JPH0522675B2 - - Google Patents

Description

[Detailed description of the invention]

(Industrial Application Field) The present invention relates to a material for improving continuous cropping problems, and the purpose thereof is to suitably avoid and improve continuous cropping problems in watermelons, eggplants, tomatoes, peas, etc.
A continuous cropping disorder improvement material that has good pressure resistance and water permeability, can withstand pressure (tread pressure) from tillers, rainwater runoff, etc., and can be suitably filled into crop soil. It's on offer. (Background of the Invention) In general, continuous cropping disorder is caused by cultivating the same type or closely related crops in the same field year after year (continuous cropping), causing the soil to lose its suitability for those crops. The term refers to poor growth of the fruit, which reduces yield and makes cultivation difficult. The causes include nutrient deficiency due to the absorption of only specific nutrients, an increase in pests and diseases that parasitize specific crops, changes in soil microflora, accumulation of harmful substances due to the secretion of metabolic substances from specific plant roots, and soil physics. Changes in gender, depletion of soil fertility, etc. are cited. Crops that exhibit such continuous cropping problems include watermelons, tomatoes, eggplants, potatoes, dahlias, ginseng, flax, and peas. (Prior Art and its Problems) The present inventors have continued to conduct intensive research on improvement materials that improve such continuous cropping problems, and have focused on charcoal containing pyroligneous vinegar as a soil improvement material. Soil improvement materials generally need to have high pressure resistance and strength enough to withstand pressure (tread pressure) from a tiller, etc., and must not be washed away by running water such as rainwater. Smoky charcoal, an example of this, has been used for a long time for soil improvement, helping to form soil aggregate structures and improve soil physical properties such as air permeability and water permeability. For example, in JP-A No. 52-50874, ``a method for producing a soil conditioner'' involves mixing charcoal grains with livestock manure, adding pyroligneous vinegar to the mixture, and aerobically fermenting the mixture to obtain a soil conditioner.
is disclosed. However, this disclosed technology aims to improve the growth of grass, and has not been effective against continuous cropping problems caused by cultivating the same crop in the same field year after year. Furthermore, the compressive strength and water permeability of the soil conditioner obtained by this disclosed technology are unclear, and there are doubts as to whether it can be filled into the soil and sufficiently withstand the pressure of a power tiller and running water such as rainwater. . Furthermore, this disclosed technology describes the use of pyroligneous vinegar, but pyroligneous vinegar is a liquefaction of the volatile matter used to obtain charred material, and when left to stand still, the upper layer consisting of a reddish-brown aqueous solution is formed. It separates into two layers: the lower layer, which has a higher viscosity and is made of wood tar. Generally, wood vinegar is known to promote or inhibit plant growth, but wood vinegar with a high phenol content has a strong inhibitory effect.
It has also been reported that it tends to cause tar damage in the soil. Therefore, whether or not the use of pyroligneous vinegar exerts a favorable effect on crop growth and soil depends on the components contained in the pyroligneous solution, but the above-mentioned technology does not disclose such information. Since there is no ``wood vinegar'' and it simply says ``wood vinegar,'' it is not clear whether it will have a positive effect on soil that has suffered from continuous cropping problems. Therefore, the inventors conducted extensive research on improving materials that would be effective for crops that are prone to continuous cropping problems and for soil that has caused continuous cropping problems, and found that they mixed a specific carbide with purified wood vinegar. A material for improving continuous cropping problems, which is made by natural fermentation and adhering actinomycetes and filamentous fungi to charcoal so that the actinomycete rays are more than 1/10 of the number of filamentous bacteria, has been developed for the first time to improve continuous cropping problems in watermelons, eggplants, tomatoes, etc. The present invention was completed based on the discovery that the present invention has an extremely good improvement effect on the above. (Solution Means of the Invention) That is, in this invention, 100 parts by weight of carbide whose particle size is adjusted to 6 to 80 mesh and whose bulk specific gravity is 0.5 or more, and tar, suspended matter,
Solid suspended matter such as dust and 20 parts by weight of purified wood vinegar prepared by removing polyphenol components are mixed, and the mixture is naturally fermented in this state to contain filamentous fungi and actinomycetes in the charred material. All of the above-mentioned conventional problems can be solved by providing a continuous cropping disorder improvement material which is made by adhering the material and is characterized in that the number of actinomycetes in the charred material is at least 1/10 of the number of filamentous bacteria. Eliminate. (Structure of the Invention) Hereinafter, the structure of the continuous cropping disorder improving material according to the present invention will be described in detail. In this invention, a carbide whose particle size is adjusted to 6 to 80 mesh and whose bulk specific gravity is 0.5 or more is used, but the type of carbide, carbonization temperature, etc. are not particularly limited. In this invention, the reason why the grain size of the carbide is set to 6 to 80 mesh is because it is filled into the soil, so it needs to have high pressure resistance and strong enough to withstand the pressure (tread pressure) of a tiller, etc. This is to obtain a strength that will not be washed away by water, and is preferably adjusted to 6 to 20 meshes. Generally, carbides have a transition point at which their physicochemical properties change at a carbonization temperature of 650°C to 700°C. Incidentally, at this transition point, the number of unpaired electrons in carbides changes significantly, and the electrical conductivity is also high. In this invention, it is necessary that the charred material be chemically alkaline so that a neutralizing agent is not required when the charred material is naturally fermented in purified wood vinegar, which will be described later. Therefore, as for the carbide used in this invention, it is desirable to meet the above-mentioned essential particle size requirements, have a small amount of unpaired electrons, have a higher alkalinity, and be able to neutralize wood vinegar. In addition, in this invention, the reason why the bulk specific gravity of the carbide is set to be 0.5 or more is because it is used by being added to the soil as a continuous cropping disorder improvement material, so it is more necessary to use a carbide with a specific gravity (bulk specific gravity) of 0.5 or more. Pressure resistance (tread pressure)
This is because it provides good water resistance and water permeability. In this invention, specific examples of carbides that can be suitably used include sawdust charcoal, pellet charcoal, and the like. Note that "saw charcoal" here refers to the carbide of rod-shaped fuel, ie, ogalite, which is made by compression molding sawdust, and "pellet charcoal" refers to the carbide of molded products made by molding wood powder such as sawdust and bark chips into pellets. . However, the carbide used in the present invention is not necessarily limited to the above-mentioned sawdust charcoal and pellet charcoal, but other types such as bark charcoal, coconut husk charcoal, white charcoal, black charcoal, etc. can also be suitably used. The purified wood vinegar used in the present invention is obtained by refining wood vinegar (a by-product during carbonization) obtained by liquefying the volatile matter from which char is obtained. Examples of purification methods for preparing such purified wood vinegar solution include (1) precipitation method, (2) filtration method, and (3) fractional distillation method. The reason for this purification is to remove solid suspended substances such as tar, suspended matter, and dust, and to remove fermentation inhibiting substances such as polyphenol components. In the precipitation method, if the wood vinegar solution is simply left in a standing tank, it will separate into a precipitated layer of tar, a suspended layer of light oil, and an intermediate layer of water-soluble components, so this intermediate layer is used. In addition, in the filtration method, if filtration is performed with a filter material such as a glass filter, tar, suspended matter, dust, etc. are removed, so this filtrate is used. In the fractional distillation method, solid suspended matter such as tar, suspended solids, and dust are first filtered out, and then a fractionated product is obtained at a temperature of up to 130°C, and this fractionated product is used. Incidentally, residual liquid at a temperature of 103°C or higher contains tar substances such as polyphenol components such as 3.4-benzpyrene, which inhibits root growth. The properties of the purified wood vinegar solution obtained in this way are as follows:
Although it depends on the type of carbide, the PH value is usually
3.01 to 2.7, specific gravity 1.019 to 1.010, organic acid
2.70 to 5.30% by weight Dissolved tar is 0.70 to 0.90% by weight, and the external color tone varies depending on the tree species, but is usually brown to yellowish brown. Further, the amount of purified wood vinegar in the whole wood vinegar is about 70% by weight. In this invention, such purified wood vinegar is used, but the reason for this is that if unrefined wood vinegar containing a large amount of tar such as phenol components is used, the dissolved tar contained in it will cause water in the soil. It is undesirable because it may cause tar damage and may increase continuous cropping damage, and furthermore, it is said that mixing purified pyroligneous vinegar with the above-mentioned specific charred substances will work favorably on soil and crops that have caused continuous cropping damage. This is because it is based on the inventor's experimental knowledge. In addition, in this invention, since the bactericidal power of pyroligneous vinegar against root rot pathogens (Fusarium fungi) is also used during its action, the undiluted solution remains in the charred material, and the remaining pyroligneous vinegar has a bactericidal effect on soil pathogens. It is desirable to have a concentration of 1, and from this point of view, a concentration close to that of the stock solution is more preferable. In order to obtain the continuous cropping disorder improvement material according to the present invention using the above-mentioned carbide and purified wood vinegar, the above-mentioned 6 to 6.
The particle size is adjusted to 20 mesh, and the bulk specific gravity is
Approximately 20 parts by weight of purified wood vinegar is mixed with 100 parts by weight of the carbide, which is said to be 0.5 or higher. Since carbide contains about 10% water by weight,
The wood vinegar solution will be 2/3 the concentration. In addition, charcoal contains about 3% by weight of ash, and about 60% of this ash is alkaline components such as lime and potash, so the organic acids in wood vinegar are neutralized, resulting in charcoal and wood vinegar. The mixture becomes neutral. In this state, natural fermentation is carried out until the number of actinomycetes becomes at least 1/10 or more of the number of filamentous bacteria. Here, natural fermentation is carried out until the number of actinomycetes becomes at least 1/10 or more of the number of filamentous bacteria.In fermentation where the number of actinomycetes is about 1/10 or less of the number of filamentous bacteria, the aim of this invention is to improve continuous cropping problems. This is because it is not preferable because the effect cannot be obtained sufficiently. The continuous cropping disorder improvement material obtained in this way is
Filamentous bacteria such as Penicillium, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, and Bisporomyces, actinomycetes, etc. are attached to the carbonized material. Depending on the case, other bacteria such as rhizobia strains may be added. Additionally, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers may be added as necessary. The continuous cropping disorder improvement material according to the present invention having such a structure promotes mycorrhizal formation and prevents continuous cropping disorders, particularly for plants that are prone to continuous cropping disorders, such as leguminous, gramineous, solanaceous, and umbelliferous plants. To avoid. The effects of this invention will be further clarified by describing Examples and Test Examples of this invention below. (Example) 200 ~ 3 tons of Ogalite made by compression molding of wood flour
Carbonized at 800℃, crushed into 6 to 80 mesh pieces,
1 ton of powdered carbide was obtained. The specific gravity was 0.52. PH3.5 and specific gravity obtained during carbonization of this ogalite
1.035, organic acid content 5.08% by weight, brown crude wood vinegar
Got 1ton. After filtering this crude wood vinegar solution, the fraction 700 at 100 to 103°C was diluted 10 times with purified water to obtain a purified wood vinegar solution. Purified wood vinegar solution of 2001 was added to 1 ton of the above-mentioned ogalite carbide, and after stirring well, the mixture was maintained at 27° C. and left for 20 days. This ogalite carbide has 6.0× general bacteria.
1000/g, filamentous fungi 2.0×1000/g, actinomycetes 1.0
It was growing at ×1000/g. Add 1% N, P, K, fertilizer aqueous solution to this.
%added. This was used as a material for improving continuous cropping problems. (Test Examples 1 to 4) The continuous cropping disorder improving materials obtained in the above examples were used to cultivate watermelon (Test Example 1), eggplant (Test Example 2), tomato (Test Example 3),
It was applied to peas (Test Example 4). Test Examples 1 to 4 each used 3a of cultivated land in the Yoshino region of Nara Prefecture where the same crop had been continuously cultivated for two years, and each area was divided into 1a and the average yield per are was calculated.
It was set as 100%. The application rate for the continuous cropping disorder improvement material was 500 kg/a. As a control plot, crops were grown in Comparative Examples 1 to 4 on land under the same conditions without using the continuous cropping disorder improving material according to the present invention. Furthermore, as Comparative Examples 11 to 41, the following continuous cropping improvement materials were applied to land under the same conditions as above. (Comparative Example 11) 3 tons of Ogalite made from compression molded wood powder for 200~
Carbonized at 800℃, crushed into 6 to 80 mesh pieces,
1 ton of powdered carbide was obtained. The specific gravity was 0.52. PH3.5 and specific gravity obtained during carbonization of this ogalite
1.035, organic acid content 5.08% by weight, brown crude wood vinegar
Got 1ton. 2001 crude wood vinegar solution was added to 1 ton of the above ogalite carbide, stirred well, maintained at 27°C, and left for 20 days. This ogalite carbide has 6.0× general bacteria.
1000/g, filamentous fungi 2.0×1000/g, actinomycetes 1.0
It was growing at ×1000/g. Add 1% N, P, K, fertilizer aqueous solution to this.
%added. This was used as the continuous cropping disorder improvement material of Comparative Example 11. (Comparative Example 21) 3 tons of Ogalite, made by compression molding of wood powder, for 200~
Carbonized at 800℃, crushed into 6 to 80 mesh pieces,
1 ton of powdered carbide was obtained. The specific gravity was 0.52. PH3.5 and specific gravity obtained during carbonization of this ogalite
1.035, organic acid content 5.08% by weight, brown crude wood vinegar
Got 1ton. After filtering this crude wood vinegar solution, the fraction 700 at 100 to 103°C was diluted 10 times with purified water to obtain a purified wood vinegar solution. Purified wood vinegar solution of 2001 was added to 1 ton of the above-mentioned ogalite carbide, stirred well, maintained at 10° C., and left for 10 days. This ogalite carbide has 2.0× general bacteria.
1000/g, filamentous fungi 1.0×1000/g, actinomycetes
It was growing at 0.05×1000/g. Add 1% N, P, K, fertilizer aqueous solution to this.
%added. This was used as the continuous cropping disorder improving material of Comparative Example 21. (Comparative Example 31) 3 tons of Ogalite made by compression molding of wood powder for 200~
Carbonized at 800℃, crushed into 6 to 80 mesh pieces,
1 ton of powdered carbide was obtained. The specific gravity was 0.52. PH3.5 and specific gravity obtained during carbonization of this ogalite
1.035, organic acid content 5.08% by weight, brown crude wood vinegar
Got 1ton. 2001 crude pyroligneous acid solution was added to 1 ton of the above ogalite carbide, stirred well, maintained at 10° C., and left for 10 days. This ogalite carbide has 2.0× general bacteria.
1000/g, filamentous fungi 1.0×1000/g, actinomycetes
It was growing at 0.05×1000/g. Add 1% N, P, K, fertilizer aqueous solution to this.
%added. This was used as Comparative Example 31, a continuous cropping disorder improving material. (Comparative Example 14) Add 2001 crude wood vinegar solution as in Comparative Example 31 to 1 ton of ogalite carbide as in Comparative Example 31,
After thorough stirring, the mixture was maintained at 15°C and left for 10 days. This ogalite carbide has 5.0× general bacteria.
1000g, filamentous fungi 2.5 x 1000/g, actinomycetes 0.10
It was growing at ×1000/g. Add 1% N, P, K, fertilizer aqueous solution to this for 10 minutes.
%added. This was used as the continuous cropping disorder improving material of Comparative Example 41. The average value of the harvest results of the test examples in which the continuous cropping disorder improvement materials of these Examples and Comparative Examples were applied was taken. The results are shown in Tables 1 to 4.

[Table] The watermelon variety is Shin Yamato 2.
using the number

[Table] The eggplant variety used was a pure black egg-shaped variety.

[Table] The tomato variety used was Kiyosu No. 2.

[Table] The variety used was white pea.
(Effect of the invention) As detailed above, this invention has a particle size of 6 to 80
100 parts by weight of a carbide that has been adjusted to mesh and has a bulk specific gravity of 0.5 or more, and wood vinegar to tar,
20 parts by weight of purified wood vinegar prepared by removing solid suspended matter such as suspended solids and dust and polyphenol components are mixed, and the mixture is naturally fermented in this state to produce filamentous fungi and actinobacteria in the charred material. It is a continuous cropping disorder improvement material made by adhering bacteria, and is characterized in that the number of actinomycetes in the charred material is at least 1/10 of the number of filamentous bacteria. As is clear from the results, the synergistic effect of the use of specific charcoal and purified wood vinegar based on the knowledge of the inventors, as well as the attachment of specific microorganisms, has enabled watermelons and eggplants, which have not received attention in the past, to be used. It has an extremely good effect on crops with continuous cropping problems such as tomatoes, peas, etc., and can avoid and improve continuous cropping problems in these crops. Even if the inside is filled, pressurization (tread pressure) with a tiller etc.
It has the excellent effect of being able to withstand water and rainwater runoff.

Claims (1)

[Claims] 1. 100 parts by weight of carbide whose particle size is adjusted to 6 to 80 mesh and whose bulk specific gravity is 0.5 or more, and solid suspended matter such as tar, suspended matter, and dust and polyphenol components are removed from wood vinegar solution. 20 parts by weight of the purified wood vinegar solution is mixed with 20 parts by weight, and the mixture is naturally fermented in this state to cause filamentous fungi and actinomycetes to adhere to the charred material.
A continuous cropping improvement material characterized in that the number of actinomycetes in the charred material is at least 1/10 of the number of filamentous bacteria.