JP6904944B2 - 種子処理耐性微生物のハイスループットな取得方法 - Google Patents
種子処理耐性微生物のハイスループットな取得方法 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本願は、2015年8月20日に提出された米国特許仮出願62/207,868号(参照により、その全体が本明細書に援用される)に基づく利益を主張するものである。
特に断りのない限り、用語は、当業者による従来の用法に従っているものと理解されたい。
環境試料(例えば土壌もしくは植物物質を含む)、または本明細書に記載されているような培養微生物のプール試料から直接単離できる微生物懸濁液をスクリーニングして、植物種子処理組成物及び植物種子処理プロセスに関連する条件に耐えられる微生物を同定できる。記載されている方法の培養ステップ、懸濁ステップ及び濃縮ステップで使用できる多くの培地と緩衝液が当該技術分野において知られている。様々な実施形態において、微生物は、種子、特には作物植物の種子、または種子代用物(例えば、岩石、大理石、結晶などのような粒子、または合成物質もしくは合成表面を含む)の上に塗布してよい。
本明細書に記載されている方法は、いずれの原核微生物または真核微生物も含むいずれの微生物にも適用可能である。いくつかの実施形態では、微生物は、Actinomycetes属、Agrobacterium属、Arthrobacter属、Alcaligenes属、Aureobacterium属、Azobacter属、Bacillus属、Beijerinckia属、Brevibacillus属、Burkholderia属、Chromobacterium属、Clostridium属、Clavibacter属、Comomonas属、Corynebacterium属、Curtobacterium属、Enterobacter属、Flavobacterium属、Gluconobacter属、Hydrogenophage属、Klebsiella属、Methylobacterium属、Paenibacillus属、Pasteuria属、Phingobacterium属、Photorhabdus属、Phyllobacterium属、Pseudomonas属、Rhizobium属、Serratia属、Stenotrophomonas属、Streptomyces属、Variovorax属及びXenorhadbus属のうちの少なくとも1つの細菌に由来する生物系殺真菌剤(「bf」)である。特定的な実施形態では、細菌は、Bacillus amyloliquefaciens、Bacillus cereus、Bacillus firmus、Bacillus lichenformis、Bacillus pumilus、Bacillus sphaericus、Bacillus subtilis、Bacillus thuringiensis、Pasteuria penetrans、Pasteuria usage、Pseudomona fluorescens及びこれらを組み合わせたものからなる群から選択する。
Research FoundationのDE−THATCH−9(登録商標)、DECOMP−9(登録商標)及びTHATCH CONTROL(登録商標)における単離株ATCC55750)、ならびにUlocladium oudemansii(bf.40)、Ulocladium oudemansii HRU3(bf.40a)(例えば、ニュージーランドのBotry−Zen LtdのBOTRY−ZEN(登録商標)(bf.40b))が挙げられる。
本明細書に記載されているスクリーニング方法における種子処理成分は、少なくとも1つの有害生物防除剤を含んでよい。種子処理剤としては例えば、殺真菌剤(「f」)が挙げられる。有用な殺真菌剤は、生物系殺真菌剤(「bf」)、化学系殺真菌剤(「cf」)またはこれらを組み合わせたものであってよい。殺真菌剤は、広範な植物病原体真菌(Plasmodiophoromycetes綱、Peronosporomycetes綱(syn.Oomycetes)、Chytridiomycetes綱、Zygomycetes綱、Ascomycetes綱、Basidiomycetes綱及びDeuteromycetes綱(syn.Fungi imperfecti)に特に由来する土壌伝染性真菌を含む)を有効に防除するように選択してよい。有効な標的としてよいさらに一般的な真菌病原体としては、Pytophthora、Rhizoctonia、Fusarium、Pythium、PhomopsisまたはSelerotinia及びPhakopsora、ならびにこれらを組み合わせたものが挙げられる。
正確に、安全に、及び効率的に種子処理製品を種子に塗布するために特別に設計及び製造された処理剤塗布器具の使用を通じて、従来の混合方法、従来の噴霧方法またはこれらを組み合わせた方法を用いて、1層以上の種子処理剤と、本発明の方法から得た試験微生物組成物で種子を実質的に均一にコーティングできることが想定されている。このような器具では、様々なタイプのコーティング技術(回転型コーター、ドラムコーター、流動床技法、噴流層、回転霧化またはこれらを組み合わせたものなど)が使用される。液体種子処理剤(本明細書に記載されている方法の処理剤など)は、「アトマイザー」ディスクまたはスプレーノズルを回転させることによって塗布でき、これにより、種子処理剤がスプレーパターンに沿って移動すると、種子処理剤が種子の上に均一に分布する。有益には、その後、さらに一定期間、種子を混合または転動させて、さらに処理剤を分布させて、乾燥させるようにする。種子は、本発明の組成物でコーティングする前に、発芽及び出芽の均一性を高めるために下塗りすることも、しないこともできる。代替的な実施形態では、乾燥粉末調合物を計量して、動いている種子の上に供給して、完全に分布するまで混合することができる。
原則として、本発明による方法は、いずれの植物種の種子に対する種子処理にも関与するとともに、この種子処理に有用である種子処理耐性微生物を同定するのに用いることができる。単子葉植物ならびに双子葉植物種が特に好適である。本発明の方法と組成物は、農業、園芸、液体燃料分子もしくはその他の化学物質を作製するのに用いるバイオマスの作製、及び/または林業において重要であるかまたは関心の高い植物に用いることが多い。
実施例1A
この実施例では、微生物細胞懸濁液を原料物質として使用した。この細胞懸濁液は、微生物群に存在するすべての細菌、真菌及び古細菌(土壌、植物組織及び水域で見られるものが挙げられるが、これらに限らない)を反映した抽出物であった(図1の方法B1)。種子処理プロセスに耐えられる微生物を同定するために、これらの細胞懸濁液を用いて、種子に接種した。
この実施例では、微生物細胞懸濁液を原料物質として使用した。細胞懸濁液は、人工的に作製した微生物プールであって、事前に培養した微生物プールから得た細胞懸濁液であった(図1の方法B2)。種子処理プロセスに耐えられる微生物を同定するために、これらの細胞懸濁液を用いて、種子に接種した。
この実施例では、微生物細胞懸濁液を原料物質として使用する。この細胞懸濁液は、微生物群に存在するすべての細菌、真菌及び古細菌(土壌、植物組織及び水域で見られるものが挙げられるが、これらに限らない)を反映した抽出物であることも(方法B1)、または、細胞懸濁液は、人工的に作製した微生物プールであって、事前に培養した微生物プールに由来することもできる(方法B2)。
単離した微生物細胞懸濁液の、上記のような精製及び濃縮を改良して、もっと少ない微生物を回収できる。例えば、超音波処理した根抽出物は希釈されており、大量の植物/土壌破片を含む。その結果、単離の際に、種子処理剤に組み込まれる初期CFU数は少なく、これにより、種子処理後に回収できる微生物の数に影響が及び得る。しかし、より大きい植物の複数の複製物から、微生物細胞懸濁液プールを作製すると、単離する環境微生物の数を増やすことができる。続いて、密度勾配遠心分離を用いて、より大規模なこの微生物細胞懸濁液を精製して、種子処理後に、環境から単離した野生微生物集団中の少ない微生物の回収率を向上できる。
Claims (26)
- 種子処理耐性微生物のハイスループットな取得方法であって、
a)複数の微生物を取得するステップと、
b)前記複数の微生物を種子に塗布するステップであって、ここで種子処理剤が、前記複数の微生物を塗布する前、塗布するのと同時、または塗布した後に、前記種子に塗布される、ステップと、
c)前記複数の微生物の1つ以上の構成微生物が生存不能になる条件で、前記種子を保存するステップと、
d)前記種子を溶液に入れるステップと、
e)前記溶液から、前記ステップ(c)の後に生き残っている少なくとも第1の種子処理耐性微生物を同定するステップと、
を含む前記方法。 - 前記ステップ(a)が、生長環境から得た前記複数の微生物を作物植物と関連付けることを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記ステップ(a)が、前記複数の微生物から微生物細胞懸濁液を作製することを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記ステップ(b)の前に、前記微生物細胞懸濁液を濃縮することを含む、請求項3に記載の方法。
- 前記ステップ(e)が、前記溶液を増殖培地に播いて、前記微生物を含むコロニーを選択することを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記ステップ(a)が、
i)微生物細胞懸濁液を作製することと、
ii)前記微生物細胞懸濁液を増殖培地に播くことと、
iii)微生物コロニーを選択することと、
iv)ステップiii)で選択した前記微生物コロニーの構成微生物を組み合わせることによって、前記複数の微生物を作製することと、
を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。 - 前記生長環境が、農地の土壌を含む、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記生長環境が、非農業環境である、請求項2に記載の方法。
- f)作物植物種の播種時、前記微生物が付与できる少なくとも第1の有益な形質を同定するステップ
をさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。 - 前記種子が、前記作物植物種と同じ種の種子である、請求項9に記載の方法。
- 前記複数の微生物が、作物植物の根圏、内部圏、葉圏またはこれらのいずれかを組み合わせた場所から得たものである、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記微生物細胞懸濁液を作物植物の組織から得る、請求項3に記載の方法。
- 前記作物植物が双子葉植物である、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記双子葉植物を、アルファルファ、マメ、ビート、ブロッコリー、キャベツ、ニンジン、カリフラワー、セロリ、白菜、綿、キュウリ、ナス、アマ、レタス、ルピナス、メロン、エンドウ、コショウ、ラッカセイ、ジャガイモ、パンプキン、ダイコン、セイヨウアブラナ、ホウレンソウ、ダイズ、カボチャ、テンサイ、ヒマワリ、トマト及びスイカからなる群から選択する、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 前記作物植物が単子葉植物である、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記単子葉植物を、オオムギ、トウモロコシ、リーキ、タマネギ、イネ、モロコシ、スイートコーン、コムギ、ライムギ、アワ、サトウキビ、オートムギ、ライコムギ、アメリカクサキビ及び芝草からなる群から選択する、請求項15に記載の方法。
- 生き残っている前記微生物が、グラム陰性の非芽胞形成細菌である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 生き残っている前記微生物が、グラム陽性の芽胞形成または非芽胞形成細菌である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記種子を約1時間〜約1年間保存する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記種子を周囲温度で保存する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記種子を、周囲温度よりも高いかもしくは低い温度で保存する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記種子処理剤が、前記複数の有益な微生物を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記種子処理剤が、化学系有害生物防除剤を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記複数の微生物を塗布する前または後に、前記種子処理剤を前記種子に塗布する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記種子処理剤が、殺真菌剤、殺生物剤、殺虫剤、除草剤、殺ダニ剤、殺鼠剤、殺線虫剤、植物生長調節剤及び微量栄養素、またはこれらを組み合わせたものを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記種子処理剤が、ポリマー、着色剤、結合剤、固着剤、付着剤、分散剤、界面活性剤、栄養剤、コーティング剤、湿潤剤、緩衝剤、多糖及び充填剤、またはこれらを組み合わせたものを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
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