JP7283779B2 - 溶接装置 - Google Patents
溶接装置 Download PDFInfo
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- JP7283779B2 JP7283779B2 JP2020544177A JP2020544177A JP7283779B2 JP 7283779 B2 JP7283779 B2 JP 7283779B2 JP 2020544177 A JP2020544177 A JP 2020544177A JP 2020544177 A JP2020544177 A JP 2020544177A JP 7283779 B2 JP7283779 B2 JP 7283779B2
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- heating element
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- welding
- weld zone
- polymeric material
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
- B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
- B29C65/06—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using friction, e.g. spin welding
- B29C65/0681—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using friction, e.g. spin welding created by a tool
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
- B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
- B29C65/18—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated tools
- B29C65/20—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated tools with direct contact, e.g. using "mirror"
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
- B29C65/72—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by combined operations or combined techniques, e.g. welding and stitching
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
- B29C66/05—Particular design of joint configurations
- B29C66/10—Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint cross-sections
- B29C66/11—Joint cross-sections comprising a single joint-segment, i.e. one of the parts to be joined comprising a single joint-segment in the joint cross-section
- B29C66/114—Single butt joints
- B29C66/1142—Single butt to butt joints
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
- B29C66/05—Particular design of joint configurations
- B29C66/10—Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint cross-sections
- B29C66/11—Joint cross-sections comprising a single joint-segment, i.e. one of the parts to be joined comprising a single joint-segment in the joint cross-section
- B29C66/116—Single bevelled joints, i.e. one of the parts to be joined being bevelled in the joint area
- B29C66/1162—Single bevel to bevel joints, e.g. mitre joints
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
- B29C66/32—Measures for keeping the burr form under control; Avoiding burr formation; Shaping the burr
- B29C66/324—Avoiding burr formation
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/40—General aspects of joining substantially flat articles, e.g. plates, sheets or web-like materials; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles; Joining single elements to substantially flat surfaces
- B29C66/41—Joining substantially flat articles ; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles
- B29C66/43—Joining a relatively small portion of the surface of said articles
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/40—General aspects of joining substantially flat articles, e.g. plates, sheets or web-like materials; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles; Joining single elements to substantially flat surfaces
- B29C66/41—Joining substantially flat articles ; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles
- B29C66/43—Joining a relatively small portion of the surface of said articles
- B29C66/434—Joining substantially flat articles for forming corner connections, fork connections or cross connections
- B29C66/4342—Joining substantially flat articles for forming corner connections, e.g. for making V-shaped pieces
- B29C66/43421—Joining substantially flat articles for forming corner connections, e.g. for making V-shaped pieces with a right angle, e.g. for making L-shaped pieces
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
- B29C66/71—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the composition of the plastics material of the parts to be joined
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
- B29C66/73—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
- B29C66/739—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
- B29C66/7392—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of at least one of the parts being a thermoplastic
- B29C66/73921—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of at least one of the parts being a thermoplastic characterised by the materials of both parts being thermoplastics
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/80—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof
- B29C66/81—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps
- B29C66/814—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the design of the pressing elements, e.g. of the welding jaws or clamps
- B29C66/8141—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the design of the pressing elements, e.g. of the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the surface geometry of the part of the pressing elements, e.g. welding jaws or clamps, coming into contact with the parts to be joined
- B29C66/81433—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the design of the pressing elements, e.g. of the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the surface geometry of the part of the pressing elements, e.g. welding jaws or clamps, coming into contact with the parts to be joined being toothed, i.e. comprising several teeth or pins, or being patterned
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/80—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof
- B29C66/83—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof characterised by the movement of the joining or pressing tools
- B29C66/836—Moving relative to and tangentially to the parts to be joined, e.g. transversely to the displacement of the parts to be joined, e.g. using a X-Y table
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/80—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof
- B29C66/84—Specific machine types or machines suitable for specific applications
- B29C66/861—Hand-held tools
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
- B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
- B29C65/18—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated tools
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C73/00—Repairing of articles made from plastics or substances in a plastic state, e.g. of articles shaped or produced by using techniques covered by this subclass or subclass B29D
- B29C73/24—Apparatus or accessories not otherwise provided for
- B29C73/30—Apparatus or accessories not otherwise provided for for local pressing or local heating
- B29C73/34—Apparatus or accessories not otherwise provided for for local pressing or local heating for local heating
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2105/00—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped
- B29K2105/0088—Blends of polymers
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29L—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS B29C, RELATING TO PARTICULAR ARTICLES
- B29L2031/00—Other particular articles
- B29L2031/30—Vehicles, e.g. ships or aircraft, or body parts thereof
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29L—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS B29C, RELATING TO PARTICULAR ARTICLES
- B29L2031/00—Other particular articles
- B29L2031/30—Vehicles, e.g. ships or aircraft, or body parts thereof
- B29L2031/3044—Bumpers
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Lining Or Joining Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
Description
―加熱エレメントがポリマー材料の表面を溶解して侵入する伸長位置に加熱エレメントを伸長すること、
―加熱エレメントを引っ込んだ位置に引っ込めること、
―溶接帯域に沿ってポリマー材料とキャリアの相対的な動きを生ぜしめること、
溶接帯域に沿ってこの順序を繰り返す。
Claims (20)
- ポリマー材料の溶接帯域に沿ってポリマー材料を溶接する溶接装置であって、キャリアと、前記ポリマー材料を溶融せしめるために溶融帯域に熱を供給する加熱エレメントとを備え、前記加熱エレメントは、引っ込んだ状態と伸長した状態との間を前記キャリアに対して往復運動するように設けられていて、前記加熱エレメントが引っ込んだ状態から伸長した状態に移動すると、前記加熱エレメントがポリマー材料の表面を溶融してこの表面に浸入するようにし、前記キャリアは、前記溶接帯域に溶融ポリマー材料を拘束するように配置されて前記溶接帯域に沿って前記加熱エレメントを追跡する追跡接触面を更に含み、前記加熱エレメントも前記追跡接触面に対して往復運動するように配置され、前記加熱エレメントは、ヘッドまで延び、前記ヘッドは、前記溶融帯域の溶融材料を加熱すると共に、前記キャリアの前記溶融帯域に沿って移動する方向に対して後方に前記溶融帯域の溶融材料を駆動する駆動面から成っている溶接装置。
- 請求項1に記載の溶接装置であって、横並びの配向で設けられた隣接するポリマー材料を溶接するものであり、前記溶接帯域は、横並びの隣接するポリマー材料の両方の一部を包囲している溶接装置。
- 請求項1又は2に記載の溶接装置であって、前記キャリアは、前記溶接帯域に沿って前記加熱エレメントを導く誘導接触面を更に含んでいる溶接装置。
- 請求項3に記載の溶接装置であって、前記誘導接触面は、前記追跡接触面より大きい摩擦係数を有する溶接装置。
- 請求項3又は4に記載の溶接装置であって、前記キャリアは、前記誘導接触面を経て熱を供給するヒーターエレメントを更に含んでいる溶接装置。
- 請求項1乃至5のいずれかに記載の溶接装置であって、前記ヒーターエレメントが前記追跡接触面に対して鈍角で往復運動する溶接装置。
- 請求項6に記載の溶接装置であって、前記鈍角が100度と135度の間、一層好ましくは、110度と120度の間である溶接装置。
- 請求項1乃至7のいずれかに記載の溶接装置であって、前記加熱エレメントからの熱出力を制御する温度調節システムを更に含んでいる溶接装置。
- 請求項8に記載の溶接装置であって、前記温度調節システムは、前記加熱エレメントが引っ込んだ状態と伸長した状態との両方にある時、前記加熱エレメントが加熱せしめられるように構成され、及び/又は、前記温度調節システムは、前記加熱エレメントからの熱出力を監視して、測定された熱出力に基づいて前記加熱エレメントへの入力を調節するように構成されている溶接装置。
- 請求項1乃至9のいずれかに記載の溶接装置であって、前記加熱エレメントが前記伸長状態にあるキャリアから突出寸法だけ突出するように配置され、前記溶接装置は、突出寸法を調整できるように構成されている溶接装置。
- 請求項1乃至10のいずれかに記載の溶接装置であって、前記加熱エレメントは、ヘッドまで延び、前記ヘッドは、円形、半円形、ダイヤモンド形又は四角形の外郭を有する溶接装置。
- 請求項1乃至11のいずれかに記載の溶接装置であって、前記キャリアは、前記追跡接触面を有する足部と前記ヒーターエレメントを収容するハウジング とを含み、前記足部に対する前記ハウジングの位置は、複数の動作位置の間を調節可能である溶接装置。
- 請求項12に記載の溶接装置であって、前記複数の動作位置で足部に対してハウジングを固定する手段を含んでいる溶接装置。
- 請求項1乃至13のいずれかに記載の溶接装置であって、前記キャリアは、ユーザーによって把持されるハンドル装置を含んでいる溶接装置。
- 請求項1乃至14のいずれかに記載の溶接装置であって、前記溶接帯域に沿ってキャリアの回転運動を可能にするために回転可能に取り付けられたエレメントを更に含んでいる溶接装置。
- 請求項1乃至15のいずれかに記載の溶接装置であって、前記キャリアは、加熱エレメントを収納するハウジングを含み、前記ハウジングと前記加熱エレメントの間に隔離ギャップが形成されている溶接装置。
- キャリアがポリマー材料を溶解せしめるために溶接帯域に熱を供給する加熱エレメントを保持して前記ポリマー材料の溶接帯域に沿って前記ポリマー材料に対してキャリアを移動する工程と、前記キャリアに対して前記加熱エレメントを引っ込んだ状態と伸長した状態との間を往復動して前記加熱エレメントが引っ込んだ状態から伸長した状態に移動すると、前記加熱エレメントが前記ポリマー材料の表面を溶解してこの表面に侵入する工程と、前記加熱エレメントを溶接帯域に沿って追跡しつつ前記ポリマー材料を拘束する工程とを含み、前記加熱エレメントは、ヘッドまで延び、前記ヘッドは、前記溶融帯域の溶融材料を加熱すると共に、前記キャリアの前記溶融帯域に沿って移動する方向に対して後方に前記溶融帯域の溶融材料を駆動する駆動面から成っているポリマー材料を溶接する方法。
- 請求項17に記載の方法であって、
―加熱エレメントがポリマー材料の表面を溶解して侵入する伸長状態に加熱エレメントを伸長すること、
―加熱エレメントを引っ込んだ位置に引っ込めること、
―溶接帯域に沿ってポリマー材料とキャリアの相対的な動きを生ぜしめること、
溶接帯域に沿ってこの順序を繰り返すことを含む方法。 - 請求項17又は18に記載の方法であって、横並びの配向で隣接したポリマー材料を設け、前記溶接帯域は、隣接する横並びの両ポリマー材料の一部を包囲している方法。
- 請求項17乃至19のいずれかに記載の方法であって、前記加熱エレメントの動きは、前記伸長状態で休止される方法。
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PCT/GB2018/053264 WO2019092444A1 (en) | 2017-11-13 | 2018-11-12 | Welding apparatus |
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GB9125978D0 (en) * | 1991-12-06 | 1992-02-05 | Welding Inst | Hot shear butt welding |
NO942790D0 (no) * | 1994-03-28 | 1994-07-27 | Norsk Hydro As | Fremgangsmåte ved friksjonssveising og anordning for samme |
GB9510859D0 (en) | 1995-05-30 | 1995-07-26 | Welding Inst | Improvements relating to friction welding |
US5794835A (en) * | 1996-05-31 | 1998-08-18 | The Boeing Company | Friction stir welding |
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