KR20150129883A - Air conditioner for vehicle - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to an air conditioner for a vehicle. More specifically, each plate of a temperature control door installed on an air passage between an evaporator and a console passage and the floor door is configured by a guide means to smoothly guide an air passing through the evaporator toward an inlet side of the console passage in order to prevent the air passing through the evaporator to be dispersed in an inner space of an air conditioning case and minimize degradation of a flow rate and the flow speed to improve cooling performance.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD [0001] The present invention relates to an air conditioner for an automobile,

The present invention relates to a vehicle air conditioner, and more particularly, to an air conditioner for a vehicle, and more particularly, to an air conditioner comprising a temperature control door and a floor door installed on an air passage between an evaporator and a console line, Thereby smoothly guiding the air to the inlet side of the console passage.

Generally, the air conditioner for a vehicle is an automobile interior which is installed for the purpose of securing the front and rear view of the driver by removing the casting which is to be cooled or heated in the summer or winter season, or in case of rain or windshield during rainy or winter season Such an air conditioner is usually equipped with a heating device and a cooling device at the same time, and selectively introduces outside air or indoor air, and then the air is heated or cooled to blow air into the inside of the vehicle.

According to the independent structure of the blower unit, the evaporator unit, and the heater core unit, the air conditioner includes a three-piece type in which the three units are independently provided, and an evaporator unit and a heater core unit, And a center mounting type in which all of the three units are incorporated in an air conditioning case can be categorized into a semi-center type in which a fan unit is installed as a separate unit, and a center mounting type in which all the three units are incorporated in an air conditioning case.

Meanwhile, recently, so-called left and right independent air conditioners have been applied in which individual temperatures are supplied to the driver's seat and the passenger's seat at different temperatures according to the needs of passengers.

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing a conventional automotive air conditioner. In the air conditioner 1, an air inlet 11 is formed at an inlet side thereof and an opening thereof is controlled by the mode doors 16a, 16b and 16c, An air conditioning case 10 provided with a defrost vent 12a, a face vent 12b and floor vents 12c and 12d; An evaporator (2) and a heater core (3) provided on the air passage in the air conditioning case (10) at regular intervals in order; And an air blower (not shown) connected to the air inlet 11 of the air conditioning case 10 to blow indoor air or outdoor air.

A cool air passage P1 for bypassing the heater core 3 and a warm air passage P2 for passing through the heater core 3 are disposed between the evaporator 2 and the heater core 3, A temperature control door 15 is provided to regulate the temperature of the liquid.

The mode doors 16a, 16b and 16c are also installed on the left and right air passages to adjust the opening degree of the corresponding vent so that various air discharging modes (vent mode, bi-level mode, floor mode, Frost mode).

A partition wall 17 is formed between the rear-side hot air passage P2 of the heater core 3 and the floor vents 12c and 12d and is partitioned from each other. The floor vents 12c and 12d are branched into a front seat floor vent 12c and a rear seat floor vent 12d.

Since the temperature difference between the front seat and the rear seat is large, the air vent is discharged to the console box (not shown), which is the center of the vehicle interior, on the outer side of the air conditioning case 10 on the rear side of the floor vents 12c and 12d And a console duct 20 for introducing conditioned air into the rear seat space is detachably installed.

One end (inlet side) of the console duct 20 is provided to be in communication with the face vent 12b so that a part of the air passing through the face vent 12b is guided toward the console box and then supplied to the rear seat space The rear seat space is cooled and heated.

At this time, a guide member 21 is formed at one end (inlet side) of the console duct 20 so as to smoothly guide a part of the air passing through the face vent 12b toward the console duct 20 .

The guide member 21 is integrally formed with the console duct 20 and inserted into the face vent 12b to a predetermined length.

According to the vehicle air conditioner 1 configured as described above, when the maximum cooling mode is activated, the temperature control door 15 opens the cold air passage P1 and closes the warm air passage P2 do. As a result, the air blown by the blower (not shown) flows through the evaporator 2, exchanges heat with the refrigerant flowing in the evaporator 2 and is converted into a cool air, And then through the vent opened by the mode doors 16a, 16b, 16c in accordance with a predetermined air discharge mode (vent mode, bi-level mode, floor mode, mix mode, The cooling in the vehicle interior is performed.

In addition, when the maximum heating mode is activated, the temperature control door 15 closes the cold air passage P1 and opens the warm air passage P2. Accordingly, the air blown by the blower (not shown) passes through the evaporator 2, passes through the heater core 3 through the hot air passage P2, and is heat-exchanged with the cooling water flowing in the heater core 3 And then discharged to the inside of the vehicle through a vent which is opened by the mode doors 16a, 16b, 16c according to a predetermined air discharge mode, thereby heating the vehicle interior do.

On the other hand, in the maximum cooling mode and the maximum heating mode, a part of the air supplied to the face vent 12b is discharged to the passenger compartment through the face vent 12b to cool and heat the passenger seat space, Is supplied to the console duct (20) through the guide member (21) and discharged to the rear side of the cabin console box to cool and heat the rear seat space.

However, when the air passing through the evaporator flows into the console duct, the conventional air conditioner (1) is dispersed while hitting against the wall surface in the air conditioner case to lower the air flow rate and wind speed, There was a problem.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an object of the present invention to solve the above-mentioned problems of the prior art, and it is an object of the present invention to provide an air conditioner, The air conditioning system of the present invention is capable of improving the cooling performance by minimizing the decrease of the air volume and the wind speed by preventing the air passing through the evaporator from being dispersed in the inner space of the air conditioning case, Device.

According to an aspect of the present invention, there is provided an air conditioner comprising: an air conditioning case having a defrost vent, a face vent, and a floor vent formed to discharge air introduced through an air inlet; And a heater core disposed on the air passage in the air conditioning case at a predetermined interval along the air flow direction, wherein the air conditioning case includes a defrost door, a face door, a floor door, A floor channel for guiding the air in the air conditioning case to the floor vent, and a console channel formed in the rear side of the floor channel for supplying air to the rear seat side, The air passing through the evaporator is directed toward the inlet side of the console channel It characterized in that the guide means for the id provided.

The present invention is characterized in that each plate of the temperature control door and the floor door provided on the air passage between the evaporator and the console passage is constituted by a guide means so that the air having passed through the evaporator is guided smoothly toward the inlet side of the console passage , It is possible to prevent the air passing through the evaporator from being dispersed in the inner space of the air conditioner case, thereby minimizing the decrease of the air volume and the wind speed, thereby improving the cooling performance.

Further, by forming the inlet of the console flow passage at the upper side of the floor flow passage inlet in the partition wall partitioning the floor flow passage and the console flow passage, air is discharged to the console flow passage in the all-air discharge mode, It is possible to improve the cooling and heating performance of the rear seat space as well as smoothly perform the temperature mixing performance in the heating mode.

Further, since the inlet of the console channel is formed on the upper side of the inlet of the floor channel and does not affect the air volume of the face vent, the left and right temperature deviations and the airflow distribution of the face vent can be made uniform.

1 is a sectional view showing a conventional automotive air conditioner,
2 is a sectional view showing a vehicle air conditioner according to the present invention,
3 is a sectional view showing a face mode of the vehicle air conditioning system according to the present invention,
Fig. 4 is an enlarged sectional view showing the case where air flows along the temperature control door and the floor door in Fig. 3,
5 is a sectional view showing a floor mode of the automotive air conditioner according to the present invention,
Fig. 6 is an enlarged sectional view showing the case where air flows along the temperature control door and the floor door in Fig. 5,
FIG. 7 is a sectional view showing a bi-level mode of the automotive air conditioning system according to the present invention,
FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view showing a de-frost mode of a vehicle air conditioning system according to the present invention,
9 is a cross-sectional view showing a mix mode of a vehicle air conditioner according to the present invention.

Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.

As shown in the figure, the air conditioning system 100 according to the present invention includes an air inlet 111 formed at one side thereof, a plurality of air discharge openings formed at the other side thereof, and a cold air passage P1, An evaporator 101 and a heater core 102 provided on the air passage in the air conditioning case 110 and spaced apart from each other along the air flow direction; 101 and a heater core 102 and a cool air passage P1 for bypassing the heater core 102 and a temperature control valve for controlling the opening degree of the warm air passage P2 passing through the heater core 102, And a control door 120.

The evaporator 101 is installed on the upstream side of the cold air passage P1 in the air conditioning case 110 and the heater core 102 is installed in the hot air passage P2.

At this time, the cold air passage P1 is formed in the air conditioning case 110 so that air passing through the evaporator 101 bypasses the heater core 102, and the hot air passage P2 is formed in the evaporator 101 Is branched from the cold air passage P1, passes through the heater core 102, turns to the U-turn, and merges with the cold air passage P1 again.

Meanwhile, a mixing region MC in which cool air and warm air are mixed is formed in a region where the cool air passage P1 and the warm air passage P2 are joined in the air conditioning case 110. [

The air inlet 111 of the air conditioning case 110 is provided with an air blower (not shown) for blowing indoor air or outdoor air.

The plurality of air discharge openings formed on the outlet side of the air conditioning case 110 include a defrost vent 112 for discharging air toward the windshield of the vehicle and a face vent for discharging air toward the face of the occupant of the front seat (113), and floor vents (114, 115) for discharging air toward the foot of a passenger.

Here, the face vent 113 is divided into a center vent (not shown) at the center and a side vent (not shown) at both sides so that air can be divided and discharged to the center and both sides of the vehicle interior.

The floor vents 114 and 115 are divided into a front seat floor vent 114 for discharging air toward the foot of the occupant of the front seat and a floor vent 115 for the rear seat for discharging air toward the foot of the occupant of the rear seat. .

The defrost door 130, the face door 140, and the floor door 150, which are the mode doors, are respectively installed in the defrost vent 112, the face vent 113, and the floor vents 114 and 115 Opening and closing while adjusting opening degree.

The defrost door 130 is formed of a center pivot type door and installed at a lower portion of the defrost vent 112. The face door 140 is formed of a flat type door The floor door 150 is installed at a lower portion of the face vent 113. The floor door 150 is formed of a center pivot type door and installed at an inlet 116a of a floor channel 116 to be described later, Thereby opening and closing the floor vents 114 and 115.

The floor door 150 includes a rotation shaft rotatably installed in the air conditioning case, and a plate formed on both sides of the rotation shaft.

The temperature control door 120 is composed of a center pivot type door, that is, the plates 122 and 123 are provided on both sides of a rotation shaft 121 rotatably installed in the air conditioning case, The one side plate 122 controls the opening degree of the cold air passage P1 and the warm air passage P2 and the other side plate 123 controls the opening degree of the hot air passage P2.

At this time, when the one side plate 122 closes the inlet of the hot air passage P2, the other side plate 123 closes the outlet of the hot air passage P2.

The rotation shaft 121 of the temperature control door 120 is rotatably installed in front of the upper end of the heater core 102.

A partition wall 119 is formed between the rear-side hot air passage P2 of the heater core 102 and the floor vents 114 and 115, and is partitioned from each other.

The partition wall 119 guides warm air passing through the heater core 102 to the mixing region MC.

In order to drive the temperature control door 120 and the mode doors 130, 140 and 150, a cam (not shown) or an arm (not shown) driven by an actuator (not shown) And a lever (not shown) is installed. When the cam is rotated by the driving of the actuator, the lever and the arm are cammed to operate the temperature control door 120 and the mode doors 130, 140 and 150, As a result, the openings of the cold and warm air passages P1 and P2 and the vents 112 to 115 are adjusted.

A floor flow path 116 for guiding the air in the air conditioning case 110 to the floor vents 114 and 115 is formed inside the air conditioning case 110 and a floor flow path 116 formed in the rear side of the floor flow path 116 And a console flow passage 117 for supplying air to the rear seat side.

The floor flow path 116 is formed along the partition wall 119 at the rear side of the partition wall 119 and guides the air mixed in the mixing region MC to the floor vents 114 and 115.

The console flow path 117 is integrally formed with the air conditioning case 110 and is partitioned by the partition wall 118 from the floor flow path 116 so that the air mixed in the mixing area MC is divided into a rear seat .

In addition, since the console flow path 117 is formed integrally with the air conditioner case 110, the assembly process and cost of the air conditioner case 110 can be reduced.

The inlet 117a of the console flow passage 117 is formed through a partition wall 118 that separates the floor flow passage 116 and the console flow passage 117 and is connected to the inlet 116a of the floor flow passage 116, So that the air is discharged to the console flow path 117 in the all-air discharge mode.

The inlet 117a of the console flow path 117 is formed at the upper side of the inlet 116a of the floor flow path 116 and is always open.

That is, the inlet 117a of the console channel 117 is formed to pass through the partition wall 118 facing the floor door 150. At this time, the inlet 117a of the console channel 117 And is formed on the side of the partition wall 118 facing one side plate of the floor door 150.

In the drawing, an inlet 117a of the console flow path 117 is formed to pass through an upper end of the partition wall 118 facing the floor door 150.

Between the lower end of the face vent 113 in the air conditioning case 110 and the inlet 117a of the console flow passage 117, air flowing into the face vent 113 and air flowing through the console flow passage 117 A partition 160 for partitioning the air flowing into the inlet 117a is formed to protrude inward.

The partitioning part 160 is formed between the lower end of the face vent 113 and the inlet 117a of the console flow path 117. The partitioning part 160 is formed between the lower end of the face vent 113 and the inlet 117a of the console flow path 117, The inlet 117a is positioned below the face vent 113 and completely separated from the face vent 113. [

As described above, unlike the conventional console duct which communicates with the face vent, the inlet 117a of the console channel 117 is formed at the upper portion of the inlet of the floor channel 116 and is always open, Air is discharged to the console flow path 117 in the mode, it is possible to cool and heat the rear seat space at all times, and also to improve the cooling and heating performance of the rear seat space and does not affect the air volume of the face vent 113, The left and right temperature deviations and the airflow distribution of the vent 113 can be made uniform.

In addition, since the inlet 117a of the console channel 117 is formed on the side facing the floor channel 116 rather than the face vent 113, the temperature mixing performance during the heating mode can be smoothly ensured.

In addition, since the inlet 117a of the console flow path 117 is formed at a position adjacent to the mixing region MC, the mixed air is smoothly supplied to the mixing region MC to facilitate temperature control.

Guide means 170 for guiding the air passing through the evaporator 101 to the inlet side of the console flow path 117 is provided on an air passage between the evaporator 101 and the console flow path 117.

The temperature control door 120 and the floor door 150 are used as the guide means 170.

That is, the guide means 170 includes the plates 122 and 123 of the temperature control door 120 installed between the evaporator 101 and the heater core 102, the inlet 116a of the floor flow path 116, And the plates (152, 153) of the floor door (150) provided on the side of the door.

Therefore, when the temperature control door 120 is in the cooling mode position for closing the warm air passage P2 and the floor door 150 is located in the air discharge mode for closing the inlet 116a of the floor flow passage 116 The plates 122 and 123 of the temperature control door 120 and the plates 152 and 153 of the floor door 150 guide the air having passed through the evaporator 101 to the inlet 117a side of the console flow path 117, Thereby forming a guide wall 171.

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view showing the case where air flows along the temperature control door and the floor door when in the cooling mode and in the face mode. As shown in FIG. 4, the temperature control door 120 closes the warm air passage P2, When the floor door 150 closes the inlet 116a of the floor flow passage 116, both the side plates 122 and 123 of the temperature control door 120 and the both side plates 152 and 153 of the floor door 150 are closed And the guide wall 171 is formed inside the case 110.

The air that has passed through the evaporator 101 is guided along both side plates 122 and 123 of the temperature control door 120 and the side plates 152 and 153 of the floor door 150 constituting the guide wall 171, So that the air that has passed through the evaporator 101 is prevented from being dispersed in the inner space of the air conditioner case 110 and the decrease of the air volume and wind speed is minimized So that the cooling performance can be improved.

6 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a case where air flows along a temperature control door and a floor door when the air conditioner is in a floor mode in a cooling mode. As shown in FIG. 6, the temperature control door 120 closes the warm air passage P2, Even when the floor door 150 opens the inlet 116a of the floor flow path 116, both the side plates 122 and 123 of the temperature control door 120 and the one side plate 152 of the floor door 150, The guide wall 171 is formed inside the guide groove 110.

The air that has passed through the evaporator 101 is guided along both side plates 122 and 123 of the temperature control door 120 constituting the guide wall 171 and one plate 152 of the floor door 150, So that the air that has passed through the evaporator 101 is prevented from being dispersed in the inner space of the air conditioner case 110 and the decrease of the air volume and wind speed is minimized The cooling performance can be improved.

The end portion of the partition wall 119 partitioning the rear side warm air passage P2 of the heater core 102 and the floor flow passage 116 is formed so that the temperature control door 120 closes the warm air passage P2 It is preferable to protrude only up to a position where it is in close contact with the plate 123 of the temperature control door 120 in the maximum heating mode. The amount of protrusion of the end portion of the partition wall 119 toward the cool air passage P1 is minimized so that the air passing through the evaporator 101 flows through the plates 122 and 123 of the temperature control door 120 and the floor door 150, It is possible to flow more smoothly without interrupting the flow when riding on the plates 152 and 153 of the air conditioner and further reduce the decrease of the air volume and the wind speed.

Hereinafter, the operation of the air conditioner according to the present invention will be described. For convenience, the cooling mode will be described as an example.

end. The face mode (Figure 3)

3, the face door 140 opens the face vent 113, the de-frost door 130 closes the de-frost vent 112, and the floor door 150 Closes the floor vent 116 and closes the floor vents 114 and 115. [

The side plates 122 and 123 of the temperature control door 120 and the side plates 152 and 153 of the floor door 150 are arranged in a row to constitute a guide wall 171.

Therefore, the air blown by the blower (not shown) is changed into a cold air while passing through the evaporator 101, and a part of the air is discharged toward the face of the occupant of the front seat through the face vent 113, And flows through the both side plates 122 and 123 of the temperature control door 120 and the both side plates 152 and 153 of the floor door 150 and flows into the inlet 117a of the console flow path 117, So that the air is discharged toward the face of the passenger in the rear seat and is cooled.

I. Floor mode (Figure 5)

5, the face door 140 and the defrost door 130 close the face vent 113 and the defrost vent 112, and the floor door 150 closes the face vent 113 and the defrost vent 112. In the floor mode, So that the floor vents 114 and 115 are opened.

At this time, both side plates 122 and 123 of the temperature control door 120 and one side plate 152 of the floor door 150 are arranged in a row to constitute a guide wall 171.

Accordingly, the air blown by the air blower (not shown) is changed into a cold air while passing through the evaporator 101, and then the both side plates 122 and 123 of the temperature control door 120 and the one side plate 152 of the floor door 150, A part of the refrigerant flows into the inlet 117a of the console flow path 117 and is discharged toward the face of the occupant of the rear seat along the console flow path 117 to be cooled. The air is discharged to the feet of the passengers of the front seat passengers and the passengers of the rear seats through the vents 114 and 115 to be cooled.

All. The bi-level mode (Figure 7)

7, the face door 140 and the floor door 150 simultaneously open the face vent 113 and the floor vents 114 and 115, and the de-frost door 130 opens the face vent 113 and the floor vents 114 and 115, Thereby closing the frost vent 112.

At this time, both side plates 122 and 123 of the temperature control door 120 and one side plate 152 of the floor door 150 are arranged in a row to constitute a guide wall 171.

Therefore, the air blown by the blower (not shown) is changed into a cold air while passing through the evaporator 101, and a part of the air is discharged toward the face of the occupant of the front seat through the face vent 113, Flows through the both side plates 122 and 123 of the temperature control door 120 and one side plate 152 of the floor door 150 and then flows into the inlet 117a of the console flow path 117, A part of the air is discharged to the feet of the passengers of the front passengers and the passengers of the rear passengers through the floor passageways 116 and the floor vents 114 and 115 to be cooled.

la. The defrost mode (Figure 8)

8, the face door 140 closes the face vent 113, and the floor door 150 closes the inlet 116a of the floor flow path 116, The de-frost door 130 closes the de-frost vent 114 and 115, and the de-frost door 130 opens the de-frost vent 112.

The side plates 122 and 123 of the temperature control door 120 and the side plates 152 and 153 of the floor door 150 are arranged in a row to constitute a guide wall 171.

Accordingly, the air blown by the blower (not shown) is converted into a cold air while passing through the evaporator 101, and a part of the air is discharged to the windshield through the defrost vent 112 to remove the frost. Flows through the both side plates 122 and 123 of the temperature control door 120 and both side plates 152 and 153 of the floor door 150 and then flows into the inlet 117a of the console flow path 117, So that the air is discharged toward the face of the passenger in the rear seat and is cooled.

hemp. 9)

9, the face door 140 closes the face vent 113, the de-frost door 130 opens the de-frost vent 112, and the floor door 150 is opened. In the mix mode, The floor vents 114 and 115 are opened by opening the inlet 116a of the floor flow passage 116.

At this time, both side plates 122 and 123 of the temperature control door 120 and one side plate 152 of the floor door 150 are arranged in a row to constitute a guide wall 171.

Accordingly, the air blown by the blower (not shown) is converted into a cold air while passing through the evaporator 101, and a part of the air is discharged to the windshield through the defrost vent 112 to remove the frost. Flows through the both side plates 122 and 123 of the temperature control door 120 and one side plate 152 of the floor door 150 and then flows into the inlet 117a of the console flow path 117, A part of the air is discharged to the feet of the passengers of the front passengers and the passengers of the rear passengers through the floor passageways 116 and the floor vents 114 and 115 to be cooled.

As described above, according to the present invention, each plate of the temperature control door 120 and the floor door 150 installed on the air passage between the evaporator 101 and the console flow path 117 is formed by the guide means 170 The structure in which the air having passed through the evaporator 101 is smoothly guided to the inlet 117a side of the console flow path 117 is applied to the semi-center type air conditioner. However, the present invention is not limited to this, Center mounting type air conditioner, and three-piece type air conditioner, and the same effect can be obtained.

100: air conditioner 101: evaporator
102: heater core 110: air conditioning case
111: air inlet 112: diffused vents
113: face vent 114,115: floor vent
116: Floor flow path 117: Console flow path
118: compartment wall 119: partition wall
120: Temperature control door 130: Defrost door
140: Face Door 150: Floor Door
160 Compartment 170: Guide means
171: guide wall

Claims (6)

An air conditioning case 110 in which a defrost vent 112, a face vent 113 and floor vents 114 and 115 are formed to discharge the air introduced through the air inlet 111,
A defrost door 130, a face door 140, a floor door 150 installed inside the air conditioning case 110 to open and close the respective vents,
And an evaporator and a heater core disposed on the air passage in the air conditioning case at predetermined intervals along the air flow direction,
A floor flow path 116 for guiding the air in the air conditioning case 110 to the floor vents 114 and 115 and a floor flow path 116 formed in the rear side of the floor flow path 116, A console channel 117 for supplying air is provided,
A guide means 170 for guiding the air having passed through the evaporator 101 to the inlet 117a of the console flow path 117 is provided on an air passage between the evaporator 101 and the console flow path 117 Wherein the air conditioner is a vehicle air conditioner. The method according to claim 1,
The guide means (170)
The plates 122 and 123 of the temperature control door 120 installed between the evaporator 101 and the heater core 102,
And plates (152, 153) of the floor door (150) provided on an inlet (116a) side of the floor flow path (116). 3. The method of claim 2,
The temperature control door 120 and the floor door 150 are each composed of a center pivot type door formed with the plates 122 and 123 (152 and 153) on both sides of the rotation shafts 121 and 151,
When the temperature control door 120 is in the cooling mode position and the floor door 150 is positioned in the air discharge mode for closing the inlet 116a of the floor flow passage 116, And the plates 152 and 153 of the floor door 150 constitute a guide wall 171 for guiding the air having passed through the evaporator 101 to the inlet 117a side of the console flow path 117 Wherein the air conditioner comprises: The method according to claim 1,
The inlet 117a of the console flow path 117 is formed to pass through the partition wall 118 partitioning the floor flow path 116 and the console flow path 117 and is formed on the upper side of the inlet 116a of the floor flow path 116 So that air is discharged to the console flow path (117) in the all-air discharge mode. The method according to claim 1,
The inlet 117a of the console flow passage 117 is formed in the partition wall 118 dividing the floor flow passage 116 and the console flow passage 117 and is formed in the partition wall 118 facing the floor door 150 118). ≪ / RTI > The method according to claim 1,
Between the lower end of the face vent 113 in the air conditioning case 110 and the inlet 117a of the console flow passage 117, air flowing into the face vent 113 and an inlet of the console flow passage 117 117a) is formed in the partition (160).

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