JPS60133993A - パルス高エネルギー密度溶接のための方法および装置 - Google Patents
パルス高エネルギー密度溶接のための方法および装置Info
- Publication number
- JPS60133993A JPS60133993A JP59251425A JP25142584A JPS60133993A JP S60133993 A JPS60133993 A JP S60133993A JP 59251425 A JP59251425 A JP 59251425A JP 25142584 A JP25142584 A JP 25142584A JP S60133993 A JPS60133993 A JP S60133993A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- welding
- energy density
- pulsed
- high energy
- laser
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 318
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 61
- 230000033001 locomotion Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 62
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 89
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 89
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 abstract description 106
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 26
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 10
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000037303 wrinkles Effects 0.000 description 6
- 229910001209 Low-carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 230000001186 cumulative effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000001934 delay Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005253 cladding Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000010891 electric arc Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910000906 Bronze Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910001315 Tool steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000010974 bronze Substances 0.000 description 2
- KUNSUQLRTQLHQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper tin Chemical compound [Cu].[Sn] KUNSUQLRTQLHQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009751 slip forming Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005476 soldering Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000005028 tinplate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002966 varnish Substances 0.000 description 2
- 101100313164 Caenorhabditis elegans sea-1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 206010011224 Cough Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229910001030 Iron–nickel alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ZVHPYMRQVUPXNX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Saurin Natural products OCC1C2CC(O)C(=C)C3C(C2OC1=O)C(=C)CC3=O ZVHPYMRQVUPXNX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000443 aerosol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003190 augmentative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003610 charcoal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013213 extrapolation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003517 fume Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003292 glue Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000017525 heat dissipation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007373 indentation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005304 joining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004922 lacquer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000873 masking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000013011 mating Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004021 metal welding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- AHADSRNLHOHMQK-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylidenecopper Chemical compound [Cu].[C] AHADSRNLHOHMQK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012254 powdered material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013324 preserved food Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004071 soot Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K15/00—Electron-beam welding or cutting
- B23K15/0046—Welding
- B23K15/0053—Seam welding
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/02—Positioning or observing the workpiece, e.g. with respect to the point of impact; Aligning, aiming or focusing the laser beam
- B23K26/04—Automatically aligning, aiming or focusing the laser beam, e.g. using the back-scattered light
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/20—Bonding
- B23K26/21—Bonding by welding
- B23K26/24—Seam welding
- B23K26/26—Seam welding of rectilinear seams
- B23K26/262—Seam welding of rectilinear seams of longitudinal seams of tubes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K2101/00—Articles made by soldering, welding or cutting
- B23K2101/04—Tubular or hollow articles
- B23K2101/06—Tubes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K2101/00—Articles made by soldering, welding or cutting
- B23K2101/04—Tubular or hollow articles
- B23K2101/12—Vessels
- B23K2101/125—Cans
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Laser Beam Processing (AREA)
- Lining Or Joining Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
- Arc Welding In General (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US06/555,641 US4574176A (en) | 1983-11-28 | 1983-11-28 | Method and apparatus for pulsed high energy density welding |
| US555641 | 1983-11-28 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPS60133993A true JPS60133993A (ja) | 1985-07-17 |
| JPH0363476B2 JPH0363476B2 (OSRAM) | 1991-10-01 |
Family
ID=24218054
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP59251425A Granted JPS60133993A (ja) | 1983-11-28 | 1984-11-27 | パルス高エネルギー密度溶接のための方法および装置 |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4574176A (OSRAM) |
| EP (1) | EP0143450B1 (OSRAM) |
| JP (1) | JPS60133993A (OSRAM) |
| AT (1) | ATE55934T1 (OSRAM) |
| AU (1) | AU575601B2 (OSRAM) |
| BR (1) | BR8405966A (OSRAM) |
| CA (1) | CA1225438A (OSRAM) |
| DE (1) | DE3483086D1 (OSRAM) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS6316875A (ja) * | 1986-07-07 | 1988-01-23 | Shinko Electric Co Ltd | シ−ム溶接装置 |
| JPH02303691A (ja) * | 1989-05-16 | 1990-12-17 | Toyo Seikan Kaisha Ltd | 乾電池用外装缶の製造装置 |
| JP2010105018A (ja) * | 2008-10-30 | 2010-05-13 | Nippon Steel Corp | 溶接缶胴の製造方法、溶接缶胴、および溶接缶胴の製造装置 |
Families Citing this family (36)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CH667831A5 (de) * | 1985-08-21 | 1988-11-15 | Elpatronic Ag | Maschine zum verschweissen von laengsraendern gerundeter dosenzargen. |
| US4805795A (en) * | 1986-12-27 | 1989-02-21 | Toyo Seikan Kaisha Ltd. | Butt-welded cans and process for manufacturing the same |
| CH671945A5 (OSRAM) * | 1987-05-07 | 1989-10-13 | Elpatronic Ag | |
| JPH07115490B2 (ja) * | 1990-02-26 | 1995-12-13 | 株式会社日立製作所 | 半導体レーザ記録装置 |
| DE59107913D1 (de) * | 1990-04-11 | 1996-07-18 | Kabelmetal Electro Gmbh | Verfahren und Schaltungsanordnung zur Regelung des Schweissstromes bzw. der Schweissleistung in Abhängigkeit von der Schweissgeschindigkeit |
| GB9408239D0 (en) * | 1994-04-26 | 1994-06-15 | Univ Loughborough | Method for welding |
| JPH0847716A (ja) * | 1994-08-05 | 1996-02-20 | Nkk Corp | 耐ｈｉｃおよび耐ｓｓｃｃ特性に優れた電縫鋼管の製造方法 |
| US5656184A (en) * | 1995-03-27 | 1997-08-12 | General Electric Company | Method of laser welding open receptacles |
| DE19618045C2 (de) * | 1996-05-06 | 1998-03-26 | Fraunhofer Ges Forschung | Verfahren zum Bearbeiten von Werkstücken mit Laserstrahlung |
| FR2748678B1 (fr) * | 1996-05-14 | 1998-06-19 | Alcatel Submarcom | Ligne de soudage etanche en long d'un tube metallique |
| EP1060050B1 (de) * | 1998-03-03 | 2003-12-17 | Elpatronic Ag | Verfahren und vorrichtung für den transfer eines hohlprofil-rohlings |
| CH694013A5 (de) * | 1999-12-08 | 2004-06-15 | Willi Fretz | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Dosenrumpfes. |
| ATE452726T1 (de) * | 2001-08-07 | 2010-01-15 | Fraunhofer Ges Forschung | Verfahren zum laserstrahlschweissen |
| DE10393368T5 (de) * | 2002-09-26 | 2005-08-25 | Fine Process Company Ltd., Nagoya | Laser-Rollfügeverfahren für ungleiche Metalle und Laser-Rollfüge-Vorrichtung |
| JP4413491B2 (ja) * | 2002-12-11 | 2010-02-10 | 矢崎総業株式会社 | 電線と接続端子との接続方法 |
| EP1516693B1 (de) * | 2003-09-19 | 2012-11-07 | Trumpf Laser- und Systemtechnik GmbH | Laserbearbeitungsmaschine zum Erzeugen linearer Schweissnähte und Verfahren zum Erzeugen linearer Schweissnähte an einem Werkstück |
| DE10355051B4 (de) * | 2003-11-25 | 2007-03-15 | Daimlerchrysler Ag | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Laserstrahlschweißen mit verringerter Abzeichnung |
| US7687151B2 (en) * | 2005-04-12 | 2010-03-30 | General Electric Company | Overlay for repairing spline and seal teeth of a mated component |
| US7591057B2 (en) * | 2005-04-12 | 2009-09-22 | General Electric Company | Method of repairing spline and seal teeth of a mated component |
| DE102005018836B3 (de) * | 2005-04-22 | 2006-12-14 | Minebea Co., Ltd. | Fluiddynamisches Lagersystem |
| US8253062B2 (en) * | 2005-06-10 | 2012-08-28 | Chrysler Group Llc | System and methodology for zero-gap welding |
| US8803029B2 (en) * | 2006-08-03 | 2014-08-12 | Chrysler Group Llc | Dual beam laser welding head |
| US8198565B2 (en) * | 2007-04-11 | 2012-06-12 | Chrysler Group Llc | Laser-welding apparatus and method |
| DE102008018264A1 (de) * | 2008-04-10 | 2009-10-15 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Schweißverfahren mit geregeltem Temperaturverlauf und eine Vorrichtung dafür |
| US8911807B2 (en) * | 2009-11-06 | 2014-12-16 | Kraft Foods Group Brands Llc | Container for sliced and fluffed food products |
| KR101247106B1 (ko) * | 2010-11-24 | 2013-03-29 | 주식회사 성우하이텍 | 롤 포밍 시스템용 레이저 용접장치의 제어방법 |
| US9061373B2 (en) | 2011-11-30 | 2015-06-23 | Medtronic, Inc. | Welding method including continuous wave welding and pulse welding for component of an implantable medical device |
| JP6356135B2 (ja) * | 2012-10-19 | 2018-07-11 | アイピージー フォトニクス コーポレーション | 手操作可能な溶接ガン |
| DE102012221617A1 (de) * | 2012-11-27 | 2014-06-18 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Verfahren zum Verbinden von artungleichen metallischen Fügepartnern mittels einer Strahlungsquelle |
| SI24532A (sl) * | 2013-11-05 | 2015-05-29 | Nela, Razvojni Center Za Elektroindustrijo In Elektroniko, D.O.O. | Adaptivo lasersko spajanje statorskih in rotorskih lamel |
| CN103624405B (zh) * | 2013-12-02 | 2016-04-27 | 宁波思宏电器工业有限公司 | 双介质激光焊接装置及双介质激光焊接方法 |
| US20180001370A1 (en) | 2014-05-28 | 2018-01-04 | Taylor-Winfield Technologies, Inc. | Barrel tank seam welder system |
| US11771446B2 (en) | 2020-10-19 | 2023-10-03 | Anaconda Biomed, S.L. | Thrombectomy system and method of use |
| ES2998550T3 (en) * | 2020-08-03 | 2025-02-20 | Anaconda Biomed Sl | An elongated device with an improved attachment of its elements for the mobilization of blood clots for the extraction of an occlusion from a blood vessel |
| CN112548319B (zh) * | 2020-12-29 | 2022-04-05 | 广东省科学院中乌焊接研究所 | 一种手持式激光焊接设备的控制方法、装置及系统 |
| DE102021110241A1 (de) | 2021-04-22 | 2022-10-27 | Audi Aktiengesellschaft | Verfahren zum Laserstrahlfügen |
Family Cites Families (19)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4185185A (en) * | 1975-10-24 | 1980-01-22 | Union Carbide Corporation | Laser welding |
| CH593757A5 (en) * | 1975-11-10 | 1977-12-15 | Hoffmann Ag Geb | Welding coated metal sheets using laser beam - so coating need not be removed before welding, esp. in mfg. cans for foodstuffs |
| JPS5820716B2 (ja) * | 1975-11-19 | 1983-04-25 | 株式会社東芝 | レ−ザヨウセツホウホウ |
| FR2338766A1 (fr) * | 1976-01-20 | 1977-08-19 | Saurin Emmanuel | Procede de fabrication d'une boite de conserve et dispositif pour l'execution de ce procede |
| US4121087A (en) * | 1977-11-18 | 1978-10-17 | Rockwell International Corporation | Method and apparatus for controlling laser welding |
| US4167662A (en) * | 1978-03-27 | 1979-09-11 | National Research Development Corporation | Methods and apparatus for cutting and welding |
| GB1579601A (en) * | 1978-05-25 | 1980-11-19 | Central Electr Generat Board | Keyhole welding or cutting |
| US4152575A (en) * | 1978-06-12 | 1979-05-01 | United Technologies Corporation | Method of material processing utilizing an interrupted beam of continuous wave laser radiation |
| US4272004A (en) * | 1979-10-23 | 1981-06-09 | Sws Incorporated | Z-Bar guide apparatus |
| US4354090A (en) * | 1979-10-23 | 1982-10-12 | Sws Incorporated | Z-bar guide apparatus and method of butt welding |
| US4341943A (en) * | 1979-10-23 | 1982-07-27 | Sws Incorporated | Method of butt welding sheet metal |
| DD148599A1 (de) * | 1980-01-21 | 1981-06-03 | Mauer Karl Otto | Verfahren und einrichtungen zur kontrolle und regelung technologischer ladungstraegerstrahlprozesse |
| JPS6032553B2 (ja) * | 1980-02-15 | 1985-07-29 | 新日本製鐵株式会社 | 物体の接合法 |
| JPS5916874B2 (ja) * | 1980-04-25 | 1984-04-18 | 三菱電機株式会社 | 高エネルギ密度ビ−ム溶接装置 |
| US4376886A (en) * | 1981-01-02 | 1983-03-15 | Sciaky Bros., Inc. | Method for electron beam welding |
| DE3206210A1 (de) * | 1982-02-20 | 1983-09-01 | Fried. Krupp Gmbh, 4300 Essen | Verfahren und vorrichtung zum herstellen an beiden seiten offener metallischer behaelterzargen mit mit laserstrahl geschweisster laengsnaht |
| US4497995A (en) * | 1982-04-15 | 1985-02-05 | Sws Incorporated | Apparatus for continuously advancing and welding metal can bodies and the like |
| US4436979A (en) * | 1982-05-06 | 1984-03-13 | Sws, Incorporated | Apparatus for continuous laser welding |
| US4485935A (en) * | 1982-12-08 | 1984-12-04 | Stoffel Technologies, Inc. | Easy-open structure for containers and method of forming the same |
-
1983
- 1983-11-28 US US06/555,641 patent/US4574176A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1984
- 1984-10-26 CA CA000466452A patent/CA1225438A/en not_active Expired
- 1984-11-23 AT AT84114190T patent/ATE55934T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1984-11-23 EP EP84114190A patent/EP0143450B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1984-11-23 DE DE8484114190T patent/DE3483086D1/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1984-11-23 BR BR8405966A patent/BR8405966A/pt unknown
- 1984-11-27 AU AU35895/84A patent/AU575601B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1984-11-27 JP JP59251425A patent/JPS60133993A/ja active Granted
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS6316875A (ja) * | 1986-07-07 | 1988-01-23 | Shinko Electric Co Ltd | シ−ム溶接装置 |
| JPH02303691A (ja) * | 1989-05-16 | 1990-12-17 | Toyo Seikan Kaisha Ltd | 乾電池用外装缶の製造装置 |
| JP2010105018A (ja) * | 2008-10-30 | 2010-05-13 | Nippon Steel Corp | 溶接缶胴の製造方法、溶接缶胴、および溶接缶胴の製造装置 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU3589584A (en) | 1985-06-06 |
| ATE55934T1 (de) | 1990-09-15 |
| US4574176A (en) | 1986-03-04 |
| AU575601B2 (en) | 1988-08-04 |
| DE3483086D1 (de) | 1990-10-04 |
| EP0143450A3 (en) | 1988-01-13 |
| EP0143450A2 (en) | 1985-06-05 |
| CA1225438A (en) | 1987-08-11 |
| BR8405966A (pt) | 1985-08-27 |
| JPH0363476B2 (OSRAM) | 1991-10-01 |
| EP0143450B1 (en) | 1990-08-29 |
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