JPH0215779B2 - - Google Patents

Description

[Detailed Description of the Invention] In recent years, heat pumps have been increasingly used for heating and cooling houses (residences, offices, factories, etc.). In conventional heat pump equipment, the heat exchanger (refrigerant condenser for heating, refrigerant evaporator for cooling) is placed indoors, and indoor air is circulated through the heat exchanger using a fan. Many people have methods. Although this may achieve the goal, the following drawback cannot be avoided.

(1) I hear a fan sound.

(2) Indoor air temperature is often uneven.

(3) Since the heat exchanger is inside the room, it reduces the effective area of the room, makes it difficult to locate it, and is not good for appearance, which is a nuisance.

(4) When using an air conditioner, the cold air sometimes hits the body directly, which is not good for health.

The present invention places a heat exchanger for a heat pump under the floor of a house, circulates hot air for heating (cold air for cooling) through the underfloor space, and stores heat underground from the subfloor surface (for cooling). After that, it is led to the attic space, circulated through the attic space, and the floor and ceiling act as heat transfer surfaces, causing the temperature to drop (in the case of air conditioning, the temperature rises) and become mild as it approaches room temperature. This is a heating/cooling device in which the heated air is brought into the room, and after the heating/cooling device is stopped, the heat or cold stored in the subfloor slowly rises to the top to heat and cool the house.

This will be explained with reference to an embodiment as follows. FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a two-story house as an example, with the upper structure removed to show the foundation layout, and a duct for guiding air from under the floor to the attic is shown on the right side. Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view drawn to explain the flow of air in a horizontal plane, but to make the explanation easier, it is not a longitudinal cross-sectional view corresponding to the foundation in Figure 1, but a corridor and a staircase on the right. , is shown as a schematic diagram with vertical ducts arranged on the left. FIG. 3 is an enlarged view of the area within the circle indicated by A in FIG. 2, and shows an example of the structure of the subfloor of a building.

First, the case of heating operation will be explained. 1
is a heating radiator. This is a heat pump condenser that combines a finch tube and a fan. The fan 1' circulates warm air under the floor as shown by arrow 2. 3 is a damper installed in the hole in the partition wall of the foundation, which is opened to circulate hot air only under the floor, and is also placed in the ceiling of the first and second floors through arrows 4 and 3.
As shown in 1, 32, and 33, it is closed when circulation is required. The surrounding area 5 of the foundation structure is completely sealed to prevent air from circulating inside and outside, and the internal foundation 6 is built under the pillars and walls inside the house to divide the underfloor space into several sections as shown in the figure. A gap or hole is created in a part of the partition so that warm air can circulate all over the underfloor area as shown by arrow 2. 7 is the heat pump set, which houses the compressor, expansion valve, evaporator, fan, control device, etc. A condenser 1, which is a component of the heat pump, is located under the floor as shown in the figure, and a pipe 8 connects it to the main body.
A fan in the heat pump set 7 draws air from outside the set, hits the fin coil of the evaporator, imparts heat to the refrigerant, and then discharges it outside.

Due to the action of this heat pump, the condenser 1 becomes a radiator for heating.

Figure 2 schematically shows a longitudinal section of the house.
Warm air circulates under the floor, but this cannot be depicted in the cross-sectional view, so only one arrow 2 is drawn. Also, in this figure, the damper 3 shown in Figure 1 is closed and the hot air is
Arrows 4, 31, 32, 33 are also on the ceiling of the second floor.
It is depicted in a circulating situation as shown in . With damper 3 closed, fans 9 and 2 installed in the attic on the first floor.
When the fan 10 installed in the ceiling of the first floor is operated, hot air passes through the duct 11 and rises to the ceiling of the first and second floors as shown by arrows 4, 31, and 32. In the ceiling of each room, there are holes with grids installed at appropriate places, and warm air passes through the ceiling and enters the room as shown by arrows 12 and 13. Pass through the gap and exit into the corridors 14 and 15 on the right as shown by arrows 12' and 13'. Since the hallway 15 on the second floor and the hallway 14 on the first floor are connected by a staircase 16, air can circulate freely. The air exiting the hallway passes through holes in the lattice floor installed at appropriate locations in the hallway on the first floor and goes under the floor in the direction indicated by arrow 3.
3, the hot air enters the air and is sucked into the fan 1' built into the underfloor radiator 1, thereby completing the circulation of hot air. In Figure 2, each room on the first and second floors is shown as one room, but this is because dividing the room into several parts would create areas where it would be difficult to illustrate the flow of air, so I drew them as one room. It is something. Even if the number of rooms becomes complicated due to partitioning, as long as each room faces a corridor, each room will be explained in the same way.

The outer wall 17 of the house needs to be sufficiently insulated, as is done in most modern constructions. Furthermore, the heating and cooling effect is greater if the double ceiling 18 is created by leaving a gap in the attic of the second floor for air to flow horizontally, and if the double ceiling 18 is sufficiently insulated.

If the double ceiling 18 is not installed, it is necessary to install sufficient insulation work behind the roof 19. 1st floor floor 2
0.Ceiling 21, second floor floor 22, and ceiling 23 can be constructed using general construction methods.

The ground surface under the floor can be left as it is, as in the conventional construction method, but in that case, moisture control will not be sufficient, so it is better to construct it as shown in Figure 3.

A concrete layer 24 is poured on top of the soil to an appropriate thickness, a waterproof layer 25 is made of, for example, a vinyl sheet, and a mortar layer 26 is placed on top of it.
put Rather than making the surface of the holding mortar layer flat, it is preferable to make it uneven, for example as shown in the figure, to increase the surface area and increase the heat transfer coefficient. In this way, the underfloor space is isolated from underground moisture by the waterproof layer 25, and the heat exchange rate with the underground is increased.

Sufficient insulation work is carried out on the outer peripheral foundation 5 to isolate heat from inside and outside.

The heating effect based on the above structure is explained as follows. When the heat pump is operated and its condenser, that is, the underfloor radiator 1 is heated, and the attached fan 1' is rotated, hot air begins to circulate. When the fans 9 and 10 in the attic on the first and second floors are also operated and the damper 3 is closed, the hot air flows from under the floor in the directions shown by arrows 2 and 4, up the duct 11, and half of the air flows in the directions indicated by arrows 31, 12, and 12'. Turn around and go into the hallway, and the other half turn around according to arrows 32, 13, and 13' and go into the hallway, and then the two meet in the hallway and staircase, go through the floor lattice of the first floor hallway, and go under the floor as shown by arrow 33. It is sucked by the fan 1' and returns to the radiator 1. In this way, the warm air is circulated throughout the house. In this case, if the first floor is constructed using the normal construction method, it will be ``base board + cushion sheet + jersey'', ``base board + tatami mat'', etc. When heated from below the floor, the heat transmission coefficient of the floor is 1.2 to 1.5 Kcal/m ²・hr・℃
The heat flow is relatively large. Since it is heated by hot air under the floor, the heat is transmitted as shown by arrow 27, and the effect as floor heating is great.

It is empirically known that when heat is applied from below as floor heating, the heating effect felt on the body is large, and that even if the indoor air temperature is about 3 degrees Celsius lower than with other heating methods, the room feels warm enough. Being able to keep the room temperature low means saving on heating energy. In other words, it leads to energy saving.

Up arrows 31, 32 through the hot air duct 11
Enter the attic as shown. In the ceiling of the first floor, the heat of the hot air is transmitted downward through the ceiling 21 on the first floor as shown by arrow 28, and at the same time is transmitted through the floor 22 on the second floor to the rooms on the second floor as shown by arrow 29. The structure of the ceiling 21 on the first floor is usually constructed using ``gypsum board + cloth pasting'', ``one Japanese-style ceiling board'', and so on. Its downward heat transmission coefficient is about 2.0 Kcal/m ²・hr・℃.
On the other hand, if the outer walls are adequately insulated, the heat transfer coefficient will be around 0.5Kcal/ ^cm2・hr・℃. The heat transmission coefficient of a glass window is about 5.5Kcal/ ^m2・hr・℃ (3Kcal/ ^m2・hr・℃ if double glazing is used), but even if the glass window area is about 15 to 20% of the outer wall area. The average heat transfer coefficient of the entire outer wall is 1.2Kcal/ ^m2・
It can be seen that it is around hr・℃. Taking a general residence as an example, the first floor floor area is 50m ² and the first floor exterior wall area is 90m ² . Indoor temperature 20℃, outdoor temperature 5℃
Then, the temperature difference is 15℃, and the amount of heat that escapes from the outer wall due to this temperature difference is 1.2Kcal/m ²・hr・℃×15℃×90m ² = 1
.620Kcal/hr, assuming that the average temperature of the entire warm air under the floor is 31℃, and the heat transfer coefficient of the first floor is 1.5Kcal/ ^m2・hr・℃, the amount of heat transmitted through the floor is 1.5Kcal/ ^m2・hr・℃×(31−20)℃
×50m ² = 830Kcal/hr The amount of heat that enters the ground from the temperature below the floor through the ground surface is 1.5Kcal/m ²・hr・
℃, assuming the underground temperature is 15℃, 1.5Kcal/m ²・hr・℃×(31−15)×5
0=1.200Kcal/hr, the air volume is ^20m3 /min, and the temperature of the hot air leaving radiator 1 is
If the temperature is 34℃, it circulates under the floor and the first floor 20 and the ground 2
The temperature of the air that enters duct 11 after applying heat to duct 6 is 34℃ - (830 + 1.200) Kcal/hr ÷ (20m ³ /min x 60 minutes x 1.
2Kg/m ³ × 0.24Kcal/Kg・℃)=34−5.9=28.1℃ The average temperature under the floor is (34+28.1)÷2=31.05℃,
In other words, the average temperature of 31°C assumed earlier is almost correct.

Half of the 28.1°C warm air that went up the duct 11 enters the ceiling on the first floor, flows through the ceiling 21 on the first floor, applies heat to the rooms on the first floor downward as shown by arrow 28, and at the same time
The heat flows through the floor 22 and applies heat upward as shown by arrow 29 to the rooms on the second floor.

The amount of heat flowing through the first floor ceiling 21 is expressed as the heat transfer coefficient.
2.0Kcal/m ²・hr・℃, assuming the average temperature of the air in the attic on the first floor is 25℃ 2.0Kcal/m ²・hr・℃×(25−20)℃
×50m ² = 500Kcal/hr The structure of the second floor 22 is almost the same as the first floor, and its heat transfer coefficient is 1.5Kcal/m ²・hr・℃.
Assuming that the floor area is 50m ² , the same as the first floor, and the temperature of the second floor room is 20℃, the same as the first floor, the average temperature of the air in the attic on the first floor is 25℃, so the second floor floor 22 is The amount of heat that passes through the room and enters the room on the second floor is 1.5Kcal/m ²・hr・℃×(25−20)
×50＝380Kcal/hr The air in the attic on the first floor loses heat through heat transfer, and we calculate the temperature at 28.1℃−(500+380)Kcal/hr÷(10m ³ /min×60
min × 1.2Kg/m ³ × 0.24Kcal/Kg・℃) = 28.1−5.1=23.0℃ The average temperature of the air in the ceiling on the first floor is (28.1 + 23.0) ÷ 2 = 25.5℃ In other words, the normal temperature assumed earlier The temperature of 25℃ is almost correct. Air that has reached 23.0°C in the attic on the first floor enters the room on the first floor as shown by arrow 12 through a grid hole provided in the ceiling 21 on the first floor, supplying the insufficient amount of heat.
Since the temperature of the room on the first floor is 20℃, the amount of heat supplied by the air entering the room on the first floor from the attic on the first floor is (23.0−20)℃×10m ³ /min×1.2Kg/m
³ ×0.24Kcal/Kg・℃=520Kcal/hr Therefore, if we add to this the amount of heat 830Kcal/hr transmitted through the first floor floor 20 and the amount of heat transmitted through the first floor ceiling 21 of 500Kcal/hr, we get The total amount of heat supplied to the rooms on the first floor is 520 + 830 + 500 = 1.850Kcal/hr. First, we calculated the amount of heat escaping through the outside walls and windows on the first floor and found 1.620Kcal/hr. Therefore, the amount of heating heat will be sufficient in time, and there is still a margin of about 8%. We assumed that the temperature of the room on the first floor was 20℃, but it would be around 20.5℃.

Next, calculate the second floor. Like the first floor, the second floor will have a floor area of 50m ² and an exterior wall area of 90m ² . The amount of heat that flows through the second floor floor 22 and enters the second floor room is 380 Kcal/
Calculated as hr. The air volume entering the ceiling of the second floor through the duct 17 as shown by arrow 32 is 10 m ³ /min.
Its temperature is 28.1℃. The amount of heat flowing through the second floor ceiling 23 and entering the second floor room downward as shown by the arrow 30 is calculated as follows. The ceiling structure on the second floor has a downward heat transmission coefficient of 2.0 Kcal/m ² , the same as the first floor.
hr・℃, assuming that the second floor room is also kept at 20℃, 2.0Kcal/m ²・hr・℃×(26−20)
×50=600Kcal/hr Next, calculate the amount of heat that flows through the double ceiling 18 on the second floor and escapes to the attic. Assuming that the double ceiling 18 has been sufficiently insulated, its heat transfer rate is
0.3Kcal/m ²・hr・℃. Also, assuming that the attic has little circulation with outside air, when the outside air is 5℃, the attic
Assume that the temperature is 10℃. Then, the heat that flows through the double ceiling 18 and escapes to the attic is 0.3Kcal/m ²・hr・℃×(26−10)℃
×50m ² = 240Kcal/hr The temperature of the air entering the room on the second floor from the attic through the ceiling grid and following arrow 13 is 28.1℃−(600+240)Kcal/hr÷(10m ³ /min×
60 minutes ×1.2Kg/m ³ ×0.24Kcal/Kg・℃)=28.1℃
-4.9°C = 23.2°C The average temperature of the air in the attic on the second floor is (28.1 x 23.2) ÷ 2 = 257°C In other words, the 26°C assumed earlier is almost correct.

The air, now at 23.2°C, enters the room on the second floor through a grid hole provided in the ceiling 23 on the second floor, as shown by arrow 13, and supplies the missing amount of heat. Since the temperature of the room on the second floor is 20℃, the amount of heat supplied is (23.2−20)℃×10m ³ /min×60 minutes×1.2Kg/m ³ ×0.24Kca
l/Kg=550Kcal/hr Adding to this amount of heat 380Kcal/hr of heat transmitted through the second floor floor 22 and 600Kcal/hr of heat transmitted through the second floor ceiling 23, the amount of heat is supplied to the second floor room. The total amount of heat generated is 550 + 380 + 600 = 1.530Kcal/hr.Assuming that the amount of heat escaping to the outside through the exterior walls and windows on the second floor is 1.620Kcal/hr, which is the same as that on the first floor, the amount of heat input to the room is 6% less fever. the temperature of the room
Since we assumed the temperature to be 20℃, there would be a lack of heat, but if we set the room temperature to 19.5℃, it would be almost balanced.

Since the temperature on the first floor is 20.5℃ and the second floor is 19.5℃, there is no particular problem, but if you want to force both the first and second floors to 20℃, reduce the amount of hot air sent to the attic on the first floor, and
All you have to do is increase the amount of warm air sent to the attic of the floor. This can easily be done with a damper or something else.

Looking at it this way, when keeping the room at 20℃,
On the first floor, air at 23.0℃ flows through the ceiling grid hole, and on the second floor,
Air at 23.2°C will be blown in through the ceiling grid holes. Since mild air that is not much different from the room temperature is blown into each room, there is less uneven temperature inside the room, and the underfloor heating creates a comfortable environment. Also, since you enter the room after passing through a long winding passage, you can hardly hear the sound of the fan.

Next, we will discuss the heat transmitted to the ground beneath the floor.
Heat is conducted from the earth's surface 26 into the earth and is stored therein.
If the vehicle is operated for a long time, for example, 12 hours, the temperature of the ground surface will be close to the temperature of the air below the floor. In the previous example, when the air temperature under the floor warms up to 31°C, the temperature at the ground surface becomes about 27°C, and heat is stored underground with a constant thermal gradient up to about 1 meter underground. When the heat pump and fans stop operating late at night, the temperature under the floor and in each room begins to drop, but when this happens, heat is transferred from the subfloor surface to the first floor 20 by convection and radiation, providing a long-term residual heat floor heating effect. . Fan 1', 9, with the heat pump stopped
If you operate the unit 10 and circulate the air all the way to the ceiling, you can heat up to the second floor using underground heat storage. When there is no need to heat the second floor, the first floor fan 9 and second floor fan 10 are turned off, damper 3 is opened, and air is circulated only under the floor while the heat pump performs underfloor heating.The first floor can be kept quite warm with just the floor heating. , and can store heat underground. When the heat pump is stopped after operating for a certain period of time, the heat stored in the ground slowly comes out, heating the first floor for a long time and creating a comfortable environment.

The power of the heat pump is calculated as follows using the numerical example shown earlier. The temperature of the air that exits the underfloor radiator 1 is 34°C, and the air temperature that returns from each room through the hallway as shown by arrow 33 is 20°C, the same as the room temperature.
It is ℃. Since the circulating air is 20m ³ /min, the amount of heat emitted by radiator 1 is (34-20)℃ x 20m ³ /min x 60 minutes x 1.2Kg/m ³ x 0.24Kcal
/Kg＝4.840Kcal/hr When the outside temperature is 5℃ and the air temperature passing through the radiator is 34℃, the heat pump outputs about 3.000Kcal/hr per 1KW, so the power of the heat pump is 4.840÷3.000=
A power of 1.6KW, or approximately 2KW, is required.

The above explanation was for heating, but this device can be used as is for cooling. In the case of cooling, switch the four-way valve inside heat pump set 7 to turn 1, which was a condenser during heating, into an evaporator, and turn the heat exchanger in set 7, which was an evaporator during heating, into a condenser. Make it into a vessel. The heat of condensation of the refrigerant is released into the outside air by the attached fan. The evaporator 1 removes heat from the air passing through it by means of a fan 1'. The air cooled by the evaporator 1 is circulated along the same path as described for heating. The flow of heat between the floor 20 and ceiling 21 on the first floor and the floor 22 and ceiling 23 on the second floor is completely opposite to that during heating.
The air shown by arrow 12 entering from the ceiling lattice on the second floor, and the air shown by arrow 13 entering from the second floor ceiling lattice, are colder than room temperature, but they receive heat from the floor and ceiling, respectively, so they enter mild air close to room temperature. Therefore, there is little non-uniformity in the indoor air temperature, and even if the blown air hits the body directly, it will not harm your health. Storing heat underground from the ground beneath the floor also stores cold heat, so you can think of it as the complete opposite of heating. In case of only air conditioning, 1st floor floor 2
The heat flow through the 0th and 2nd floor floors 22 is from top to bottom, and the heat flow rate is lower than that in the case of heating. In other words, heat is difficult to transfer. However, on the contrary, heat flow through the ceiling 21 on the first floor and the ceiling 23 on the second floor is from bottom to top, and the heat penetration coefficient is larger than in the case of heating, that is, heat is easily transmitted. Furthermore, the heat flow through the subfloor is also larger than in the case of heating. In the case of air conditioning, it is necessary to dehumidify. That is, the cooler 1 removes moisture from the air as water droplets and discharges the water to the outside. The temperature of the cooled and dehumidified air is increased through heat exchange between the floor and ceiling, and the dehumidified and mildly heated air is introduced into the room, keeping the room comfortable. In the case of an air conditioner, the rate of cooling from above is large, so in this case as well, the environment is good for health, resulting in what is commonly called ``cold head and fever.'' The amount of heat can be calculated in the same way as for heating, only by reversing the flow of heat. The numerical values applied to the calculations so far are not limited to these, but are shown as an example to make the explanation easier to understand.

As is clear from the explanations so far, by applying the heating and cooling device according to the present invention, it is possible to obtain a comfortably air-conditioned environment, and it is also possible to save power by storing heat or cold underground. This will make a major contribution to the

[Brief explanation of drawings]

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a residential building according to an embodiment of the present invention, with the upper structure removed, showing its foundation and a duct for guiding air to the upper part. FIG. 2 is a longitudinal sectional view of the house shown in FIG. 1, but for the sake of clarity, it is shown as a schematic diagram without corresponding to FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is an enlarged detailed view of the area within the circle indicated by A in FIG. 2. 1... Heat radiator for heating (air cooler for cooling), 3... Air passage damper, 5... External wall foundation of the building, 6... Internal foundation of the building, 7... Heat pump set, 8... Heat pump and the heat exchanger 1, 9, 10...fan, 11...duct, 14, 15...corridor, 16...stairs, 17...
...Outer wall, 18...Double ceiling, 19...Roof, 20
... 1st floor floor, 21 ... 1st floor ceiling, 22 ... 2nd floor, 23 ... 2nd floor ceiling, 24 ... subfloor concrete layer, 25 ... waterproof layer, 26 ... presser mortar layer, 2, 4, 12, 12', 13, 13', 3
1, 32, 33...Arrow indicating the path of air, 2
7, 28, 29, 30...Arrows indicating heat transfer.

Claims (1)

[Claims] 1 A heat exchanger for heating and cooling equipment is placed under the floor of a building, which serves as an air heater for heating and an air cooler for cooling. In the case of , the air cooled by the heat exchanger is circulated through all or part of the underfloor space using a fan, heat or cold is conducted from the ground surface under the floor to the ground to store heat or cool, and the air is guided through the duct to the attic and circulated in all or part of the attic, and then guided into each room through the openings in the ceiling, and then the openings in the partition walls, the openings in the doors, the gaps, etc. It is guided into the hallway through the hole, joins the hole made in the floor of the first-floor hallway, and is led under the floor.It is circulated back to the previous heat exchanger for heating and cooling.After the heating and cooling equipment is stopped, the water in the basement is A heating and cooling device characterized in that the heat storage or cold storage slowly rises to the top to heat and cool a house.