KR101644775B1 - Feed formula for adult olive flounder - Google Patents

Abstract

Provided in the present invention is a combined feed for 1-2 kg of adult flatfish, which can be used as brood fish, comprising 56 wt% of crude protein, 8 wt% of crude lipid, and 36 wt% of others. The healthy hatchery fish can be cultured by increasing the feed efficiency, the weight gain, and the like of the adult flatfish.

Description

[0001] The present invention relates to a feed composition for adult flounder,

More particularly, the present invention relates to a feed composition optimized for 1 to 2 kg of flounder for adult fish, which comprises 56% by weight of crude protein, 8% by weight of crude lipid, and 36% by weight of other ingredients. .

Today, the field of aquaculture and nutrition is one of the key keys to success in the aquaculture industry. It is a well-known fact that when the seed production technology is developed for the aquaculture industry by selecting the most important culturable species, it is necessary to support the breeding management by the quality feed. In particular, although feed costs vary by fish species, they account for 30-60% of the unit price of aquaculture, indicating the importance of feed nutrition. With the rapid development of aquaculture technology, the production of seafood aquaculture has continuously increased from 3,000 tons in 1990 to 74,000 tons in 2013, while the annual compound feed consumption is 112 thousand tons (21.1%), which is significantly higher than 425 thousand tons (78.9% It is falling behind.

For this purpose, various dietary supplement projects have been promoted from 2004 to 2013, but the use of diets is insufficient due to the lack of recognition of the diets by the aquaculture farmers and the distrust of the quality of the diets. The standardization and advancement of the aquaculture system according to the conversion of recognition of mixed feed and the use of compound feed are required in accordance with the mandatory use policy of the compound feed in 2016.

In addition, the share of marine fish culture in the whole fish culture system has increased rapidly, but the development of compound feed has not been developed due to lack of feed nutrition research. Even though the compounded feeds are developed, they are not suitable for the target species and have not been significantly improved in terms of growth and feed efficiency. In particular, in the case of flounder, the use rate of the compounded feed is less than 20%, and in the fishery field of 80% or more, the wet food including the mulled fish such as mackerel, canary, and horse mackerel is mixed with 3 to 5% powdery feed.

In the advanced countries of the aquaculture, the high-quality and economical high-efficiency compound feeds have already been developed and distributed based on field experiments for a long time, so that the use of compound feeds is becoming common and contributing to the regional aquaculture industry and the economic revitalization.

In Japan, the use of compounded feeds has become common due to the rise in the price of raw materials, and the price reduction of compounded feeds has been achieved through company-led technology development. Norway has also reduced the amount of fish meal in salmon feed from 75% to 20-25%, resulting in a reduction of farming costs and a reduction in environmental pollutants (nitrogen, phosphorus) from fish meal. In Japan and Norway, 100% compound feed is used for the production of red sea bream and salmon. In the case of Japan defense, compound feed use rate is relatively high, more than 65%.

In the United States, through the development of eco-friendly, low-pollution, high-efficiency compound feeds, which can be considered as the foundation of the aquaculture industry, Maimai in Hawaii, sturgeon in California, redfish in Texas, trout in the north, salmon in the northeastern region, As a strategic species. Channel catfish produce 400,000 tons per year, and catfish feed production reaches 60 to 800 thousand tons.

In Korea, it is required to standardize and advance the aquaculture system in accordance with the change of recognition of mixed feeds and the use of compound feeds in accordance with the mandatory use policy of 2016. In order to cultivate and produce the flounder, two to three kg of flounder should be raised in the aquaculture using the compound feed, and the compound feed of the spawning brood is different from that of the normal flounder, Currently, most of them depend on the raw material, so there is no development of feed technology for the fish.

In the future, however, the proportion of compound feeds will gradually increase due to the feed support project. In particular, in case of marine fish feeds, unstable feed supply and price fluctuation, frozen warehouse operation accompanying the use of raw materials, Because of the high proportion of labor costs, conversion to compound feeds is progressing gradually. Assuming that all of the raw material usage is converted into compound feed, the combined feed production is expected to exceed 200,000 tons by using the sea food only, and the domestic feed industry is likely to grow significantly.

In addition, if the raw material is replaced with the compound feed, it will have the effect of reducing food costs such as labor and electricity costs and reducing the incidence of fish diseases. In Korea, it has been proved through the direct evaluation of raw material and compounded feed that the same growth rate effect is obtained for the compound feed and the raw material, and it is found that the utilization efficiency is economically high.

Therefore, in order for the aquaculture industry to develop into a sustainable growth industry in future along with the efficient management of the marine environment and the aquaculture management (reduction of the operating cost of the aquaculture system, automation of the aquaculture system), conversion from raw materials to compound feeds must be urgently made, The study on the development of feed for flounder is needed.

Korean Patent Laid-open Publication No. 10-1997-0034696 discloses an invention relating to marine aquaculture fish, particularly, a parasite flounder and a marine flounder containing a large amount of chitosan, which has recently been recognized as a health food. And also to minimize water pollution, and a method for producing the same. Korean Patent No. 10-0660642 relates to a feed composition for flounder cultivation and more particularly to a protein feed source including a fish meal and a krill, a tuna by-product fish meal, a conglutin mill, a soybean meal or a mixture thereof, a carbohydrate source, The present invention relates to a feed composition for flounder culturing including a micronutrient source. The composition can be used as a protein source by replacing a portion of fish meal with krill to promote the growth of flounder, thereby improving the growth rate and feed efficiency and improving aquaculture productivity. By replacing a portion of fish meal with a fish meal of tuna by- It is possible to save the cost of production, and thus it is possible to save the foreign currency, and as a part of the fish meal is replaced with soybean meal or conglutin mill, it is economical to provide a dietary composition for flounder cultivation. In Korean Patent No. 10-1087019, natural physiologically active substances such as fermented milk of mushroom lactic acid, polysaccharide of seaweed, and quartz stone are contained to enhance anti-infectivity by natural immunity enhancement of marine fishes, prevention of anemia by improving oxygen transport ability by increase of hemoglobin, A feed additive for marine fish which has effects of promoting growth by promoting digestion and promotion of intestinal absorption, increasing feed efficiency, improving meat quality by increasing natural minerals and vitamins, decreasing mortality due to improvement of water quality environment of aquaculture tank, Discloses a feed for marine fish culturing that is manufactured by being included in aquaculture feed. However, the above-mentioned inventions provide a compound feed of 1 to 2 kg of adult flounder, which is characterized in that the crude protein is 56% by weight, the crude lipid is 8% by weight and the other is 36% by weight. Which is different from the composition and effect of the flounder feed composition of the present invention.

Among the components constituting the feed, the crude protein and crude lipid have a high ratio and have been considered important as the energy source of the cultured fish, and have been the standard for the establishment of the feed. Conventionally, it has been difficult to maximize the feed efficiency since the optimum ratio of the compounded feed optimized for breeding of 1 to 2 kg of adult flounder, which can be used as a parent in flounder culture, has not been determined.

Accordingly, the present invention has developed a compound feed optimized for breeding of 1 to 2 kg of adult flounder, which can be used as a spermatozoa, thereby maximizing the efficiency of protein in the feed and increasing the feed efficiency to produce healthy fish culture The purpose of this study was to provide flounder feeds that can be harvested.

In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, the present invention provides a compound feed of 1 to 2 kg of adult flounder, which comprises 56 wt% crude protein, 8 wt% crude lipid, and 36 wt% other, And so on.

According to the protein / fat composition ratio of the present invention, by feeding 1 to 2 kg of adult fish, the optimum amount of feed for the amount and growth of the flounder is maximized and the efficiency of the protein in the feed is maximized and the feed efficiency is increased. Reduce waste and produce healthy fish.

FIG. 1 is a graph showing the growth rate and feed efficiency of 1 to 2 kg of adult flounder according to the protein / fat composition ratio of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the survival rate and the daily uptake rate of 1 to 2 kg of sexually-hatching flounder according to the protein / fat composition ratio of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the fitness of the flounder according to the present invention in terms of the protein / fat composition ratio of the flounder flounder according to the present invention.

The compound feed of the flounder according to the present invention is characterized by having crude protein content of 56% by weight, crude lipid content of 8% by weight and other content of 36% by weight, and is intended to provide a compound feed optimized for 1 to 2 kg of adult flounder. Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail with reference to specific examples.

A. Experiments for determination of flounder feed composition for adult fish

Table 1 shows the composition and general components of the sexually transmitted flounder flounder according to the present invention. Crude protein content was designed as 48%, 52% and 56% by using brown fish meal, anchovy fish meal and soybean meal, and lipid content was designed as 8% and 11% by adding fish oil as a lipid source. The carbohydrate source was wheat flour, and the experimental diets were prepared using cellulose to adjust the crude protein content and energy. All the experimental diets were prepared by floatation with feed size 15 ~ 20 mm in diameter using the EP manufacturing machine (Fesco Precision) for mixed fish. After the preparation, they were coated with fish oil, sealed and stored at room temperature.

Protein / energy blended feed composition for adult flounder
Ingredients Diets P48: L8 P48: L11 P52: L8 P52: L11 P56: L8 P56: L11 Fish meal (anchovy) 59.0 59.0 65.0 65.0 70.0 70.0 Wheat flour 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 24.5 21.5 Soybean meal 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 Fish oil 2.5 5.5 2.0 5.0 1.5 4.5 Vit. & Min. Mix 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 Cellulose 9.8 6.8 4.3 1.3 0.3 0.3 (%, dry wight) Crude protein 47.9 48.0 52.3 52.2 55.9 56.0 Crude lipid 8.1 11.3 8.1 11.2 8.0 11.1 Energy (kcal / kg) 4011 4297 4193 4206 4317 4475 P / E ratio 119 112 125 117 129 124

A.1. Production of experimental feed

Table 1 shows the composition and general components of the experimental feed used in the present invention. Protein contents of experimental diets were 53% and 56%, respectively. Protein contents of experimental diets were determined as 53% and 56% by using brown fish meal, anchovy fish meal, krill mill and fermented soybean meal. Lipid content was designed as 10%, 13%, and 16%.

Wheat flour and tapioca starch were used as carbohydrate sources, and wheat flour was adjusted according to protein content and lipid content. All of the experimental diets were prepared by levitation with a feed size of 9 ~ 11mm diameter using an EP manufacturing machine and entrusted to Jeju Fish Cultural Adaptation Feeding Business Division. After the preparation, they were stored at room temperature in National Fisheries Research Institute.

A.2. Experimental language  And breeding management

The average weight of the experimental fishes was 972 ± 9.2 g, and the maximum size of 2 kg of the adult fishes was 80 rats in a 10 - ton round water tank. The average water temperature was 15 ~ 23 ℃ during the experiment. Feeds were supplied twice a day (9 am, 5 pm). Total breeding period was 8 months.

A.3. Component analysis

The experimental group was anesthetized with 100 ppm of MS-222 at the end of the experiment and the total weight was measured. The growth rate, feed efficiency, protein conversion efficiency, human growth rate, daily feed intake rate and survival rate were investigated in order to evaluate the breeding effect by experimental diets. Moisture was measured after drying in a dry oven at 105 ° C for 6 hours according to the method of AOAC (2002). Crude protein (N × 6.25) was measured using an Auto Kjeldahl System (Gerhardt VAP50OT / TT125, KG, Germany). Crude fat was extracted with ether using Velv SER 148 (Usmate, Italy) and measured.

A.4. General compositional analysis

Experimental diets, liver, back muscles and fin specimens were taken and analyzed for general composition. The analysis of liver, back muscles and fins was carried out by grinding each sample of 5 rats in each tank. The moisture was measured after drying for 6 hours in a dry oven at 105 ° C according to the method of AOAC (2002) (N × 6.25) were analyzed using the Auto Kjeldahl System (Gerhardt VAP50OT / TT125, KG, Germany). Crude fat was extracted with ether using Velv SER 148 (Usmate, Italy) and measured.

A.5. Statistical processing

All data were analyzed using the SPSS program for Windows (Statistical Package for Social Science, Chicago, IL, USA). Data were analyzed by means of mean and standard deviation (mean ± SD) And Duncan's multiple range test was performed after repeated ANOVA test. All statistical significance levels were determined at P <0.05.

B. Determination of flounder feed composition for adult fish

1 is a graph showing the growth rate and feed efficiency of 1 to 2 kg of sexually-hatching flounder according to the protein / fat composition ratio of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a graph showing the results of breeding experiments of flounder mixed feed for winter season according to the present invention.

Experimental results of P / E ratio Diets P ₄₈ : L ₈ P ₄₈ : L ₁₁ P ₅₂ : L ₈ P ₅₂ : L ₁₁ P ₅₆ : L ₈ P ₅₆ : L ₁₁ initial weight (g / fish) 962 966 975 971 977 979 Final weight (g / fish) 1570 1613 1688 1668 1726 1685 ¹ Survival (%) 98.8 97.5 96.9 98.8 92.5 96.9 ² Weight gain (%) 63.3 ^c 66.9 ^b 73.0 ^ab 71.8 ^b 76.2 ^a 72.2 ^{b 3} Feed efficiency (%) 90.2 ^c 93.2 ^bc 97.3 ^b 93.8 ^bc 103 ^a 95.1 ^{b 4} Specific growth rate (%) 0.34 ^c 0.36 ^bc 0.38 ^b 0.38 ^b 0.40 ^a 0.38 ^{b 5} Daily feed intake (%) 0.37 0.37 0.38 0.39 0.36 0.38

¹ Survival (%) = number of fish at end of experiment / number of fish stock x 100

² Weight gain (%) = (final weight_initial weight) × 100 / initial weight

³ Specific growth rate (% / day) = (log _e final weight_log _e initial weight) x 100 / days

⁴ Feed efficiency (%) = wet weight gain × 100 / dry feed intake

⁵ Specific growth rate (% / day) = (log _e final weight_log _e initial weight) x 100 / days

⁶ Daily feed intake (%) = Feed intake (dry matter) × 100 / [(initial fish weight + final fish weight + dead fish weight)

For the evaluation of the protein energy ratio of the adult fishes of 2 kg size, 48%, 52% and 56% of crude protein were fed, respectively, and the crude lipid content was adjusted to 8% and 11% Respectively.

Growth rate is P _56: L ₈ experimental group is _{P 56: L 11, P 52} : L 11, P 48: L 11, P 48: compared to L ₈ experiments spheres showed a high value significantly (P <0.05) , And P ₅₂ : L ₈ ( P> 0.05 ). _{P 56: L 11, P 52} : L 11, P 52: L 8 P 48: L 11 experiments phrases are but not significantly different from each other _{(P> 0.05), P 48} : L 8 test sphere is significantly higher ( P &lt; 0.05 ).

In the daily growth rate, the P ₅₆ : L ₈ experimental group was significantly higher than the other experimental groups ( P <0.05 ). _{P 56: L 11, P 52} : L 11, P 52: L 8 experiments phrases are did not significantly different from each other _{(P> 0.05), P 48} : showed a high value significantly L ₈ experiments guboda (P <0.05 ), but there was no significant difference ( P> 0.05 ) between the P ₄₈ : L ₁₁ experimental group.

Feed efficiency was significantly higher in the P ₅₆ : L ₈ experimental group than in the other experimental groups ( P <0.05 ). _{P 56: L 11, P 52} : L 8 experiments spheres is P _48: L ₈ experiments showed a significantly higher value guboda _{(P <0.05), P 52} : L 11, P 48: L 11 experimental group from those noted There was no significant difference ( P> 0.05 ). Daily feed intake rate and survival rate did not show significant difference in all experimental groups ( P> 0.05 ).

As a result of the experiment of the present invention, the optimum protein energy ratio at the level of 4300 cal / g was the highest in 56% of crude protein and 8% of crude lipid in terms of weight gain, feed efficiency and daily growth rate. On the other hand, when the crude protein content was 45% and crude lipid content was 11%, the maximum growth rate, feed efficiency and daily growth rate were shown according to 4000 kcal energy level. These results demonstrate that the protein requirements can be varied depending on the growth of the flounder, and the protein / energy ratio can vary widely depending on species and growth.

Therefore, it can be understood that the optimum protein / energy ratio is present according to the size of fish species, and the feed composition is determined and supplied according to the size of the fish species.

In other fish species, the optimum protein content according to the energy level of the feed is known to show the greatest growth in the feed with a protein content of 45% of the energy level of 4500 cal / g for the frying eel. The protein content of the yellowtail king fish was estimated to be 45.6% for the energy of 2870 cal / g when the weight of the fish was less than 200g, and the weight of the fish was 200 ~ 1000g In the case of the inside and outside, the protein content to the energy of 3600 cal / g level is 46.5% and the protein content to the energy 4300 cal / g level is 43.2% when the weight of the body is 1000g or more. Thus, it can be seen that the protein energy ratio varies depending on the fish species, size, and environmental conditions. Therefore, it is important to establish and establish a proper protein energy ratio of the feed composition required for the fish of less than 2 kg in the flounder culture.

FIG. 2 is a graph showing the survival rate and the daily uptake rate of 1 to 2 kg of sexually-resident flounder according to the protein / fat composition ratio of the present invention. Protein / energy ratio may vary depending on the crude protein content. When the crude protein content in the adult fish flounder is low, the increase in crude fat content may increase the growth rate, feed efficiency and daily growth rate. In particular, when the crude protein content of 35% and 45% is fed to the flounder, it is known that the higher the energy, the higher the growth rate, the feed efficiency and the daily growth rate. In the case of the malaria barley group, It has been reported that the increase of the growth rate and the feed efficiency can be increased.

The results of this experiment showed that the higher the crude protein content, the lower the crude fat content, the better the growth rate, feed efficiency and daily growth rate. In African catfish, there is a report that the increase in the lipid content of the high crude protein content may lower the growth rate, feed conversion factor and daily growth rate.

According to the results of this experiment, when the crude protein content is low, the higher the energy content, the better the growth. This shows that the protein is saved by the lipid in the feed. Similar effects have been reported for yellowtail kingfish, flounder and carp for the conservation of protein by lipid or carbohydrate addition. However, in the case of the Korean rockfish and the red sea bream, the growth rate tended to increase slightly as the energy content increased, but the protein-saving effect was not shown because there was no significant difference. It was confirmed that other compositions were suitable.

When there is not enough carbohydrate or lipid content in the feed, the fish decomposes the protein to cover the energy needed for fattening or metabolism. On the other hand, when the proper amount of non-protein energy is included in the feed, the amount of protein used for growth of the protein is increased, so that the fish body weight gain, feed efficiency and protein accumulation rate are improved and protein saving effect can be obtained.

In addition, the higher the protein content of feed, the lower the growth rate as the amount of carbohydrate or lipid was increased. Unlike mammals, fish have low availability of carbohydrate and lipid energy and high protein availability. , It is considered that the proper amount of protein energy ratio is important because the energy source lipid has an effect of being excessively added, which may adversely affect growth.

Based on these results, the optimum protein energy ratio of spermatozoa flounder showed the best effect on weight gain, feed efficiency and daily growth rate in 56% by weight of crude protein, 8% by weight of crude lipids (energy 4300 cal / g) and 36% As a result, an optimum compound feed composition was determined for the culture of adult flounder consisting of 70.0 wt% of fish meal, 24.5 wt% of wheat flour, 3.0 wt% of soybean meal, 1.5 wt% of fish oil, 0.7 wt% of vitamin and mineral mixture and 0.3 wt% of cellulose .

Table 3 shows numerical values of the feed fitness of the experimental group according to the protein / fat composition ratio of the flounder flounder compound according to the present invention, and FIG. 3 is a graph showing the contour thereof. Except for that no significant difference between each experimental survival and daily feed uptake _{and, P 48: L 8, P} 48: L 11, P 52: L 8, P 52: L 11, P 56: L 8, and P ₅₆ : L ₁₁ , respectively. The logarithmic growth rate, feed efficiency and daily growth rate were ranked in good order. The highest score was assigned to grade 1 and the lowest grade was given grade 6 to score and total score. The lower the combined score, the more suitable feed composition is for flounder flounder.

Evaluation of Protein / Fat Composition Ratio for Feeding of Flounder Flounder Diets P ₄₈ : L ₈ P ₄₈ : L ₁₁ P ₅₂ : L ₈ P ₅₂ : L ₁₁ P ₅₆ : L ₈ P ₅₆ : L ₁₁ ² Weight gain (%) 6 5 2 4 One 3 ³ Feed efficiency (%) 6 5 2 4 One 3 ⁴ Specific growth rate (%) 6 5 2 2 One 2 Total Score 18 15 6 10 3 8

In each evaluation item, the highest grade was obtained in each evaluation item in the experimental group with P ₅₆ : L ₈ male sex flounder composition, and the lowest in P ₄₈ : L ₈ . As shown in FIG. 3, the feed composition showed P ₅₂ : L ₈ and P ₅₆ : L _{11 in} the order of composition ratio of P ₅₆ : L _{8 in} the feed, It is important to find out the ratio of the optimum crude protein and crude quality to maximize the growth of the flounder and feed efficiency rather than lowering the ratio.

The present invention provides an optimum combination feed of 1 to 2 kg of adult fishes which can be used as a spermatozoa, wherein the crude protein is 56% by weight, the crude lipid is 8% by weight and the other is 36% by weight. And it can be used industrially because it can raise healthy farming fishes and increase the income of farmed fish.

Claims (4)

Nutritional components of 1 to 2 kg of fish cultured flounder diets are composed of 56% by weight of crude protein, 8% by weight of crude lipids and 36% by weight of other lipids,
The nutrient composition comprises 70.0% by weight of fish meal, 24.5% by weight of flour, 3.0% by weight of soybean meal, 1.5% by weight of fish oil, 0.7% by weight of a vitamin and mineral mixture, and 0.3%
Wherein the energy of the nutrient composition is 4190 to 4480 cal / g. delete delete delete

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