JP7312464B2 - がんを評価及び治療するための方法及び材料 - Google Patents
がんを評価及び治療するための方法及び材料 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本出願は、2017年11月20日に出願された米国特許出願連続番号第62/588,654号の権益を主張する。先行出願の開示は、本出願の開示の一部とみなされる(参照により組み込まれる)。
本明細書は、哺乳動物が疾患(例えば、がん)を有すると特定するために使用することができるバイオマーカー(例えば、ペプチドバイオマーカー)を同定するための方法及び材料を提供する。本明細書はまた、がんを同定及び/または治療するための方法及び材料も提供する。例えば、本明細書は、ペプチジル-プロリルシス-トランスイソメラーゼA(PPIA)ポリペプチドに由来する1つ以上のペプチドフラグメントを使用して、哺乳類が、がん(例えば、卵巣癌)を有すると同定する方法及び材料を提供する。
本年、25万人近くの女性が卵巣癌と診断され、14万人以上の女性がその疾患で死亡する(Howlader et al. 2014 SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011 (National Cancer Institute, Bethesda))。卵巣癌が診断され、早期に、すなわち癌が卵巣外に広がる前に治療される場合、5年間の相対生存率は90%を超える(Howlader et al. 2014 SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011 (National Cancer Institute, Bethesda))。しかしながら、そのような早期で発見されるのは全卵巣癌の15%にすぎず、がんが後期で発見された患者の予後は悲惨である(Howlader et al. 2014 SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011 (National Cancer Institute, Bethesda))。したがって、卵巣癌を早期に発見できる可能性のあるバイオマーカーの開発の必要性が広く認識されている。このような検出のために、CA-125またはHE-4などの従来のバイオマーカーを使用すること、または超音波を使用することの試みが数多く存在してきた(Fishman et al. 2005 Am J Obstet Gynecol 192:1214-1221;Li et al. 2009 Expert Rev Mol Diagn 9:555-566;Scholler et al. 2007 Biomarkers Med 1:513-523;及びVan Gorp et al. 2011 Br J Cancer 104:863-870)。いくつかは可能性を示すが、そのいずれも、「がんを患っていない女性への主要な外科的介入を含む重大な危害」を頻繁にもたらすため、US Preventive Services Task Forceによるスクリーニングには推奨されない(Moyer et al. 2012 Ann Intern Med 157:900-904)。
本明細書は、がんを同定及び/または治療するための方法と材料を提供する。場合によっては、本明細書は、1つ以上のPPIAペプチドフラグメントを使用して、哺乳類ががん(卵巣癌など)を有すると同定するための材料及び方法を提供する。例えば、試料(例えば、血液試料などの非侵襲性試料)中の1つ以上のPPIAペプチドフラグメントの上昇したレベルを使用して、哺乳動物が卵巣癌を有すると同定することができる。例えば、1つ以上の循環ペプチドバイオマーカー(例えば、1つ以上のPPIAペプチドフラグメント)の上昇レベルに少なくとも部分的に基づいて、がん(例えば、卵巣癌)を有すると同定された哺乳動物は、1つ以上のがん治療で治療することができる。
本明細書は、疾患を同定及び/または治療するための方法と材料を提供する。場合によっては、疾患はがんである。例えば、1つ以上の循環ペプチドバイオマーカー(例えば、PPIAペプチドフラグメント)の上昇したレベルを有する哺乳動物は、がん(例えば、卵巣癌)を有すると同定することができ、必要に応じて、1つ以上のがん治療を投与され得る。本明細書で使用されるとき、「循環ペプチド」は、哺乳動物の体内の任意の閉鎖系(例えば、循環系)で検出することができるペプチドである。場合によっては、哺乳動物(例えば、がんを有すると疑われる哺乳動物)由来の血液試料(例えば、血漿試料)は、1つ以上のPPIAペプチドフラグメントの上昇したレベルについて評価することができ、1つ以上のPPIAペプチドフラグメントの上昇したレベルが検出される場合に哺乳動物はがんを有すると同定でき、必要に応じて、哺乳動物に1つ以上のがん治療を施して、がんの重症度を低下させ、及び/または癌の症状を軽減できる。
この実施例は、候補ペプチドの大きなリストを、定量化、感度、または特異性を損なうことのないより管理しやすいリストに絞り込むことができる固有のバイオマーカーを開発するためのペプチド中心のプラットフォームについて記載する。この実施例はさらに、がん組織からではなく血漿から直接単離されたペプチドが、固有のがんバイオマーカーの発見に使用できることを示す。
血漿試料 96人の健常人、81人の卵巣癌患者、51人の膵臓癌患者、及び38人の結腸直腸癌患者を含む、合計266人由来の血漿試料が得られた。血漿試料と臨床データは、適切な制度的審査委員会の承認を受けた後に、The Ontario Tumor Bank, Indivumed, Innovative Research, and The Johns Hopkins Hospitalから入手された。266人の患者の選択された臨床的特徴及びそれらの腫瘍の組織病理学的特徴は、データセットS1に列挙されている。
yiとxiがそれぞれがん血漿プロテオームと正常血漿プロテオームにおけるi番目のタンパク質の存在量を表すとすると、
式中、μ及びσは、3つのデータセットにおけるペプチド存在量の平均と分散を示す。反復間で有意な分散があるペプチドバイオマーカー(正常と比較してがん血漿プロテオームで高度に上方制御される)を同定することを回避するために、以下の式のt検定を採用した。
i)前駆体イオン(通常は正に帯電したproteotypicなペプチド)とプロダクトイオン(衝突誘起解離から生成されたペプチドフラグメント)の各ペアに対して、衝突エネルギーの最適化を行った。各前駆体イオンについて、上の2ステップ及び下の2ステップ(ステップサイズ、4eV)の衝突エネルギーの理論的最適値を適用して、各前駆体イオンを断片化した。各ペプチドについて、最も強い強度を示す5~8個の断片化イオンを検出標的として選択した。ペプチドの質量電荷比(m/z)、最適化された衝突エネルギー値、及びペプチド断片化イオンのm/zは、このようにして各ペプチドに対して確立された。このような値のセットは、典型的にはSRM遷移と呼ばれる。合計で、4,384のSRM遷移がこのように最適化され、641のペプチドを標的にした(平均して、ペプチドあたり約7の遷移)。
ii)bRPLC分取の最適化。641の合成ペプチドは、上述のように調製された試験のフェーズ1で使用されたプールされた正常血漿試料に由来するペプチドにスパイクされ、3つの独立したHPLC分取が行われた。上述のように、bRPLC分取からの96の画分を「画分群」にまとめ、各群が3つの連続した画分を含んだ。各bRPLC画分群で4,384の遷移を評価し、各遷移について固定された滞留時間を有した(5ms)。各ペプチドの最高量を含むbRPLC画分群が決定され、それによって各ペプチドの画分群IDが定義された。各ペプチドの標準強度(SI)(10fmolのペプチドについて質量分析計で測定された強度)も記録した。
iii) SRM法の構築。同一の画分群IDを持つペプチドからの全ての遷移をコンパイルすることにより、各画分群ごとに固有のSRM法が作成された。同一のSRM遷移が、主要な画分群の前後に溶出する画分群で評価された。したがって、各画分群は、SRM遷移の3つの異なるセットで評価された。各遷移についての滞留時間は、ペプチドのSIに反比例するように修正され、3~20msの範囲であった。
試験デザイン この試験は、定性的及び定量的MS技術の組み合わせを使用して、がん固有のプロテオミクスバイオマーカーを同定及び確認するために設計された。この技術分野におけるこれまでのほとんどの試験は、がん組織の分析から始まり、次いで、がん特異的なタンパク質またはペプチドが血漿中で同定できるかどうかを判定しようとしていた。本試験では、血漿から直接候補ペプチドを同定することを試みた。試験は3つの別々のフェーズで実行された:フェーズ1、がん患者と健康な個人からの試料の全血漿プロテオミクスプロファイリング、188の遺伝子由来の641の候補ペプチドマーカーを得た;フェーズ2、、SRMによる分取溶出液の逐次分析(SAFE-SRM)と呼ばれる、選択された反応モニタリング(SRM)ベースのアッセイの実装、追加の血漿試料中の641の候補ペプチドマーカーのそれぞれを評価して、有望なバイオマーカーとしてのペプチジル-プロリルシス-トランスイソメラーゼA(PPIA)由来の2つのペプチドを得た;フェーズ3、SAFE-SRMを使用したがん患者と対照の独立したセットにおけるこれら2つのペプチドの性能の評価。フェーズ1は、多数のタンパク質の定性分析に最適なOrbitrap質量分析計で行われ、一方で、フェーズ2及び3は、選択された分析物の定量分析に最適なトリプル四重極質量分析計で行われた。この試験の3つのフェーズで、さまざまなドナー供給源由来の合計266の血漿試料が評価された(表S1)。
本発明は、それらの詳細な説明と共に記載されてきたが、前述の説明は、添付の特許請求の範囲によって定義される本発明の範囲を例示することを意図し、それを限定することを意図しないことを理解されたい。他の態様、利点、及び改変は、以下の特許請求の範囲の範囲内にある。
Claims (14)
- 下記を含む、ペプチドバイオマーカーを同定および確認する方法:
(A) 候補ペプチドバイオマーカーの同定、前記同定は下記を含む:
(i) 疾患血液試料中に存在するポリペプチドを消化して、疾患ペプチドフラグメントを得ること;
(ii) 前記疾患ペプチドフラグメントを第1の重同位元素で標識して、標識された疾患ペプチドフラグメントを得ること;
(iii) 参照血液試料中に存在するポリペプチドを消化して、参照ペプチドフラグメントを得ること;
(iv) 前記参照ペプチドフラグメントを第2の重同位元素で標識して、標識された参照ペプチドフラグメントを得ること;および
(v) 前記標識された疾患ペプチドフラグメント及び前記標識された参照ペプチドフラグメントを質量分析に供し、前記標識された参照ペプチドフラグメントと比較して、前記標識された疾患ペプチドフラグメントのレベルが上昇しているものを候補ペプチドバイオマーカーとして同定する、
(B) SAFE-SRM法の構築、前記構築は下記を含む:
(i) 候補ペプチドバイオマーカーを合成すること;
(ii) 前記合成候補ペプチドバイオマーカーを質量分析に供し、最も強い強度を有する前駆体プロダクトイオンのペアを同定して前記前駆体プロダクトイオンのペアを生成する衝突エネルギー(CE)を同定することによって候補ペプチドバイオマーカーの遷移を決定すること;
(iii) 前記候補ペプチドバイオマーカーを含む複数のペプチドを塩基性pH逆相液体クロマトグラフィー(bRPLC)に供して、本質的に等量の各ペプチドからなる複数の画分を得ること;
(iv) 前記複数の画分を、画分の数が画分群の数よりも多くなるように複数の画分群に編成すること;
(v) 前記候補ペプチドバイオマーカーの遷移及び固定滞留時間を使用して、前記画分群のそれぞれにおける前記候補ペプチドバイオマーカーの強度を決定すること:および
(vi) 高pHでのそれらの疎水性に従って前記遷移を再構築することにより、前記滞留時間を最適化すること、
(C) 候補ペプチドバイオマーカーの確認、前記確認は下記を含む:
(i) 疾患血液試料中の前記候補ペプチドバイオマーカーを定量することであって、前記定量が下記を含む:
(a) 候補ペプチドバイオマーカーを含む疾患ペプチドフラグメントをbRPLCに供して、複数の画分を得ること;
(b) 前記複数の画分を、画分の数が画分群の数よりも多くなるように複数の画分群に編成すること;
(c) 酸性pHで直交HPLCにより各画分群のペプチドを分離し、連続的なHPLC溶出液を得ること;および
(d) 候補ペプチドバイオマーカーの遷移及び前記最適化された滞留時間を含むSRM法を使用して前記連続的なHPLC溶出液を分析すること、
(ii) 参照血液試料中の候補ペプチドマーカーを定量することであって、前記定量が下記を含む:
(a) 参照ペプチドフラグメントをbRPLCに供して、複数の画分を得ること;
(b) 前記複数の画分を、画分の数が画分群の数よりも多くなるように複数の画分群に編成すること;
(c) 酸性pHで直交HPLCにより各画分群のペプチドを分離し、連続的なHPLC溶出液を得ること;および
(d) 候補ペプチドバイオマーカーの遷移及び前記最適化された滞留時間を含む前記SRM法を使用して前記連続的なHPLC溶出液を分析すること、および
(iii) 候補ペプチドバイオマーカーが、参照試料と比較して、疾患試料において上昇したレベルで定量された場合に、前記候補ペプチドバイオマーカーを確認する。 - 前記疾患血液試料が、疾患を有する1以上の哺乳動物由来の血液を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記参照血液試料が、1以上の健康な哺乳動物由来の血液を含む、請求項1または2に記載の方法。
- 各試料から1つ以上の存在量の多い血液タンパク質を枯渇させることをさらに含む、請求項1から3のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 存在量の多い血液タンパク質が、アルブミン、IgG、α1-アンチトリプシン、IgA、IgM、トランスフェリン、ハプトグロビン、α2-マクログロブリン、フィブリノーゲン、補体C3、α1-酸性糖タンパク質、アポリポタンパク質A-I、アポリポタンパク質A-II、アポリポタンパク質B、及びそれらの組み合わせからなる群から選択される、請求項4に記載の方法。
- 各消化工程の前に、各試料中の糖タンパク質を濃縮することをさらに含む、請求項1から5のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記質量分析が、Orbitrap質量分析計を使用して行われる、請求項1から6のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記合成候補ペプチドバイオマーカーが重同位元素で標識されていない、請求項1から7のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記ペプチドバイオマーカーの前記最適化された滞留時間が、対象から得られた試料にスパイクされて存在する合成バイオマーカーペプチドを使用して決定される、請求項1から8のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記最適化されたペプチドバイオマーカーの滞留時間が、前記ペプチドバイオマーカーの強度に反比例する、請求項1から9のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記HPLCが、質量分析計に結合された装置で行われる、請求項1から10のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記質量分析計がトリプル四重極質量分析計である、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 前記衝突エネルギーが、データセットS5に示す衝突エネルギーのうちのいずれか1つである、請求項1から12のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記滞留時間が、データセットS5に示す滞留時間のうちのいずれか1つである、請求項1から13のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
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