JP7344918B2 - 小細胞肺がんおよびその他のがんに対する免疫療法で使用するためのペプチドおよびペプチド組み合わせ - Google Patents
小細胞肺がんおよびその他のがんに対する免疫療法で使用するためのペプチドおよびペプチド組み合わせ Download PDFInfo
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Description
小細胞肺がん(SCLC)は、顕微鏡下で観察された際のがん細胞のサイズに応じて命名され、非小細胞肺がん(NSCLC)と区別されなければならない。SCLCは、全ての肺がんの約10%~15%を占める(American Cancer Society,2015a)。
a)がん精巣抗原:T細胞によって認識され得る初めて同定されたTAAはこのクラスに属し、元々はがん精巣(CT)抗原と称されたが、それは、そのメンバーが組織学的に異なるヒト腫瘍において発現し、正常組織では精巣の精母細胞/精原細胞のみに存在し、時として胎盤に存在するためであった。精巣の細胞は、クラスIおよびII HLA分子を発現しないので、これらの抗原は正常組織のT細胞によって認識され得ず、したがって免疫学的に腫瘍特異的と見なされる。CT抗原の周知の例は、MAGEファミリーメンバーおよびNY-ESO-1である。
b)分化抗原:これらのTAAは、腫瘍と、それから腫瘍が生じる正常組織との間で共有される。既知の分化抗原のほとんどは、黒色腫および正常メラノサイトに見いだされる。これらのメラノサイト系関連タンパク質の多くは、メラニン生合成に関与し、したがって腫瘍特異的でないが、それでもなおがん免疫療法のために広く利用されている。例としては、黒色腫に対するチロシナーゼとMelan-A/MART-1、または前立腺がんに対するPSAが挙げられるが、これに限定されるものではない。
c)過剰発現TAA:広範に発現されるTAAをエンコードする遺伝子は、組織学的に異なる型の腫瘍において検出され、多数の正常組織においても概してより低い発現レベルで検出されている。正常組織によってプロセスされて潜在的に提示さるエピトープの多くは、T細胞認識の閾値レベル未満であり得る一方で、腫瘍細胞におけるそれらの過剰発現は、以前確立された免疫寛容を破壊することにより、抗がん応答を始動し得る。このクラスのTAAの顕著な例は、Her-2/neu、サバイビン、テロメラーゼまたはWT1である。
d)腫瘍特異的抗原:これらのユニークなTAAは、正常な遺伝子(β-カテニン、CDK4など)の変異から生じる。これらの分子変化のいくつかは、腫瘍性形質転換および/または進行に関連する。腫瘍特異的抗原は、通常、正常組織に対する自己免疫反応のリスクなしに、強力な免疫応答を誘導できる。他方、これらのTAAは、ほとんどの場合、その上でそれらが同定されたまさにその腫瘍のみと関係があり、通常は、多くの個々の腫瘍間で共有されない。腫瘍特異的(関連)イソ型を有するタンパク質では、ペプチドの腫瘍特異性(または関連性)はまた、ペプチドが腫瘍(関連)エクソンに由来する場合に生じてもよい。
e)異常な翻訳後修飾から生じるTAA:このようなTAAは、特異的でなく腫瘍において過剰発現もされないタンパク質から生じてもよいが、それでもなお、腫瘍において主に活性である翻訳後プロセスによって腫瘍関連になる。このクラスの例は、腫瘍にMUC1のような新規エピトープをもたらす改変グリコシル化パターン、または腫瘍特異的であってもなくてもよい分解中のタンパク質スプライシングのような事象から生じる。
f)オンコウイルスタンパク質:これらのTAAはウイルスタンパク質であり、それらは発がん過程において重要な役割を果たしてもよく、外来性である(ヒト由来でない)ため、それらはT細胞応答を誘起し得る。このようなタンパク質の例は、子宮頸がんにおいて発現されるヒト乳頭腫16型ウイルスタンパク質E6およびE7である。
ープは、通常は8~11アミノ酸長であるが、実際のエピトープを含むより長いペプチド
またはタンパク質から、ペプチドプロセッシングによって作製することが可能である。実
際のエピトープ側面に位置する残基は、プロセッシング中に実際のエピトープを曝露させ
るのに必要なタンパク質分解切断に、実質的に影響を及ぼさない残基であることが好まし
い。
:4の間のあらゆる組み合わせで、どちらかの末端に1,2、3または4個のアミノ酸が
付加され得る。本発明による伸長の組み合わせは、表7にある。
(a)溶液中のまたは凍結乾燥形態の上述の医薬組成物を含有する容器;
(b)任意選択的に、凍結乾燥製剤のための希釈剤または再構成溶液を含有する第2の容器;および
(c)任意選択的に、(i)溶液の使用、または(ii)凍結乾燥製剤の再構成および/または使用のための取扱説明書
を含んでなるキットをさらに目的とする。
1.悪性物質からのHLAリガンドを質量分析法によって同定した
2.ゲノム規模メッセンジャーリボ核酸(mRNA)発現解析を使用して、一連の正常器官および組織と比較して悪性組織(小細胞肺がん)中の遺伝子過剰発現を同定した
3.同定されたHLAリガンドを遺伝子発現データと比較した。好ましくは、ステップ2で検出されたような選択的に発現されまたは過剰発現される遺伝子によってコードされる、腫瘍組織上で過剰提示されまたは選択的に提示されるペプチドが、多重ペプチドワクチンのための適切なTUMAP候補と見なされた。
4.同定されたペプチドのTUMAPとしての妥当性を支持する追加的な証拠を同定するために、文献調査を実施した
5.mRNAレベルでの過剰発現の関連性をステップ3からの選択されたTUMAPの腫瘍組織上における再検出と、健常組織における検出の欠如(またはまれな)検出によって確認した。
6.選択されたペプチドによる生体内T細胞応答の誘導が可能かどうかを評価するために、健常ドナーならびに小細胞肺がん患者からのヒトT細胞を使用して、生体外免疫原性アッセイを実施した。
細胞表面に提示される腫瘍関連ペプチドの同定および定量化
組織サンプル
患者の腫瘍組織は、Asterand(Detroit,MI,USA & Royston,Herts,UK);Bio-Options Inc.(Brea,CA,USA);ProteoGenex Inc.(Culver City,CA,USA);Tissue Solutions Ltd(Glasgow,UK)から入手された。
衝撃凍結組織サンプルからのHLAペプチド貯留は、わずかに修正されたプロトコル(Falk et al.,1991;Seeger et al.,1999)に従って、HLA-A*02-特異的抗体BB7.2、HLA-A、-B、-C特異的抗体W6/32、CNBr活性化セファロース、酸処理、および限外濾過を使用して、免疫沈殿によって固形組織から得られた。
得られたHLAペプチド貯留は、逆相クロマトグラフィー(nanoAcquity UPL C system,Waters)によってそれらの疎水性に従って分離し、ESI源を装着したLTQ-velosおよびfusion hybrid質量分光計(ThermoElectron)内で溶出ペプチドを分析した。ペプチド貯留は、毎分400nLの流速を適用して、1.7μm C18逆相材料(Waters)で充填された分析用融合シリカマイクロキャピラリーカラム(75μm内径×250mm)上に直接挿入した。引き続いて、毎分300nLの流速で10%から33%へのBの二段階180分間二成分勾配を用いて、ペプチドを分離した。勾配は、溶媒A(水中の0.1%ギ酸)および溶媒B(アセトニトリル中の0.1%ギ酸)から構成された。nanoESI源への導入には、金被覆ガラス毛管(PicoTip,New Objective)を使用した。LTQ-Orbitrap質量分光計は、TOP5ストラテジーを使用してデータ依存モードで操作した。手短に述べると、Orbitrap(R=30000)内の高質量精度の完全スキャンでスキャンサイクルを開始し、これもまたOrbitrap(R=7500)内の5種の最も豊富な前駆イオンのMS/MSスキャンがそれに続き、以前選択されたイオンは動的に排除された。タンデム質量スペクトルは、SEQUESTおよび追加的な手動調節によって解釈した。同定されたペプチド配列は、生成された天然ペプチド断片化パターンと、配列が同一の合成参照ペプチドの断片化パターンとの比較によって確認した。
本発明のペプチドをコードする遺伝子発現プロファイリング
正常細胞と比較した腫瘍細胞上のペプチドの過剰提示または特異的提示は、免疫療法におけるその有用性にとって十分であり、いくつかのペプチドは、それらの起源タンパク質が正常組織にもまた存在するにもかかわらず、腫瘍特異的である。それでもなお、mRNA発現プロファイリングは、免疫療法のためのペプチド標的の選択において、安全性のレベルを高めることができる。特に、アフィニティ成熟TCRなどの安全性リスクが高い治療の選択肢では、理想的な標的ペプチドは、腫瘍に特有で正常組織上には見いだされないタンパク質に由来する。
外科的に除去された組織標本は、告知に基づく同意書が各患者から入手された後に、上述の通り提供された(実施例1を参照されたい)。腫瘍組織標本を手術直後にスナップ凍結し、その後、液体窒素下で乳鉢と乳棒を用いて均質化した。TRI試薬(Ambion,Darmstadt,Germany)を使用して、これらのサンプルから全RNAを調製し、RNeasy(QIAGEN,Hilden,Germany)による精製がそれに続き;どちらの方法も製造業者のプロトコルに従って実施した。
腫瘍および正常組織RNAサンプルの遺伝子発現解析は、CeGaT(Tubingen,Germany)によって、次世代配列決定(RNAseq)によって実施した。簡単に述べると、配列決定ライブラリーは、RNA断片化、cDNA転換、および配列決定アダプターの付加を含む、Illumina HiSeq v4試薬キットを使用して、販売業者(Illumina Inc.,San Diego,CA,USA)のプロトコルに従って作製される。複数のサンプルに由来するライブラリーは等モル混合され、Illumina HiSeq 2500配列決定装置上で、製造会社の使用説明書に従って配列決定され、50bpのシングルエンドリードが生成された。処理された読み取りは、STARソフトウェアを使用して、ヒトゲノム(GRCh38)にマッピングされる。発現データは、ensembl配列データベース(Ensembl77)の注釈に基づいて、RPKM(100万個のマッピングされた読み取り当たりキロベース当たり読み取り、ソフトウェアCufflinksによって生成される)として転写物レベルで、そしてエクソンレベルで(全読み取り、ソフトウェアBedtoolsによって生成される)提供される。エクソン読み取りは、エクソン長さおよびアライメントサイズについて正規化されて、RPKM値が得られる。小細胞肺がんにおいて高度に過剰発現され、または排他的に発現される本発明の起源遺伝子の代表的発現プロファイルは、図2に示される。さらなる例示的遺伝子の発現スコアは、表9に示される。
MHCクラスI提示ペプチドの生体外免疫原性
本発明のTUMAPの免疫原性に関する情報を得るために、本発明者らは、ペプチド/MHC複合体および抗CD28抗体を負荷した人工抗原提示細胞(aAPC)によるCD8+T細胞の反復刺激に基づく、生体外T細胞プライミングアッセイを用いて研究を実施した。このようにして、本発明者らは、本発明のHLA-A*0201拘束性TUMAPの免疫原性を示し得て、これらのペプチドが、それに対するCD8+前駆T細胞がヒトに存在する、T細胞エピトープであることを実証した(表10)。
ペプチドMHC複合体(pMHC)および抗CD28抗体を負荷した、人工抗原提示細胞による生体外刺激を実施するために、本発明者らは、最初に、告知に基づく同意後に、University clinics Mannheim,Germanyから得られた健常ドナーのCD8ミクロビーズ(Miltenyi Biotec,Bergisch-Gladbach,Germany)を使用した正の選択を通じて、新鮮HLA-A*02白血球除去生成物からCD8+T細胞を単離した。
HLAクラスIペプチドを試験するために、ペプチド特異的T細胞株の生成によって生体外免疫原性が実証され得た。本発明の2種のペプチドの、TUMAP特異的多量体染色後の例示的フローサイトメトリー結果は、対応する陰性対照と共に図3に示される。本発明からの4種のペプチドの結果は、表10に要約される。
ペプチドの合成
Fmocストラテジーを使用した標準的な十分に確立された固相ペプチド合成を使用して、全てのペプチドを合成した。個々のペプチドのアイデンティティーおよび純度は、質量分析および分析用RP-HPLCによって判定された。ペプチドは、純度>50%の白色から灰白色の凍結乾燥物(トリフルオロ酢酸塩)として得られた。全てのTUMAPは、好ましくはトリフルオロ酢酸塩または酢酸塩として投与され、その他の塩形態もまた可能である。
MHC結合アッセイ
本発明によるT細胞ベースの治療法のための候補ペプチドを、それらのMHC結合能力(親和性)についてさらに試験した。個々のペプチド-MHC複合体は、UVリガンド交換によって生成され、UV感受性ペプチドはUV照射に際して切断されて、分析される目的ペプチドで交換された。ペプチド受容性MHC分子と効果的に結合して安定化し得るペプチド候補のみが、MHC複合体の分離を防止する。交換反応の収率を判定するために、安定化MHC複合体の軽鎖(β2m)の検出に基づくELISAを実施した。アッセイは、Rodenko et al.(Rodenko et al.,2006)に一般的に記載されるようにして実施した。
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Claims (27)
- 配列番号110に示されるアミノ酸配列からなるペプチドであって、主要組織適合性複合体(MHC)分子と結合する能力を有する、および/またはT細胞と交差反応する能力を有するペプチドまたはその薬学的に許容可能な塩。
- クラスIまたはIIMHC分子に結合する能力を有し、前記MHC分子に結合すると、CD4および/またはCD8T細胞によって認識されることができるようになる、請求項1に記載のペプチドまたはその薬学的に許容可能な塩。
- 前記ペプチドが、修飾され、および/または非ペプチド結合を含む、請求項1又は2に記載のペプチドまたはその薬学的に許容可能な塩。
- 請求項1又は2に記載のペプチドをエンコードする核酸。
- 請求項4に記載の核酸を発現する能力がある、発現ベクター。
- 請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載のペプチド、請求項4に記載の核酸、若しくは請求項5に記載の発現ベクターを含んでなる組換え宿主細胞、請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載のペプチド、請求項4に記載の核酸、若しくは請求項5に記載の発現ベクターを含んでなる組換え宿主細胞であって、前記宿主細胞が抗原提示細胞である、組換え宿主細胞、
又は、
請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載のペプチド、請求項4に記載の核酸、若しくは請求項5に記載の発現ベクターを含んでなる組換え宿主細胞であって、前記宿主細胞が樹状細胞である、組換え宿主細胞。 - 請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載のペプチド、請求項4に記載の核酸、請求項5に記載の発現ベクター、または請求項6に記載の組換え宿主細胞を含有する薬剤。
- 請求項1~3に記載のペプチドを提示し、または請求項4に記載の核酸を発現し、または請求項5に記載の発現ベクターを含んでなる、請求項6に記載の組換え宿主細胞を培養するステップと、前記ペプチドを培養液から単離するステップとを含んでなる、請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載のペプチドを製造する方法。
- T細胞を、抗原提示細胞の表面に、または抗原提示細胞を模倣する人工コンストラクトの表面に発現される抗原負荷ヒトクラスIまたはIIMHC分子に、前記T細胞を抗原特異的様式で活性化するのに十分な時間にわたり、生体外で接触させるステップを含んでなり、前記抗原が、請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載のペプチドである、活性化Tリンパ球を製造するインビトロ法。
- 請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載のペプチドを提示する細胞を選択的に認識する、活性化Tリンパ球。
- 請求項10に記載の活性化Tリンパ球を有効数含み、投与した患者において請求項1~3いずれか一項に記載のペプチドを提示する標的細胞を死滅させる薬剤。
- 請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載のペプチド、又はMHC分子に結合した請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載のペプチドを特異的に認識する抗体又は前記ペプチドを特異的に認識する抗体フラグメント。
- モノクローナル抗体、ヒト抗体、ヒト化抗体、キメラ抗体、二重特異性抗体、若しくはそれらのフラグメントである請求項12に記載の抗体若しくは抗体フラグメント、
又は、
モノクローナル抗体、ヒト抗体、ヒト化抗体、キメラ抗体、二重特異性抗体、若しくはそれらのフラグメントであり、免疫刺激ドメイン若しくは毒素を保有する、請求項12に記載の抗体若しくは抗体フラグメント。 - T細胞受容体であって、HLAリガンドと反応性であり、前記HLAリガンドが請求項1~3いずれか一項に記載のペプチドである、T細胞受容体。
- 可溶性分子である、請求項14に記載のT細胞受容体。
- 請求項14又は15に記載のT細胞受容体をエンコードする核酸。
- 請求項16に記載の核酸を含有する、発現ベクター。
- 請求項16に記載の核酸、請求項12に記載の抗体をコードする核酸、若しくは請求項17に記載の発現ベクターを含んでなる組換え宿主細胞、又は、
請求項16に記載の核酸、請求項12に記載の抗体をコードする核酸、若しくは請求項17に記載の発現ベクターを含んでなり、T細胞である組換え宿主細胞。 - 請求項18に記載の組換え宿主細胞を培養するステップと、前記T細胞受容体を前記組換え宿主細胞および/またはその培養液から単離するステップとを含んでなる、請求項14又は15に記載のT細胞受容体を製造する方法。
- 請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載のペプチド、請求項4若しくは16に記載の核酸、請求項5若しくは17に記載の発現ベクター、請求項6若しくは18に記載の組換え宿主細胞、請求項10に記載の活性化Tリンパ球、請求項12若しくは13に記載の抗体、又は請求項14若しくは15に記載のT細胞受容体を含む薬剤であり、がんの診断および/または治療において使用するための薬剤。
- 前記がんが、小細胞肺がん、非小細胞肺がん、腎細胞がん、脳がん、胃がん、結腸直腸がん、肝細胞がん、膵臓がん、前立腺がん、白血病、乳がん、メルケル細胞がん、黒色腫、卵巣がん、膀胱がん、子宮がん、胆嚢および胆管がん、および食道がんからなる群から選択される、請求項20に記載の薬剤。
- (a)請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載のペプチド若しくはその薬学的に許容可能な塩、請求項4に記載の核酸、請求項5に記載の発現ベクター、請求項6に記載の組換え宿主細胞、請求項10に記載の活性化Tリンパ球、請求項12若しくは13に記載の抗体若しくは抗体フラグメント、又は、請求項14若しくは15に記載のT細胞受容体を含有する医薬組成物を溶液または凍結乾燥形態で含んでなる容器を含み、
さらに、
(b)凍結乾燥製剤のための希釈剤または再構成溶液を含有する第2の容器;
(c)配列番号1~配列番号41、配列番号43~配列番号109、及び配列番号112~配列番号141からなる群から選択されるアミノ酸配列からなる少なくとも1つのペプチド、および
(d)(i)溶液の使用、または(ii)凍結乾燥製剤の再構成および/または使用のための取扱説明書からなる群から選ばれる1又は複数を含んでなるキット。 - (iii)緩衝液、(iv)希釈剤、(v)フィルター、(vi)針、(vii)シリンジ、及び(viii)アジュバントの1つまたは複数をさらに含んでなる、請求項22に記載のキット。
- a)請求項1~3いずれか一項に記載のペプチド又はその薬学的に許容可能な塩;
b)a)に記載のペプチド、および/またはペプチド-MHC複合体中のa)に記載のペプチドと反応性のT細胞受容体;
c)a)若しくはb)をコードする核酸、または前記核酸を含んでなる発現ベクター;
d)c)の発現ベクターを含んでなる宿主細胞;
e)T細胞を、抗原特異的様式でT細胞を活性化するのに十分な時間にわたり、適切な抗原提示細胞の表面に発現されるa)に記載のペプチドと生体外で接触させるステップを含んでなる方法によって得られる、活性化Tリンパ球;
f)a)に記載のペプチド、ペプチド-MHC複合体中のa)に記載のペプチド、および/または細胞が提示するa)に記載のペプチドと反応性である、抗体、または可溶性T細胞受容体;
g)a)に記載のペプチドを認識する、および/またはペプチド-MHC複合体中のa)に記載のペプチドを認識する、アプタマー;
h)コンジュゲートされ若しくは標識されたa)に記載のペプチド、又は、コンジュゲートされ若しくは標識されたf)に記載の抗体若しくは可溶性T細胞受容体、若しくはg)に記載のアプタマー;
からなる群から選択される少なくとも1つの活性成分と、薬学的に許容できる担体、および任意選択的に、薬学的に許容可能な賦形剤および/または安定剤とを含んでなる医薬組成物。 - アジュバントをさらに含む請求項24に記載の医薬組成物、
ワクチンである請求項24に記載の医薬組成物、
又は、細胞療法に使用される請求項24に記載の医薬組成物。 - アジュバントを含む請求項25に記載の医薬組成物であって、前記アジュバントがインターロイキンである請求項25に記載の医薬組成物、
又は、アジュバントを含む請求項25に記載の医薬組成物であって、前記アジュバントがインターロイキンであり、前記インターロイキンがIL-2及び/若しくはIL-15である、請求項25に記載の医薬組成物。 - 請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載のペプチド又はMHC分子と結合している請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載のペプチドを特異的に認識する、アプタマー。
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