JPH0522676B2 - - Google Patents

Description

[Detailed description of the invention]

(Industrial Application Field) The present invention relates to a material for improving continuous cropping problems, and the purpose thereof is to suitably avoid and improve continuous cropping problems in watermelons, eggplants, tomatoes, peas, etc.
A continuous cropping disorder improvement material that has good pressure resistance and water permeability, can withstand pressure (tread pressure) from tillers, rainwater runoff, etc., and can be suitably filled into crop soil. It's on offer. (Background of the Invention) In general, continuous cropping disorder is caused by cultivating the same type or closely related crops in the same field year after year (continuous cropping), causing the soil to lose its suitability for those crops. The term refers to poor growth of the fruit, which reduces yield and makes cultivation difficult. The causes include nutrient deficiency due to the absorption of only specific nutrients, an increase in pests and diseases that parasitize specific crops, changes in soil microflora, accumulation of harmful substances due to the secretion of metabolic substances from specific plant roots, and soil physics. Changes in gender, depletion of soil fertility, etc. are cited. Crops that exhibit such continuous cropping problems include watermelons, tomatoes, eggplants, potatoes, dahlias, ginseng, flax, and peas. (Prior Art and its Problems) The present inventors have continued to conduct intensive research on improvement materials that improve such continuous cropping problems, and have focused on charcoal containing pyroligneous vinegar as a soil improvement material. Soil improvement materials generally need to have high pressure resistance and strength enough to withstand pressure (tread pressure) from a tiller, etc., and must not be washed away by running water such as rainwater. Smoky charcoal, an example of this, has been used for a long time for soil improvement, helping to form soil aggregate structures and improve soil physical properties such as air permeability and water permeability. For example, in JP-A No. 52-50874, ``a method for producing a soil conditioner'' involves mixing charcoal grains with livestock manure, adding pyroligneous vinegar to the mixture, and aerobically fermenting the mixture to obtain a soil conditioner.
is disclosed. However, this disclosed technology aims to improve the growth of grass, and has not been effective against continuous cropping problems caused by cultivating the same crop in the same field year after year. Furthermore, the compressive strength and water permeability of the soil conditioner obtained by this disclosed technology are unclear, and there are doubts as to whether it can be filled into the soil and sufficiently withstand the pressure of a power tiller and running water such as rainwater. . Furthermore, although this disclosed technique describes the use of "wood vinegar," wood vinegar is a liquefied product of the volatile matter used to obtain charcoal. It separates into two layers: a lower layer with a higher viscosity and a lower layer consisting of wood tar. It is generally known that pyroligneous acid promotes or inhibits plant growth, but pyroligneous acid with a high phenol content has a strong inhibitory effect, and it also causes tar damage to the soil. It has been reported that it is easy. Therefore, whether or not the use of pyroligneous vinegar exerts a favorable effect on crop growth and soil depends on the components contained in the pyroligneous vinegar, but in the above-mentioned technology, such disclosure is not possible. There was a problem in that it was unclear whether or not it would have a positive effect on soils that have suffered from repeated cropping problems, since the product only says ``wood vinegar'' and does not have a ``wood vinegar solution.'' Therefore, the inventors conducted intensive research on improving materials that would be effective for crops that are prone to continuous cropping problems and for soil that has caused continuous cropping problems, and found that a specific charcoal compound and purified wood vinegar were used. An improved material made by mixing and naturally fermenting and adhering actinomycetes and filamentous bacteria to charcoal so that the number of actinomycetes is 1/10 or more of the number of filamentous bacteria has been developed for the first time to prevent continuous cropping problems in watermelons, eggplants, tomatoes, etc. It has been found that it exhibits an extremely good improvement effect on. Although this continuous cropping damage improvement material had an extremely good effect on the soil that had caused continuous cropping damage, there was a desire to create a continuous cropping damage improvement material that could exhibit even more effective effects. (Means for solving the invention) In this invention, 100 parts by weight of carbide whose particle size is adjusted to 6 to 80 mesh and whose bulk specific gravity is 0.5 or more, and purified wood vinegar diluted to a concentration of 10 times or more are used.
A bacteria-containing charcoal obtained by mixing 20 parts by weight and adding a bacterial culture solution and a bacterial strain, followed by natural fermentation so that the number of actinomycetes in the charcoal is 1/10 or more of the number of filamentous bacteria,
All of the above-mentioned conventional problems are solved by providing a continuous cropping improvement material characterized by being mixed with a carbide containing a wood vinegar stock solution obtained by immersing the carbide in a purified wood vinegar stock solution. (Structure of the Invention) Hereinafter, the structure of the continuous cropping disorder improving material according to the present invention will be described in detail. In this invention, a carbide whose particle size is adjusted to 6 to 80 mesh and whose bulk specific gravity is 0.5 or more is used, but the type of carbide, carbonization temperature, etc. are not particularly limited. In this invention, the reason why the grain size of the carbide is set to 6 to 80 mesh is because it is filled into the soil, so it needs to have high pressure resistance and strong enough to withstand the pressure (tread pressure) of a tiller, etc. The purpose of this is to obtain strength that will not be washed away by water, and more preferably the mesh is adjusted to 6 to 20 meshes. Generally, carbides have a transition point at which their physicochemical properties change at a carbonization temperature of 650°C to 700°C. Incidentally, at this transition point, the carbide undergoes a change in the number of unpaired electrons and a chemical change. ) This property, especially the higher the amount of unpaired electrons, is more effective in creating agglomerated soil structure, but on the other hand, the PH value tends to decrease. However, in this invention, it is necessary to be chemically alkaline in order to eliminate the need for a neutralizing agent when naturally fermenting the charcoal in purified wood vinegar, which will be described later. Therefore, as for the carbide used in this invention, it is desirable to meet the above-mentioned essential particle size requirements, have a small amount of unpaired electrons, have a higher alkalinity, and be able to neutralize wood vinegar. In addition, in this invention, the reason why the bulk specific gravity of the carbide is set to be 0.5 or more is because it is used by being added to the soil as a continuous cropping disorder improvement material, so it is more necessary to use a carbide with a specific gravity (bulk specific gravity) of 0.5 or more. Pressure resistance (tread pressure)
This is because it provides good water resistance and water permeability. In this invention, specific examples of carbides that can be suitably used include sawdust charcoal, pellet charcoal, and the like. Note that "saw charcoal" here refers to the carbide of rod-shaped fuel, ie, ogalite, which is made by compression molding sawdust, and "pellet charcoal" refers to the carbide of molded products made by molding wood powder such as sawdust and bark chips into pellets. . However, the carbide used in the present invention is not necessarily limited to the above-mentioned sawdust charcoal and pellet charcoal, and other suitable materials include bark charcoal, coconut shell charcoal, white charcoal, black charcoal, and the like. The purified wood vinegar used in the present invention is obtained by refining wood vinegar (a by-product during carbonization) obtained by liquefying the volatile matter from which char is obtained. Examples of the purification method for preparing such purified wood vinegar solution include (1) precipitation method, (2) filtration method, and (3) fractional distillation method. The reason for this purification is to remove solid suspended substances such as tar, suspended matter, and dust, and to remove fermentation inhibiting substances such as polyphenol components. In the precipitation method, if the wood vinegar solution is simply left in a standing tank, it will separate into a precipitated layer of tar, a floating layer of light oil, and an intermediate layer of water-soluble components, so this intermediate layer is used. In addition, in the filtration method, if filtration is performed with a filter material such as a glass filter, tar, suspended matter, dust, etc. are removed, so this filtrate is used. In the fractional distillation method, solid suspended matter such as tar, suspended solids, and dust are first filtered out, and then a fractionated product at a temperature of up to 103°C is obtained, and this fractionated product is used. Incidentally, residual liquid at 103°C or higher contains tar substances such as polyphenol components such as 3.4-benzpyrene, which inhibits root growth. The properties of the purified wood vinegar obtained in this way vary depending on the type of carbide, but the PH value is usually
3.01 to 2.7, specific gravity 1.019 to 1.010, organic acid
2.70 to 5.30% by weight Dissolved tar is 0.70 to 0.90% by weight, and the external color tone varies depending on the tree species, but is usually brown to yellowish brown. Further, the amount of purified wood vinegar in the whole wood vinegar is about 70% by weight. In this invention, such purified wood vinegar is used, but the reason for this is that if unrefined wood vinegar contains a large amount of tar such as phenols, it will promote continuous cropping failure and may even damage the plants. It is undesirable because it may inhibit growth or cause tar damage in the soil, and furthermore, if purified wood vinegar is mixed with the above-mentioned specific charcoal, it will work favorably on soil and crops that have caused continuous cropping damage. This is because this is based on the inventor's experimental knowledge. In this invention, a bacteria-containing charcoal and a charcoal containing a stock solution of pyroligneous vinegar are prepared using the above-mentioned charcoal and purified pyroligneous vinegar. First, in order to obtain a carbonized material containing bacteria, 6 to 80
The particle size is adjusted to that of mesh, and its bulk specific gravity is
Approximately 20 parts of purified wood vinegar diluted to a concentration of at least 10 times more than 100 parts by weight of carbide with a concentration of 0.5 or more
parts by weight. Since carbide contains about 10% water by weight,
The wood vinegar solution will be 2/3 the concentration. In addition, charcoal contains about 3% by weight of ash, and about 60% of this ash is alkaline components such as lime and potash, so the organic acids in wood vinegar are neutralized, resulting in charcoal and wood vinegar. The mixture becomes neutral. In this state, a bacterial culture solution and a bacterial strain are added, and natural fermentation is carried out until the number of actinomycetes in the charred material becomes at least 1/10 or more of the number of filamentous bacteria to obtain a charred material containing bacteria used in the present invention. Here, natural fermentation is carried out until the number of actinomycetes becomes at least 1/10 or more of the number of filamentous bacteria.In fermentation where the number of actinomycetes is about 1/10 or less of the number of filamentous bacteria, the aim of this invention is to improve continuous cropping problems. This is because it is not preferable because the effect cannot be obtained sufficiently. The bacterial culture solution is not particularly limited, and commonly used and known ones can be suitably used. Furthermore, the bacterial strain is not particularly limited, and commercially available strains of effective bacteria such as root-knot bacteria can be suitably used. The bacteria-containing carbonized material obtained in this way is one in which filamentous fungi and actinomycetes such as Penicillium, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, and Bisporomyces are attached to the carbonized material, and in some cases, other bacteria such as root nodules are attached. Bacterial strains such as bacteria may be added. Additionally, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers may be added as necessary. On the other hand, in order to obtain carbide containing wood vinegar stock solution,
It is prepared by immersing a charred material whose particle size is adjusted to 6 to 80 mesh as described above and whose bulk specific gravity is 0.5 or more in purified wood vinegar solution or unrefined wood vinegar stock solution. The thus obtained bacteria-containing carbonized material and the wood vinegar undiluted solution-containing carbonized material are mixed before or at the time of use to obtain the continuous cropping disorder improving material according to the present invention. The continuous cropping disorder improvement material having such a structure promotes mycorrhizal formation and avoids continuous cropping disorders, particularly for plants that are likely to exhibit continuous cropping disorders, such as leguminous, gramineous, solanaceous, and umbelliferous plants. Hereinafter, the effects of this invention will be made clearer by describing Examples and Test Examples of this invention. (Example) 200 ~ 3 tons of Ogalite made by compression molding of wood flour
Carbonized at 800℃, crushed into 6 to 80 mesh pieces,
1 ton of powdered carbide was obtained. The specific gravity was 0.52. PH3.5 and specific gravity obtained during carbonization of this ogalite
1.035, organic acid content 5.08% by weight, brown crude wood vinegar
Got 1ton. In addition, after filtering this crude wood vinegar solution, 100 to 103
The distillate at 700 °C was diluted 10 times with purified water to obtain purified wood vinegar solution. 2001 purified wood vinegar solution was added to 1 ton of the above-mentioned ogalite carbide, and after stirring well, a bacterial culture solution and a bacterial strain were added, and the mixture was maintained at an average temperature of 29°C for 20 days. As the bacterial culture solution, an aqueous solution of soybean lees was used. In addition, a commercially available bacterial strain was used. Ogalite charcoal after being left out contains 6.0x general bacteria.
1000/g, filamentous fungi 2.0×1000/g, actinomycetes 1.0
It was growing at ×1000/g. Add 1% N, P, K, fertilizer aqueous solution to this.
% was added to obtain a bacteria-containing carbonized material. Next, ogalite charcoal similar to the above was immersed in the purified wood vinegar stock solution to obtain a charcoal containing the wood vinegar stock solution. These bacteria-containing charcoal and pyroligneous acid-containing charcoal were mixed to make a continuous cropping disorder improvement material. (Test Examples 1 to 3) The continuous cropping damage improving materials obtained in the above examples were applied to watermelon (Test Example 1), tomato (Test Example 2), and pea (Test Example 3). Test Examples 1 to 3 each used cultivated land 3a in the Yoshino region of Nara Prefecture, where the same crop was continuously cultivated for two years. The application rate for the continuous cropping disorder improvement material was 500 kg/a. As a control plot, crops were grown in Comparative Examples 1 to 3 on land under the same conditions without using the continuous cropping disorder improvement material according to the present invention. Furthermore, as Comparative Examples 11 to 31, the following continuous cropping improvement materials were applied to land under the same conditions as above. (Comparative Example 11) 3 tons of Ogalite made from compression molded wood powder for 200~
Carbonized at 800℃, crushed into 6 to 80 mesh pieces,
1 ton of powdered carbide was obtained. The specific gravity was 0.52. PH3.5 and specific gravity obtained during carbonization of this ogalite
1.035, organic acid content 5.08% by weight, brown crude wood vinegar
Got 1ton. After adding 2001 crude wood vinegar solution to 1 ton of the ogalite carbide and stirring well, the bacterial culture solution and bacterial strain were added, maintained at an average temperature of 29°C, and left for 20 days. As the bacterial culture solution, an aqueous solution of soybean lees was used. In addition, a commercially available bacterial strain was used. Ogalite charcoal after being left out contains 6.0x general bacteria.
1000/g, filamentous fungi 2.0×1000/g, actinomycetes 1.0
It was growing at ×1000/g. Add 1% N, P, K, fertilizer aqueous solution to this.
% was added to obtain a bacteria-containing carbonized material. Next, ogalite charcoal similar to the above was immersed in the purified wood vinegar stock solution to obtain a charcoal containing the wood vinegar stock solution. These bacteria-containing charcoal and pyroligneous acid-containing charcoal were mixed to obtain a continuous cropping disorder improvement material of Comparative Example 11. (Comparative Example 21) 3 tons of Ogalite, made by compression molding of wood powder, for 200~
Carbonized at 800℃, crushed into 6 to 80 mesh pieces,
1 ton of powdered carbide was obtained. The specific gravity was 0.52. PH3.5 and specific gravity obtained during carbonization of this ogalite
1.035, organic acid content 5.08% by weight, brown crude wood vinegar
Got 1ton. In addition, after filtering this crude wood vinegar solution, 100 to 103
The distillate at 700 °C was diluted 10 times with purified water to obtain purified wood vinegar solution. 2001 purified wood vinegar solution was added to 1 ton of the above-mentioned ogalite carbide, and after stirring well, the bacterial culture solution and bacterial strain were added, maintained at an average temperature of 10°C, and left for 10 days. As the bacterial culture solution, an aqueous solution of soybean lees was used. In addition, a commercially available bacterial strain was used. Ogarite charcoal after being left out contains 2.0x general bacteria.
1000/g, filamentous fungi 1.0×1000/g, actinomycetes
It was growing at 0.05×1000/g. Add 1% N, P, K, fertilizer aqueous solution to this.
% was added to obtain a bacteria-containing carbonized material. Next, ogalite charcoal similar to the above was immersed in the purified wood vinegar stock solution to obtain a charcoal containing the wood vinegar stock solution. These bacteria-containing charcoal and pyroligneous acid-containing charcoal were mixed to obtain a continuous cropping disorder improvement material of Comparative Example 21. (Comparative Example 31) 3 tons of Ogalite made by compression molding of wood powder for 200~
Carbonized at 800℃, crushed into 6 to 80 mesh pieces,
1 ton of powdered carbide was obtained. The specific gravity was 0.52. PH3.5 and specific gravity obtained during carbonization of this ogalite
1.035, organic acid content 5.08% by weight, brown crude wood vinegar
Got 1ton. 2001 crude wood vinegar solution was added to 1 ton of the above-mentioned ogalite carbide, and after stirring well, a bacterial culture solution and a bacterial strain were added, and the mixture was maintained at an average temperature of 10°C for 10 days. As the bacterial culture solution, an aqueous solution of soybean lees was used. In addition, a commercially available bacterial strain was used. Ogalite charcoal after being left alone contains 2.0x general bacteria.
1000/g, filamentous fungi 1.0×1000/g, actinomycetes
It was growing at 0.05×1000/g. Add 1% N, P, K, fertilizer aqueous solution to this for 10 minutes.
% was added to obtain a bacteria-containing carbonized material. Next, ogalite charcoal similar to the above was immersed in the purified wood vinegar stock solution to obtain a charcoal containing the wood vinegar stock solution. These bacteria-containing charcoal and pyroligneous acid-containing charcoal were mixed to obtain a continuous cropping disorder improvement material of Comparative Example 31. The yields of these test examples are expressed as 100% of the yield when only the bacteria-containing carbonized material prepared in the above example was applied to land under the same conditions. The results are shown in Tables 1 to 3.

[Table] The watermelon variety is Shin Yamato 2.
No. was used.

[Table] The tomato variety used was Kiyosu No. 2.

[Table] The variety used was white pea.
(Effect of the invention) As detailed above, this invention has a particle size of 6 to 80
After mixing 100 parts by weight of a carbide adjusted to mesh and having a bulk specific gravity of 0.5 or more and 20 parts by weight of purified wood vinegar diluted to a concentration of 10 times or more, and adding a bacterial culture solution and a bacterial strain, Bacteria-containing charred material obtained by natural fermentation so that the number of actinomycetes in the charred material is 1/10 or more of the number of filamentous bacteria, and a pyroligneous solution undiluted solution obtained by immersing the charred material in an unrefined or purified wood vinegar undiluted solution. Since it is a continuous crop improvement material characterized by being made by mixing carbide, as is clear from the results of the above test examples, the use of specific carbide and purified wood vinegar based on the knowledge of the inventors, and Due to synergistic effects such as adhesion of specific bacterial cells, it exhibits extremely good effects on crops with continuous cropping problems such as watermelons, eggplants, tomatoes, and peas, which have not received attention in the past.
In addition to being able to avoid and improve problems caused by continuous cropping, it also has extremely good pressure resistance and water permeability resistance, so even if it is filled in the soil, it will not be affected by pressure (treading pressure) from tillers, etc., or rainwater runoff. It has an excellent effect of being able to withstand a long time.

Claims (1)

[Claims] 1. 100 parts by weight of carbide whose particle size is adjusted to 6 to 80 mesh and whose bulk specific gravity is 0.5 or more;
After mixing with 20 parts by weight of purified wood vinegar diluted to more than twice the concentration and adding the bacterial culture solution and bacterial strain, the mixture was naturally mixed so that the number of actinomycetes in the char was at least 1/10 of the number of filamentous bacteria. Bacteria-containing carbonized material obtained by fermentation,
1. A continuous cropping improvement material, characterized in that it is made by mixing a carbide containing a wood vinegar stock solution obtained by immersing the carbide in a refined wood vinegar stock solution.