JPH0238109B2 - - Google Patents
Info
- Publication number
- JPH0238109B2 JPH0238109B2 JP58063007A JP6300783A JPH0238109B2 JP H0238109 B2 JPH0238109 B2 JP H0238109B2 JP 58063007 A JP58063007 A JP 58063007A JP 6300783 A JP6300783 A JP 6300783A JP H0238109 B2 JPH0238109 B2 JP H0238109B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- fibers
- carbon
- thermoplastic resin
- metal
- fiber
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 20
- 229920005992 thermoplastic resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000011342 resin composition Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 9
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 7
- 229910001369 Brass Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000010951 brass Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000011231 conductive filler Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 5
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 4
- NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylonitrile Chemical compound C=CC#N NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 3
- -1 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butadiene Chemical compound C=CC=C KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000572 Nylon 6/12 Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000178 Acrylic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004925 Acrylic resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004604 Blowing Agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JHWNWJKBPDFINM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Laurolactam Chemical compound O=C1CCCCCCCCCCCN1 JHWNWJKBPDFINM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000571 Nylon 11 Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000299 Nylon 12 Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002292 Nylon 6 Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002302 Nylon 6,6 Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000577 Nylon 6/66 Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229930182556 Polyacetal Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- TZYHIGCKINZLPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N azepan-2-one;hexane-1,6-diamine;hexanedioic acid Chemical compound NCCCCCCN.O=C1CCCCCN1.OC(=O)CCCCC(O)=O TZYHIGCKINZLPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MTAZNLWOLGHBHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N butadiene-styrene rubber Chemical compound C=CC=C.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 MTAZNLWOLGHBHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011304 carbon pitch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZMUCVNSKULGPQG-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecanedioic acid;hexane-1,6-diamine Chemical compound NCCCCCCN.OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O ZMUCVNSKULGPQG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003063 flame retardant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001771 impaired effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001746 injection moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004898 kneading Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002074 melt spinning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000005022 packaging material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002239 polyacrylonitrile Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920013639 polyalphaolefin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002857 polybutadiene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001083 polybutene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001225 polyester resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004645 polyester resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920006324 polyoxymethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011232 storage material Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
- H01B1/20—Conductive material dispersed in non-conductive organic material
- H01B1/22—Conductive material dispersed in non-conductive organic material the conductive material comprising metals or alloys
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K7/00—Use of ingredients characterised by shape
- C08K7/02—Fibres or whiskers
- C08K7/04—Fibres or whiskers inorganic
- C08K7/06—Elements
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
- H01B1/20—Conductive material dispersed in non-conductive organic material
- H01B1/24—Conductive material dispersed in non-conductive organic material the conductive material comprising carbon-silicon compounds, carbon or silicon
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
- Conductive Materials (AREA)
Description
本発明は導電性熱可塑性樹脂組成物に関する。
熱可塑性樹脂に導電性を付与する方法として、
グラフアイト、カーボンブラツク、炭素繊維、金
属繊維などの導電性充填材を熱可塑性樹脂に配合
することが提案されている。これらの導電性充填
材のうち、グラフアイト、カーボンブラツク、炭
素繊維のようなカーボン系の充填材は、比重は小
さいものの、良好な導電性を熱可塑性樹脂に付与
するためには、配合量を大きくしなければならな
い。このため、これらの充填材が配合された熱可
塑性樹脂の成形性が悪くなつたり、得られる成形
品の物性、例えば伸び、衝撃強度が低下したりす
る。一方、黄銅繊維に代表される金属繊維は、上
述したカーボン系の充填材に比してより少ない配
合量で熱可塑性樹脂に良好な導電性を与えるが、
金属繊維自体の比重が大きいので、これを配合し
た熱可塑性樹脂の比重が大きくなつてしまう。こ
のように、カーボン系充填材及び金属繊維は、導
電性充填材として、一長一短を有している。
特開昭56−72049号公報には、粉状のカーボン
系充填材であるグラフアイト又はカーボンブラツ
クと金属繊維とを熱可塑性樹脂に配合した導電性
組成物が開示されている。この組成物に良好な導
電性を付与するためには、上記公報の実施例から
わかるように、上記導電性充填材を20〜30容量％
配合する必要がある。
本発明の目的は、金属繊維及び炭素繊維を導電
性充填材として併用することにより、少ない配合
量で、高導電性かつ低比重を有する熱可塑性樹脂
組成物を提供することにある。
本発明に従えば、熱可塑性樹脂、金属繊維及び
炭素繊維からなり、金属繊維及び炭素繊維の配合
量がそれぞれ２容量％以上であり、かつ両者の合
計配合量が８〜20容量％である導電性熱可塑性樹
脂組成物が提供される。
本発明の導電性熱可塑性樹脂組成物は、公知の
導電性組成物に比して、より少ない導電性充填材
の配合量で優れた導電性を示し、かつ低い比重を
有する。本発明の組成物は、電子機器の梱包、収
納材料として、さらに電磁波のシールド材料とし
て有用である。
本発明における熱可塑性樹脂の具体例として
は、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、ポリブテン
のようなポリ−α−オレフイン、ナイロン６、ナ
イロン11、ナイロン12、ナイロン66、ナイロン
612、ナイロン６／66、ナイロン６／12のような
ポリアミド、アクリロニトリル／スチレン樹脂、
アクリロニトリル／スチレン／ブタジエン樹脂、
ポリスチレン、ポリカーボネート、ポリアセター
ル、アクリル樹脂、ポリエステル樹脂が挙げられ
る。
金属繊維としては、鋼、ステンレス、黄銅、
銅、アルミニウムなどの金属又はその合金を、溶
融紡糸法、伸展法、押出法、切削法のような公知
の方法で繊維化したものが使用される。これらの
中でも、黄銅繊維及びアルミニウム繊維が好まし
い。金属繊維の直径は10〜15μｍであり、その長
さは0.5〜10mmである。かつ、金属繊維の径と長
さの比（アスペクト比）が少なくとも3.3以上の
ものを用いる。
炭素繊維としては、ポリアクリロニトリル系炭
素繊維、ピツチ系炭素繊維を初めとして、公知の
炭素繊維をすべて使用することができる。炭素繊
維の直径は10〜15μｍであり、その長さは0.5〜10
mmである。かつ、炭素繊維の径と長さの比（アス
ペクト比）が少なくとも10以上のものを用いる。
金属繊維及び炭素繊維の配合量は、組成物に対
して、それぞれ４容量％以上であり、かつ両者の
合計で８〜15容量％である。金属繊維及び炭素繊
維のそれぞれの配合量が２容量％未満であると、
高導電性かつ低比重の組成物が得られない。ま
た、金属繊維及び炭素繊維の合計配合量が８容量
％未満では高導電性の組成物が得られず、合計配
合量が20容量％を超えると、得られる組成物の成
形性及び成形品の物性が低下する。
熱可塑性樹脂に金属繊維及び炭素繊維を配合す
る方法については特に制限はなく、三者をドライ
ブレンドする方法、押出機を用いて溶融熱可塑性
樹脂に後二者を混練する方法のような公知の配合
方法を採用することができる。
本発明の導電性熱可塑性樹脂組成物は、公知の
添加剤、例えば可塑剤、難燃剤、発泡剤、染顔料
酸化防止剤を含有することができる。
本発明の組成物は、射出成形、押出成形のよう
な公知の成形法によつて、各種成形品に成形する
ことができる。
つぎに実施例及び比較例を示す。
実施例及び比較例において使用した黄銅繊維、
アルミニウム繊維及び炭素繊維の形状を以下に示
す。
黄銅繊維〔アイシン精機(株)製〕
直径60μｍ、長さ３mm
アルミニウム繊維〔〔アイシン精機(株)製〕
直径120μｍ、長さ３mm
炭素繊維〔東邦ベスロン(株)製、ベスフアイト
HTA−C6S〕
直径9μｍ、長さ６mm
以下において「％」は「容量％」を示す。
実施例 １〜４
第１表に記載の熱可塑性樹脂に、所定量の金属
繊維及び炭素繊維をドライブレンドし、ついで押
出機を用いて混練し、ペレツトを作成した。この
ペレツトから試験片を射出成形し、体積固有抵抗
及び比重を測定した。
結果を第１表に示す。
比較例 １及び２
黄銅繊維及び炭素繊維の所定量をそれぞれ単独
で配合した以外は実施例１を繰返した。
結果を第１表に示す。
比較例 ３
炭素繊維に代えてカーボンブラツク〔日本イー
シー(株)製、ケツチエンブラツクEC〕を使用した
以外は実施例１を繰返した。
結果を第１表に示す。
The present invention relates to conductive thermoplastic resin compositions. As a method of imparting conductivity to thermoplastic resin,
It has been proposed to incorporate conductive fillers such as graphite, carbon black, carbon fibers, metal fibers, etc. into thermoplastic resins. Among these conductive fillers, carbon-based fillers such as graphite, carbon black, and carbon fiber have a small specific gravity, but in order to impart good conductivity to thermoplastic resin, the amount of carbon fillers added must be increased. It has to be bigger. For this reason, the moldability of thermoplastic resins containing these fillers may be impaired, and the physical properties of the resulting molded products, such as elongation and impact strength, may be reduced. On the other hand, metal fibers such as brass fibers provide good conductivity to thermoplastic resins with a smaller amount than the carbon-based fillers mentioned above.
Since the specific gravity of the metal fiber itself is high, the specific gravity of the thermoplastic resin blended with it becomes high. As described above, carbon-based fillers and metal fibers have advantages and disadvantages as conductive fillers. JP-A-56-72049 discloses a conductive composition in which graphite or carbon black, which is a powdery carbon-based filler, and metal fiber are blended into a thermoplastic resin. In order to impart good conductivity to this composition, it is necessary to add 20 to 30% by volume of the conductive filler, as can be seen from the examples in the above publication.
It is necessary to mix it. An object of the present invention is to provide a thermoplastic resin composition having high conductivity and low specific gravity in a small amount by using metal fibers and carbon fibers together as conductive fillers. According to the present invention, the conductive material is made of a thermoplastic resin, metal fiber, and carbon fiber, and the amount of the metal fiber and carbon fiber is 2% by volume or more, and the total amount of both is 8 to 20% by volume. A thermoplastic resin composition is provided. The conductive thermoplastic resin composition of the present invention exhibits excellent conductivity with a smaller amount of conductive filler and has a lower specific gravity than known conductive compositions. The composition of the present invention is useful as a packaging and storage material for electronic devices, and as an electromagnetic wave shielding material. Specific examples of the thermoplastic resin in the present invention include polyethylene, polypropylene, poly-α-olefin such as polybutene, nylon 6, nylon 11, nylon 12, nylon 66, nylon
612, polyamides such as nylon 6/66, nylon 6/12, acrylonitrile/styrene resins,
Acrylonitrile/styrene/butadiene resin,
Examples include polystyrene, polycarbonate, polyacetal, acrylic resin, and polyester resin. Metal fibers include steel, stainless steel, brass,
The fibers used include metals such as copper and aluminum, or alloys thereof, made into fibers by known methods such as melt spinning, stretching, extrusion, and cutting. Among these, brass fibers and aluminum fibers are preferred. The diameter of the metal fiber is 10-15 μm, and the length is 0.5-10 mm. In addition, metal fibers with a diameter-to-length ratio (aspect ratio) of at least 3.3 are used. As the carbon fiber, all known carbon fibers can be used, including polyacrylonitrile carbon fiber and pitch carbon fiber. The diameter of carbon fiber is 10~15μm, and the length is 0.5~10μm.
mm. In addition, carbon fibers having a diameter-to-length ratio (aspect ratio) of at least 10 or more are used. The blending amounts of the metal fibers and the carbon fibers are each 4% by volume or more, and the total amount of the metal fibers and the carbon fibers is 8 to 15% by volume, based on the composition. When the amount of each of the metal fiber and carbon fiber is less than 2% by volume,
A composition with high conductivity and low specific gravity cannot be obtained. In addition, if the total amount of metal fibers and carbon fibers is less than 8% by volume, a highly conductive composition cannot be obtained, and if the total amount exceeds 20% by volume, the moldability of the resulting composition may deteriorate. Physical properties deteriorate. There are no particular restrictions on the method of blending the metal fibers and carbon fibers with the thermoplastic resin, and known methods such as dry blending the three materials or kneading the latter two into the molten thermoplastic resin using an extruder can be used. A blending method can be adopted. The conductive thermoplastic resin composition of the present invention may contain known additives such as plasticizers, flame retardants, blowing agents, dyes and pigments, and antioxidants. The composition of the present invention can be molded into various molded products by known molding methods such as injection molding and extrusion molding. Next, Examples and Comparative Examples will be shown. Brass fibers used in Examples and Comparative Examples,
The shapes of aluminum fibers and carbon fibers are shown below. Brass fiber [manufactured by Aisin Seiki Co., Ltd.] Diameter 60 μm, length 3 mm Aluminum fiber [[manufactured by Aisin Seiki Co., Ltd.] Diameter 120 μm, length 3 mm Carbon fiber [manufactured by Toho Beslon Co., Ltd., Beshuite]
HTA-C6S] When the diameter is 9 μm and the length is 6 mm or less, “%” indicates “capacity %”. Examples 1 to 4 Predetermined amounts of metal fibers and carbon fibers were dry-blended with the thermoplastic resins listed in Table 1, and then kneaded using an extruder to create pellets. A test piece was injection molded from this pellet, and its volume resistivity and specific gravity were measured. The results are shown in Table 1. Comparative Examples 1 and 2 Example 1 was repeated except that predetermined amounts of brass fibers and carbon fibers were each blended alone. The results are shown in Table 1. Comparative Example 3 Example 1 was repeated except that carbon black (manufactured by Nippon EC Co., Ltd., Ketsuen Black EC) was used instead of carbon fiber. The results are shown in Table 1.
【表】【table】
【表】
＊ アクリロニトリル／ブタジエン／スチ
レン樹脂
＊＊ カーボンブラツク
[Table] * Acrylonitrile/Butadiene/Styrene resin ** Carbon black
Claims (1)
0.5〜10mmである金属繊維、直径が１〜50μｍで長
さ0.5〜10mmである炭素繊維からなり、金属繊維
及び炭素繊維の配合量がそれぞれ４容量％以上で
あり、かつ両者の合計配合量が８〜15容量％であ
る導電性熱可塑性樹脂組成物。1 Thermoplastic resin, with a diameter of 10 to 150 μm and a length of
Consisting of metal fibers with a diameter of 0.5 to 10 mm and carbon fibers with a diameter of 1 to 50 μm and a length of 0.5 to 10 mm, the amount of metal fibers and carbon fibers each is 4% by volume or more, and the total amount of both is A conductive thermoplastic resin composition having a content of 8 to 15% by volume.
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP58063007A JPS59189142A (en) | 1983-04-12 | 1983-04-12 | Electrically conductive thermoplastic resin composition |
| US06/597,605 US4569786A (en) | 1983-04-12 | 1984-04-06 | Electrically conductive thermoplastic resin composition containing metal and carbon fibers |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP58063007A JPS59189142A (en) | 1983-04-12 | 1983-04-12 | Electrically conductive thermoplastic resin composition |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPS59189142A JPS59189142A (en) | 1984-10-26 |
| JPH0238109B2 true JPH0238109B2 (en) | 1990-08-29 |
Family
ID=13216827
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP58063007A Granted JPS59189142A (en) | 1983-04-12 | 1983-04-12 | Electrically conductive thermoplastic resin composition |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4569786A (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS59189142A (en) |
Families Citing this family (87)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS60260651A (en) * | 1984-06-06 | 1985-12-23 | Fujikura Ltd | Electrically conductive resin composition |
| DE3440617C1 (en) * | 1984-11-07 | 1986-06-26 | Zipperling Kessler & Co (Gmbh & Co), 2070 Ahrensburg | Antistatic or electrically semiconducting thermoplastic polymer blends, processes for their production and their use |
| JPS61112608A (en) * | 1984-11-07 | 1986-05-30 | Asahi Chem Ind Co Ltd | Manufacture of conductive thermoplastic resin |
| JPS6213444A (en) * | 1985-07-11 | 1987-01-22 | Dainichi Color & Chem Mfg Co Ltd | Electrically conductive resin composition |
| JPH0629367B2 (en) * | 1985-12-02 | 1994-04-20 | ポリプラスチックス株式会社 | Conductive resin composition |
| US4826631A (en) * | 1986-01-22 | 1989-05-02 | The B. F. Goodrich Company | Coating for EMI shielding and method for making |
| US4774270A (en) * | 1986-01-22 | 1988-09-27 | The B. F. Goodrich Company | Coating for EMI shielding |
| US4950423A (en) * | 1986-01-22 | 1990-08-21 | The B. F. Goodrich Company | Coating of EMI shielding and method therefor |
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US4569786A (en) | 1986-02-11 |
| JPS59189142A (en) | 1984-10-26 |
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