JP7245525B2 - 水素分離用膜 - Google Patents
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- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 103
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 title claims description 101
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 title claims description 49
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 title claims description 18
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical class [H]* 0.000 title claims description 10
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 49
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 38
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 38
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 26
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 25
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical group [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 21
- -1 hydride ions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910010421 TiNx Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 235000002639 sodium chloride Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004627 transmission electron microscopy Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 75
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 72
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 72
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 22
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 20
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 17
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 16
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 16
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 15
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 13
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 10
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 8
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 4
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000005481 NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000010355 oscillation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 3
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000003917 TEM image Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910000048 titanium hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002056 X-ray absorption spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052769 Ytterbium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N ZrO2 Inorganic materials O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011195 cermet Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000635 electron micrograph Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004817 gas chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002173 high-resolution transmission electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052987 metal hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004681 metal hydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011859 microparticle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011533 mixed conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011002 quantification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001552 radio frequency sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005546 reactive sputtering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000629 steam reforming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021522 yttrium-doped barium zirconate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 description 1
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- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/22—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by diffusion
- B01D53/228—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by diffusion characterised by specific membranes
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- B01D69/105—Support pretreatment
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- C01B21/0615—Binary compounds of nitrogen with metals, with silicon, or with boron, or with carbon, i.e. nitrides; Compounds of nitrogen with more than one metal, silicon or boron with transition metals other than titanium, zirconium or hafnium
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Description
関連出願の相互参照
本出願は、2017年12月28日出願の日本特願2017-253650号の優先権を主張し、その全記載は、ここに特に開示として援用される。
非特許文献2:Al-Mufachi, N.A., Rees, N. V. & Wilkens, R. S. Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev.47, 540-551 (2015).
非特許文献3:Rebollo, E. etal. Energy Environ. Sci. 8, 3675-3686 (2015).
非特許文献4:Zhu, Z. et al.Int. J. Hydrogen Energy. 39, 11683-11689 (2014).
非特許文献5:Yamazaki. Y. et al. Proton trapping in yttrium-doped bariumzirconate. Nature. Mater. 12, 647-651 (2013).
非特許文献6:Kim, K.-I. et al. Int J. Hydrogen Energy, 35, 12981 (2010).
非特許文献7:Nozaki, T. et al. Int J. Hydrogen Energy, 35, 12454 (2010).
非特許文献8:Nature Energy, Vol.2, October 2017, 786-794
特許文献1及び非特許文献1~8の全記載は、ここに特に開示として援用される。
[1]
透過電子顕微鏡観察による決定した結晶子サイズが10nm以下であり、少なくとも一部の結晶子は岩塩型構造を有し、結晶子は(111)配向を示すが、(100)配向を実質的に示さず、一般式MNx (MはFermiエネルギーが-4.4 eV vs L.V.よりも高い位置にある金属元素であり、x は、岩塩型構造を取り得る範囲である)で示される金属窒化物粒子を含む多結晶体膜。
[2]
Mは、Ti、Hf、Ta、Mo、Cr、V及びZrから成る群から選ばれる少なくとも1種の金属元素である、[1]に記載の多結晶体膜。
[3]
Mは、Tiであり、x は、0.5以上、1.0未満である[1]又は[2]に記載の多結晶体膜。
[4]
ヒドリドイオン(H-)を含む、[1]~[3]のいずれかに記載の多結晶体膜。
[5]
結晶子サイズが8nm未満である、[1]~[4]のいずれかに記載の多結晶体膜。
[6]
[1]~[5]のいずれかに記載の多結晶体膜からなる、又は[1]~[5]のいずれかに記載の多結晶体膜を含む水素分離用膜。
[7]
温度が200℃未満である基板上にスパッタリングにより、少なくとも一部の結晶子は岩塩型構造を有し、かつ結晶子は(111)配向を示すが、(100)配向を実質的に示さない、一般式MNx(MはFermiエネルギーが-4.4 eV vs L.V.よりも高い位置にある金属元素であり、x は、岩塩型構造を取り得る範囲である)で示される金属窒化物粒子を含む多結晶体膜を形成することを含む、[1]~[6]のいずれかに記載の膜の製造方法。
[8]
スパッタリング時の基板の温度が50℃以下である、[7]に記載の製造方法。
[9]
スパッタリング時の基板の温度が30℃以下である、[7]に記載の製造方法。
[10]
基板が多孔質材料である、[7]~[9]のいずれかに記載の製造方法。
TiN: -4.1 eV、
HfN: -4.3 eV、
TaN: -4.4 eV、
MoN: -4.2 eV、
CrN: -4.0 eV、
VN: -3.9 eV、
ZrN: -4.1 eV
温度が200℃未満である基板上にスパッタリングにより、少なくとも一部の結晶子は岩塩型構造有し、かつ結晶子は(111)配向を示すが、(100)配向を実質的に示さない、一般式MNx(MNはFermiエネルギーが-4.4 eV vs V. L.よりも高い位置にある金属窒化物であり、x は、岩塩型構造を取り得る範囲である)で示される金属窒化物粒子を含む多結晶体膜を形成することを含む方法。
(1)実験方法
様々な結晶子サイズをもつTiNx膜(x = 0.7, 1.0)は超高真空チャンバーシステム(ULVAC S-3000、ベース圧力 < 2×10-5 Pa)中で反応性RFスパッタリング法により作製した。スパッタ成膜は、直径2インチのTi(99.99%純度)ディスクをターゲットとして用い、チャンバー圧0.9 Pa、基板温度は500℃、200℃、50℃または20℃とし、スパッタ出力195W、およびプロセスガスとしてAr/N2混合ガスを20 sccmで流しながら行った。基板温度を50℃および20℃とする場合には、基板を冷却する装置を用いた。Ar/N2混合ガスの混合比は,TiN0.7およびTiN1.0という組成の膜を得るために最適な値を用い,またそれは基板温度によって異なる。各基板温度においてTiN0.7およびTiN1.0膜を得るための最適N2濃度を表1にまとめた。水素透過試験用のTiNx膜は、メソポーラスγ-Al2O3層で表面修飾した多孔質アルミナ基板上(40% Porosity)[参考文献1]に作製した。TiNx膜の水素透過度はガスクロマトグラフ(Variant Micro GC-4000)を備えた自家製チャンバーシステムを用いて測定した(図1)。アルミナ支持TiNx膜試料を、カーボンシートガスケットを用いて試料ホルダーに固定し、電気炉内に置いた。そこに純Arガスを25 sccmで多孔質支持体側に供給し、またH2/N2混合ガス(1:1)を100 sccmで膜表面側に供給し、このときの多孔質支持体側の排出ガスをGCで分析して水素フラックス(JH2)および窒素フラックス(JN2)を決定した。これより膜の水素透過率および水素選択性を評価した。
反応性スパッタリングのプロセスガス中のAr/N2混合比、および基板温度を調節することによって、様々な結晶子サイズのN欠損型TiN0.7および化学量論型TiN1.0薄膜を作製することができた。薄膜の組成は波長分散X線吸光分析により確認した。またすべての薄膜組成において、酸素不純物の含有量はO /Ti < 0.04と比較的低く抑えられていることを確認した。両薄膜の蒸着条件(N2濃度および基板温度)を表1に示した。蒸着温度を20℃としたとき、プロセスガスを100%-N2としてもTiN1.0は得られず、N欠損型のTiN0.7のみ生成することができた。以降、蒸着温度20、50、200および500℃で作製した薄膜をそれぞれTiNx-20、TiNx-50、TiNx-200、及びTiNx-500(x=0.7、1.0)と表記する。
[1] de Vos, R. M. & Verweij, H. Science. 279,1710-1711 (1998).
[2] Hayashi, K.,Sushko, P. V., Hashimoto, Y., Shluger, A. L. & Hosono, H. Nature Commun.5, 35151-8 (2014).
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実施例1で基板温度を20℃として製造した(111) 配向TiN0.7-20を室温(25℃)又は300℃で1週間水素透過試験した。透過フラックス変化を図7(a)に示す。△は室温の結果、●は300℃での結果。300℃での水素透過試験前の膜表面SEM写真を図7(b)に示し、300℃での水素透過試験後の膜表面SEM写真を図7(c)に示す。
温度: 室温(25℃)または300℃一定
水素圧: 入り口側 50%-H2/N2(101.3 kPa; 50sccm)
出口側 Ar (101.3 kPa; 20sccm)
水素フラックスの検出: 出口側のガスの水素濃度をガスクロ マトグラフィーにより定量
膜の形状: 多孔質アルミナ基板(16 mmΦ)上に600 nmの厚みで製膜
試料: 実施例1のTiN0.7-20
Claims (9)
- 透過電子顕微鏡観察による決定した結晶子サイズが5nm以下であり、少なくとも一部の結晶子は岩塩型構造を有し、結晶子は(111)配向を示すが、(100)配向を実質的に示さず、一般式TiNx で示される金属窒化物粒子を含む多結晶体膜を含む水素分離用膜。
- xは、0.5以上、1.0未満である請求項1に記載の水素分離用膜。
- 前記多結晶体膜はヒドリドイオン(H-)を含む、請求項1又は2に記載の水素分離用膜。
- xは、0.65以上、0.75以下である、請求項1~3のいずれかに記載の水素分離用膜。
- 温度が20℃以下である基板上にスパッタリングにより、少なくとも一部の結晶子は岩塩型構造を有し、かつ結晶子は(111)配向を示すが、(100)配向を実質的に示さない、一般式TiNxで示される金属窒化物粒子を含む多結晶体膜を形成することを含む、請求項1~4のいずれかに記載の水素分離用膜の製造方法。
- 基板が多孔質材料である、請求項5に記載の製造方法。
- 前記多結晶体膜は、多孔質材料の基板上に設けられている、請求項1~4のいずれかに記載の水素分離用膜。
- 多孔質材料の基板は、多孔質アルミナ基板である、請求項7に記載の水素分離用膜。
- 多孔質アルミナ基板がメソポーラスγ-Al2O3層で表面修飾した多孔質アルミナ基板である請求項8に記載の水素分離用膜。
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JP2016181571A (ja) | 2015-03-24 | 2016-10-13 | 国立研究開発法人物質・材料研究機構 | 窒化チタン薄膜熱電半導体、その製造方法及び熱電発電素子 |
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