression pattern for the WB0106 sub-clone of the H1 hES cell line.
90 shows gene expression patterns of pluripotent cells cultured in mesodermal differentiation medium according to the protocol of Example 16 as measured by qRT-PCR. As shown in Figure 90, the cells were differentiated toward the cardiac cell lineage. Specifically, the left panel of FIG. 90 shows a gene expression pattern for an induced pluripotent stem cell line generated from cord tissue cells (UTC). The right panel of Figure 90 shows the gene expression pattern for the WB0106 sub-clone of the H1 hES cell line.
91 shows gene expression patterns of pluripotent cells cultured in an exocytic differentiation medium according to the protocol of Example 16 as measured by qRT-PCR. As shown in FIG. 91, the cells were differentiated toward the neuronal lineage. Specifically, the left panel of FIG. 91 shows a gene expression pattern for an induced pluripotent stem cell line generated from umbilical cord tissue cells (UTC). The right panel of FIG. 91 shows the gene expression pattern for the WB0106 sub-clone of the H1 hES cell line.
92 shows a protein expression pattern for PAX6, SOX2, and POU5F1 / OCT4, as measured by FACS, of pluripotent cells cultured for 3 days in an exocytic differentiation medium according to the protocol of Example 16. Fig. Specifically, the left panel of FIG. 92 shows the expression pattern for PAX6, SOX2, and POU5F1 / OCT4 on the induced pluripotent stem cell lines generated from cord tissue cells (UTC). The right panel of Figure 92 shows the protein expression patterns for PAX6, SOX2, and POU5F1 / OCT4 on the WB0106 sub-clone of the H1 hES cell line.
93 shows gene expression patterns of pluripotent cells cultured in mesodermal differentiation medium according to the protocol of Example 16 as measured by qRT-PCR. 93, the cells were differentiated toward the cardiac cell line. Specifically, the left panel of FIG. 93 shows a gene expression pattern for an induced pluripotent stem cell line generated from cord tissue cells (UTC). The right panel of Figure 93 shows the gene expression pattern for the WB0106 sub-clone of the H1 hES cell line.
94 shows a photomicrograph of cells differentiated in mesodermal differentiation medium according to the protocol of Example 16. Fig. As shown in Figure 94, cells were differentiated toward the cardiac cell lineage. Specifically, the left panel of FIG. 94 shows a micrograph of cells of the WB0106 sub-clone of the H1 hES cell line on days 3, 5 and 10 of differentiation. The right panel of Figure 94 shows a micrograph of an induced pluripotent stem cell line (UTC iPSC) produced from cordage tissue cells 10 days after differentiation.
95 shows a photomicrograph of cells differentiated in differentiation medium according to the protocol of Example 16. Fig. As shown in Figure 95, the cells were differentiated toward the neuronal lineage. Specifically, the left panel of Figure 95 shows a micrograph of the cells of the WB0106 sub-clone of the H1 hES cell line on days 3, 5 and 10 of differentiation. The right panel of Figure 95 shows a micrograph of an induced pluripotent stem cell line (UTC iPSC) produced from cord tissue cells 10 days after differentiation.

The present application relates to the production of embryonic stem cells and other pluripotent cells that maintain universality in aggregated cell clusters for differentiation into endodermal progenitor cells, pancreatic endocrine cells, mesodermal cells or ectodermal cells. For purposes of clarity of disclosure and without limitation, the detailed description of the invention is divided into the following subsections that describe or illustrate certain features, embodiments, or applications of the present invention.

Justice

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that are defined by both their self-renewal and differentiation capacity at the single cell level. Stem cells can produce progeny cells that include self-renewing progenitor cells, non-regenerating progenitor cells, and terminally differentiated cells. Stem cells are also characterized in vitro by their ability to differentiate into multiple cell lineage functional cells from multiple germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm). In addition, stem cells give rise to a large number of germinal layer tissues after transplantation and contribute substantially to most tissues, although not all, after injection into blastocysts.

Stem cells are classified by their developmental potential. "Cell culture" or "cultivation " refers generally to cells that are taken from a living organism and grown under controlled conditions (" in culture "or" cultured "). Primary cell cultures are cultures of cells, tissues, or organs taken directly from the organism prior to the first subculture. When cells are placed in a growth medium under conditions that promote either or both cell growth and division, they are amplified in culture to produce a larger population of cells. When cells are amplified in culture, the rate of cell proliferation is sometimes measured in terms of the amount of time required to double the number of cells (referred to as doubling time).

As used herein, "amplification" means that the number of pluripotent stem cells is increased by culturing, for example at least about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35% %, 45%, 50%, 60%, 75%, 90%, 100%, 200%, 500%, 1000% or more, and levels within these percentages. It is understood that the number of pluripotent stem cells that can be obtained from a single pluripotent stem cell depends on the proliferative capacity of pluripotent stem cells. The proliferative capacity of pluripotent stem cells is determined by the time of doubling of the cells, the time required for the cells to undergo mitosis in the culture, and the period during which pluripotent pluripotent stem cells can be maintained in an undifferentiated state, Which corresponds to a value obtained by multiplying the number of days between subculture cultures.

Differentiation is the process by which unspecialized ("uncommitted") or less specialized cells acquire the characteristics of specialized cells such as neurons or muscle cells. Differentiated or differentiated-derived cells have occupied a more specialized (committed) position within the cell lineage. When applied to a differentiation process, the term "determined" will continue to differentiate into a particular cell type or subset of cell types under normal circumstances in the differentiation pathway, and can not differentiate into different cell types under normal circumstances, It refers to a cell that has progressed to the point where it can not return. "De-differentiation" refers to the process by which a cell returns to a less specialized (or determined) location in a cell's system. As used herein, a cell "lineage" defines the genome of a cell, i.e., from which cell it is derived, and what cell it can produce. The cell system places the cell in the genetic system of development and differentiation. Lineage-specific markers are those characteristics that are specifically associated with the phenotype of a cell of the line of interest and can be used to assess whether undifferentiated cells differentiate into lines of interest.

As used herein, a "marker" is a nucleic acid or polypeptide molecule that is differentially expressed in a cell of interest. In this context, differential expression refers to an increased level for positive markers and a reduced level for negative markers as compared to undifferentiated cells. The detectable level of the marker nucleic acid or polypeptide is sufficiently high or lower in the cell of interest compared to other cells so that the cell of interest is identified and distinguished from the other cell using any of the various methods known in the art .

As used herein, a cell is "positive" for a particular marker or "positive" when a particular marker is sufficiently detected in the cell. Similarly, a cell is "negative" to a particular marker or "negative" when a particular marker is not fully detected in the cell. In particular, positive by FACS is usually more than 2%, whereas negative threshold by FACS is usually less than 1%. Positivity by PCR is usually less than 34 cycles (Ct); The negative by PCR is usually over 34.5 cycles.

As used herein, "cell density" and "seeding density" are used interchangeably herein and refer to the number of cells seeded per unit area of solid or semi-solid planar or curved substrate .

As used herein, "suspension culture" refers to a culture of cells, single cells or clusters suspended in a medium rather than attached to a surface.

As used herein, "serum free" refers to the absence of human or animal serum. Therefore, the serum-free culture medium does not contain serum or a part of serum.

In an attempt to replicate the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into functional pancreatic endocrine cells in cell cultures, the differentiation process is often thought to be processed through a number of sequential steps. As used herein, the various steps are defined by the incubation times, and reagents described in the Examples included herein.

As used herein, "complete endoderm" refers to a cell that retains the characteristics of a cell resulting from epiblast during cyst formation and forms a gastrointestinal tract and its derived cells. Completed endoderm cells express at least one of the following markers: FOXA2 (also known as hepatocyte nuclear factor 3-beta (HNF3 beta)), GATA4, GATA6, MNX1, SOX17, CXCR4, Cerberus, OTX2, brachyury, goosecoid, C-Kit, CD99, and MIXL1. Markers characteristic of complete endodermal cells include CXCR4, FOXA2 and SOX17. Thus, complete endodermal cells may be characterized by their expression of CXCR4, FOXA2, and SOX17. In addition, an increase in HNF4? May be observed, depending on the length of time that the cells are maintained at the first stage.

As used herein, "pancreatic endocrine cells" refers to cells capable of expressing at least one of the following hormones: insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, ghrelin, and pancreatic polypeptide. In addition to these hormones, markers characteristic of pancreatic endocrine cells include one or more of NGN3, NeuroD1, ISL1, PDX1, NKX6.1, PAX4, ARX, NKX2.2, and PAX6. Pancreatic endocrine cells that express a marker characteristic of? cells may be characterized by the expression of at least one of insulin and the following transcription factors: PDX1, NKX2.2, NKX6.1, NeuroD1, ISL1, HNF3 ?, MAFA, PAX4 , And PAX6.

"d1", "d1", and "first day"; "d2", "d2", and "second day"; "d3", "d3", and "third day" are used interchangeably herein. The combination of these numbers and letters refers to the specific day of incubation at different steps during the staged differentiation protocol of the present application.

"Glucose" and "D-glucose" are used interchangeably herein and refer to dextrose, a sugar commonly found in nature.

"NeuroD" and "NeuroD1" which confirm the protein expressed in pancreatic endocrine progenitor cells and the gene encoding the same are used interchangeably herein.

"LDN" and "LDN-193189" were purchased from Stemgent, Inc., Cambridge, Mass., USA under the trade designation STEMOLECULE (TM) Yl) pyrazolo [1,5-a] pyrimidine, hydrochloride; DM-3189).

Isolation, amplification and culture of pluripotent stem cells

Allogeneic stem cells can express one or more of the designated TRA-1-60 and TRA-1-81 antibodies (Thomson et al. 1998, Science 282: 1145-1147). Differentiation of pluripotent stem cells in vitro leads to loss of TRA-1-60, and TRA-1-81 expression. Undifferentiated pluripotent stem cells typically have alkaline phosphatase activity, which can be detected by fixing the cells with 4% paraformaldehyde followed by color development using Vector (R) Red as a substrate , As described by the manufacturer (Vector Laboratories, Inc., Burlingame, Calif., USA). Undifferentiated pluripotent stem cells also typically express OCT4 and TERT when detected by RT-PCR.

Another desirable phenotype of pluripotent pluripotent stem cells is the potential to differentiate into cells of all three embryonic layers, endoderm, mesoderm and ectodermal tissue. The pluripotency of stem cells can be determined by injecting cells into, for example, severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome ("SCID") mice, fixing the resulting teratomas using 4% paraformaldehyde, Can be confirmed by histologic examination of evidence of cell type. Alternatively, universality can be determined by generating an embryoid body and evaluating the culture for the presence of markers associated with the three embryo layers.

The proliferated universal stem cell line can be determined using the standard G-banding technique and compared to the published karyotype of the corresponding primate species. It is desirable to obtain cells with a "normal karyotype ", meaning that the cells are all orthotopic, with all human chromosomes present and not noticeably altered. Universal cultures can be easily amplified in cultures using a variety of feeder layers, or by using a substrate coated with a protein matrix. Alternatively, chemically defined surfaces can be used for routine amplification of cells in combination with defined media such as mTeSR®1 medium (Stem Cell Technologies, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada).

Culturing in suspension culture according to the method of some embodiments of the present invention is accomplished by seeding the pluripotent stem cells into the culture vessel with cell density promoting cell survival and proliferation but differentiation is limited. Typically, a seeding density is used to maintain the undifferentiation of the cells. It will be appreciated that although a single-cell suspension of stem cells can be seeded, a small cluster of cells may be advantageous.

In order to provide a sufficient and continuous supply of nutrients and growth factors to the pluripotent stem cells while in suspension culture, the culture medium may be replaced or supplemented on a predetermined schedule, such as every 1 to 5 days, or on a daily basis. Large clusters of pluripotent stem cells can cause cell differentiation, and measurements can be made to avoid large allogenic stem cell aggregates. According to some embodiments of the present invention, the formed pluripotent stem cell clusters are dissociated, for example every 2 to 7 days, and single cells or small cell clusters are divided into additional culture vessels (i.e., subcultured) Maintained in a culture vessel and treated with an alternative or additional culture medium.

The large allodynia stem cell clusters containing pellets of pluripotent stem cells obtained from centrifugation can undergo one or both of enzymatic degradation and mechanical dissociation. Quad enzymatic degradation of stem cell clusters may be performed by exposing the enzyme to the community, such as the Type IV collagenase, dispase or Accu hydratase ^{® ®.} The mechanical dissociation of large allodynia stem cell clusters can be performed using an apparatus designed to break the clusters into a predetermined size. Additionally or alternatively, mechanical dissociation can be performed manually using a needle or pipette.

The culture container used for culturing the pluripotent stem cells in a suspended state according to the method of some embodiments of the present invention is a culture container having an inner surface designed to prevent adhesion or adhesion of the internally cultured pluripotent stem cells (for example, (For example, a non-tissue culture treated vessel to prevent adhesion or adhesion to its surface), which has a purity rating suitable for culturing pluripotent stem cells. In order to obtain a preferably scalable culture, cultivation according to some embodiments of the present invention is accomplished using a controlled culture system (preferably a computer controlled culture system) Are used to automatically monitor and control culture parameters such as temperature, agitation, pH, and oxygen. Once the desired culture parameters are determined, the system can be set up to automatically adjust the culture parameters as needed to enhance pluripotent stem cell amplification and differentiation.

The pluripotent stem cells can be cultured under dynamic conditions (i.e., under conditions in which the pluripotent stem cells are constantly moved in suspension culture, for example, while in a stirred suspension culture system) or under non-dynamic conditions Can be cultured while conserving their proliferative, universal ability and karyotypic stability throughout the subculture passage.

In the case of non-dynamic culturing of pluripotent stem cells, the pluripotent stem cells were cultured in coated or uncoated Petri dishes, T-flasks, HyperFlask® (Corning Incorporated, Corning, NY, USA) (NUNC ™ Cell Factory ™ system (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Corning, NY, USA) or Cell Factory (Corning Inc., Corning, NY) Inc. For dynamic culturing of pluripotent stem cells, the pluripotent stem cells may be cultured in a spinner flask or an Erlenmeyer flask, stainless steel, glass or disposable plastic shaker or stirred tank vessel The culture vessel may be connected to a control unit and thus provide a controlled culture system. Fish, the spinner flask or may be conical flask) was stirred continuously or intermittently. Preferably, the culture vessel is stirred sufficiently to maintain the pluripotent stem cells in a suspended state.

The pluripotent stem cells may be cultured in any medium that provides sufficient nutrients and environmental stimulation to promote growth and amplification. Suitable media include E8 ™, IH3 and mTeSR ^® 1 or mTeSR ^® 2. The medium can be replaced periodically to refresh the nutrient supply and remove cellular by-products. According to some embodiments of the invention, the culture medium is replaced daily.

A source of pluripotent stem cells

Any pluripotent stem cells can be used in the methods of the present invention. Exemplary types of pluripotent stem cells that can be used are fetal tissues, embryonic tissues, or pre-embryonic tissues taken at any time during pregnancy, typically, but not necessarily, about 10-12 weeks before gestation (e.g., Blastocysts), as well as established pluripotent cell lines derived from tissues formed after pregnancy. Non-limiting examples include established human embryonic stem cell lines or human embryonic stem cells such as human embryonic stem cell lines (hESCs) H1, H7, and H9 (WiCell Research Institute, Madison, Wis. It is a germ cell line. Cells taken from an already cultured pluripotent stem cell population in the absence of feeder cells are also suitable.

Inducible pluripotent cells (IPS) or reprogrammable cells that can be derived from adult somatic cells using forced expression of a number of universality related transcription factors such as OCT4, NANOG, Sox2, KLF4, and ZFP42, Are also suitable ( Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2011, 12: 165-185). Human embryonic stem cells used in the methods of the present invention can also be prepared as described by Thomson et al. (U.S. Patent No. 5,843,780; Science, 1998, 282: 1145-1147; Curr Top Dev Biol 1998, 38: 133-165; Proc Natl Acad Sci U S. 1995, 92: 7844-7848). Cells derived from adult somatic cells, such as Takahashi et al ., Cell 131: 1-12 (2007), for example BG01v (BresaGen, Athens, Mutant human embryonic stem cell lines such as the disclosed cells are suitable. Suitable pluripotent stem cells for use in the present invention are described in Li et al. ( Cell Stem Cell 4: 16-19, 2009); See Maherali et al. ( Cell Stem Cell 1: 55-70, 2007); Stadtfeld et al. ( Cell Stem Cell 2: 230-240); Nakagawa et < RTI ID = 0.0 > al. ( Nature Biotechnology 26: 101-106, 2008); Takahashi et al. ( Cell 131: 861-872, 2007); And U. S. Patent Application Publication No. < RTI ID = 0.0 > 2011-0104805. ≪ / RTI > Other sources of pluripotent stem cells include inducible pluripotent cells (IPS, Cell , 126 (4): 663-676). Other sources of cells suitable for use in the methods of the present invention include human umbilical cord tissue derived cells, human amniotic fluid cells, human placenta derived cells, and parthenotes. In one embodiment, umbilical cord tissue-derived cells can be obtained using the method of U.S. Patent No. 7,510,873, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety as it relates to the isolation and characterization of cells. In another embodiment, placental tissue-derived cells can be obtained using the methods of U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2005/0058631, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety as it relates to the isolation and characterization of cells. In another embodiment, the amphotropic cell can be obtained using the method of U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0122903, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, as it relates to the isolation and characterization of cells have.

The characteristics of pluripotent stem cells are well known to those skilled in the art, and additional features of pluripotent stem cells are still being identified. An allogeneic stem cell marker can be, for example, one or more of the following (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, Expression includes: ABCG2, crypto, FOXD3, CONNEXIN43, CONNEXIN45, OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, hTERT, UTF1, ZFP42, SSEA-3, SSEA-4, TRA-1-60, TRA-1-81. In one embodiment, the pluripotent stem cells suitable for use in the methods of the present invention comprise one or more of CD9, SSEA4, TRA-1-60, and TRA-1-81 when detected by flow cytometry (e.g., , 2, 3, or both) and lacks the expression of the differentiation marker CXCR4 (also known as CD184). In another embodiment, the pluripotent stem cells suitable for use in the methods of the present invention express at least one (e.g., one, two or all) of CD9, NANOG and POU5F1 / OCT4 when detected by RT-PCR do.

Exemplary pluripotent stem cells include human embryonic stem cell line H9 (NIH code: WA09), human embryonic stem cell line H1 (NIH code: WA01), human embryonic stem cell line H7 (NIH code: WA07) and human embryonic stem cell line SA002 Cellartis, < / RTI > Sweden). In one embodiment, the universal stem cell is a human embryonic stem cell, such as a H1 hES cell. In an alternative embodiment, allogeneic stem cells of non-embryonic origin are used.

Differentiation of cells expressing markers characteristic of pancreatic endoderm lineage from pluripotent stem cells

Amplification of pluripotent stem cells

In some of the embodiments as described below, the present invention relates to isolating and culturing stem cells, in particular culturing stem cell clusters, which maintain universality within the dynamic suspension culture system. Pluripotent clusters can be differentiated to produce functional beta cells.

The pluripotent stem cells used in the method of the present invention are preferably amplified in a dynamic suspension culture prior to differentiation towards the desired endpoint. Advantageously, it has been found that pluripotent stem cells can be cultured and amplified as clusters of cells in suspension in a suitable medium without loss of universality. Such cultures can occur in a dynamic suspension culture system wherein cells or cell clusters are kept moving sufficiently to prevent loss of universality. Useful dynamic suspension culture systems include systems provided with means for agitating the culture components, for example, through stirring, shaking, recirculation or bubbling of the gas through the medium. Such agitation may be intermittent or continuous, as long as sufficient movement of the cell clusters is maintained to promote amplification and prevent immature differentiation. Preferably, the stirring includes continuous stirring, for example, through an impeller rotating at a specific speed. The impeller may have an annular or planar bottom. The stirring speed of the impeller should be such that the cluster remains suspended and settling is minimized. Also, the angle of the impeller blades can be adjusted to aid in upward movement of the cells and clusters to avoid settling. In addition, the impeller type, angle, and rotational speed can all be adjusted so that the cells and clusters appear as homogeneous colloidal suspensions.

Suspension culturing and amplification of pluripotent stem cell clusters can be accomplished by transferring stably cultured stem cells to a suitable dynamic culture system such as disposable plastic, reusable plastic, stainless steel or glass containers, for example, a spinner flask or an Erlenmeyer flask . For example, stem cells cultured in an adherent environment, i.e. on a plate or a dish surface, may first be treated with a chelating agent or enzyme to remove from the surface. Suitable enzymes are commercially available as type I collagenase, dispase ^® (Sigma Aldrich El elssi (Sigma Aldrich LLC), Missouri St. Louis material), or trade names Accu hydratase ^® (Sigma Aldrich El elssi, United States St. Louis, Missouri material) But are not limited to, commercially available formulations. Accu hydratase ^® is a collagen (as isolated from shellfish) degradability and proteolytic enzyme solution desorption cell (cell detachment solution) containing and does not contain a bacterial or mammalian-derived products. Thus, in one embodiment, the enzyme is a collagenase or a proteolytic enzyme or a cell desorbent solution comprising a collagen degradable and proteolytic enzyme. Suitable chelating agents include, but are not limited to, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). In some embodiments, the pluripotent stem cell cultures are incubated with the enzyme or chelating agent, preferably until the colony edges are curled and lifted, but until complete desorption of the colonies occurs from the culture surface. In one embodiment, the cell culture is incubated at room temperature. In one embodiment, the cells are incubated at a temperature of greater than 20 ° C, greater than 25 ° C, greater than 30 ° C, or greater than 35 ° C, for example, at a temperature of from about 20 ° C to about 40 ° C, And incubated at a temperature of from 30 째 C to about 40 째 C, for example, at a temperature of about 37 째 C. In one embodiment, the cells are cultured for at least about 1 minute, at least about 5 minutes, at least about 10 minutes, at least about 15 minutes, at least about 20 minutes, such as from about 1 minute to about 30 minutes, from about 5 minutes to about 30 minutes , About 10 minutes to about 25 minutes, about 15 minutes to about 25 minutes, for example about 20 minutes. In one embodiment, the method comprises removing the enzyme or chelating agent from the cell culture after treatment. In one embodiment, the cell culture is washed once or twice or more after removal of the enzyme or chelating agent. In one embodiment, cell cultures are washed with a suitable culture medium such as mTeSR®1 (Stem Cell Technologies, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada). In one embodiment, Rho-kinase inhibitors (e.g., Y-27632, Axxora catalog number ALX-270-333, San Diego, CA). The Rho-kinase inhibitor may be administered at a dose of about 1 to about 100 [mu] M, about 1 to 90 [mu] M, about 1 to about 80 [mu] M, about 1 to about 70 [ 40 μM, about 1 to about 30 μM, about 1 to about 20 μM, about 1 to about 15 μM, about 1 to about 10 μM, or about 10 μM. In one embodiment, the Rho-kinase inhibitor is added at least 1 [mu] M, at least 5 [mu] M, or at least 10 [mu] M. The cells may be lifted from the surface of the stationary culture system using a scraper or a rubber policeman. The medium and cells may be transferred to a dynamic culture system using a glass pipette or other suitable means. In a preferred embodiment, the medium in the dynamic culture system is replaced daily.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method of culturing and amplifying pluripotent stem cells in a three-dimensional suspension culture. In particular, the method provides cultured and amplified pluripotent stem cells by forming aggregated cell clusters of these pluripotent stem cells. Cell cluster may be formed as a result of the enzyme pluripotent stem cell culture (e. G., Neutral protease, such as dispase ^®) or a chelating agent treatment prior to culturing cells. Preferably, the cells can be cultured in a stirred or shaking suspension culture system. In one embodiment, the invention further provides for the formation of a cell expressing a marker characteristic of the pancreatic endoderm lineage from such clusters of pluripotent stem cells.

Preferably, the cell clusters are aggregated pluripotent stem cells. Aggregated stem cells express one or more (e.g., one, two, three or all) of one or more universal markers, e.g., markers CD9, SSEA4, TRA-1-60, And the expression of one or more differentiation markers is lacking, for example, the expression of CXCR4 is lacking. In one embodiment, the aggregated stem cells express the universal markers CD9, SSEA4, TRA-1-60, and TRA-1-81, and the expression of the differentiation marker CXCR4 is absent.

One embodiment is a method for culturing pluripotent stem cells as a cell cluster in a suspension culture. Cell clusters are aggregated pluripotent stem cells cultured in a dynamic agitation or shake suspension culture system. The cell clusters can be transferred from a planar adherent culture to a stirred or shake suspension culture system using enzymes such as neutral proteases, such as dispase, as cell lifting agents. Exemplary suitable enzymes include Type IV collagenase, dispase or Accu hydratase ^{® ®,} but are not limited to. The cells maintain universality in a stirred or shake suspension culture system, particularly in a stirred suspension culture system.

Another embodiment of the present invention is a method for culturing pluripotent stem cells as a cell cluster in a suspension culture wherein the cell clusters are transferred from a flat adherent culture using a chelating agent such as EDTA and incubated in a stirred or shake- It is an aggregated pluripotent stem cell cultured in the system. Cell clusters maintain universality in stirred or shake suspension culture systems, particularly stirred (dynamic stirred) suspension culture systems.

Another embodiment of the present invention is a method for culturing pluripotent stem cells as a cell cluster in a suspension culture wherein the cell clusters are transferred from a flat adherent culture using an enzyme Accutase ^占 and are incubated in a stirred or shake suspension culture system It is cultured aggregated pluripotent stem cells. Cell clusters remain universal within the dynamic stirred suspension culture system.

The cell clusters of the present invention can be differentiated into mesodermal cells, for example, heart cells, ectodermal cells, such as neurons, monohydrogen-positive cells or pancreatic endoderm cells. The method may further include differentiation, for example, differentiation of pancreatic endoderm cells into pancreatic progenitor cells and pancreatic hormone-expressing cells. In another embodiment, the pancreatic progenitor cells are characterized by the expression of the beta cell transcription factors PDX1 and NKX6.1.

In one embodiment, the step of differentiation is performed in a suspension culture system for at least 12 hours, at least 24 hours, at least 36 hours, at least 48 hours, at least 72 hours, at least 96 hours, at least 120 hours, at least 144 hours, at least 168 hours , At least 196 hours, preferably from about 48 hours to about 72 hours. Differentiation can be carried out using the stepwise progression of media components as described in the examples (see, for example, Tables A and Ia and Table Ic).

In a preferred embodiment, the three-dimensional cell cluster comprises the steps of growing pluripotent stem cells in a flat adherent culture; Amplifying pluripotent stem cells with aggregated cell clusters; And clustering of pluripotent stem cells from flat adherent cultures into a dynamic suspension culture using an enzyme or chelating agent. A further preferred embodiment is a method of amplifying and differentiating pluripotent stem cells in a dynamic stirred suspension culture system, comprising: growing pluripotent stem cells in a flat adherent culture; Amplifying pluripotent stem cells with aggregated cell clusters; And clusters of pluripotent stem cells from flat adherent cultures into a dynamic suspension culture using an enzyme or chelating agent; And dividing the universal cell cluster in a dynamic stirred suspension culture system to produce a population of pancreatic progenitor cells.

Another embodiment is an implantable stem cell-derived cell product comprising differentiated stem cells prepared from suspension of amplified pluripotent stem cell clusters differentiated into pancreatic progenitor cells. More specifically, the transplantable stem cell-derived product comprises the steps of growing pluripotent stem cells in a flat adherent culture; Amplifying pluripotent stem cells with aggregated cell clusters; And clusters of pluripotent stem cells from flat adherent cultures into a dynamic suspension culture using an enzyme or chelating agent; And dividing the universal cell clusters in a dynamic stirred suspension culture system. The transplantable stem cell-derived cell product is preferably used to treat diabetes.

In another embodiment, the methods comprise transplantation into a diabetic animal for further in vivo maturation into functional pancreatic endocrine cells.

Another embodiment is a method of amplifying and differentiating pluripotent stem cells in a suspension culture system, comprising: growing pluripotent stem cells in a flat adherent culture; Removing the pluripotent stem cells from the flat adherent culture using the enzyme; Attaching the pluripotent stem cells to the microcarriers in a stationary culture; Amplifying the pluripotent cells in a dynamic stirred suspension culture system; And dividing the pluripotent cells in a dynamic stirred suspension culture system to produce a population of pancreatic progenitor cells.

The microcarriers may be of any shape known in the art for attaching cells, and in particular the microcarriers may be beads. The microcarriers may be composed of natural or synthetic materials. Examples include collagen-based microcarriers, dextran-based microcarriers, or cellulose-based microcarriers. For example, the microcarrier bead may be a modified polystyrene bead having a cationic trimethylammonium attached to its surface to provide a positively charged surface to the microcarrier. The bead diameter may range from about 90 to about 200 [mu] m, alternatively from about 100 to about 190 [mu] m, alternatively from about 110 to about 180 [mu] m, alternatively from about 125 to 175 [mu] m. The microcarrier beads may also be a thin layer of denatured collagen chemically coupled to a matrix of cross-linked dextran. The microcarrier beads may be glass, ceramics, polymers (e.g., polystyrene), or metals. In addition, the microcarriers may not be coated or may be coated with proteins such as silicon or collagen. In a further aspect, the microcarrier may be comprised of or coated with a compound that enhances cell binding to the microcarrier and enhances the release of cells from the microcarrier, such compounds include sodium hyaluronate, poly (mono But are not limited to, stearoylglyceride co-succinic acid), poly-D, L-lactide-co- glycolide, fibronectin, laminin, elastin, lysine, n-isopropylacrylamide, It does not. Examples include microcarriers having a particulate galvanic couple of zinc and copper to produce low levels of biologically relevant electricity; Or a microcarrier having a microcurrent, such as a microcarrier, which is a paramagnetic material such as a paramagnetic calcium-alginate microcarrier.

In some embodiments, the population of pancreatic endoderm cells is obtained by staged differentiation of pluripotent clusters. In some embodiments, the universal cell is a human embryonic pluripotent stem cell. In one aspect of the invention, the cell expressing the marker characteristic of the completed endoderm lineage is a progenitor precursor cell. In an alternative embodiment, the cell expressing the marker characteristic of the complete endoderm lineage is a mesodermal endoderm cell.

In some embodiments, the present invention relates to a step-wise method of differentiating pluripotent cells, comprising culturing 3-5 period cells in a dynamic suspension culture. In some embodiments, the resulting pancreatic endodermoblast population is implanted into a diabetic animal for further in vivo maturation into functional pancreatic endocrine cells. The present invention also provides a system or kit for use in the methods of the present invention.

The present invention also provides a cell or cell population obtainable by the method of the present invention. The present invention also provides cells or cell populations obtained by the methods of the present invention.

The present invention provides a method of treatment. In particular, the present invention provides a method of treating a patient suffering from, or at risk of developing, diabetes.

The present invention also provides a cell or a population of cells obtained or obtained by the method of the present invention for use in a therapeutic method. In particular, the present invention provides a cell or cell population obtainable or obtained by the method of the present invention for use in a method of treating a patient suffering from, or at risk of developing, diabetes. Diabetes may be type 1 or type 2 diabetes.

In one embodiment, the method of treatment comprises implanting into a patient a cell obtainable or obtainable by the method of the present invention.

In one embodiment, the method of treatment comprises the steps of differentiating pluripotent stem cells in vitro, for example, as first, second, third, fourth, or fifth stage cells as described herein, Lt; RTI ID = 0.0 > cells. ≪ / RTI >

In one embodiment, the method further comprises the step of culturing pluripotent stem cells as described herein, prior to the step of differentiating the pluripotent stem cells.

In one embodiment, the method further comprises, after the transplanting step, differentiating cells in vivo.

In one embodiment, the patient is a mammal, preferably a human.

In one embodiment, the cells can be implanted as dispersed cells, or they can be formed into clusters and injected into the portal tract. Alternatively, cells may be encapsulated or provided within a biocompatible degradable polymeric support, a porous non-degradable device, to protect against host immune reactions. The cells can be implanted into the appropriate site of the recipient. The transplantation site includes, for example, the liver, natural pancreas, subendicular space, draining membrane, peritoneum, subdural space, intestine, stomach, or subcutaneous pouch.

Additional factors such as growth factors, antioxidants or anti-inflammatory agents may be administered prior to, concurrent with, or after administration of the cells to enhance the further differentiation, survival or activity of the transplanted cells in vivo. These factors can be secreted by endogenous cells and exposed to cells administered in situ. The transplanted cells may be induced to differentiate by any combination of endogenous growth factors known in the art and externally administered growth factors known in the art.

The amount of cells used for transplantation depends on many different factors including the patient ' s condition and response to therapy, and can be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art.

In one embodiment, the method of treatment further comprises introducing the cells into the three-dimensional support prior to implantation. The cells may be maintained in vitro on this support prior to implantation in the patient. Alternatively, the support comprising the cells may be directly implanted in the patient without further in vitro culture. The support may optionally include at least one pharmaceutical agent that promotes the survival and function of the transplanted cells.

In certain embodiments of the invention, one or more of the following may be used in the methods of the invention.

[Table A]

Publications cited throughout this specification are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. The present invention is further illustrated by the following examples, but it is not limited thereto.

Example

The invention is further illustrated by the following non-limiting examples.

Example 1

Suspension and Clustering of Human Embryonic Stem Cells of Cell Line H1 by Dispase / Neutral Protease

Cells of human embryonic stem cell line H1 (WA01 cells, Wiscel, Wisconsin, Madison, Wis.) Were washed once with PBS (Cat. # 14190, Invitrogen) and resuspended in DMEM / F12 (Invitrogen Catalog No. 11 330, Grand Island, New York material) was of dispase ^® (treated with 1 mg / mL solution of a neutral protease, Sigma-Aldrich Company, El elssi, catalog number D4818, St. Louis, Missouri, USA material). The colonies were curled and lifted, but the cells were incubated at 37 ° C for 15 to 25 minutes before complete desorption of the colonies occurred from the culture surface. Then, remove dispase ^® and mTeSR®1 to a culture dish containing 10 μM Y-27632 (evil hermit catalog number ALX-270-333, San Diego, Calif.) (Stem Cell Technologies, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Lt; / RTI > medium). The mTeSR1 medium containing 10 [mu] M Y-27632 was then added to the culture dish at 5 mL / 60 cm < 2 >, and cells were lifted from the surface using a scraper or rubber polyster. The medium and cells were then transferred to a 50 mL conical tube using a glass pipette and the clusters were centrifuged for 3 min at 90 g (rcf).

After centrifugation, the medium is aspirated, the cells are mildly resuspended and incubated with 10 [mu] M / well of 225-240 cm2 total flat culture (equivalent to one T225 flask or four 10 cm dishes, approximately 90 million cells) In a short time in 12 mL of mTeSR®1 medium containing Y-27632. The cell suspension was then transferred to an ultra-low binding culture 6 well dish (Corning Incorporated, catalog number 3471, Corning, NY) containing 2 mL / well of fresh mTeSR®1 medium with 10 μM Y-27632. The lifted cells in this way were similar to those of the monolayer, where the average diameter of the lifted fragments was about 20-30 micrometers (Fig. 1A), each fragment consisting of a population of cells. These monolayer fractions were incubated in suspension for 2 hours (incubation times may range from 0.5 to 4 hours), at which point aggregates of the fragments were observed. Subsequently, the aggregates were pulverized in a short time with a 10 ml glass pipette and incubated overnight (the aggregates could proceed directly to the suspended state) in a low binding plate (the aggregates were also treated with untreated cell culture plastics and standard tissue culture Can be incubated in water treated plastic).

After overnight incubation (18-24 hours), the cells and medium were transferred to a 125 mL spinner flask (manufactured by Corning Incorporated) containing 25 mL of mTeSR (R) 1 medium, which was stirred at 50 rpm (which may range from 30 to 80+ , Catalog number 4500-125, Corning, NY) to produce a final volume of approximately 75 mL. The medium was changed daily for 4 days. The pluripotency was measured 4 days after the culture, and the results of the flow cytometry showed that the pluripotency marker (CD9, SSEA4, TRA-1-60, and TRA-1-81 ). ≪ / RTI > See FIG. 1B. In these data, the number of a cell lifting claim maintain the universal property in the display using Paget ^® flat-adhesive is from the culture format H1 hES cells in suspension culture are successfully transferred into a cell cluster stirring (dynamic) Suspension Culture Systems Lt; / RTI > This embodiment can also be performed as a result of being compared in a shaking suspension system using a plate and an Erlenmeyer flask rather than a stirred suspension system.

After 4 days in the suspension culture (the differentiation can also be initiated 24 to 120 hours after formation of the aggregate, preferably 2 to 3 days before the start of differentiation), pluripotent cell aggregates Cells were induced to differentiate into stepwise progression of media components to form pancreatic fate. Spinner agitation was increased at a rate of 65 rpm for agglutination. The media and components are shown in Table Ia.

At the end of Step 1, the samples were subjected to cell measurement and PCR. The suspension-differentiated cultures formed a homogeneous and homogeneous population of cells with loose aggregates at the end of stage 1 (FIG. 1c), where expression of the universal marker (CD9) was largely eliminated and the complete endoderm differentiation marker was very high, 97.2% were positive for CXCR4 (CD184) and 97.3% for CD99 (FIG. 1d). These results show that the expression of the universal genes (CD9, NANOG, and POU5F1 / OCT4) is decreased and the genes related to complete endoderm (CXCR4, CERBERUS, GSC, FOXA2, GATA4 and GATA6 , MNX1, and SOX17) (Fig. 1E).

The finished endoderm clusters were then further subdivided towards the native field by removing the TGF- [beta] family member GDF8 and adding FGF7 to the medium. The clusters were incubated with FGF7 for 3 days and then incubated with high glucose (25 mM) and low concentration of lipid-rich bovine serum albumin (Life Technologies Corporation, Carlsbad, Calif., USA) The clusters were differentiated into pancreatic PDX1 expression fates by adding medium or low-glucose concentration (8 mM) and 2% non-fat bovine serum albumin to the medium containing all-trans-retinoic acid. The detailed additions of ingredients to these media are listed in Table Ia. At the end of differentiation, samples were analyzed for expression of markers of pancreatic progenitor cells. Clusters differentiated using Condition-Low Glucose + 2% FAF-BSA (A) or High Glucose + 0.1% Albumax® (B) - are the transcription factors required for functional β cells High levels of NKX6.1 and endocrine pancreatic markers such as synaptophysin and chromogranin were observed at high levels (Table 1b). These results were consistent with RT-PCR results (data not shown) showing that a high number of high pancreatic precursor genes were expressed in samples from both condition A and condition B.

As the cell clusters progressed from differentiation through the complete endoderm (DE) (Fig. 1c) to the primordial electric field and toward the pancreatic endoderm (Fig. 1f), their typical morphology showed a visible morphological change to the cells and cell clusters. Typically, universal clusters appear dense and dark by phase contrast microscopy, followed by a looser appearance as cells progress from the primitive field to the second. This morphology reverses after the all-trans-retinoic acid treatment and the clusters become smoother and homogeneous again with smooth cluster boundaries.

Cells differentiated according to Condition B until Day 4 were maintained in 5 day medium containing ALK5 inhibitor for an additional 5 days (see Table 1c). This additional maturation in culture resulted in a significant increase in endocrine marker expression: INS, GCG, SST, PPY, and PCSK1. The cell clusters were then transplanted into the renal capsule of SCID-Bg mice according to an IACUC approved study protocol and the mice were traced for 20 weeks with C-peptide at fasted / fed status every 2-4 weeks. At 4 weeks post-transplantation, no C-peptide was detected after fasting for 20 hours and subsequent glucose stimulation. By 6 weeks, 2 out of 5 mice showed a slight (0.087 and 0.137 ng / mL) positive for human C-peptide and up to 10 weeks, 5 out of 5 mice were positive for C-peptide (0.085 to 0.291 ng / mL). At week 16, after 20 hour fasting and glucose stimulation, all four mice (4/4) were positive for C-peptide expression (0.377 to 3.627 ng / mL).

These results show that pluripotent cell aggregates are formed and then differentiated in suspension cultures to produce a population of pancreatic progenitor cells characterized by the expression of beta cell transcription factors such as PDXl and NKX6.1. Moreover, differentiated cell clusters that have been transplanted and matured in vivo have expressed insulin at a physiologically relevant level according to the glucose challenge challenge.

[Table 1a]

[Table 1b]

[Table 1c]

Example 2

On EDTA  Of human embryonic stem cells suspension  And clustering

Cells of human embryonic stem cell line H1 (WA01 cells, Wiscel, Wis., Madison, Wis.) Were washed once with PBS (Cat. # 14190, Invitrogen) and incubated with non-enzymatic cell lifting / Lonza, catalog number 17-7-11E). Cells were incubated at room temperature for 8 minutes. The plates were then incubated with 10 μM Y-27632 (Axora Catalog No. ALX-270-333, San Diego, CA) after removing EDTA and an additional 1 or 2 minutes (total EDTA exposure time of 9-10 minutes) , And the dislodged cells were harvested in 50 ml conical tubes using a glass pipette. One additional rinse was performed on the plate with mTeSR®1 medium containing 10 μM Y-27632 and pooled with the removed cells. Note that some cells remained on the plate after 9 to 10 minutes of exposure to EDTA at room temperature, and that the lifted cells were not completely degraded into a single cell suspension. Instead, cells were removed from the surface as small aggregates. Was then transferred to the medium and the cells in 50 ml conical tube using a glass pipette and perform cell count (nucleoside Counter ^® - kemo metek A / S (ChemoMetec A / S), catalog number YC-T100, Denmark material). Additional mTeSR1 medium containing 10 [mu] M Y-27632 was added as needed to give a cell concentration of 1 million to 1.5 million cells / ml.

The cells were not centrifuged because the clusters were loosely aggregated and if they were centrifuged to form pellets and resuspend in a pipette, they would break down into single cells. Instead, the media and cells in the tubes were gently vortexed until a uniform suspension was formed. If necessary, the duration of the EDTA treatment can also be extended to take cells close to a single cell suspension. (Becton Dickinson, catalog number Falcon 351146, Franklin Lakes, NJ) in a humidified 5% CO ₂ incubator at 37 ° C in a non-tissue culture treated 6 well dish (Becton Dickinson, The cell suspension was transferred to 3 ml / well using a glass pipette. Cells were incubated in suspension for 2 hours, at which point aggregates were observed. The agglomerates were then milled by gentle pipetting with a glass pipette to break up the large agglomerates to produce homogeneous and uniform cluster suspensions, followed by overnight incubation without disturbance.

Then, after 18-24 hours, the cells and media were spun down for 3 minutes at 90 g (rcf) in a 50 mL conical tube. The spent media supernatant was discarded and the cell aggregates were suspended in fresh mTeSR® 1 and the suspension was transferred to a spinner flask (manufactured by Corning Incorporated) that was stirred at 55 rpm in a humidified 5% CO ₂ incubator at 37 ° C., , Catalog number 4500-125, Corning, NY). The medium was changed daily for 2 days. The pluripotency was measured two days after transfer to the differentiation culture and in the stirred suspension culture. The results of flow cytometry for expression of CD9, SSEA4, TRA-1-60, TRA-1-81, and CXCR4 are shown in scatter plot format in FIG. These data show high expression and low expression or non-expression of the differentiation markers (CXCR4) for the universal markers (CD9, SSEA4, TRA-1-60, TRA-1-81). These results indicate that H1 hES cells can be transferred from a flat adherent culture format to the suspension culture using a non-enzymatic lifting method to maintain universality in a dynamic stirred suspension culture system.

Two days after the suspension culture, the pluripotent cell aggregates were differentiated into the progressive progression of the medium components and cells were induced to form pancreatic fate. The spinner agitation was maintained at a speed of 55 rpm. The media and components are shown in Table 2a.

At the end of Step 1, the samples were subjected to cell measurement and PCR. The suspension-differentiated cultures formed a homogeneous homogeneous population of cells with loose aggregates at the end of stage 1 (FIG. 2b), where expression of the universal marker (CD9) was largely eliminated while CXCR4 (CD184 ) Was very high throughout the three spinner flasks and was 95.9% ± 1.8 SD (Figure 2c). These results show that the expression of the universal genes (CD9, NANOG, and POU5F1 / OCT4) is decreased and the genes related to complete endoderm (CXCR4, CERBERUS, GSC, FOXA2, GATA4 and GATA6 , MNX1, and SOX17) (Fig. 2d).

The finished endoderm clusters from the spinner flasks were then harvested and dispensed into other spinner flasks or Erlenmeyer flasks (shaking agitation system), and GDF8 was removed and FGF7 was induced to further differentiate towards the native field by adding to the medium. The clusters were incubated with FGF7 for 3 days, and then clusters were differentiated into pancreatic PDX1 expression fates by adding all-trans-retinoic acid to a medium containing a relatively low glucose concentration (8 mM) and 2% nonfatty bovine serum albumin . The detailed additions of ingredients to these media are listed in Table 2a. At the end of differentiation, samples were analyzed for expression of markers of pancreatic progenitor cells. Using flow cytometry, for both suspension formats, the transcription factor NKX6.1 required for functional beta cells was high, and endocrine pancreatic markers such as synaptophysin and chromogranin were observed at high levels 2b and 2e). These results were consistent with RT-PCR results (Fig. 2f) showing that a very similar high level of a large number of pancreatic precursor genes was expressed in samples generated in the spinner flask format or the triangular flask format.

These results indicate that pluripotent cell aggregates are formed and then differentiated into suspension cultures in a number of suspension culture formats including agitation systems or agitation suspension systems to form pancreatic cells that are characterized by the expression of beta cell transcription factors such as PDXl and NKX6.1 Progenitor cell population can be generated.

[Table 2a]

[Table 2b]

Example 3

Suspension clustering and continuous suspension passage of human embryonic stem cells of cell line H1

Tissue cultures coated with Matrigel (Corning Incorporated, Corning, NY, USA) Human embryonic stem cell line H1 (WA01 cells, Wisconsin, USA) grown in 40th passage on growing treated polystyrene Madison material) PBS (Cat. No. 14 190 of the cells, Invitrogen) and washed with 2 times concentration solution of 1/2 Accu hydratase ^® (PBS unit 1, about the Accu hydratase ^® 1, Sigma-Aldrich, Cat. No. a-6964 , St. Louis, MO). The cells were incubated at room temperature for 3.5 minutes. (Accu hydratase ^® is collagen cell desorption solution consisting of decomposable and proteolytic enzyme (isolated search) from the shellfish and are free of mammalian or bacterial-derived product.) Then, remove the Accu hydratase ^® and an additional 3 minutes (total occupancy hydratase ^® After an exposure time of 6.5 minutes, the plates were rinsed with mTeSR®1 medium containing 10 μM Y-27632 and the detached cells were collected in 50 ml conical tubes using a glass pipette. One additional rinse was performed on the plate with mTeSR®1 medium containing 10 μM Y-27632 and mixed with the removed cells. Some cells were left after exposure to Accu hydratase ^® on the plate, the lifted cells were not completely broken down to a single cell suspension. Rather, cells were removed from the surface as small aggregates (Fig. 3a). The medium and cells were then transferred to a 50 ml conical tube using a glass pipette and cell counts were performed. Additional mTeSR1 medium containing 10 [mu] M Y-27632 was added as needed to give a cell concentration of 1 million to 1.5 million cells / ml.

The cells were not centrifuged because the clusters were loosely aggregated and if they were centrifuged to form pellets and resuspend in a pipette, they would break down into single cells. Instead, the media and cells in the tubes were gently vortexed until a uniform suspension was formed. Subsequently, the cell suspension was transferred to 3 ml / well using a glass pipette in two ultra low binding culture 6 well dishes in a humidified 5% CO ₂ incubator at 37 ° C. Cells were incubated in suspension for 90 minutes, at which point aggregates were observed. The agglomerates were then pulverized in a short period of time and transferred directly to a 125 ml spinner flask containing 25 ml of mTeSR (R) I medium stirred at 55 rpm (total final volume was approximately 75 ml). The medium was changed daily for 3 days and universality was measured on day 3 in the culture. The phase contrast microscope images of the clusters represent a uniform spherical population of clusters formed 90 minutes after in situ suspension cultures and amplified over 3 days in culture (Figure 3b). Cells were assayed for pluripotency by the results of flow cytometry on markers CD9, SSEA4, TRA-1-60, TRA-1-81, and CXCR4 at the end of the third day in suspension culture. The cells maintained high expression of the universal markers (CD9, SSEA4, TRA-1-60, TRA-1-81) and almost no expression for the differentiation marker CXCR4 (Table 3). These data show that the enzymatic lifting method, e.g., may use the Accu hydratase ^® quality H1 hES cells are transferred to suspension culture in a plan adherent culture format, maintaining the universal property in the dynamic stirred suspension culture system.

Then, by using the Accu hydratase ^® dissociation for a further 20 times of the all-round passages crystalline clusters were incubated serial passages. In each of the passages, of the 50 million cells and gravity settling for 2 minutes in a 50 ml conical tube, were washed twice with PBS, and treated at 37 ℃ water bath to half the concentration of the solution Accu hydratase ^®, The Accu hydratase ^The tube was gently vortexed at 2 and 4 minutes after addition of < RTI ID = 0.0 > After incubation for 6 minutes, a standing Accu hydratase ^® without disturbing the cell pellet was drawn from the tube. Then, add the cells incubated for 3 min (total occupancy hydratase ^® exposure time was 9 minutes). The tubes were then rinsed with mTeSR.RTM. 1 medium containing 10 .mu.M Y-27632, pulverized twice using a glass pipette, and suspended in a 70 micrometer cell filter (BD Falcon, Cat. No. 352350, Franklin Lakes, New Jersey, USA). The cells were further rinsed twice with mTeSR®1 medium containing 10 μM Y-27632 and passed through a cell filter.

The media and cells in the tubes were gently vortexed until a uniform suspension was formed. Subsequently, the cell suspension was transferred to a very low binding culture 6-well dish in a humidified 5% CO ₂ incubator at 37 ° C using a glass pipette at 3 ml / well, and incubated for 2 hours in a suspension state (0 to 28 hours ), At which point the agglomerates were transferred to a glass spinner flask containing 80 ml of final volume of medium. Alternatively, the cell suspension could be placed directly in a spinner flask stirred at 55 rpm or in an Erlenmeyer flask shaken at 40 rpm and clusters were formed in a stirred suspension in a final volume of 80 ml medium (Fig. 3C).

Using this continuous subculture, cells were subcultured 20 times, with a split ratio of approximately 1: 3 in each subculture. For the karyotype was measured in each of the passages by the all-purpose property in flow cytometry measurement on chromosomes 12 and 17 were determined using fluorescence in situ hybridization (florescent in-situ hybridization, FISH ) test; Two chromosomes were identified as potentially unstable in hES cells. The results of flow cytometry on expression of CD9, SSEA4, TRA-1-60, TRA-1-81, and CXCR4 are presented in scatterplot format and include high expression and markers of low expression and differentiation markers (CXCR4) While the FISH test for chromosomes 12 and 17 showed a normal copy number. These data H1 hES and the cells can be maintained in suspension culture while performing the daily consecutive passages using enzymatic cell dissociation method, Accu hydratase ^® of non-mammals, all-purpose property and in the dynamic stirred suspension culture system Maintaining a stable karyotype and producing 1 x 10 < ⁹ > cells per original input cell over the course of 20 passages. EDTA may also be used for this continuous suspension during six sub-cultures.

[Table 3]

Example 4

Induction Differentiation of Suspension Cultured Human Embryonic Stem Cells of Cell Line H1

The 40 th subculture the cells of the human embryonic stem cell line H1 (WA01 cells, wisel, Madison, Wisconsin, USA material) by using the Accu hydratase ^® and lifted from the plane adhesive culture was transferred to suspension culture formats. Cells were maintained in a dynamic stirred suspension culture system for 30 passages using the method described in Example 3. [

The pluripotency was verified through the first 20 passages as shown in Table 3, where stable, high-level universal markers were maintained throughout the culture as measured by flow cytometry. To demonstrate the ability to identify universality and provide a cellular source for the treatment of diabetes, it has been found that in a dynamic stirred suspension culture system, through stepwise progression of different media containing mofoGen or growth factors intended to repeat normal pancreas development The cells were differentiated into pancreatic precursors. This process generates a population of pancreatic progenitor cells characterized by high PDX1 and NKX6.1 co-expression. When these cells were transplanted, they were further matured as a functional glucose-stimulated insulin-secreting tissue capable of secreting insulin according to glucose and maintained normal glucose levels in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic model. See Figures 4c and 4c.

To generate these pancreatic progenitor cells, H1 human embryonic stem cells amplified and maintained in a dynamic stirred suspension culture system during 16 passages were differentiated using the method described in Example 3. Briefly, cells were amplified during 30 passages and tested for universality during the first 20 passages of these passages; Cells were differentiated during the 16th passage. Cluster-format pluripotent cells were transferred from mTeSR®1 medium to FBC solution (Table 4a) at 4 ° C for 3 hours. The cell clusters were then transferred to a 3-liter glass suspension bioreactor controlled by a control unit of Sartorius Stedim Biostat B-DCU (Goettingen, Germany) to produce 55,000 cells / mL ≪ / RTI > in the differentiation medium. Temperature, a closed sterile suspension control for pH, and dissolved oxygen (DO) Bioreactor (pump lobes (FermProbe) ^® pH electrode 225 mm, Model No. F-635, and the dissolved oxygen oxy probe (OxyProbe) ^® 12 mm sensor , Model No. D-145, obtained from Broadley-James Corporation, Irvine, Calif., USA).

Throughout this run, the medium bicarbonate level was maintained at 3.64 g / L while the pH was maintained at pH 7.4 by control of the CO ₂ flow at a total volume of the medium of 1.6 liters or less. Under the control of a Sartorius control system with a constant gas flow of 150 cc / min, with a 20% dissolved oxygen set point for the first stage and a 30% dissolved oxygen setpoint for the second stage and later, the headspace of the bioreactor was loaded with CO ₂ , Air, and O ₂ were perfused. Oxygen flow was controlled by dissolved oxygen content and CO ₂ flow was controlled by pH. The temperature was maintained at 37 [deg.] C throughout the run by an electric heating jacket. The impeller (3 "stainless steel pitch blade impeller operated at 70 rpm) was stopped at the start of the run and during each medium change (93% of the medium was removed each time it was replaced) and the Terumo ™ tube welder Closed systems were maintained by removing or adding media by a peristaltic pump through a dip tube in a bioreactor connected to a C-Flex® tubing using the system. At the end of the differentiation phase, flow cytometry samples were collected and assayed for CXCR4 expression at the end of stage 2, at day 3 and day 3 (Figure 4a). Initiation of differentiation (Table 3, 16th passage) Almost complete population transfer to a population of cells expressing CXCR4 from the CXCR4-negative pluripotent cell population (98.5% of the cells being CXCR4-positive, Figure 4b) was observed at the end of the 2nd cycle, On (7.0% of the cells were CXCR4-positive), and the cells almost completely metastasized to the CD56-positive stage by the end of the third stage. At the end of the differentiation on the fourth day of the 4th day, Expression was consistent with a mixture of pancreatic endocrine cells (33.5% being chromogranin positive) and pancreatic progenitor cells (65.7% being positive for NKX6.1) (Fig. 4b) At the end of the differentiation process, produced 2.77 million cells / mL (4.1 billion cells out of 1.5 liters). , Indicating total mass amplification of five differentiated cells per each input hES cell.

At the end of the run, 500 mL was collected for centrifugation and washing and tested in animal models of engraftment, maturation, and function. The remaining 1000 mL of cell suspension was treated in a kSep ^® 400 system (KBI Biosystems, Durham, NC) to wash the cell product with a fully closed loop system, filter and concentrate. The cell product was concentrated from 1 liter of starting volume to 50 mL of concentrated cells at a final concentration of 41 million cells / mL. These enriched cells were then dispensed into 24 vials with a 1.2 ml fill volume using an automated vial charger (Fill-It, TAP, Hertfordshire, UK) and placed in a liquid nitrogen freezer Lt; / RTI >

500 mL of differentiated cells that had been washed and concentrated by standard centrifugation were transplanted at a dose of 5 million cells per SCID-Bg mouse, either placed directly beneath the kidney capsule or placed in an immunostimulatory macroencapsulation device (Tetrasite < (R) > in Irvine) (6 animals per condition). By 12 weeks post-transplantation, the transplanted cells had a significant level of circulation when detected by ELISA (human C-peptide custom ELISA Mercodia catalog number 10-1141-01) according to fasting and subsequent feeding Human C-peptide (greater than 0.1 ng / mL), and by 16-20 weeks the animals had circulating C-peptide greater than 1 ng / mL (Table 4c).

At 27 weeks (190 days) after transplantation, two animals with immuno-protected grafts encapsulated by the device were each treated with a single high dose of streptozotocin (STZ) to selectively infuse all endogenous mouse beta islet cells Diabetes was induced by killing (250 mg / Kg). During the next two weeks after STZ treatment sufficient to induce clinically definite diabetes in control animals, blood glucose levels in engrafted animals were maintained within the normal range (less than 150 mg / dL). Then, at 29 weeks after transplantation and at 2 weeks after STZ administration, 2 animals were tested for glucose stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and showed a significant increase in circulating human C-peptide upon glucose administration. Moreover, when each graft was removed at 209 days (29.5 weeks) after transplantation, the blood glucose level of the animals increased sharply to above 500 mg / dL.

These results show that human embryonic stem cell-derived cell products for the treatment of diabetes can be prepared from the suspension of amplified and differentiated stem cells. The product can be produced in a scalable stirred closed loop bioreactor system and the cell product can be treated with closed loop washing and concentration as needed for commercial cGMP production. Such human embryonic stem cell-derived cell products can be used to treat diabetes in a widely used diabetic animal model, as shown by GSIS competence, ability to regulate blood glucose, and return to diabetic state upon removal of cell therapy have.

[Table 4a]

[Table 4b]

[Table 4c]

Example 5

Adherence of cell line H1 Induction differentiation in cultured human embryonic stem cells in suspension format

Cells of human embryonic stem cell line H1 (WA01 cells, Wiscel, Wis., Madison, Wis., USA) at 41st passage were lifted from flat adherent cultures using EDTA using the method described in Example 2 and suspended Culture format.

The pluripotency of the cell aggregates was measured by flow cytometry as shown in Fig. 5A, and high expression of the pluripotency markers CD9, SSEA4, TRA-1-61, and TRA-1-80 was observed, indicating that the cells were highly versatile . These pluripotent cells were then differentiated into pancreatic precursors in a dynamic stirred suspension culture system via stepwise progression of different media containing small molecules and growth factors intended to repeat the mordogens drive of normal pancreas development. This process produces a population of pancreatic progenitor cells characterized by the co-expression of pancreatic cell transcription factors PDX1 and NKX6.1. When these cells are transplanted, they are further matured into a functional glucose-stimulated insulin-secreting tissue capable of correcting hyperglycemia in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic model.

To produce a population of pancreatic progenitor cells, cluster cells in cluster format, maintained in mTeSR®1 medium, were seeded in a 0.2 liter glass stirred suspension bioreactor (Dasgip, cataloged with temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen) No. DS0200 TBSC, Shrewsbury, Mass., USA). Universal cell clusters were cultured in the bioreactor for 2 days. At that point (Day 0 and Day 0), the medium was changed and differentiation was initiated when the cell aggregates were suspended at approximately 700,000 cells / mL in the differentiation medium according to Table 5a. The cells were then maintained in this closed sterile suspension bioreactor for 14 days. Throughout the differentiation, the medium bicarbonate level was maintained at 3.64 g / L while maintaining the pH at 7.4 by control of CO ₂ flow at a total volume of 0.3 liters. CO ₂ and air were sparged in the headspace of the bioreactor under the control of a doze control system with a 30% dissolved oxygen set point under a constant gas flow of 5 liters / hour. The air flow was controlled by the dissolved oxygen content and the CO ₂ flow was controlled by pH.

[Table 5a]

As used throughout this specification and throughout this disclosure, SCIO is a chemical compound that is a chemical name of 4- {[2- (5-chloro-2-fluorophenyl) -5- (1-methylethyl) pyrimidin- Amino] -N- (2-hydroxypropyl) pyridine-3-carboxamide and CAS No. 674794-97-9. The chemical structure of SCIO is shown below:

The temperature was maintained at 37 占 폚 throughout the run. At the start of the run and during each media change (95% of the media removed each time it was replaced), the impeller was stopped and placed in a peristaltic pump through a bioreactor dip tube connected to C-Flex® tubing using a Terumo ™ tube welder The medium was removed by subsequent addition, and the closed system was maintained.

Several different feed settings were tested for one period: (a) media change at 24 hours after initiation of differentiation, no media change at 48 hours; (b) 24 hours after the initiation of differentiation, medium was replaced, and glucose bolus was added at 48 hours; And (c) glucose and GDF8 boluses were added 24 hours after the start of differentiation, without replacing the medium throughout the first period, followed by addition of glucose bolus 48 hours after initiation.

Cell counts at the beginning, middle, and end of this process were obtained as listed in Table 5b for each reactor. At the end of phase 1, cells were sampled for protein expression patterns by flow cytometry. (CD99 and CXCR4) and expression of universal markers (CD9 < RTI ID = 0.0 > (Fig. 5B). ≪ tb > < TABLE > Higher expression of CXCR4 and CD99 in combination with lower expression of CD9 at the end of complete endoderm formation has been correlated with higher expression of the pancreatic gene and lower expression of the gene that represents the later alternative organ fate in differentiation (Figures 5d and 5e). Specifically, either one or both of the addition of glucose to the medium in the first stage with no medium change throughout the first differentiation stage or in bulk feed format resulted in lower CXCR4 levels at the end of the first stage, Correlated with highly different aggregate forms at the end of differentiation (Fig. 5C). Specifically, conditions B and C had higher expression of lower pancreas gene expression (NKX6.1 and CHGA) and non-pancreatic genes (CDX2 and SOX2) at the end of phase 4 as measured by flow cytometry Figures 5d and 5b). These results were confirmed by qRT-PCR (Fig. 5e), condition A showing significantly higher expression of the pancreatic gene than condition C, and condition B being intermediate between conditions A and C, Moreover, Condition C expressed genes with alternative non-pancreatic fate, such as CDX2, AFP, and albumin at significantly higher levels (Fig. 5E). These data indicate that homogeneous, high CXCR4 expressing DE, produced without medium replacement during the last 48 hours of complete endodermal (DE) formation, can later be converted into a pure pancreatic endodermoblast population.

At the end of the four-phase differentiation, cells differentiated according to Condition A were recovered from the bioreactor, washed with MCDB131 medium containing 0.1% FAF-BSA, and transplanted into SCID-Bg mice. Five million cells per mouse were directly implanted under the kidneys. Blood was collected every 4 weeks after transplantation and blood glucose and C-peptide were measured. By 12 weeks post-transplantation, human C-peptide was detectable at levels greater than 1 ng / mL by ELISA and C-peptide levels averaged 2.5 ng / mL at 16 weeks (FIG. 5f). At 20 weeks post-transplantation, C-peptide was measured in fasted state and later fed animals. Glucose treatment induced a significant increase in circulating human C-peptide from 0.93 ng / mL in the fasted state to 2.39 ng / mL in the fed state (Fig. 5g), suggesting that the transplanted cells are functionally GSIS competent tissues Indicates maturity. Furthermore, when a diabetic state is induced by administration of streptozotocin (STZ) to animals (mouse beta cells are more susceptible to STZ than mouse beta cells and are preferentially destroyed), the grafts of functional GSIS competent tissues The animals had normal blood glucose levels unlike the untreated controls with clinically definite diabetes (Fig. 5h). These results show that animals with hES differentiated cell grafts were protected from STZ induced diabetes by functional pancreatic tissue grafts.

[Table 5b]

Example  6

Microcarrier adhesion of cell line H1 Induction differentiation of human embryonic stem cells cultured in suspension format

Saito index (Cytodex) ^® 3 microcarrier beads (C3) (Sigma-Aldrich Company, El elssi, US St. Louis, Missouri material, Cat. No. C3275) two of the 400 mg 15 ml Beko (Dulbecco) PBS (DPBS) is contained 20 ml volumetric silicon-coated glass scintillation vial for 4 to 24 hours. Saito Dex ^® 3 is formed of a thin layer of denatured collagen coupled to the ring chemical matrix of dextran cross-linked. Denatured collagen layer on Saito Dex ^® 3 is the ability to prone to enzymatic degradation by various proteases, including trypsin and collagenase and removing the maximum cell viability, functionality, and the cells from the microcarrier, while maintaining the integrity (integrity) to provide.

After immersion, the beads were autoclaved, rinsed with sterile DPBS and resuspended in mouse embryonic fibroblast conditioned medium (MEF-CM) supplemented with 10 [mu] M Y-27632. The beads were then transferred to a 125 ml Corning® glass spinner flask (Corning Incorporated, Corning, NY, USA) at a density of 100 mg beads / flask. Beads and MEF-CM with Y-27632 were equilibrated in a humidified 5% CO ₂ incubator at 37 ° C for at least 60 minutes.

Cells of human embryonic stem cell line H1 (WA01 cells, Wiscel, Madison, Wis., USA) for the 44th passage were lifted from flat adherent cultures using TrypLE (Life Technologies Corporation, Grand Island, NY, USA) (Incubation at 37 占 for 8 minutes to form a single cell suspension). The cells were then washed and suspended in MEF-CM with Y-27632 and 11 million hES cells were allowed to attach to the beads for 6 hours in a stationary (static) incubation period. The MEF-CM with Y-27632 was then added to the spinner flask to make a final volume of 75 mL, and the cells and beads were stirred in a glass spinner flask at an impeller speed of 50 rpm. Cells were grown in this manner for 5 days with 50 mL of medium replacement of MEF-CM per day. Five days after being in the culture, the flask contained 53 x ¹⁰⁶ cells (+/- 12 x 10 ⁶ SD). As a control, 1 million Hl hES cells were also seeded in 6 well tissue culture polystyrene dishes coated with 1:30 dilution of Matrigel 占 and medium replacement of the daily MEF-CM was maintained.

Then, 5 days after being in universal culture, these cells were cultured in a dynamic stirred suspension culture with stepwise progression of different media containing either or both of the small molecules and growth factors intended to repeat normal pancreas-induced morphogen And differentiated into pancreatic precursors within the system. Two media formulations were tested as a method for repeating normal pancreas development; One using Actin A and Wnt3A to form DE, and the other using MCX compound with GDF8 to form DE (Table 6a and Table 6b, respectively). The medium was changed daily and the samples were characterized by RT-PCR and flow cytometry to determine cell characteristics. Phase contrast images of cells on the microcarriers were taken and the time course of the cell morphology as a pluripotent culture before the initiation of cell differentiation is shown in Figure 6a. The time lapse representing culture differentiation is shown in Figure 6b. In addition, cell counts were obtained at various time points throughout the experiment and the results are shown in Figure 6C as the surface area (number of cells / cm2 in Figure 6C) or medium volume (in Figure 6d) for the media formulation in the flat culture or suspended microcarrier culture Cell number / mL).

Cells were characterized at various time points throughout this process by both flow cytometry and RT-PCR. The results of flow cytometry on the formation of complete endoderm, the first differentiation stage, are shown in FIG. 6E as a dotted plot of cell expression of CXCR4 (Y-axis) and CD9 (X-axis) Lt; RTI ID = 0.0 > of < / RTI > The results indicate that, in all conditions, substantially all of the cells form complete endoderm, with the formation of complete endoderm as defined by the acquisition of CXCR4 expression and the loss of CD9, a universal surface marker. Moreover, the more efficient formation of complete endoderm is ranked in order of MCX / GDF8 microcarrier> MCX / GDF8 plane> WNT3A / AA microcarrier> WNT3A / AA plane processing. Cells treated with MCX / GDF8 appear to have a culture-specific effect on cells, as shown by lower expression of CERBERUS (Cer 1), GOOSECOID, and FGF17 (FIG. 6g). However, all treatment conditions represent similar expression levels of the completed endoderm genes, CD99, CXCR4, FOXA2, KIT, and SOX17 (FIG. 6g and Table 6c). These processes produce a population of pancreatic precursor cells characterized by coexpression of the pancreatic cell transcription factors PDX1 and NKX6.1. When these cells are transplanted, they are further matured into a functional glucose-stimulated insulin-secreting tissue capable of correcting hyperglycemia in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic model.

As used in Table 6a below, B27 is a Gibco B-27 supplement (Life Technologies Corporation, Carlsbad, CA).

As used in this example, the MCX compound is 14-prop-2-en-1-yl-3,5,7,14,17,23,27-heptaaza tetracyclo [19.3.1.1-2, (25), 2 (27), 3,5,8 (26), 9,11,21,23-nonanen-16-one , Which has the following formula:

Other cyclic aniline-pyridinotriazines may also be used in place of the MCX compounds described above. Such compounds include 14-methyl-3,5,7,14,18,24,28-heptaaza tetracyclo [20.3.1.1-2,6-. 1-8,12-] octacos-1 (26) , 2 (28), 3,5,8 (27), 9,11,22,24-nonanen-17-one and 5-chloro-1,8,10,12,16,22,26,32- Octaazapentacyclo [24.2.2.1 to 3,7 to -1 to 9,13 to 1-14, 18 to] tritriaconta-3 (33), 4,6,9 (32), 10-, 12,14 (31), 15,17-nonane-23-one. These compounds are shown below (Formula 2 and Formula 3):

Exemplary suitable compounds are disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0015711, the disclosure of which is incorporated in its entirety as it relates to MCX compounds, related cyclic aniline-pyridinotriazines, and their synthesis.

The Cyp26 inhibitor used in this example in step 4 was N- {4- [2-ethyl-1- (1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl) butyl] phenyl} -1,3-benzothiazole Amine, which has a CAS number of 201410-53-9 and has the following structure: < RTI ID = 0.0 >

This Cyp26 inhibitor is also known as "Cypi ". The structure and synthesis of this Cyp26 inhibitor is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 7,378,433, the disclosure of which is incorporated in its entirety as it relates to Cyp26 inhibitors and their synthesis.

[Table 6a]

[Table 6b]

[Table 6c]

Example 7

Sub-clone-WB0106 of the H1 (WA01) hES cell line was used in this example. WB0106 was derived from the Hl primary seed material designated DDL-13 in the Wixel Research Institute (Madison, WI). The H1 Ca2 WB0106 sub-clones were derived from the DDL-13 vials thawed in the 23rd pass subculture into the mTeSR ^® 1 medium on the Matrigel ™ substrate and subsequently subcultured using EDTA. WB0106 was selected for these studies based on the ability to freeze in the 28th passage and to differentiate into normal karyotypes (FISH and G-band), pancreatic progenitor cells, and clusters to amplify in suspension cultures Respectively.

The WB0106 WCB vials were then thawed into medium on a Matrigel ™ substrate in a T225 flask (Corning Incorporated, Corning, NY, USA) and the cells were amplified in a number of T225 flasks in the first subculture. In the second subculture, cells from multiple T225 flasks were combined and seeded into a single two-layered cell stack (CS2). Once CS2 exhibited 70% confluence, the system was closed by attaching a C-Plex® tubing assembly cap with adjacent pump tubing to the delivery port. After the system is closed with C-Flex® tubing, the bag or bottle is welded through a Terumo welder and the liquid volume (medium, PBS ^{- / -} , Accutase ^® , or suspended cells) .

In order to lift the cells from the CS2, the cells PBS ^{- / -} washed once with, and then ^{PBS-incubated} for operation at the one-half the concentration of the solution was diluted with Accu hydratase ^® and 4 to 5 minutes ^{- /.} Then, by removing the Accu hydratase ^® and, after the application of the enzyme solution 3 bunjjae, tapping the CS2 was promotes cell lifted. And supplemented with 0.5% BSA and rinse with 10 micromolar of the Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632 Accu hydratase ^® remaining in a bottle of the medium pumped into the CS2 containing inactivated, and was then collected rinsing liquid. A second rinse volume was added, collected, and mixed with the first rinse. Then, 2.0 to 2.5 x 10 ⁸ cells in 200 mL were transferred into 1-layer Cell Stack® and incubated at 37 ° C for 2 hours in a humidified 5% CO ₂ incubator. Using a closed loop of C-Plex® tubing with pump tubing between the two cell stack® medium ports, the cell suspension was homogenized by grinding at 75 rpm for 5 minutes with a peristaltic pump to homogenize the aggregates. Closed-loop tubing was replaced with a sterile 0.2 micrometer filter to allow gas exchange and incubated overnight at 37 占 폚 in a humidified 5% CO ₂ incubator. After overnight incubation (12-22 hours, 18 hours optimal), the cells in the Cell Stack® formed round spherical aggregates (clusters) of pluripotent cells.

The medium supplemented with 0.5% BSA containing the suspended cell clusters was transferred from Cell Stack ® to a 1 liter disposable spinner flask (Corning, Corning, NY, USA) with 0.4 L of fresh medium supplemented with 0.5% BSA Transferred, and maintained at 55-65 rpm. At 24 hours after transfer, a 1 liter disposable spinner flask was removed from the humidified 5% CO ₂ incubator and the clusters were allowed to settle for 5-10 minutes. The medium was then aspirated until 200 mL remained in the vessel, and 400 mL of additional fresh culture medium was added to the spinner flask. This process was repeated at the end of the second day (48 hours after transfer).

End of the third day (after moving from the spinner flask by CS2 second to 72 hours), the cell clusters were dissociated by Accu hydratase ^® process for the subculture and further amplified. The subculture was initiated by removing a 1 liter disposable spinner flask from a humidified 5% CO ₂ incubator. The flask was placed on a spinner plate inside a biosafety cabinet to maintain a homogeneous suspension of cells. The cell suspension was taken out of the spinner flask by a 100 mL pipette and distributed evenly between four 175 mL conical polycarbonate tubes (ThermoFisher-Nalgene; Buffalo, NY, USA) and maintained at 80 to 200 and centrifuged with rcf. The lung pellet was aspirated without disturbing the cell pellet. Then 25 mL of DPBS without calcium or magnesium (DPBS ^{- / -} ) was added to each tube and the cells were combined into one conical tube and centrifuged for 5 minutes at 80-200 rcf. DPBS ^{- / -} 50% occupancy hydratase ^® / 50% in 30 mL DPBS suction, and the conical tube from the ^{- / -} and the solution was added to the tube. The cell clusters were pipetted up and down one to three times, followed by intermittent vortexing for 4 minutes, followed by centrifugation at 80 to 200 rcf for 5 minutes. Then, without disturbing the cell pellet and the standing Accu hydratase ^® fully possible suction, the conical tube was 3 to 5 minutes continuously and gently tapping while until the cell suspension receive a uniform milk-white. 10 was added to the culture medium of 10 mL supplemented with 0.5% BSA containing a Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632 in the micromolar to the cell suspension, and 2 to 4 times a grinding was inactivated Accu hydratase ^® remaining. 90 mL of medium supplemented with 0.5% BSA containing 10 micromolar Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632 was added to the cells and the suspension was passed through a 40 micrometer cell filter (Bidip Falcon; Franklin Lakes, NJ).

The cell density of the filtered cell suspension in 100 mL volume of NC-100 nucleoside Counter ^® (kemo metek A / S, Denmark Valley Road material) of 10 micromolar was measured and the addition of additional medium to the Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632 1 to give a final cell concentration of gae × 10 ⁶ cells / mL in a medium supplemented with 0.5% BSA containing. Then, 225 mL (225 million cells) of cell suspension was transferred to a 1 liter disposable spinner flask and incubated in a humidified 5% CO ₂ incubator for 1 hour without agitation. The flask was then removed from the incubator and stirred for 1 to 3 minutes at 100 rpm on a spinner plate in a biological safety cabinet. While mixing the cell suspension, an additional 225 mL of medium supplemented with 0.5% BSA containing 10 micromolar Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632 was added to the cell suspension. The spinner flask was then returned to a humidified 5% CO ₂ incubator for 30 minutes. The flask was then removed from the incubator and stirred for 1 to 3 minutes at 100 rpm on a spinner plate in a biological safety cabinet. While mixing the cell suspension, an additional 150 mL of medium supplemented with 0.5% BSA containing 10 micromolar Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632 was added to the cell suspension to make a final volume of 600 mL and the flask was placed in the incubator The suspension was returned to the stirred suspension. Accu hydratase ^® dissociation after second 24 hours after and 48 hours in all, so the cell cluster is fixed on the bottom of the flask for 5 to 10 minutes. 400 mL of waste medium was removed from the flask by suction and replaced with fresh medium ensuring that any cluster losses were minimized. Using this procedure, H1 cells were converted from the adherent cultures on the substrate to suspension cultures as cell clusters.

After the initial occupancy hydratase ^® treatment in second 72 hours, to repeat the cell clusters dissociate and spinner flasks are seeded (passages), the conference passages: the cells in a suspended state during the (tested range from 1 to 10 times subculture) Respectively. Following the first 24 hours, the procedure was followed except that the medium was not removed and 200 mL of fresh medium was added. Accu hydratase ^® at 48 hours after the dissociation, and the cluster is to be settled in the bottom of the flask for 5 to 10 minutes, and the suction 600 mL, was added to a flask of 400 mL fresh medium.

These suspension-passaged and cultured cells could then be cryopreserved and stored for later use. In order to prepare the suspension for cryopreservation amplified cells were dissociated the cell clusters as described above with respect to the cell and is suspended passages except that not pass a 40 micron cell strainer into Accu hydratase ^®. Cell counts were determined for each 100 mL cell suspension generated from each 1 liter disposable flask. The cell suspension was then combined and centrifuged at 80 to 200 rcf for 5 minutes. The media was then removed from the centrifuge tube as completely as possible without disturbing the cell pellet. Subsequently, a final concentration of 150 million cells / mL was achieved by adding cold (less than 4 ° C) CryoStor® 10 (Stem Cell Technologies, Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada) The solution was added to a 1.8 mL Corning® freezing vial (Corning Incorporated, Corning, NY, USA) or a 15 mL Miltenyi freeze bag (Miltenyi Biotec Inc., ) In an ice bath.

The suspension-amplified cells were then frozen at high density in a vial in a controlled rate freezer as follows. The chamber was pre-cooled to 4 ° C and the temperature was maintained until the sample vial temperature reached 6 ° C. The chamber temperature was then lowered to 2 [deg.] C / min until the sample reached -7 [deg.] C. Once the sample vial reached -7 占 폚, the chamber was cooled to 20 占 폚 / min until the chamber reached -45 占 폚. The chamber temperature was then allowed to rise briefly at 10 [deg.] C / min until the chamber temperature reached -25 [deg.] C and the chamber was further cooled at 0.8 [deg.] C / min until the sample vial reached -45 [ . The chamber temperature was then cooled to 35 [deg.] C / min until the chamber reached -160 [deg.] C. The chamber temperature was then maintained at -160 DEG C for at least 10 minutes, after which time the vials were transferred to a gaseous liquid nitrogen reservoir.

For inoculation in a stirred tank bioreactor, the high density cryopreserved cells were removed from the liquid nitrogen reservoir and thawed and used to seed in a closed 3 liter glass bioreactor (a dozen cigarettes, Yuli, Germany). Four or five vials were taken out of the gaseous liquid nitrogen reservoir and immediately placed in a 37 ° C water bath for 105 seconds. The thawed vial was then transferred to a 50 ml conical tube through a 2 ml glass pipette. Subsequently, 9 ml of medium (IH3 or Sensitive 8 ™ medium ("E8 ™") containing 0.5% BSA and supplemented with 10 micromolar Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632) was added dropwise to the tube. The cells were then centrifuged at 80 to 200 rcf for 5 minutes. The supernatant from the tube was aspirated and 10 ml of fresh medium (IH3 or E8 (TM)) containing 0.5% BSA and supplemented with 10 micromoles of Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632 was added and the volume containing the cells And pipetted into a delivery bottle (Cap2V8, Sanisure, Moore Park, CA). The contents of the bottle were then pumped directly into the bioreactor by a peristaltic pump through a sterile C-flex tubing weld. In preparation for universal stem cell inoculation, the bioreactor was supplemented with 1.5 L of medium (IH3 or E8 (TM) supplemented with 0.5% BSA and containing 10 micromolar Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632) - warmed, stirred at 70 rpm and adjusted to pH 6.8 to 7.1 with CO ₂ , with a 30% dissolved oxygen setpoint (CO ₂ , air, O ₂ , and N ₂ controlled). Immediately after inoculation, the bioreactor was sampled for cell counting and the medium volume was adjusted as necessary to yield a final cell concentration of 0.225 x 10 ⁶ cells / mL.

Cells inoculated into a stirred tank bioreactor formed cell clusters in a continuous stirred tank and maintained in universal media (IH3 or E8 (TM) supplemented with 0.5% BSA) in the reactor for a total of 3 days. The medium was changed every day. One to 1.3 liters of the waste medium was removed, and 1.5 liters of the new medium was added, and the partial medium was replaced at 24 hours after the inoculation. At 48 hours after inoculation, 1.5 to 1.8 liters of waste medium was removed and 1.5 liters of fresh medium was added. Seventy-two hours after inoculation, the lung medium was removed by more than 90% and pluripotent cell differentiation was initiated by adding differentiation medium (Table 7).

Once the staged differentiation process is initiated, the temperature (37 ° C), pH (7.4 for differentiation) and dissolved oxygen (10% DO setpoint for group 1 and 30% DO set for all other periods) The cells were maintained in a closed sterile suspension bioreactor controlled for temperature, CO ₂ , O ₂ , N ₂ , and air conditioned. Over the course of the differentiation, the impeller was stopped for 5 to 20 minutes prior to removal of the medium through the dip-tube during each medium change, to allow the clusters to settle. The closed system was maintained by removing or adding the medium in the bioreactor to the bottle or bag closed by the peristaltic pump through a dip tube connected to the C-Flex® tubing using a Terumo ™ tube welder. Once sufficient medium was added to the vessel to completely immerse the impeller, the impeller and heater were re-powered.

In order to monitor a bioreactor process, by daily collection of samples of the medium containing the cell clusters was measured with the cell number and viability (nucleoside Counter ^®), which is as shown in Fig. Normal amplification of the cells was observed during this process, as the inoculum of 0.225 × 10 ⁶ viable cells / mL was amplified to produce an average of 0.92 × 10 ⁶ viable cells / mL on the third day 4. Organisms by maintaining the reactor inoculated with all-round cell clustering and cell acidified set point (pH 7.0 to 6.8) during the culture was increased to 4 group average cell throughput is the average 1.3 × 10 ⁶ cells / mL at day 3 (Fig. 7 ).

In addition to daily counts, bioreactor media samples were analyzed by Nova BioProfile ' s Flex (Nova Biomedical Corporation, Waltham, Mass., USA). At each reactor set point, the pH of the medium at 0 was found to be acidic for most culture media compared to the normal 7.4 standard pH, and the reactor medium pH was observed to decrease over 0 as a result of cell metabolism (FIG. 8). These results correlated with increasing lactic acid concentration and decreasing glucose levels at the end of the 6 day differentiation (Figs. 9 and 10). Together, these data showed that the cells in the reactor grew most rapidly and glucose consumption over the first two phases of stage 0 and on differentiation (days 1-6). However, since the third period, cell metabolism (reduced lactate level and increased glucose level) in the reactor has been reduced, which results in cell density over four processes leading to peak in cell number at stage 3 . ≪ / RTI >

(DE), intestinal tract (GT), or stage 4 (S4) to determine whether the stage specific changes in pH and metabolism match the stage changes in the mRNA expression pattern. Tests of bioreactor cell samples were performed using Applied Biosystems ' Low Density Array (Life Technologies Corporation, Carlsbad, Calif., USA) and the results are reported in all runs and arrays (WB0106) hES cell sample as a control to normalize expression over time.

Using these arrays, gene expression was measured for each step of differentiation. The seed material cells thawed into the bioreactor were analyzed for undifferentiated gene expression patterns in the 0th day and the 0th day (day 24 and 24 hours after the bioreactor inoculation: Figs. 11, 12, 13 and 14) As shown in Fig. These results correlated well with the results of flow cytometry showing high expression levels of CD9, SSEA4, TRA-1-60, and TRA-1-81 and absence of CXCR4 / CD184 (FIG. 15 and Table 8). However, flow cytometry and qRT-PCR assays for gene expression showed a robust and stable expression pattern for universal genes (CD9, MANOG, POU5F1, SOX2, TDGF, and ZFP42) , MIXL1, and a slight but variable increase in gene expression for T; And an increase of more than 100x in the expression of CER1, FGF17, FGF4 and GATA2 in some samples during the pre-induction phase of the induction differentiation was also consistent with the noteworthy stable universal state (FIGS. 16 and 17).

Upon completion of 0 (72 hours after reactor inoculation), cells were transferred into differentiation medium containing MCX and GDF8 (Table 7). At 24 hours after the medium was replaced, the expression level of FOXA2 in FOXA2 expression and the expression level of CER1, EOMES, FGF17, FGF4, GATA4, GATA6, GSC, MIXL1, Significant changes have been noted (Figures 18 and 19). These increased expression levels indicate that the cells are metastasizing through mesodermal fate. CDX2 levels were elevated on day 1 (compared to control) by 470x, compared with undifferentiated cells, but this was a temporary increase in expression, and CDX2 levels ranged from day 1 to day 3 %, And returned to a level comparable to that observed before induction of differentiation (Figs. 14, 19, and 21).

At 72 hours after exposure to DE differentiation medium, the cells matched the specification to complete endoderm, as CXCR4 levels were peak and FOXA2 and SOX17 were expressed above 1000x relative to historical control Profile. It was also noted that the genes CER1, EOMES, FGF17, FGF4, GATA4, GATA6, GSC, MIXL1, and T decreased from the elevated levels observed on day 1 of stage 1, consistent with complete endoderm (FIGS. 20 and 21) .

The changes in gene expression observed by qRT-PCR correlated with the results observed by flow cytometry. From the CD9 expression / CXCR4 negative pluripotent cell population (Fig. 15) at the onset of differentiation to near homogeneous population (Fig. 22) of CXCR4 expressing cells (98.3% of the cells were CXCR4 positive, +/- 1.9 SD) Was also observed.

After complete endogenous endoderm formation (phase 1) was completed, the medium was replaced with one containing FGF7, a mRNA used to induce primordial batogenesis (phase 2). Expression levels of HNF4α and GATA6 were increased on days 1 and 3 of day 2 in accordance with the formation of the primordial electric field. On the other hand, genes (CXCR4, EOMES, FGF17, FGF4, MNX1, PRDM1, SOX17, And VWF) showed decreased expression by the end of the second phase (Fig. 23). Expression of the full-length genes (AFP, PDXl, and PROXl) was increased (Fig. 24).

The cells were cultured for 72 hours in a second medium, and then the culture was replaced with a third medium (Table 7). Once in the medium, the cells expressed markers consistent with the endoderm pancreas lineage as measured by PDX1 and FOXA2 expression, as shown in Figure 25 (90.9% +/- 11.9 SD is PDXl positive, 99.2% +/- 0.6 SD Is FOXA2-positive). These results were confirmed by data from samples analyzed by qRT-PCR for gene expression. The expression of the gene for PDX1 was increased 5-fold within 24 hours from the end of day 2 (38,000x vs. H1) to the end of day 3 of day 3 (200,000x vs. H1), and after 48 hours, Again doubled (435,000x vs. H1). These data indicate that the cells are being pre-pancreatic destined (Fig. 26). This observation is due to the increased levels of multiple genes commonly expressed in the pancreas (ARX, GAST, GCG, INS, ISL1, NEUROD1, NGN3, NKX2.2, NKX6.1, PAX4, PAX6, PTF1A, and SST) This was further supported, as shown in Fig. In addition, the high expression levels for the other markers of the endoderm lineages AFP, ALB, and CDX2- were significantly reduced by either very low or no expression of OCT4 / POU5F1 (2 to 10% of the control or 32 to 37 samples of Ct by qRT-PCR) It was also observed that this additionally indicates the predilection and metastasis of cell populations within the bioreactor from relatively flexible intestinal fate to pancreatic longevity.

At the end of the differentiation process on day 3 of Day 4, the cells retained high levels of PDX1 and FOXA2 expression, and pancreatic endocrine cells (28.1% ± 12.5 SD are chromogranin positive) and pancreatic progenitor cells (58.3% ± 9.7 SD Lt; / RTI > positive for NKX6. 1), which is shown in FIG. These phase specific marker expression patterns showed efficient stepwise differentiation from the universal population into pancreatic progenitor cells. The results observed by flow cytometry were further confirmed by data from qRT-PCR. A large number of genes (ARX, GAST, GCG, IAPP, INS, ISL1, MAFB, NEUROD1, NGN3, NKX2.2, NKX6.1, PAX4, PAX6, PTF1A and SST), which are commonly expressed in the pancreas, (Fig. 28).

When testing a number of process parameters such as the use of different seed materials, O-phase medium, O-phase medium and the use of defoamer, the pattern of expression observed in FIG. 27 remained consistent over a number of implementations. Multiple sources of seed material were tested, each efficiently producing pancreatic endodermic fate with more than 90% of FOXA2, more than 75% of PDX1, and more than 50% of NKX6.1 (Figure 29). Moreover, when cells were grown at 0 ° C in custom-made in-house media or in commercially available media called "IH3" supplemented with 0.5% BSA, ie, supplemented with 0.5% BSA, the expression patterns of bioreactor products (Fig. 30). When the role of pH in the 0 phase culture was examined, cells grown at 0 at a relatively low pH (6.8) had an increased amplification in the bioreactor as compared to the mean run (Figure 7) There was no significant change in cell profile at day 3 (FIG. 31). In addition, the use of the defoamer C emulsion (Sigma catalog number A8011) at 94 ppm seemed to reduce the bubbles produced by sparging, but did not affect the profile of the cells from the late phase 0 to the 4th and 3rd day cells (Table 9 and Fig. 32).

The product cells were cryopreserved at the end of each bioreactor differentiation. Cells were washed with MCDB131 with 3.63 g / L sodium bicarbonate, or MCDB131 with 3.63 g / L sodium bicarbonate, glucose (final 8 mM), and 1x glutamax, followed by washing with 57.5% (Less than 4 ° C) cryopreserved media consisting of MCDB131, 30% Xeno-free KSR, 10% DMSO, and 2.5% HEPES (final concentration 25 mM). The cells were then frozen in a programmed freezer (CRF) using a cooling profile to keep the cell clusters in the cryopreservation medium at ambient temperature for up to 15 minutes, reduced to a temperature of 4 DEG C for 45 minutes, Deg.] C / min to -7.0 [deg.] C (sample). The temperature of the chamber was then reduced to -45.0 DEG C at a rate of 25.0 DEG C / min to quickly cool the sample. The chamber temperature was then increased by 10.0 [deg.] C / min to -25.0 [deg.] C (chamber) to provide compensation enhancement. The sample was then cooled at 0.2 [deg.] C / min until the temperature reached -40.0 [deg.] C. The chamber was then cooled to -160 ° C at a rate of 35.0 ° C / min and held at that temperature for 15 minutes. The sample was transferred to the gaseous liquid nitrogen storage vessel at the end of the CRF run.

Cells were removed from the vapor phase liquid nitrogen reservoir and thawed by transferring the vial to a 37 ° C water bath. The vial was gently vortexed in a water bath for less than 2 minutes until a small ice crystal remained in the vial. The vial contents were then transferred to a 50 ml conical tube,

Using MCDB131 medium with 2.43 g / L sodium bicarbonate and 2% BSA, to a final volume of 20 ml. Then placed moved for one hour the total number of the cells, the cell suspension was measured with a nucleoside ^® counter to the ultra-low attachment culture dish. The cells were then isolated from the medium in a 50 ml conical tube, the supernatant was removed and the cells resuspended in 4 medium for analysis or in vivo studies.

Alternatively, after thawing, the vial treated cells were transferred to an empty 125 mL glass Corning (R) Spinner flask (Corning, Corning, Corning, NY) and incubated with 10 mL of 2.43 g / L sodium bicarbonate and 2% BSA MCDB131 medium was added dropwise to the flask. The final volume was then adjusted with 80 mL of the same medium. The total cell count was measured with a NucleoCounter (R) and the cell suspension was stirred at 40-65 rpm overnight (12-28 h). Cells were then used for characterization or in vivo studies.

The composition of the IH3 medium is shown in US Patent Application Publication No. 2013/0236973 as well as the following, the disclosure of which is incorporated in its entirety as it relates to a suitable cell culture medium. The amount of BSA in the IH3 medium can be varied.

[Table 7]

[Table 8]

[Table 9]

material:

인간 배아줄기(hES) 세포주 H1(WA01 세포, 위셀, 미국 위스콘신주 매디슨 소재)

Human embryonic stem (hES) cell line H1 (WA01 cells, Wiscel, Madison, Wis.)

PBS(카탈로그 번호 14190, 인비트로겐)

PBS (catalog number 14190, Invitrogen)

Y-27632(악소라 카탈로그 번호 ALX-270-333, 미국 캘리포니아주 샌디에고 소재)

Y-27632 (Axora Catalog No. ALX-270-333, San Diego, CA)

EDTA(론자, 카탈로그 번호 17-7-11E)

EDTA (Theoretical, catalog number 17-7-11E)

뉴클레오카운터®(케모메텍 에이/에스, 카탈로그 번호 YC-T100, 덴마크 알레로드 소재)

NucleoCounter® (Chemomette A / S, catalog number YC-T100, Aare Rod, Denmark)

비-조직 배양물 처리된 6웰 디쉬(벡톤 딕킨슨, 카탈로그 번호 팔콘351146, 미국 뉴저지주 프랭클린 레이스크 소재)

Non-tissue culture treated 6 well dishes (Becton Dickinson, Cat. No. Falcon 351146, Franklin Lacek, NJ)

아큐타제^®(시그마, 카탈로그 번호 A-6964, 미국 미주리주 세인트루이스 소재)

Accu hydratase ^® (Sigma, catalog number A-6964, St. Louis, Missouri, USA Material)

pH, 및 용존 산소(DO) 생물반응기 프로브(펌프로브^® pH 전극 225 mm, 모델 번호 F-635, 및 DO 옥시프로브^® 12 mm 센서, 모델 번호 D-145, 미국 캘리포니아주 어바인 소재의 브로들리-제임스 코포레이션으로부터 입수됨)

pH, and dissolved oxygen (DO) Bioreactor probe (pump lobe ^® pH electrode 225 mm, Model No. F-635, and DO oxy probe ^® 12 mm sensor, Model No. D-145, CA, USA sound bromo Irvine material - Obtained from James Corporation)

면역-보호성 거대 캡슐화 장치(테트라사이트™, 미국 캘리포니아주 어바인 소재)

Immune-Protective Giant Encapsulation Device (Tetrasite ™, Irvine, CA)

Mm 인간 C-펩타이드 ELISA(메르코디아 카탈로그 번호 10-1141-01)

Mm human C-peptide ELISA (Merckidia Catalog No. 10-1141-01)

글루타맥스™, MCDB131, 및 ITS-X; 인비트로겐

Glutamax ™, MCDB131, and ITS-X; Invitrogen

FAF-BSA(프롤리언트(Proliant))

FAF-BSA (Proliant)

레티노산, 글루코스 45%(2.5M), SANT(Shh 억제제)(시그마)

Retinoic acid, glucose 45% (2.5 M), SANT (Shh inhibitor) (Sigma)

GDF8(페프로텍)

GDF8 (Peptronic)

MCX

MCX

FGF7(알앤디 시스템즈)

FGF7 (R & D Systems)

LDN-193189(BMP 수용체 길항제)(스템젠트)

LDN-193189 (BMP Receptor Antagonist) (StemGent)

TPPB(PKC 활성화제)(켐파트너(ChemPartner))

TPPB (PKC activator) (ChemPartner)

MCDB 131 주문제작 배지

MCDB 131 Custom Made Badge

Example 8

Maturation of pancreatic progenitor cell clusters produced by cryopreserved bioreactors And function

One 31-pass subculture master cell bank vial of H1 hES (WB0106) cells was thawed to generate sufficient cells for each bioreactor study. Five ™ matrigel-coated two-layer cell stack ® (CS2) to until generate sufficient cells for seeding, EDTA passaged on Matrigel ™ may use the conference culture passages mTeSR ^® 1 attached condition the medium for Lt; / RTI > cells. Once the adherent cells growing in CS2 showed 70% fusion, the C-Flex tubing assembly cap with adjacent pump tubing was attached to the delivery port to close the system. After shutting down the system, the bag or bottle was welded to C-Flex® via a Terumo welder and all liquid volumes (medium, PBS ^{- / -} , Accutase ^® , or suspended cells) were transferred using peristaltic pumps .

In order to lift the cells from the CS2, Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline with no calcium or magnesium (PBS ^{- / -)} cells were washed once with, and then the same portion PBS ^{- / -} in the Accu hydratase ^® diluted with 1/2 Concentration solution and incubated for 4-5 minutes. Then, remove the Accu hydratase ^® solution, after the application of the enzyme solution 3 bunjjae, and promotes cell lifted by tapping the CS2. 10 micromoles of the Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632, rinse the mTeSR ^® 1 Accu hydratase ^® for pumping the residual into a bottle CS2 inactivated and containing, followed by collecting the rinsing liquid. A second rinse volume was added, collected, and mixed with the first rinse. 1.6 to 2.0 x 10 ⁹ cells were recovered from CS2 in a final volume of 2 liters. 2.0 to 2.5 x 10 ⁸ cells per layer were transferred into 4 CS2 or 8 1-layer cell stacks and incubated at 37 ° C for 2 hours in a humidified 5% CO ₂ incubator at a volume of 200 mL per layer.

Using a closed loop of C-Flex tubing with adjacent pump tubing between the Cell Stack® outlet ports, the cell suspension was homogenized by grinding at 75 rpm for 5 minutes with a peristaltic pump to homogenize the aggregates. Cell Stack® was then incubated overnight at 37 ° C for 18 hours in a humidified 5% CO ₂ incubator. Two liters of cells and media from the cell stack were then harvested and transferred to two 3 liter Darth giblet bioreactors, each with 1 liter each, along with 1.5 liters of fresh mTeSR® media per bioreactor. Cells were maintained with mTeSR® medium for an additional 2 days prior to initiation of differentiation, with complete medium change at 24 hours after bioreactor inoculation. Differentiation was then initiated and induced as described in Table 10. A temperature (37 ℃), pH (drift, or in the case of universal cells by CO ₂ 6.8 or, in the case of 7.2 and differentiation regulated to 7.4), and dissolved oxygen (30% DO set-point, CO ₂ / air is regulated) Cells were maintained for a total of 14 days or 15 days (staged differentiation of mTeSR (R) + 12 or 13 days in 2 days) in a controlled, closed sterile suspension bioreactor. The impeller was stopped for 5 to 20 minutes before each medium was replaced to allow the clusters to settle. The medium was removed or added by a peristaltic pump through a dip tube connected to C-Flex® tubing (Cole-Parmer North America, Vernon Hills, Ill., USA) using a Terumo ™ tube welder Closed systems were maintained. Once sufficient media were added to lock the impeller, the impeller and heating jacket were re-powered.

Two production runs were carried out in a 3 liter reactor using these methods. In the first reactor run, two different pH set points were tested over the first two days of the universal culture medium. Reactor 1 will be set to pH 7.2 with a fixed CO ₂ gas injection rate of 5% such that the pH will "drift" lower as the reactor environment becomes acidified over time due to the metabolic activity of the cells. Reactor 2 set the pH to 7.2, which was controlled by the CO ₂ gas level. In the second reactor run, the pH was set to 6.8 for Reactor 1 and 7.2 for Reactor 2, both controlled by the CO ₂ gas level.

To monitor the bioreactor process, cell clusters were taken at the end of each stage of differentiation and analyzed by flow cytometry (Table 11; Table 12). Almost complete transition of CXCR4 expressing cells (96.9 to 98.1% of cells are CXCR4 positive) to a homogeneous population was observed at the completion of definite endoderm formation from the CD9 expression / CXCR4 negative pluripotent population at the onset of differentiation.

The results observed by flow cytometry correlated with the results from the paired samples analyzed by rt-PCR. Samples were tested throughout the course of gene expression characteristic of staged differentiation from universality to pancreatic destiny. Prior to initiation of induction differentiation, mRNA was tested from bioreactor cell clusters on a low density array for gene panels associated with universal or premature differentiation destiny.

Cells from the bioreactor possessed expression for the universal characteristic genes (POU5F1, NANOG, SOX2, and ZFP42), and genes specific for differentiation (AFP, FOXA2: less than 50-fold Increased expression of FOXD3, GATA2, GATA4, GSC, HAND2, MIXL1 and T: less than 10-fold) (Fig. 33). However, once the cells come into contact with the differentiation medium on the first day of the first stage, the level of expression of CDX2, CER1, FGF17, FGF4, FOXA2, GATA4, GATA6, GSC, MIXL1, MNX1, The gene expression pattern changed drastically as it increased 100 to 1000 times larger than the cells (Fig. 34). Expression of CD9, CDX2, FGF4, MIXL1, NANOG, POU5F1, and thymocytes (T) was decreased compared to the first day of the first stage until the end of the first day of the first day (formation of complete endoderm) Expression of characteristic endoderm genes characteristic of CXCR4, FGF17, GATA4, GATA6, KIT, OTX, or SOX17 was a peak (Fig. 35).

At the end of stage 1, the cell culture medium was replaced by a medium containing GDF8 and containing FGF7. Several different gene expression patterns have been noted: an increase in the expression of certain genes (AFP, ATOH1, HHEX, OSR1, PDX1, PROX1, SOX2, and SOX9), expression of (HAND1 and SOX17) Low expression of (CDX2, GAST, NKX2.2, NKX6.1, and PTF1a) (Fig. 36 (a) - (e)). These patterns show that the cells in the reactor are undergoing a decrease in the expression of the full-length (AFP, ATOH1, HHEX, HNF4α, OSR1, PDX1, PROX1, SOX2, and SOX9) on mesodermal markers (HAND1 and SOX17). However, by the end of the second phase, the cells were still not pre-assigned to the more mature enteric or pancreatic foci (CDX2, GAST, NKX2.2, NKX6.1, and PTF1a).

By the end of stage 3, the cells were pre-pancreas-like as determined by PDX1 expression, with PDXl expression increasing by more than 100,000-fold in mRNA compared to undifferentiated controls (Fig. 36) PDXl expressing cells were 76 to 98% (Table 11). In addition, induction of other genes of the pancreas (GAST, NKX2.2, NKX6.1, PROX1, PTF1a, and SOX9) and intestinal genes such as AFP and CDX2 were observed; This indicates that the cell has begun to be pre-matured with a more mature destiny.

By the end of the differentiation process at stage 4 or 3 or 4, the cells are pancreatic endocrine cells (47-54% are chromogranin-positive) and pancreatic progenitor cells (33-52% are positive for NKX6.1) , Which is shown in Table 11 and Table 12. These phase-specific marker expression patterns can be determined from a universal population by comparing the high expression level of PDX1 (induction of greater than 1 x 10 ⁶ -fold) and the high expression level of other pancreatic genes (ARX, GCG , GAST, INS, ISL, NEUROD1, NGN3, NKX2.2, NKX6.1, PAX4, PTF1a, and SST) and almost complete loss of OCT4 / POU5F1 expression in pancreatic progenitor cells Indicating an efficient staged differentiation (Fig. 37).

At the end of the differentiation process, 0.08 to 0.45 × 10 ⁶ cells / mL were generated (FIG. 38: daily cell count). Cells generated in this process were then cryopreserved or transplanted directly into the animal through a tetrasite ™ device or placed under the kidney capsule. For cryopreservation of cells, it was transferred to cryopreservation medium consisting of 57.5% MCDB131, 30% nonenzo KSR, 10% DMSO, and 2.5% HEPES (final concentration 25 mM) with 2.43 g / L sodium bicarbonate. Once the cell clusters were suspended in the cryopreservation medium at ambient temperature, the freeze-vials were moved to a programmable freezer (CRF) within 15 minutes. The chamber temperature was then reduced to 4 DEG C for 45 minutes and further reduced to -7.0 DEG C (sample) at 2.00 DEG C / min. The temperature of the chamber was then reduced to -45.0 DEG C at a rate of 25.0 DEG C / min to quickly cool the sample. The chamber temperature was then increased by 10.0 [deg.] C / min to -25.0 [deg.] C (chamber) to provide compensation enhancement. The sample was then cooled at 0.2 [deg.] C / min until the temperature reached -40.0 [deg.] C. The chamber was then cooled to -160 ° C at a rate of 35.0 ° C / min and held at that temperature for 15 minutes. The sample was transferred to the gaseous liquid nitrogen storage vessel at the end of the CRF run.

After storing the cells in gaseous liquid nitrogen, the cells were removed from the reservoir, thawed and transferred to a 37 ° C water bath. The vial was gently vortexed in a water bath for less than 2 minutes until a small ice crystal remained in the vial. The vial contents were then transferred to a 50 ml conical tube and diluted using MCDB131 medium with 2.43 g / L sodium bicarbonate and 2% BSA dropwise over 2 minutes to a final volume of 20 ml total. Then placed moved for one hour the total number of the cells, the cell suspension was measured with a nucleoside ^® counter to the ultra-low attachment culture dish. The cells were then isolated from the medium in a 50 ml conical tube, the supernatant removed and the cells resuspended in 4 medium. The cells were then transplanted subcutaneously into the animal via the tetrasite ™ device or transplanted under the renal capsule, or the cells were implanted into the animal after overnight incubation in a ultra-low attachment culture dish.

Animals were monitored every 4 weeks after implant grafting for blood glucose and C-peptide levels. Treated animals treated with non-cryopreserved pancreatic progenitor cells inside the tetrasite ™ device or directly with cells underneath the renal capsule were mature and expressed more than 1 ng / mL C-peptide up to 16 weeks, Reaching 2 ng / mL C-peptide by 20 weeks (Figs. 39A and 39D). Furthermore, when treated with STZ to remove host β-cell function, the engrafted animals maintained normo-glycemia until the graft was removed, since the graft survived from a single high dose of STZ-induced diabetes Indicating competency in protecting the animal (Figure 39b).

This pattern was also observed in animals treated with cryopreserved cells. Animals treated with kidney-coated grafts using frozen-thawed pancreatic progenitor cells (1207B) cultured for 1 hour after thawing had C-peptides averaging 0.56 ng / mL and 1.09 ng / mL at 16 weeks and 20 weeks, respectively While cells cultured overnight after thawing (1207C) had C-peptide averages of 0.81 ng / mL and 1.35 ng / mL at 16 weeks and 20 weeks, respectively (FIG. 39D). Animals treated with cryopreserved pancreatic progenitor cells inside the tetrasite device had> 1 ng / mL of C-peptide up to 16 weeks and, similar to the non-cryopreserved control, treated at 1 week after STZ treatment Gt; C-peptide < / RTI > (0.98 ng / mL, Figure 39c). These results indicate that cryopreserved pancreatic progenitor cells can function to an extent comparable to non-cryopreserved controls when tested in animal models.

[Table 10]

[Table 11]

[Table 12]

교반 탱크 생물반응기 내에서 세포 응집체에 가해진 전단 응력의 계산

Calculation of shear stress applied to cell aggregates in a stirred tank bioreactor

The shear stress applied to the cell aggregates in a 2.7 liter Dozen centrifuge suspension bioreactor mixed at a stirring rate of 70 rpm in a 3 L dozen biod bioreactor was measured. In order to calculate the shear stress value, it is assumed as described below.

home:

One. The maximum shear stress imposed on cell aggregates is not the result of turbulent eddy.

2. The maximum shear stress imposed on cell aggregates is not the result of aggregate-aggregate or aggregate-impeller collisions.

3. Shear stresses imposed by baffles (i.e., dip tubes and probes) are not reflected in these calculations.

For the calculations herein, the nomenclature and physical parameters listed below were used.

nomenclature:

parameter:

The enumerated media parameters and bioreactor parameters were applied to the following equation.

equation:

Reynolds Number

The maximum shear stress for agglomerates (Cherry and Kwon 1990)

)Power dissipated per unit mass (

)

Power Consumed (P)

The power calculation was based on an empirical correlation equation derived by Nagata (1975) for a baffle-less stirred tank.

here,

The maximum shear applied to the cell aggregates at a stirring rate of 70 rpm in a 2.7 L dozens bioreactor was calculated to be at least 2.5 dyn / cm 2. Cells containing the outermost layer of the cluster undergo the highest levels of shear stress. These shear stress values are highly dependent on the described assumptions.

Example 9

Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells from Cell Line WA01 to Complete Endoderm: Role of MCX / GDF8 in Suspension Culture

(Cat # 68700, Propylene, Iowa, USA), 1X non-fatty acid BSA in a 6-well plate treated with an Erlenmeyer flask / shaker flask, spinner flask, ITS-X (Cat. # 51500056, Invitrogen, USA) was added to Glutamax ™ (Cat # 35050-079, Invitrogen, CA), additional 2.5 mM glucose (Cat # G8769, Sigma) and 1: (USA), supplemented with 3.64 g / ml sodium bicarbonate and 5.5 mM glucose (Catalog No. A13051 DJ, Invitrogen, Calif., USA) supplemented with the humanized human embryonic stem cell line H1 : WA01) was seeded at a cell density in the range of 0.25 x 10 ⁶ to 2 x 10 ⁶ cells / ml. The MCDB-131 medium supplemented in this manner will be referred to as the " primary base medium "for the purpose of this application. 3 μM MCX (GSK3B inhibitor, 14-prop-2-en-1-yl-3,5,7,14,17,23,27-heptaaza tetracyclo [19.3.1.1-2.6 ~ 8,12-] heptacosa- (25), 2 (27), 3,5,8 (26), 9,11,21,23-nonanen-16-one, U.S. Patent Application No. 12 / 494,789 WNT-3A (catalog number 1324-WN-3), alone or in combination with 100 ng / ml GDF-8 (catalog number 120-00, (Catalog No. 338-AC, R & D Systems, Minnesota, USA) or 20 ng / ml WNT-3A alone to differentiate clusters in this medium Lt; / RTI > On day 2, the cells were transferred to fresh primary basal medium supplemented with 100 ng / ml GDF8 or 100 ng / ml Activin A. Samples were collected at various time points ranging from 0 hour (immediately after addition of the basic medium + supplement) to 72 hours after the initiation of differentiation for flow cytometry, PCR and Western Blot analysis.

Under each condition, the production of complete endoderm was determined by measuring the percentage of cells expressing cell surface markers CXCR4, CD99 and CD9 using flow cytometry 3 days after differentiation. The data (as shown in the FACS charts in Figures 40a-40d and summarized in Table 13) indicate that addition of 3 [mu] M MCX in the absence of TGF- [beta] family member on day 1 differentiation, Shows complete endoderm to a level comparable to that obtained when cells were treated with 3 [mu] M MCX + 100 ng / ml GDF-8 or 20 ng / ml WNT-3A + 100 ng / ml Actibin A.

[Table 13]

Example 10

Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells from Cell Line WA01 to Complete Endoderm: The Capacity Response of MCX Compound Concentrations in Suspension Reactions

During the first phase basal medium as described in Example 9 in the Erlenmeyer flask / shaker flask or a spinner flask, a universal human embryonic stem cell line H1: the cluster from the (NIH code WA01) 0.25 × 10 ⁶ to 2 × 10 ⁶ 0.0 > cells / ml. ≪ / RTI > Clusters were treated with fresh primary basal medium containing 1.5, 2, 3 or 4 μM MCX on the first day of differentiation and fresh primary basal medium containing 100 ng / ml GDF-8 on the second day. No media change was performed on the third day. Samples were collected at the end of the third day of differentiation for flow cytometry and PCR analysis.

Then, the production efficiency of complete endoderm was measured by measuring the percentage of cells expressing cell surface markers CXCR4, CD99 and CD9 using flow cytometry. The data (as shown in the FACS charts in Figures 41a-41d and summarized in Table 14) indicate that the addition of MCX at a concentration of less than 2 [mu] M in suspension cultures (a lower percentage of CXCR4- (As evidenced by a high percentage of CD9-positive cells). ≪ / RTI > In addition, at concentrations above 4 μM, MCX exhibits deleterious effects on cells, resulting in reduced cell viability. However, by increasing the BSA concentration, the effect of MCX can be controlled so that concentrations above 4 micromolar can be used. Conversely, using concentrations less than 1.5 micromolar, when used with lower BSA concentrations, complete endoderm can be produced.

[Table 14]

Example 11

Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells from Cell Line WA01 to Complete Endoderm: Role of Medium Replacement Frequency in Suspension Culture

During the first phase basal medium as described in Example 9 in the Erlenmeyer flask / shaker flask or a spinner flask, a universal human embryonic stem cell line H1: the cluster from the (NIH code WA01) 0.25 × 10 ⁶ to 2 × 10 ⁶ 0.0 > cells / ml. ≪ / RTI > The clusters were treated with a primary culture medium containing 3 μM MCX on the first day of differentiation and a fresh primary culture medium containing 100 ng / ml GDF-8 on the second day. The control cultures received medium changes on day 3; For the separate containers, the medium was not replaced on the third day. Samples were collected at the end of the third day of differentiation for flow cytometry and PCR analysis.

Subsequently, under the respective conditions, the production efficiency of the complete endoderm was measured by measuring the percentage of cells expressing the cell surface markers CXCR4, CD99 and CD9 using flow cytometry. The results are shown in FACS charts in Figures 42A and 42B and summarized in Table 15. < tb > < TABLE >

[Table 15]

Example 12

Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells from Cell Line WA01 to Complete Endoderm: Use of Glutamax ™ in Cell Suspension

Clusters from versatile human embryonic stem cell line H1 (NIH code: WA01) were seeded at cell densities ranging from 0.25 x 10 ⁶ to 2 x 10 ⁶ cells / ml, in Erlenmeyer flasks / shake flasks or spinner flasks.

This example was performed to determine whether Glutamax ™ supplements were needed to generate complete endoderm, which was supplemented with 3 μM MCX on day 1 and 100 ng / ml GDF-8 on day 2 Was carried out by suspending the clusters in a primary culture medium (described in Example 9) with or without glutamax ™ supplemented with fresh primary growth medium. No media change was performed on the third day. Samples were collected at the end of the third day of differentiation for flow cytometry and PCR analysis.

Under each condition, the production of complete endoderm was determined by measuring the percentage of cells expressing cell surface markers CXCR4, CD99 and CD9 using flow cytometry. The data and results are shown in FACS charts in Figures 43A and 43B and summarized in Table 16.

[Table 16]

Example 13

Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells from Cell Line WA01 to Complete Endoderm: Role of Sodium Bicarbonate Concentration in Suspension Culture

In a Erlenmeyer flask / shake flask or spinner flask, a first batch of medium (containing 3.64 g / l sodium bicarbonate) as described in Example 9, or a modified first batch containing 2.43 g / l sodium bicarbonate Clusters from universal human embryonic stem cell line H1 (NIH code: WA01) were seeded at a cell density in the range of 0.25 x 10 ⁶ to 2 x 10 ⁶ cells / ml. The clusters were treated with a primary basal medium containing MCX and GDF-8 as described in Example 12. Samples were collected at the end of the third day of differentiation for flow cytometry. Phase contrast images were also captured in each day of differentiation.

Then, the production efficiency of complete endoderm was measured by measuring the percentage of cells expressing cell surface markers CXCR4, CD99 and CD9 using flow cytometry. Data are shown in FACS charts in Figures 44A and 44B and summarized in Table 17. In the suspension culture, the sodium bicarbonate level as low as 2.43 g / L was less efficient (average 87.4%) than when cells were differentiated in medium containing 3.64 g / L (97.35% of the cells expressed an average of CXCR4) Of cells express CXCR4) to produce complete endoderm. In addition, as observed by phase contrast microscopy, differences in bicarbonate levels were observed to correlate with differences in cluster morphology at the end of the first phase (Figs. 44C and 44D). It was also found that cells differentiated under the high bicarbonate level form looser clusters than cells differentiated in 2.43 g / L bicarbonate.

[Table 17]

Example 14

Generation of pancreatic progenitor cell clusters from human induced pluripotent stem cells in a scalable bioreactor process

Cell therapy will require multiple (more than 10 ⁸ ) cells per dose. This example demonstrates the process by which a mass of inducible pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) can be differentiated by a size greater than three to five digits larger than is possible with current cell therapy manufacturing practices.

In this example, an iPS cell line was used - derived from umbilical cord tissue cells previously described in UTC (U.S. Patent Application No. 13 / 330,931, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2013/0157365), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, Quot ;, < / RTI > which is incorporated herein by reference). Cells were induced on mouse embryonic trophoblast cells using plasmid transfection in a "foot-print" free manner and cryopreserved in the 15th passage.

From these cryopreserved cells, the source material vials were incubated with human recombinant laminin (hrLaminin, Catalog No. LN-521, Stockholm, Sweden) in LifeSystems Corporation (Grand Island, (Obtained from Biolamina, Inc.), to produce a series of cell banks by producing in-house seed material. The thawed and amplified material was named "Pre-Pre Master Cell Bank" (Pre-Pre MCB), which served as the seed material for future banks. Subsequently, pre-pre MCB 3 was used to generate sequential cell banks, Pre-MCB, MCB, and working cell bank (WCB). One WCB vial was then thawed and amplified on hrLaminin using EDTA subculture during three sub-cultures in E8 ™. Cells were first seeded from thawed water into T225 flasks (Corning, Corning, NY, USA) and then subcultured into a number of T225 flasks. Subsequently, multiple T225 flasks were subcultured and combined into a single 1-layer cell stack (CS1). Was treated with a solution of one-half the concentration of the Accu hydratase ^® diluted and incubated for 4 to 5 minutes ^- once the cells are fused in CS1, the cells PBS ^{- / -,} and washed once with, PBS ^{- /.} Then, by removing the Accu hydratase ^® and, after the application of the enzyme solution 3 bunjjae, tapping the CS1 was promotes cell lifted. And supplemented with 0.5% BSA was rinsed inactivated with 10 micromolar of the Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632 was added to the remaining Accu hydratase ^® E8 ™ to CS1 containing. Then, the rinsing liquid was collected, a second rinsing volume was added, collected, and mixed with the first rinsing liquid.

1 x 10 < ⁶ > cells / well in 225 mL liters were placed in a 1 liter disposable spinner flask (Corning, Corning, NY, USA) in a medium supplemented with 0.5% BSA and containing 10 micromoles of Rho kinase inhibitor Y- mL. < / RTI > The cells were allowed to clump in a humidified 5% CO ₂ incubator for 60 minutes in a static suspension, followed by stirring at 55-65 rpm for 5 minutes, supplemented with 0.5% BSA and incubated with 10 micromoles of Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632 Was added. The cells were allowed to settle for an additional 30 minutes in the scrambled culture, and then 150 mL additional medium supplemented with 0.5% BSA and containing 10 micromoles of Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632 was added to the spinner flask. Subsequently, the cells were continuously stirred at 50-70 rpm in a humidified 5% CO ₂ incubator. After 24 hours, the spinner flask was removed from the incubator and the clusters were allowed to settle for 5-10 minutes. The medium was then aspirated until 200 mL remained in the vessel, and 400 mL of additional fresh culture medium was added to the spinner flask. This process was repeated at the end of the second day (48 hours after transfer).

Then, after the initial occupancy hydratase ^® treatment in second 72 hours, to repeat the cell clusters dissociate and spinner flasks are seeded (passages), the conference passages: a suspended state during the (tested range from 1 to 10 times subculture) Cells were maintained.

Using this procedure, UTC iPS cells were converted from the adherent cultures on the substrate to suspension cultures as cell clusters and then amplified in suspension. These cells were then incubated in suspension and incubated for cryopreservation and storage for later use. In order to prepare the suspension for cryopreservation amplified cells were dissociated, and a is, cell clusters, as described above, except that the cells do not pass a 40 micron cell strainer into Accu hydratase ^®.

Cells were then counted from each 1 liter disposable flask, combined as needed, and centrifuged at 80 to 200 rcf for 5 minutes. The supernatant was then completely removed as completely as possible without disturbing the cell pellet. The cell solution was then transferred to a 1.8 mL Corning < > freezing vial (Corning, Corning, NY, USA) or 15 ml Miltoni freeze bag (Miltenyi Biotech Inc., Auvane, CA).

Then, the suspension-amplified cells were frozen at high density in a programmed freezer in a vial as follows. The chamber was pre-cooled to 4 ° C and the temperature was maintained until the sample vial temperature reached 6 ° C. The chamber temperature was then lowered to 2 [deg.] C / min until the sample reached -7 [deg.] C. Once the sample vial reached -7 占 폚, the chamber was cooled to 20 占 폚 / min until the chamber reached -45 占 폚. The chamber temperature was then allowed to rise briefly at 10 [deg.] C / min until the chamber temperature reached -25 [deg.] C and the chamber was further cooled at 0.8 [deg.] C / min until the sample vial reached -45 [ . The chamber temperature was then cooled to 35 [deg.] C / min until the chamber reached -160 [deg.] C. The chamber temperature was then maintained at -160 DEG C for at least 10 minutes, after which time the vials were transferred to a gaseous liquid nitrogen reservoir.

For inoculation into a stirred tank bioreactor, the high density cryopreserved cells were removed from the liquid nitrogen reservoir and thawed and used to seed into a closed 0.2 liter glass bioreactor (Dahl, Germany). The vials were taken out of the gaseous liquid nitrogen reservoir and immediately placed in a 37 ° C water bath for 105 seconds. The thawed vial was then transferred to a 50 mL conical tube through a 2 mL glass pipette. Then, 9 mL of E8 (TM) containing 0.5% BSA and supplemented with 10 micromolar Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632 was added dropwise to the tube. The cells were then centrifuged at 80 to 200 rcf for 5 minutes. The supernatant was then aspirated from the tube and 10 ml of fresh E8 containing 0.5% BSA and supplemented with 10 micromoles of Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632 was added. This volume containing the cells was pipetted into a media transfer vessel (Cap2V8 ^® , Sanity, Moore Park, CA) and the contents of the bottles were pumped directly into the bioreactor by a peristaltic pump through a sterile C-flex tubing weld . In preparation for universal stem cell inoculation, 10 micromoles of Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632 and 0.15 L of E8 ™ supplemented with 0.5% BSA were prepared in the bioreactor, pre-warmed to 37 ° C, stirred at 70 rpm And adjusted to pH 6.8 to 7.1 with CO ₂ , with a 30% dissolved oxygen set point (CO ₂ , air, O ₂ , and N ₂ controlled). Immediately after inoculation, the bioreactor was sampled for cell counting and the medium volume was adjusted as necessary to yield a final cell concentration of 0.225 x 10 ⁶ cells / mL.

The cells inoculated into the stirred tank bioreactor formed cell clusters in a continuous stirred tank. After inoculation, the cell clusters were maintained in E8 medium supplemented with 0.5% BSA in the reactor for 3 days. The medium was replaced on a daily basis. At 24 hours after inoculation, 90% of the lung medium was removed and 0.15 liter of fresh medium was added. Forty-eight hours after inoculation, 90% of the waste medium was removed and 0.15 liter of fresh medium was added. Seventy-two hours after inoculation, the lung medium was removed by more than 90% and pluripotent cell differentiation was initiated by addition of differentiation medium (Table 18).

Once the staged differentiation process is initiated, the temperature (37 ° C), pH (7.4 for differentiation) and dissolved oxygen (10% DO setpoint for group 1 and 30% DO set for all other periods) The cells were maintained in a closed sterile suspension bioreactor controlled for temperature, CO ₂ , O ₂ , N ₂ , and air conditioned. Over the course of the differentiation, the impeller was stopped for 5 to 20 minutes prior to removal of the medium through the dip-tube during each medium change, to allow the clusters to settle. Teruel Mo ™ using a tube-welding was kept closed with a bottle or bag / closing the system by removing the medium therefrom, or added in the bioreactor by a peristaltic pump through the dip tube attached to the C- Flex ^® tubing. Once sufficient medium was added to the vessel to completely immerse the impeller, the impeller and heater were re-powered.

In order to monitor a bioreactor process, by daily collection of samples of the medium containing the cell clusters was measured with the cell number and viability (nucleoside Counter ^®), which are shown in Figure 45. Normal amplification of the cells was observed during this process, as the inoculum of 0.225 × 10 ⁶ viable cells / mL was amplified to produce 0.65 × 10 ⁶ viable cells / mL on the third day 4 (FIG. 45).

In addition to eleven counts, the bioreactor medium samples were analyzed by Nova Bio-Flex ^® profile (Nova Biomedical Corp., Waltham, Massachusetts materials). The pH of the medium at time 0 was acidic (pH 6.8) over 0 groups (Figure 46) for every reactor set point at 0 group (pH 6.8). The acidic setpoint at 0 was shown to decrease the cellular metabolic activity in the relatively low lactic acid and high glucose levels in the 0 medium were observed. Once the cells began to differentiate at the end of stage 3, the cells consumed almost all of the glucose in the medium (FIG. 47) and produced high levels of lactic acid (FIG. 48). In addition, an increase in cell density was observed over the course of stages 1 and 2 (FIG. 45).

In order to determine whether the step-specific change in pH and metabolism matched the step change in the mRNA expression pattern as measured by qRT-PCR, the following was done. We used four Applied Biosystems low density arrays designated as universal, complete endoderm (DE), intestinal (GT), or four (S4) (Life ™, Carlsbad, CA). To standardize expression across all runs and arrays, the results are presented as a multiple of the difference relative to the undifferentiated UTCiPS cell sample as a control.

Using these arrays, gene expression was measured at each step of differentiation. Subsequently, seed material cells thawed into the bioreactor showed undifferentiated gene expression patterns at days 0, 1, 2, and 3 (24, 48, and 72 hours after bioreactor inoculation: Figures 49 and 50) . These results correlated well with the results of flow cytometry showing high expression levels of CD9, SSEA4, TRA-1-60, and TRA-1-81 and absence of CXCR4 / CD184 (FIG. 51). These flow cytometry and qRT-PCR data show that the robust and stable expression pattern of universal genes (CD9, NANOG, POU5F1, SOX2, TDGF, and ZFP42) and the genes (CD99, CDH2, CDX2, Expression of CER1, CXCR4, EOMES, FGF17, FGF4, FOXA2, GATA2, GATA4, GATA6, GSC, HAND2, HNF4α, KIT, MNX1, MIXL1, PRDM1, PTHR1R, SOX17, SOX7, T, TMPRSS2 and VWF , Which was consistent with a stable all-round state.

Upon completion of 0 (72 hours after reactor inoculation), cells were transferred into differentiation medium containing MCX and GDF8 (Table 18). At 24 hours after this medium change, significant changes in gene expression patterns (Figs. 49 and 50; expression multiples relative to undifferentiated control) have been noted, for example in the expression of FOXA2, HAND2, PRDM1, PTH1R and SOX17 An increase of more than 100x in CER1, FGF4, GATA4, GATA6, GSC, and MNX1, and an increase of more than 1000x in EOMES, FGF17, MIXL1, and T expression. These increased expression levels indicate that the cells are metastasizing through mesodermal fate. The level of CDX2 was elevated on day 1 (compared with control), compared to undifferentiated cells (increased by 2700x in expression), but it was a transient increase in expression and CDX2 level was decreased by 97% until day 3 It was also noted that levels were comparable to those previously observed (Figs. 49 and 50; expression multiples relative to undifferentiated control group).

At 72 hours after exposure to the 1 st stage differentiation medium, the level of CXCR4 peaked at about 400x compared to the control group, FOXA2 was expressed at 136x as compared with the control group, and SOX17 was expressed at 470,000x as compared with the control group Exhibited a profile consistent with the preincubation to complete endoderm. Gene expression of CER1, EOMES, FGF4, GSC, MIXL1, and T at the end of stage 1 (day 3) fell from the elevated levels observed at day 1, day 1, consistent with completed endoderm Figure 50: Expression multiples versus undifferentiated control group).

These changes in gene expression observed by qRT-PCR correlated with the results observed by flow cytometry. Almost complete transfer of CXCR4 expressing cells (98.6% of cells are CXCR4 positive) to a homogeneous population (FIG. 52) was observed at the beginning of differentiation from the CD9 expression / CXCR4 negative universal cell population (FIG.

After complete endoderm formation (stage 1) was completed, the medium was replaced with one containing FGF7, a mollipagen used to induce primordial electrical field formation. Expression levels of HNF4α and GATA6 were increased on days 1 and 3 of day 2 in accordance with the formation of the primordial electric field. On the other hand, genes (CXCR4, EOMES, FGF17, FGF4, MNX1, PRDM1, SOX17, And VWF) exhibited reduced expression by the end of stage 2 (FIG. 50 and FIG. 53; expression multiples relative to undifferentiated control). Expression of the full-length genes (AFP, PDXl, and PROXl) was increased (Fig. 53; expression multiples relative to undifferentiated control).

The cells were cultured for 72 hours in a second medium, and then the culture was replaced with a third medium (Table 18). Once in the medium, the cells expressed markers consistent with the endoderm pancreatic lineage as measured by qRT-PCR assays for gene expression. The gene expression of PDX1 was increased from 12,000 × at the end of day 3 to 60 days at the end of day 3 of day 3 compared to the control at 739,000 ×. These data indicate that the cells are being pre-pancreatic fate (Fig. 54). These observations suggest that an undifferentiated control group for a number of genes commonly expressed in the pancreas (ARX, GAST, GCG, INS, ISL1, NEUROD1, NGN3, NKX2.2, NKX6.1, PAX4, PAX6, PTF1A and SST) Which was supported by increased levels of expression as compared to that of Figure 54 and Figure 55. Interestingly, high expression levels for OCT4 / POU5F1 non-expression (37 sample Ct by qRT-PCR) and other markers AFP, ALB, and CDX2 of the endoderm lineage were also observed. This indicates that the population of cells in the bioreactor was first differentiated from the pluripotent cell population into relatively flexible intestinal tract and then further differentiated into pancreatic destiny (FIGS. 54 and 55).

At the end of the four-phase differentiation process, the cells retained high levels of PDX1 (95.6% positive by FACS, approximately 1,000,000 fold induction by qRT-PCR) and FOXA2 (99.5% positive by FACS). The cells were positive for pancreatic progenitor cells (39.2% positive for NKX6.1 by FACS) and a group of pancreatic endocrine cells (9.4% positive for PAX6, 2.4% positive for chromogranin, NKX2. 2, 15.2% were positive, all due to FACS). These phase specific marker expression patterns showed efficient stepwise differentiation from the universal population into pancreatic progenitor cells. These results observed by flow cytometry were confirmed by qRT-PCR. A number of genes commonly expressed in the pancreas (ARX, GAST, GCG, IAPP, INS, ISL1, MAFB, NEUROD1, NGN3, NKX2.2, NKX6.1, PAX4, PAX6, PTF1A and SST) Lt; RTI ID = 0.0 > (Figure 55). ≪ / RTI > For reference, representative micrographs (4x) of cell clusters at the end of each step are shown in FIG.

[Table 18]

[Table 18a]

[Table 18b]

material:

인간 배아줄기(hES) 세포주 H1(WA01 세포, 위셀, 미국 위스콘신주 매디슨 소재)

Human embryonic stem (hES) cell line H1 (WA01 cells, Wiscel, Madison, Wis.)

PBS(카탈로그 번호 14190, 인비트로겐)

PBS (catalog number 14190, Invitrogen)

Y-27632(악소라 카탈로그 번호 ALX-270-333, 미국 캘리포니아주 샌디에고 소재)

Y-27632 (Axora Catalog No. ALX-270-333, San Diego, CA)

EDTA(론자, 카탈로그 번호 17-7-11E)

EDTA (Theoretical, catalog number 17-7-11E)

뉴클레오카운터^®-(케모메텍 에이/에스, 카탈로그 번호 YC-T100, 덴마크 알레로드 소재)

Nucleoside counter ^® - (kemo metek A / S, catalog number YC-T100, Denmark Alessio loaded material)

비-조직 배양물 처리된 6웰 디쉬(벡톤 딕킨슨, 카탈로그 번호 팔콘351146, 미국 뉴저지주 프랭클린 레이스크 소재)

Non-tissue culture treated 6 well dishes (Becton Dickinson, Cat. No. Falcon 351146, Franklin Lacek, NJ)

아큐타제^®, (시그마-알드리치, 카탈로그 번호 A-6964, 미국 미주리주 세인트루이스 소재)

Accu hydratase ^®, (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number A-6964, St. Louis, Missouri, USA Material)

pH, 및 용존 산소(DO) 생물반응기 프로브(펌프로브^® pH 전극 225 mm, 모델 번호 F-635, 및 DO 옥시프로브^® 12 mm 센서, 모델 번호 D-145, 미국 캘리포니아주 어바인 소재의 브로들리-제임스 코포레이션으로부터 입수됨)

pH, and dissolved oxygen (DO) Bioreactor probe (pump lobe ^® pH electrode 225 mm, Model No. F-635, and DO oxy probe ^® 12 mm sensor, Model No. D-145, CA, USA sound bromo Irvine material - Obtained from James Corporation)

면역-보호성 거대 캡슐화 장치(테트라사이트™, 미국 캘리포니아주 어바인 소재)

Immune-Protective Giant Encapsulation Device (Tetrasite ™, Irvine, CA)

인간 C-펩타이드 ELISA(메르코디아 카탈로그 번호 10-1141-01)

Human C-peptide ELISA (Merckidia Catalog No. 10-1141-01)

글루타맥스™, MCDB131, 및 ITS-X; 인비트로겐

Glutamax ™, MCDB131, and ITS-X; Invitrogen

FAF-BSA(프롤리언트)

FAF-BSA (Proliferation)

레티노산, 글루코스45%(2.5M), SANT(Shh 억제제)(시그마)

Retinoic acid, glucose 45% (2.5 M), SANT (Shh inhibitor) (Sigma)

GDF8(페프로텍)

GDF8 (Peptronic)

MCX

MCX

FGF7(알앤디 시스템즈)

FGF7 (R & D Systems)

LDN-193189(BMP 수용체 길항제)(스템젠트)

LDN-193189 (BMP Receptor Antagonist) (StemGent)

TPPB(PKC 활성화제)(켐파트너)

TPPB (PKC activator) (Chem partner)

Example  15

Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells from Cell Line WA01 to Complete Endoderm: Role of MCX / GDF8 as a Cell Cycle Regulator in Suspension Culture

(Catalog No. 68700, Proliant, Iowa, USA), 1X Glutamax ™ (Catalog No. 35050-079, Invitrogen, Calif., USA), in a triangular flask / shake flask 3.64 g / ml sodium bicarbonate and 5.5 mM glucose supplemented with 2.5 mM glucose (catalog number G8769, Sigma) and 1: 50,000 stock concentration of ITS-X (catalog number 51500056, Invitrogen, Calif. Clusters from universal human embryonic stem cell line H1 (NIH code: WA01) were seeded at 0.5 x ¹⁰⁶ cells / ml in MCDB-131 medium containing A13051 DJ, Invitrogen, CA, USA. MCDB-131 medium supplemented in this manner will be referred to as a primary or "pure" medium for the purposes of this example. GSK3B inhibitor, 14-prop-2-en-1-yl-3,5,7,14,17,23,27-heptaaza tetracyclo [19.3.1.1-2,6- ] Heptacosa- 1 (25), 2 (27), -3,5, 8 (26), 9,11,21,23-nonanen-16-one-US Patents, Application No. 12 / 494,789 - will be referred to as "MCX ".

The clusters were treated on the first day of differentiation in one of the following six conditions: (1) pure, (2) 3 μM MCX + 100 ng / ml GDF-8 (catalog number 120-00, (5) 20 ng / ml WNT-3A (Catalog No. 1324-WN-002, available from R & D Systems, Minn., USA) + 100 ng / ml solution (6) 20 ng / ml WNT-3A alone. ≪ RTI ID = 0.0 >

At each condition, the medium was replaced at 24 and 48 hours after initiation of differentiation. At these times, cells in conditions 1, 2, 3, and 4 were replaced with fresh primary basal medium supplemented with 100 ng / ml GDF8, while cells in conditions 5 and 6 were replaced with 100 ng / ml actin A With a new primary medium supplemented with < RTI ID = 0.0 >

At 5 hours, 23, 29, 47, or 71 hours after the initiation of differentiation and at the onset of differentiation (referred to as "0 hour"), the suspended sample was transferred to a 6 well dish move EdU - incubated for 1 hour (with click-It (click-iT) ^® EdU kit, Life Technologies Corp., Carlsbad, Calif.). Then, EdU incubated cells were assayed by flow cytometry at 0, 6, 24, 30, 48, or 72 hours after the onset of differentiation to determine the percentage of cells in the G0 / G1, S, or G2 / (Fig. 81 to Fig. 87).

After this protocol, a significant difference in the percentage of cells in the G0 / G1, S, or G2 / M phase of the cell cycle was observed (Figures 82-87), and MCX and MCX + It was noted that EdU incorporation resulted in a reduction of approximately 40% in comparison with the branching conditions (Fig. 81). This reduction in EdU incorporation was matched by 38% increase in G0 / G1 cells from MCX + GDF8 treated samples and by 54% increase in G0 / G1 cells on MCX alone treated cells . These changes to EdU incorporation and increased transduction to G0 / G1 at 6 hours after initiation of differentiation were not observed in cells treated with GDF8, WNT3A, WNT-3A + actin A, or pure media. Rather, cells treated with GDF8, WNT-3A, WNT-3A + actin A, or pure media showed a minimal decrease in the percentage of cells with EdU incorporation (mean, 48.1%, SD +/- 1.2) (Standard deviation, ± 5%) in the number of cells at G0 / G1 at 6 hours post-treatment, as shown in FIGS. 81 and 82.

For cells treated with MCX or MCX + GDF8 as opposed to other treatment conditions, a similar difference between G0 / G1 values was observed later in the course of the prolongation. Cells treated with MCX or MCX + GDF8 at time 0 hours after 30 hours were 43-45% in G0 / G1 compared to cells treated with WNT-3A + Actin A, GDF8, WNT-3A, And had fewer cells. 71.9-75.5% of cells treated with MCX or MCX + GDF8 were present in G0 / G1 of the cell cycle, while 48.5% of GDF8 treated cells, 55.8% of WNT3A treated cells, WNT-3A + This gap between the percentages of G0 / G1 cells was maintained at 48 hours after the initiation of differentiation, as 57.7% of the cells that were treated or 49% of the purely treated cells were present in G0 / G1. In addition to the observed differences in EDU incorporation and G0 / G1 profiles, cells treated with MCX or MCX + GDF8 were treated at 30 hours post-treatment with WNT3A + Actibin A, GDF8, WNT-3A, And had 15 to 33% more cells in the S phase of the cell cycle at 48 hours (Figs. 84 and 85).

Gene expression for CD99, CD9, CDH1, CDH2, CDX2, CER1, CXCR4, FGF17, FGF4, FOXA2, GATA4, GATA6, GSC, KIT, MIXL1, MNX1, NANOG, OTX2, POU5F1, SOX17, SOX7, , Figures 57-80 and 88A-88F) show that in suspension cultures, the addition of MCX with GDF8, a member of the TGF-? Family on the first day of differentiation, or MCX without GDF8, As measured by gene expression, the cells produced complete endoderm that was comparable to that obtained by treatment with 20 ng / ml WNT-3A + 100 ng / ml Actin A on day 1. However, a median difference in gene expression was observed, consistent with differences in the cell cycle observed throughout the process of forming complete endoderm. In MCX or MCX + GDF8 treated samples, cells treated with WNT-3A + Actin A within the first 24 hours of differentiation, or cells treated with the other three test conditions, ), GATA4, and CDX2 (Figures 88b, 88c, and 88d). Conversely, gene expression for universality (NANOG and POU5F1 / OCT4) was significantly reduced up to 24 hours in samples treated with MCX or MCX + GDF8 as compared to the starting cell population or the other four conditions tested (Figure 88e) . The magnitude of induction of expression for genes such as FGF4, FOXA2, and SOX17 was much lower in MCX or MCX + GDF8 samples compared to the other four conditions tested at 24 hours after initiation of differentiation, FGF4, FOXA2 and SOX17 were expressed at comparable levels (Fig. 88C and Fig. 88E).

Example 16

Generation of ectodermal and mesodermal tissue using a scale-tunable suspension differentiation process

This example demonstrates the process of amplifying and differentiating pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) to achieve a scalable manufacturing process for the production of ectodermal or mesodermal tissue.

Two cell lines were suspensively amplified to provide seed material for these studies: induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) produced from sub-clone-WB0106 and cord tissue cells (UTC) of the H1 (WA01) hES cell line. As described in the previous examples, the suspension-amplified cells were frozen at high density in a programmable freezer and then thawed to yield a closed 3 liter glass bioreactor (Das Gibb; liter disposable bioreactor (Mobius (Mobius) ^®, EME di Millipore Corporation (EMD Millipore Corporation), Massachusetts Ville silica material) 0.225 × 10 was inoculated in ⁶ cells / mL final concentration of cells on. Cells inoculated into a stirred tank bioreactor formed cell clusters in a continuous stirred tank and maintained in universal media (E8 (TM) supplemented with 0.5% BSA) in the reactor for a total of 3 days. At 72 hours post-inoculation, cell clusters were grown in plastic disposable Erlenmeyer flasks (PETG 125 mL flasks, catalog number 4112, Thermo Scientific, Rochester, NY) in their respective differentiation media (Table 19) To initiate pluripotent cell differentiation by forming mesodermal / cardiac tissue (1) or ectodermal / neural tissue (2).

Once the staged differentiation process was initiated, the cells were maintained for 10 days at 100 rpm on a shaker platform (MAXQ 416 hp, Thermo Scientific, Rochester, NY) in a humidified 5% CO ₂ incubator. On days 1, 3, 5 and 7 after initiation of differentiation, the medium in the flask was replaced with fresh medium prepared as described in Table 19. qRT-PCR samples were taken at 3, 5, 7, and 10 days after initiation of differentiation after taking them for reference prior to initiation of differentiation.

To determine whether ectodermal or mesodermal-specific changes in the mRNA expression pattern could be detected by qRT-PCR, three Applied Biosystems low-density (DE) and six (S6) (Life < (R) >, Carlsbad, Calif., USA) was used and the results compared with the appropriate undifferentiated pluripotent stem cell sample as a control to normalize expression.

These arrays were used to determine gene expression patterns of pluripotent cells cultured in ectoderm (FIG. 89) or mesodermal (FIG. 90) differentiation medium. Cells differentiated in a shake flask under any condition were observed for a reduced number of allelic genes such as NANOG, POU5F1 / OCT4, TDGF1, and ZFP42 over extended cultures from day 3 to day 10 as measured by a universal array It was observed that it showed universal gene expression. Expression of CXCR4 was increased in samples from hES or iPS cells differentiated into ectoderm or mesoderm. These results correlated with qRT-PCR data showing high expression of genes characteristic of differentiation. Cells treated with ectodermal differentiation medium expressed increased levels of ARX, NEUROD, NKX6.1, PAX6 (greater than 100-fold), and ZIC1 (greater than 1000-fold) by qRT-PCR from 3 to 10 days after initiation of differentiation (Fig. 91). These data have been confirmed by FACS arrays, where on day 3 after the FACS array begins to initiate differentiation into ectodermal fate, both iPSC and hES cells express SOX2 (a gene required for both universal and neural stem cells) But the expression of POU5F1 / OCT4 (gene necessary for universality) was lost, while PAX6 expression (gene of neuronal and endocrine differentiation) was obtained (FIG. 92).

Similar kinetics of differentiation in cells treated with mesodermal differentiation medium were also observed. Early induction of genes (CER1, EOMES, CKIT, and VWF) characteristic of early transient mesodermal fate on the third day was observed as the expression of universal genes fell throughout the 10 day differentiation process (Fig. 90) These gene expression levels decreased to almost the baseline at day 10 (Figure 93). (CDH2, CDX2, GATA6, HNF4 ?, MNX1, PRDM1 and SOX17 in Fig. 93) that express characteristic mesodermal gene expression on days 3, 5, 7 and 10 after the onset of differentiation. The same pattern of gene induction was observed in both iPS and hES cell samples, indicating that the differentiation process was induced and not inherently spontaneous.

These changes in gene expression observed by qRT-PCR were observed by phase-contrast microscopy and correlated with the results of immunostaining of the frozen sections of the clusters. By day 10 in mesodermal differentiated suspension cultures, approximately one out of ten clusters spontaneously began to "beat" suggesting that the cells were differentiated into myocardial tissue (Figure 94, left panel, Day 10 , White bars). The dyed section of some clusters showed a stripe-like end-to-end beta-tobuvenin staining pattern, indicating muscle formation (Figure 94, right panel).

A distinctly different morphological pattern was observed for clusters differentiated into ectodermal fates (Figure 95, left panel), as opposed to clusters differentiated into mesoderm (Figure 94). The clusters over the entire ectodermal differentiation were larger and denser than the cells differentiated into the mesodermal fate, and the ectodermal differentiated cells expressed less total β-tubulin. Cells that did not express beta tubulin exhibited a more dendritic staining pattern (Figure 95, right panel, white arrow) characteristic of nerves.

In combination with qRT-PCR and FACS data, these results indicate that the cells can be bankaged in suspension to allow the amplified cells to differentiate in suspension cultures with mesodermal or ectodermal fate in a derivatized and reproducible manner.

[Table 19]

[Table 20]

Although the present invention has been described and illustrated herein with reference to various specific materials, procedures and embodiments, it is understood that the invention is not limited to any particular combination of materials and procedures selected for that purpose. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, various changes to these details may be implied. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the following claims. All references, patents, and patent applications mentioned in this application are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

Claims (21)

As a method for expanding and differentiating pluripotent cells in a dynamically agitated suspension culture system,
Culturing pluripotent cells in a planar adherent culture into an aggregated cell cluster, and
Dividing the universal cell cluster in a dynamic stirred suspension culture system,
Wherein the differentiating step comprises the use of a Cyp26 inhibitor. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the percentage of cells in the G0 / G1 phase of the cell cycle is increased. The method of claim 1, wherein the culture comprises an environment comprising from about 0.1% to about 2% bovine serum albumin. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the environment further comprises a Rho kinase inhibitor. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the universal cell is adherent. As a method for increasing the percentage of cells in the G0 / G1 phase of the cell cycle,
Amplifying the pluripotent cells into a clustered cell cluster in a flat adherent culture in an environment comprising from about 0.1% to about 2% bovine serum albumin,
Transferring clusters of pluripotent stem cells from said flat adherent cultures to a dynamic suspension, and
Culturing the cells in the dynamic suspension in a medium supplemented with small molecules and optionally a TGF beta family member. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the small molecule is MCX and the TGF [beta] family member is GDF-8. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the amplification comprises an Rho kinase inhibitor. As a method for differentiating pluripotent cells into complete endoderm,
Amplifying the pluripotent cells into a clustered cell cluster in a flat adherent culture in an environment comprising from about 0.1% to about 2% bovine serum albumin,
Transferring clusters of pluripotent stem cells from said flat adherent cultures to a dynamic suspension, and
Culturing the cells in the dynamic suspension in a medium supplemented with MCX and GDF8 or WNT3A and actin A. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the amplification comprises an environment comprising a Rho kinase inhibitor. A method of amplifying and differentiating pluripotent stem cells in a dynamic stirred suspension culture system,
Amplifying pluripotent stem cells into clusters of cell clusters in a flat adherent culture,
Transferring clusters of pluripotent stem cells from said flat adherent cultures to a dynamic suspension, and
And dividing said universal cell cluster in a dynamic stirred suspension culture system,
Wherein said cells are amplified with agglutinated cell clusters in an environment comprising from about 0.1% to about 2% bovine serum albumin. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the universal cell cluster is differentiated to produce a pancreatic progenitor cell population, a neural progenitor cell population, or a population of myocardial cell precursors. 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the pluripotent stem cell is selected from the group consisting of an inducible pluripotent stem cell, a human umbilical cord tissue-derived cell, a parthenote, a human embryonic stem cell (hES) cell and a mammalian cell. An implantable stem cell-derived cell product comprising a population of differentiated pancreatic progenitor cells produced by the method of claim 11. A method of amplifying and differentiating pluripotent cells in a dynamic stirred suspension culture system,
a. Amplifying the pluripotent cells into a clustered cell cluster in a flat adherent culture in an environment comprising from about 0.1% to about 2% bovine serum albumin,
b. Transferring the universal cell clusters from the planar adherent cultures to a dynamic suspension culture using an enzyme or a chelating agent,
c. Maintaining said cell clusters in a dynamic stirred suspension culture system, and
d. Differentiating the universal cell clusters in a dynamic stirred suspension culture system to produce a population of pancreatic progenitor cells, a population of neural progenitor cells or a population of myocardial cell precursors,
Wherein the differentiation environment comprises from about oxygen to about 30% oxygen, from about 0.1% to about 2% lipid, or a combination thereof. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the stem cell cluster expresses CD9, SSEA4, TRA-1-60, and TRA-1-81 and lacks expression of CXCR4. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the amplification environment further comprises a Rho kinase inhibitor. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the differentiation environment comprises from about 0.1% to about 2% bovine serum albumin. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the pluripotent cell is selected from the group consisting of an inducible pluripotent stem cell, a human umbilical cord tissue-derived cell, a hemiparetic subject, a human embryonic stem cell (hES) cell and a mammalian cell. 16. The method of claim 15, producing pancreatic progenitor cells expressing a beta cell transcription factor. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the transcription factor is PDXl and / or NKX6.1.

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