JP7239463B2 - がん免疫療法のための組成物および方法 - Google Patents
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Description
本出願は、2016年8月18日に出願された米国仮特許出願第62/376680号の利益を主張する。上記出願の全教示は、参照により本明細書に組み込まれる。
開示される主題の説明および特許請求において、以下の用語は、以下に示される定義に従って使用されるであろう。
がんに対する化学療法治療の主な制限は、免疫担当細胞の死滅およびそうでなければ望ましくない感染症を防ぐ、またはがん細胞に対する防御を提供するであろう有効な免疫系の喪失を引き起こす薬物誘発免疫毒性である。化学療法の重度の毒性効果に対抗するための1つの戦略は、薬剤耐性を付与するcDNA配列を発現するように設計されたレトロウイルスベクターの導入によって細胞傷害性免疫担当細胞を選択的に遺伝子改変することであり、これにより化学療法剤の同時投与に耐えることができるがん細胞を積極的に標的とすることができる。
アルキル化剤(例えば、シクロホスファミド、イホスファミド);代謝拮抗物質(例えば、メトトレキサート(MTX)、5-フルオロウラシルまたはこれらの誘導体);DNA脱メチル化剤(代謝拮抗物質としても知られる;例えば、アザシチジン);置換ヌクレオチド;置換ヌクレオシド;抗腫瘍抗生物質(例えば、マイトマイシン、アドリアマイシン);植物由来の抗腫瘍剤(例えば、ビンクリスチン、ビンデシン、TAXOL(登録商標)、パクリタキセル、アブラキサン);シスプラチン;カルボプラチン;エトポシドなど
からなる群から選択される細胞傷害性化学療法剤であり得る。このような薬剤にはさらに、それだけに限らないが、抗がん剤トリメトトレキサート(TMTX);テモゾロミド;ラルチトレキセド;S-(4-ニトロベンジル)-6-チオイノシン(NBMPR);6-ベンジルグアニジン(6-BG);ニトロソ尿素[例えば、ビス-クロロニトロソ尿素(BCNU;カルムスチン)、ロムスチン(CCNU)+/-プロカルバジンおよびビンクリスチン(PCVレジメン)、フォテムスチン];シタラビン;カンプトテシン;およびこれらのいずれかの治療的誘導体を含み得る。
以下の例は実例として提供されるものであり、決して特許請求される本発明を限定するものとして解釈されるべきではない。
化学療法剤、薬剤耐性γδ-T細胞および/または薬剤耐性ナチュラルキラー細胞、および1種または複数の免疫チェックポイント阻害剤を含む併用療法を使用してがん患者を治療する。化学療法剤は、アルキル化剤(例えば、シクロホスファミド、イホスファミド)、代謝拮抗物質(例えば、メトトレキサート(MTX)、5-フルオロウラシルまたはこれらの誘導体)、抗腫瘍抗生物質(例えば、マイトマイシン、アドリアマイシン)、植物由来の抗腫瘍剤(例えば、ビンクリスチン、ビンデシン、TAXOL(登録商標)、パクリタキセル、アブラキサン)、シスプラチン、カルボプラチン、エトポシドなどから選択される。このような薬剤にはさらに、それだけに限らないが、抗がん剤トリメトトレキサート(TMTX)、テモゾロミド、ラルチトレキセド、S-(4-ニトロベンジル)-6-チオイノシン(NBMPR)、6-ベンジルグアニジン(6-BG)、ビス-クロロニトロソ尿素(BCNU)、シタラビンおよびカンプトテシン、またはこれらのいずれかの治療的誘導体を含み得る。薬剤耐性γδ-T細胞およびナチュラルキラー細胞は化学療法剤に対して耐性である。1種または複数の免疫チェックポイント阻害剤は単独でまたは他の免疫チェックポイント阻害剤と組み合わせて使用され、免疫チェックポイントタンパク質CTLA-4、PDL1(B7-H1、CD274)、PDL2(B7-DC、CD273)、PD1、B7-H3(CD276)、B7-H4(B7-S1、B7x、VCTN1)、BTLA(CD272)、HVEM、TIM3(HAVcr2)、GAL9、LAG3(CD223)、VISTA、KIR、2B4(CD244;CD2ファミリーの分子に属し、全てのNK、γδ、およびメモリーCD8+(αβ)T細胞上で発現される)、CD160(BY55とも呼ばれる)、CGEN-15049、CHK1およびCHK2キナーゼ、OX40、A2aRならびに種々のB-7ファミリーリガンドの阻害剤から選択される。
応答評価基準には、固形腫瘍における応答評価基準(WHO;World Health Organization Offset Publication 第48号、1979)に基づく評価;RECIST(固形腫瘍における応答評価基準;J Natl Cancer Inst 2000;92:205~16;Eisenhauer EAら、Eur J Cancer 2009;45:228~47);免疫関連応答基準(Jedd WEら、Clin Cancer Res 2009;15(23)、7412~7420);およびiRANO(神経腫瘍学における免疫療法応答評価;Okada Hら、Lancet Oncol 2015年11月;16(15):e534~42)が含まれる。
薬剤耐性γδ-T細胞(および/または薬剤耐性ナチュラルキラー細胞)および免疫チェックポイントタンパク質の1種または複数の阻害剤をさらに含む併用療法としての化学療法は、化学療法単独、または薬剤耐性γδ-T細胞(および/または薬剤耐性ナチュラルキラー細胞)と組み合わせた化学療法と比較して、増強したまたは長期の抗腫瘍反応;医学的に有益な反応;相加的または相乗的な抗腫瘍活性;新しい病変を伴わない、ベースライン病変の縮小;腫瘍の退縮;総腫瘍量が着実に減少する可能性がある、永続的に安定な疾患;総腫瘍量の増加後の反応;および新しい病変の存在下での反応をもたらす。他の臨床所見には、腫瘍サイズの増加によって測定される腫瘍浸潤リンパ球の増加;および長期生存促進が含まれ得る。
GMP製造されたγδT細胞および膠芽腫腫瘍細胞におけるチェックポイント分子の発現を評価し、インビトロで濃縮されたγδT細胞の機能を評価した。
γδT細胞のエキソビボ拡大
健康なドナーからのヒトアフェレーシス産物コレクションを、Hemacare(Van Nuys CA)から購入した。産物をUAB Cell Therapy LaboratoryのGMP施設に移した。静置培養の場合:全ての操作を、クラス10K/ISO 7分類気流で囲まれたクラス100層流フードで行った。産物をHBSS(ハンクス平衡塩類溶液)でv/v希釈し、単核細胞をFicoll(Sigma-Aldrich;St.Louis、MO)で密度勾配分離により単離した。間期を収穫し、HBSS中で2回洗浄した。細胞ペレットを、2mMゾレドロン酸(Novartis;Basel HV)および100u/mL IL2(Miltenyi Biotec)を補足したCTS(商標)OpTmizer(商標)T Cell Expansion無血清培地(ThermoFisher Scientific;Waltham、MA)に再懸濁した。細胞を標準的なT150またはT75フラスコ中で培養した。閉鎖系培養の場合:培地、ストックおよび緩衝液の調製を含む全ての操作を、GMPグレードの試薬を使用してバイオセーフティキャビネット内のISO 7クリーンルームで行った。産物の自動化Ficoll分離および培養を、カスタマイズされた細胞処理プログラムおよびTS520チュービングセットを使用して、CLINIMACS PRODIGY(登録商標)(Miltenyi Biotec Ltd;Bergisch Gladbach、ドイツ)バイオリアクターで行った。次いで、細胞を、OpTmizer無血清培養(ThermoFisher Scientific;Waltham、MA)において、ゾレドロネート(Zometa;Novartis、Basel)とインターロイキン-2(Miltenyi Biotec Ltd;Bergisch Gladbach、ドイツ)の組み合わせ(ZOL/IL-2)を使用して、CLINIMACS PRODIGY(登録商標)のCentriCult-Unitで拡大した。培養物を1~2×106細胞/mlの密度に保ち、13日目の細胞収穫まで1日おきにIL-2 100u/mlを補足した。定期的にフラスコ内の小規模培養と比較して、プロセスを連続的に監視して増殖の動態および表現型を決定した。13日の培養後、拡大したγδT細胞を表現型決定し、標準的白血病細胞株およびグリオーマ腫瘍細胞に対して細胞傷害性を決定した。
マルチパラメトリックフローサイトメトリー分析を使用して、ドナーPBMCおよび培養産物における表現型および機能的プロファイルを決定した。DuraClone T細胞サブセット(Beckman Coulter)と抗PD-1、抗CTLA-4および抗PD-L1パネルを使用して、フローサイトメトリーを用いてチェックポイント分子の発現およびγδT細胞濃縮を監視した。産物の試料を培養1日目および13日目に分析した。フローサイトメトリーを用いて、新たに解離したPDX由来膠芽腫腫腫瘍細胞をPD-L1発現について分析した。PD-L1抗体およびそれぞれのアイソタイプ(IgG1)で染色する前に、PDX由来膠芽腫細胞の単細胞懸濁液を15分間FcR Block(Biolegend)でブロックした。染色細胞をBD fortessa X-20フローサイトメーターで取得した。
K562細胞に対するインビトロ細胞傷害性アッセイを用いて、細胞産物の効力を決定した。拡大したγδT細胞を、フローサイトメトリーに基づく細胞傷害性アッセイを用いて、ヒト白血病細胞株(K562)および腫瘍細胞(JX22T、JX12TおよびJX59T)に対する細胞傷害性について13日目に評価した。Basic Cytotoxicity Assay Kit(https://immunochemistry.com)には、CFSEおよび7-AADの2種類の蛍光試薬が含まれている。緑色蛍光膜染色剤であるCFSEを使用して標的細胞(K562)を標識した。未染色のエフェクター細胞を増加するエフェクター対標的比で添加し、標的細胞と共に4時間インキュベートした後、7-AAD、赤色蛍光生/死染色剤を添加し、引き続いて取得し、フローサイトメーターを用いて分析する。細胞傷害性を、赤色チャネルで検出された緑色標的細胞の割合として計算する。細胞傷害性%の式=死細胞数/生細胞数+死細胞数×100。
2人の健康なドナー(ドナー1:043692;ドナー2:043988)から新たに単離したPBMCをインビトロでのγδT細胞の拡大に使用した。フローサイトメトリーによってチェックポイント発現を調べた際、本発明者らは拡大したγδT細胞におけるPD-1およびCTLA-4およびPD-L1の上方制御に注目した。13日目に、PD-1は20%を超増加し、CTLA-4発現は3~6%に及んだ。興味深いことに、両方のドナーでPD-L1も上方制御された(9%超)[図1~図4]。形質導入されていないγδT細胞と比較して、MGMTで形質導入されたγδT細胞におけるチェックポイント分子の発現レベルに有意な変化は見られなかった。刺激された培養物と比較して、休止中(IL2およびZOLなし)のγδT細胞でPD-1およびCTLA-4-T細胞の中程度の下方制御も観察された[図5]。
Claims (18)
- シスプラチン、カルボプラチン、エトポシド、メトトレキサート(MTX)、トリメトトレキサート(TMTX)、テモゾロミド、ラルチトレキセド、S-(4-ニトロベンジル)-6-チオイノシン(NBMPR)、6-ベンジルグアニジン(6-BG)、シタラビン、カンプトテシン、シクロホスファミド、イホスファミド、5-フルオロウラシル、アザシチジン、マイトマイシン、アドリアマイシン、ビンクリスチン、ビンデシン、パクリタキセル、アブラキサン、ビス-クロロニトロソ尿素(BCNU)、ロムスチン(CCNU)、プロカルバジン、ビンクリスチン、およびフォテムスチンから選択される、1種または複数の抗がん剤を含む、がんを治療するための医薬組成物であって、
50%~95%のγδT細胞を含む単離された細胞傷害性免疫細胞の集団であって、前記γδT細胞は、前記抗がん剤に対する耐性を付与するポリペプチドを発現するよう遺伝子改変されているγδT細胞を50%以上含む、細胞傷害性免疫細胞の集団、および
CTLA-4、PDL1、またはPD1に対する抗体から選択される、少なくとも1種の免疫チェックポイント阻害剤と
組み合わせて使用される、医薬組成物。 - CTLA-4、PDL1、またはPD1に対する抗体から選択される、少なくとも1種の免疫チェックポイント阻害剤を含む、がんを治療するための医薬組成物であって、
シスプラチン、カルボプラチン、エトポシド、メトトレキサート(MTX)、トリメトトレキサート(TMTX)、テモゾロミド、ラルチトレキセド、S-(4-ニトロベンジル)-6-チオイノシン(NBMPR)、6-ベンジルグアニジン(6-BG)、シタラビン、カンプトテシン、シクロホスファミド、イホスファミド、5-フルオロウラシル、アザシチジン、マイトマイシン、アドリアマイシン、ビンクリスチン、ビンデシン、パクリタキセル、アブラキサン、ビス-クロロニトロソ尿素(BCNU)、ロムスチン(CCNU)、プロカルバジン、ビンクリスチン、およびフォテムスチンから選択される、1種または複数の抗がん剤、および
50%~95%のγδT細胞を含む単離された細胞傷害性免疫細胞の集団であって、前記γδT細胞は、前記抗がん剤に対する耐性を付与するポリペプチドを発現するよう遺伝子改変されているγδT細胞を50%より多く含む細胞傷害性免疫細胞の集団と
組み合わせて使用される、医薬組成物。 - 50%~95%のγδT細胞を含む単離された細胞傷害性免疫細胞の集団を含む、がんを治療するための医薬組成物であって、
CTLA-4、PDL1、またはPD1に対する抗体から選択される、少なくとも1種の免疫チェックポイント阻害剤、および
シスプラチン、カルボプラチン、エトポシド、メトトレキサート(MTX)、トリメトトレキサート(TMTX)、テモゾロミド、ラルチトレキセド、S-(4-ニトロベンジル)-6-チオイノシン(NBMPR)、6-ベンジルグアニジン(6-BG)、シタラビン、カンプトテシン、シクロホスファミド、イホスファミド、5-フルオロウラシル、アザシチジン、マイトマイシン、アドリアマイシン、ビンクリスチン、ビンデシン、パクリタキセル、アブラキサン、ビス-クロロニトロソ尿素(BCNU)、ロムスチン(CCNU)、プロカルバジン、ビンクリスチン、およびフォテムスチンから選択される、1種または複数の抗がん剤と
組み合わせて使用され、
前記γδT細胞は、前記抗がん剤に対する耐性を付与するポリペプチドを発現するよう遺伝子改変されているγδT細胞を50%以上含む、医薬組成物。 - CTLA-4、PDL1、またはPD1に対する抗体から選択される、少なくとも1種の免疫チェックポイント阻害剤と、50%~95%のγδT細胞を含む単離された細胞傷害性免疫細胞の集団とを含む、がんを治療するための医薬組成物であって、
シスプラチン、カルボプラチン、エトポシド、メトトレキサート(MTX)、トリメトトレキサート(TMTX)、テモゾロミド、ラルチトレキセド、S-(4-ニトロベンジル)-6-チオイノシン(NBMPR)、6-ベンジルグアニジン(6-BG)、シタラビン、カンプトテシン、シクロホスファミド、イホスファミド、5-フルオロウラシル、アザシチジン、マイトマイシン、アドリアマイシン、ビンクリスチン、ビンデシン、パクリタキセル、アブラキサン、ビス-クロロニトロソ尿素(BCNU)、ロムスチン(CCNU)、プロカルバジン、ビンクリスチン、およびフォテムスチンから選択される、1種または複数の抗がん剤と組み合わせて使用され、
前記γδT細胞は、前記抗がん剤に対する耐性を付与するポリペプチドを発現するよう遺伝子改変されているγδT細胞を50%以上含む、医薬組成物。 - 前記単離された細胞傷害性免疫細胞の集団が、5%~25%のNK細胞を含む、請求項1~4の何れか1項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記がんが、グリオーマ、膠芽腫、リンパ腫、黒色腫、神経芽細胞腫、非小細胞肺がん、腎細胞癌および小細胞肺がんから選択される、請求項1~5の何れか1項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記がんが、グリオーマ、膠芽腫または神経芽細胞腫である、請求項6に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記単離された細胞傷害性免疫細胞の集団が、ヒト人工多能性幹細胞(hiPSC)由来である、請求項1~7の何れか1項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記単離された細胞傷害性免疫細胞の集団がNK細胞をさらに含む、請求項1~4の何れか1項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記単離された細胞傷害性免疫細胞の集団が、他の免疫担当細胞を含む、請求項9に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記γδT細胞は、アルキルグアニントランスフェラーゼ(AGT)、P140KMGMT、O6メチルグアニンDNAメチルトランスフェラーゼ(MGMT)、L22Y-DHFR、チミジル酸シンターゼ、ジヒドロ葉酸レダクターゼまたは多剤耐性-1タンパク質(MDR1)をコードするよう遺伝子改変されている、請求項1~10の何れか1項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記γδT細胞は、P140KMGMTをコードするよう遺伝子改変されている、請求項1~11の何れか1項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記免疫チェックポイント阻害剤が、トレメリムマブ、PD-L1モノクローナル抗体(抗B7-H1;MEDI4736)、MK-3475、ニボルマブ、CT-011、AMP224、BMS-936559、MPLDL3280A、MSB0010718C、イピリムマブおよびペンブロリズマブから選択される、請求項1~12の何れか1項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記単離された細胞傷害性免疫細胞の集団の投与および前記免疫チェックポイント阻害剤の投与が実質的に同時にまたは順次行われる、請求項1~13の何れか1項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記免疫チェックポイント阻害剤が、PD-1またはPDL1に対する抗体である、請求項1~4の何れか1項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記免疫チェックポイント阻害剤が、PD-1に対する抗体である、請求項15に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記免疫チェックポイント阻害剤が、CTLA-4に対する抗体である、請求項1~4の何れか1項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記抗がん剤は、テモゾロミドであり、前記γδT細胞は、MGMTまたはP140KMGMTをコードするよう遺伝子改変されている、請求項11に記載の医薬組成物。
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