JP6884005B2 - 発光素子、表示装置、電子機器、及び照明装置 - Google Patents
発光素子、表示装置、電子機器、及び照明装置 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6884005B2 JP6884005B2 JP2017030647A JP2017030647A JP6884005B2 JP 6884005 B2 JP6884005 B2 JP 6884005B2 JP 2017030647 A JP2017030647 A JP 2017030647A JP 2017030647 A JP2017030647 A JP 2017030647A JP 6884005 B2 JP6884005 B2 JP 6884005B2
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- SMDQFHZIWNYSMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfanylidenemagnesium Chemical compound S=[Mg] SMDQFHZIWNYSMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QXKXDIKCIPXUPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfanylidenemercury Chemical compound [Hg]=S QXKXDIKCIPXUPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003457 sulfones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003462 sulfoxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940065278 sulfur compound Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000003464 sulfur compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920002994 synthetic fiber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000012209 synthetic fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003498 tellurium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003512 tertiary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- XPDICGYEJXYUDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraarsenic tetrasulfide Chemical compound S1[As]2S[As]3[As]1S[As]2S3 XPDICGYEJXYUDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IFLREYGFSNHWGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetracene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC3=CC4=CC=CC=C4C=C3C=C21 IFLREYGFSNHWGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003698 tetramethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- VSAISIQCTGDGPU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraphosphorus hexaoxide Chemical compound O1P(O2)OP3OP1OP2O3 VSAISIQCTGDGPU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000008646 thermal stress Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920002803 thermoplastic polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001187 thermosetting polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000007736 thin film deposition technique Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000427 thin-film deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003568 thioethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229930192474 thiophene Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000003577 thiophenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- WYUZTTNXJUJWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin telluride Chemical compound [Te]=[Sn] WYUZTTNXJUJWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QUBMWJKTLKIJNN-UHFFFAOYSA-B tin(4+);tetraphosphate Chemical compound [Sn+4].[Sn+4].[Sn+4].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O QUBMWJKTLKIJNN-UHFFFAOYSA-B 0.000 description 1
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- TUQOTMZNTHZOKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tributylphosphine Chemical compound CCCCP(CCCC)CCCC TUQOTMZNTHZOKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QGJSAGBHFTXOTM-UHFFFAOYSA-K trifluoroerbium Chemical compound F[Er](F)F QGJSAGBHFTXOTM-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 125000002023 trifluoromethyl group Chemical group FC(F)(F)* 0.000 description 1
- FPZZZGJWXOHLDJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N trihexylphosphane Chemical compound CCCCCCP(CCCCCC)CCCCCC FPZZZGJWXOHLDJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZMBHCYHQLYEYDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N trioctylphosphine oxide Chemical compound CCCCCCCCP(=O)(CCCCCCCC)CCCCCCCC ZMBHCYHQLYEYDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000005580 triphenylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- KCTAHLRCZMOTKM-UHFFFAOYSA-N tripropylphosphane Chemical compound CCCP(CCC)CCC KCTAHLRCZMOTKM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LSGOVYNHVSXFFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadate(3-) Chemical compound [O-][V]([O-])([O-])=O LSGOVYNHVSXFFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium Chemical compound [V]#[V] GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009834 vaporization Methods 0.000 description 1
- PXXNTAGJWPJAGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N vertaline Natural products C1C2C=3C=C(OC)C(OC)=CC=3OC(C=C3)=CC=C3CCC(=O)OC1CC1N2CCCC1 PXXNTAGJWPJAGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- NAWDYIZEMPQZHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ytterbium Chemical compound [Yb] NAWDYIZEMPQZHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 description 1
- OYQCBJZGELKKPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc indium(3+) oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Zn+2].[O-2].[In+3] OYQCBJZGELKKPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GFQYVLUOOAAOGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N zirconium(iv) silicate Chemical compound [Zr+4].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] GFQYVLUOOAAOGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Description
本実施の形態では、本発明の一態様の発光素子について、図1乃至図3を用いて以下説明する。
まず、本発明の一態様の発光素子の構成について、図1を用いて、以下説明する。
次に、図1に示す発光素子150と異なる構成例について、図2(A)を用いて、以下説明する。
次に、図1に示す発光素子150と異なる構成例について、図2(B)を用いて、以下説明する。
次に、図1に示す発光素子150と異なる構成例について、図3を用いて、以下説明する。
次に、本発明の一態様に係る発光素子の構成要素の詳細について、以下説明を行う。
電極101及び電極102は、それぞれ発光素子の陰極及び陽極としての機能を有する。電極101及び電極102は、金属、合金、導電性化合物、およびこれらの混合物や積層体などを用いて形成することができる。
正孔注入層116は、例えば遷移金属酸化物、フタロシアニン誘導体、あるいは芳香族アミンなどによって形成される。遷移金属酸化物としては、モリブデン酸化物やバナジウム酸化物、ルテニウム酸化物、タングステン酸化物、マンガン酸化物などが挙げられる。フタロシアニン誘導体としては、例えばフタロシアニン(略称:H2Pc)及び銅フタロシアニン(略称:CuPC)等の金属フタロシアニンなどが挙げられる。芳香族アミンとしてはベンジジン誘導体やフェニレンジアミン誘導体などが挙げられる。ポリチオフェンやポリアニリンなどの高分子化合物を用いることもでき、例えば自己ドープされたポリチオフェンであるポリ(エチレンジオキシチオフェン)/ポリ(スチレンスルホン酸)などがその代表例である。また、ポリビニルカルバゾール及びその誘導体や、側鎖または主鎖に芳香族アミン骨格またはπ電子過剰型複素芳香族骨格を有するポリアリーレン及びその誘導体、などが挙げられる。
正孔輸送層115は正孔輸送性材料を含む層であり、正孔注入層116の材料として例示した正孔輸送性材料を使用することができる。正孔輸送層115は正孔注入層116に注入された正孔を発光層110へ輸送する機能を有するため、正孔注入層116のHOMO(Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital、最高被占軌道ともいう)準位と同じ、あるいは近いHOMO準位を有することが好ましい。
電子注入層112は電極101からの電子注入障壁を低減することで電子注入を促進する機能を有し、例えば第1族金属、第2族金属、あるいはこれらの酸化物、ハロゲン化物、炭酸塩などを用いることができる。また、先に示す電子輸送性材料と、これに対して電子供与性を示す材料の複合材料を用いることもできる。電子供与性を示す材料としては、第1族金属、第2族金属、あるいはこれらの酸化物などを挙げることができる。具体的には、フッ化リチウム(LiF)、フッ化ナトリウム(NaF)、フッ化セシウム(CsF)、フッ化カルシウム(CaF2)、リチウム酸化物(LiOx)等のようなアルカリ金属、アルカリ土類金属、またはそれらの化合物を用いることができる。また、フッ化エルビウム(ErF3)のような希土類金属化合物を用いることができる。また、電子注入層112にエレクトライドを用いてもよい。該エレクトライドとしては、例えば、カルシウムとアルミニウムの混合酸化物に電子を高濃度添加した物質等が挙げられる。
電子輸送層113は、電子注入層112を経て電極101から注入された電子を発光層110へ輸送する機能を有する。電子輸送性材料としては、正孔よりも電子の輸送性の高い材料を用いることができ、1×10−6cm2/Vs以上の電子移動度を有する材料であることが好ましい。電子輸送性材料としては、例えば含窒素複素芳香族化合物のようなπ電子不足型複素芳香族や金属錯体などを用いることができる。具体的には、電子注入層112に用いることができる電子輸送性材料として挙げたピリジン誘導体、ビピリジン誘導体、ピリミジン誘導体、トリアジン誘導体、キノキサリン誘導体、ジベンゾキノキサリン誘導体、フェナントロリン誘導体、トリアゾール誘導体、ベンゾイミダゾール誘導体、オキサジアゾール誘導体などが挙げられる。また、1×10−6cm2/Vs以上の電子移動度を有する物質であることが好ましい。なお、正孔よりも電子の輸送性の高い物質であれば、上記以外の物質を電子輸送層として用いても構わない。また、電子輸送層113は、単層だけでなく、上記物質からなる層が二層以上積層してもよい。
電荷発生層は、正孔輸送性材料に電子受容体であるアクセプター性物質が添加された構成であっても、電子輸送性材料に電子供与体であるドナー性物質が添加された構成であってもよい。また、これらの両方の構成が積層されていても良い。
発光層(発光層110及び発光層120)は、紫色、青色、青緑色、緑色、黄緑色、黄色、黄橙色、橙色、または赤色の中から選ばれる少なくとも一つの波長領域に発光スペクトルピークを呈する機能を有する発光材料を有する。また、発光層は、発光材料(ゲスト材料)に加えて、ホスト材料を含んで構成される。ホスト材料としては、電子輸送性材料または正孔輸送性材料の一方または双方を有する構成が好ましい。
また、本発明の一態様に係る発光素子は、ガラス、プラスチックなどからなる基板上に作製すればよい。基板上に作製する順番としては、電極101側から順に積層しても、電極102側から順に積層しても良い。
本実施の形態においては、実施の形態1に示す発光素子に用いることができる発光層の発光機構について、図4及び図5を用いて、以下説明を行う。
図4(A)は、本発明の一態様の発光素子に好適に用いることができる発光層130の断面模式図である。
発光層130の発光機構について、以下説明を行う。
・Guest(132):ゲスト材料132(蛍光性化合物)
・SFH:ホスト材料131のS1準位
・TFH:ホスト材料131のT1準位
・SFG:ゲスト材料132(蛍光性化合物)のS1準位
・TFG:ゲスト材料132(蛍光性化合物)のT1準位
次に、図4(A)(B)に示す発光層130と異なる構成例について、図4(C)(D)を用いて、以下説明する。
次に、発光層140の発光機構について、以下説明を行う。
・Host(141_1):有機化合物141_1(ホスト材料)
・Host(141_2):有機化合物141_2(ホスト材料)
・Guest(142):ゲスト材料142(燐光性化合物)
・SPH1:有機化合物141_1(ホスト材料)のS1準位
・TPH1:有機化合物141_1(ホスト材料)のT1準位
・SPH2:有機化合物141_2(ホスト材料)のS1準位
・TPH2:有機化合物141_2(ホスト材料)のT1準位
・TPG:ゲスト材料142(燐光性化合物)のT1準位
・SPE:励起錯体のS1準位
・TPE:励起錯体のT1準位
次に、ホスト材料141と、ゲスト材料142との分子間のエネルギー移動過程の支配因子について説明する。分子間のエネルギー移動の機構としては、フェルスター機構(双極子−双極子相互作用)と、デクスター機構(電子交換相互作用)の2つの機構が提唱されている。ここでは、ホスト材料141とゲスト材料142との分子間のエネルギー移動過程について説明するが、ホスト材料141が励起錯体の場合も同様である。
フェルスター機構では、エネルギー移動に、分子間の直接的接触を必要とせず、ホスト材料141及びゲスト材料142間の双極子振動の共鳴現象を通じてエネルギー移動が起こる。双極子振動の共鳴現象によってホスト材料141がゲスト材料142にエネルギーを受け渡し、励起状態のホスト材料141が基底状態になり、基底状態のゲスト材料142が励起状態になる。なお、フェルスター機構の速度定数kh*→gを数式(1)に示す。
デクスター機構では、ホスト材料141とゲスト材料142が軌道の重なりを生じる接触有効距離に近づき、励起状態のホスト材料141の電子と、基底状態のゲスト材料142との電子の交換を通じてエネルギー移動が起こる。なお、デクスター機構の速度定数kh*→gを数式(2)に示す。
フェルスター機構によるエネルギー移動においては、エネルギー移動効率φETは、量子収率φ(一重項励起状態からのエネルギー移動を論じている場合は蛍光量子収率、三重項励起状態からのエネルギー移動を論じる場合は燐光量子収率)が高い方が良い。また、ホスト材料141の発光スペクトル(一重項励起状態からのエネルギー移動を論じる場合は蛍光スペクトル)とゲスト材料142の吸収スペクトル(一重項基底状態から三重項励起状態への遷移に相当する吸収)との重なりが大きいことが好ましい。さらに、ゲスト材料142のモル吸光係数も高い方が好ましい。このことは、ホスト材料141の発光スペクトルと、ゲスト材料142の最も長波長側に現れる吸収帯とが重なることを意味する。
次に、図4(A)(B)(C)(D)に示す発光層と異なる構成例について、図5(A)(B)を用いて、以下説明を行う。
発光層130の発光機構としては、図4(A)(B)に示す発光層130と同様の発光機構である。また、発光層140の発光機構としては、図4(C)(D)に示す発光層140と同様の発光機構である。
・Fluorescence EML(130):発光層130(蛍光発光層)
・Phosphorescence EML(140):発光層140(燐光発光層)
・Host(131):ホスト材料131
・Guest(132):ゲスト材料132(蛍光性化合物)
・Host(141_1):ホスト材料(有機化合物141_1)
・Guest(142):ゲスト材料142(燐光性化合物)
・Exciplex:励起錯体(有機化合物141_1及び有機化合物141_2)
・SFH:ホスト材料131のS1準位
・TFH:ホスト材料131のT1準位
・SFG:ゲスト材料132(蛍光性化合物)のS1準位
・TFG:ゲスト材料132(蛍光性化合物)のT1準位
・SPH:ホスト材料(有機化合物141_1)のS1準位
・TPH:ホスト材料(有機化合物141_1)のT1準位
・TPG:ゲスト材料142(燐光性化合物)のT1準位
・SE:励起錯体のS1準位
・TE:励起錯体のT1準位
次に、発光層130、及び発光層140に用いることのできる材料について、以下説明する。
発光層130中では、ホスト材料131が重量比で最も多く存在し、ゲスト材料132(蛍光性化合物)は、ホスト材料131中に分散される。ホスト材料131のS1準位は、ゲスト材料132(蛍光性化合物)のS1準位よりも高く、ホスト材料131のT1準位は、ゲスト材料132(蛍光性化合物)のT1準位よりも低いことが好ましい。
発光層140中では、ホスト材料141が重量比で最も多く存在し、ゲスト材料142(燐光性化合物)は、ホスト材料141中に分散される。発光層140のホスト材料141(有機化合物141_1及び有機化合物141_2)のT1準位は、ゲスト材料142のT1準位よりも高いことが好ましい。
本実施の形態では、実施の形態1に示す構成と異なる構成の発光素子の例について、図6乃至図9を用いて以下に説明する。
図6(A)(B)は、本発明の一態様の発光素子を示す断面図である。なお、図6(A)(B)において、図1に示す符号と同様の機能を有する箇所には、同様のハッチパターンとし、符号を省略する場合がある。また、同様の機能を有する箇所には、同様の符号を付し、その詳細な説明は省略する場合がある。
次に、図6(A)(B)に示す発光素子と異なる構成例について、図7(A)(B)を用いて、以下説明を行う。
発光層130、及び発光層140から射出される光は、一対の電極(例えば、電極101と電極102)の間で共振される。また、発光層130及び発光層140は、射出される光のうち所望の波長の光が強まる位置に形成される。例えば、電極101の反射領域から発光層130の発光領域までの光学距離と、電極102の反射領域から発光層130の発光領域までの光学距離と、を調整することにより、発光層130から射出される光のうち所望の波長の光を強めることができる。また、電極101の反射領域から発光層140の発光領域までの光学距離と、電極102の反射領域から発光層140の発光領域までの光学距離と、を調整することにより、発光層140から射出される光のうち所望の波長の光を強めることができる。すなわち、複数の発光層(ここでは、発光層130及び発光層140)を積層する発光素子の場合、発光層130及び発光層140のそれぞれの光学距離を最適化することが好ましい。
次に、本発明の一態様の発光素子の作製方法について、図8及び図9を用いて以下説明を行う。なお、ここでは、図7(A)に示す発光素子262aの作製方法について説明する。
第1のステップは、発光素子の電極(具体的には、電極101を構成する導電層101a、電極103を構成する導電層103a、及び電極104を構成する導電層104a)を、基板200上に形成する工程である(図8(A)参照)。
第2のステップは、電極101を構成する導電層101a上に光を透過する機能を有する導電層101bを、電極103を構成する導電層103a上に光を透過する機能を有する導電層103bを、電極104を構成する導電層104a上に光を透過する機能を有する導電層104bを、形成する工程である(図8(B)参照)
第3のステップは、発光素子の各電極の端部を覆う隔壁145を形成する工程である(図8(C)参照)。
第4のステップは、電子注入層112、電子輸送層113、発光層130、正孔輸送層115、正孔注入層116、及びバッファ層117を形成する工程である(図9(A)参照)。
第5のステップは、電子注入層122、電子輸送層123、発光層140、正孔輸送層125、正孔注入層126、バッファ層127、バッファ層128、及び電極102を形成する工程である(図9(B)参照)。
第6のステップは、基板220上に遮光層223、光学素子224B、光学素子224G、及び光学素子224Rを形成する工程である(図9(C)参照)。
第7のステップは、基板200上に形成された発光素子と、基板220上に形成された遮光層223、光学素子224B、光学素子224G、及び光学素子224Rと、を貼り合わせ、シール材を用いて封止する工程である(図示しない)。
本実施の形態では、本発明の一態様の発光素子を有する表示装置について、図10乃至図20を用いて説明する。
図10(A)は表示装置600を示す上面図、図10(B)は図10(A)の一点鎖線A−B、及び一点鎖線C−Dで切断した断面図である。表示装置600は、駆動回路部(信号線駆動回路部601、及び走査線駆動回路部603)、並びに画素部602を有する。なお、信号線駆動回路部601、走査線駆動回路部603、及び画素部602は、発光素子の発光を制御する機能を有する。
ここで、液滴吐出法を用いてEL層616を形成する方法について、図19を用いて説明する。図19(A)乃至図19(D)は、EL層616の作製方法を説明する断面図である。
次に、液滴吐出法に用いる液滴吐出装置について、図20を用いて説明する。図20は、液滴吐出装置1400を説明する概念図である。
次に、表示装置の別の一例について、図11(A)(B)及び図12を用いて説明を行う。なお、図11(A)(B)及び図12は、本発明の一態様の表示装置の断面図である。
トップエミッション型の表示装置の断面図の一例を図13(A)(B)に示す。図13(A)(B)は、本発明の一態様の表示装置を説明する断面図であり、図11(A)(B)及び図12に示す駆動回路部1041、周辺部1042等を省略して例示している。
以上に示す表示装置は、3色(赤色、緑色、青色)の副画素を有する構成を示したが、4色(赤色、緑色、青色、黄色、あるいは赤色、緑色、青色、白色)の副画素を有する構成としてもよい。図14乃至図16は、下部電極1024R、1024G、1024B、及び1024Yを有する表示装置の構成である。図14(A)(B)及び図15は、トランジスタが形成されている基板1001側に光を取り出す構造(ボトムエミッション型)の表示装置であり、図16(A)(B)は、封止基板1031側に発光を取り出す構造(トップエミッション型)の表示装置である。
次に、本発明の他の一態様の表示装置について、図17に示す。図17は、図10(A)の一点鎖線A−B、及び一点鎖線C−Dで切断した断面図である。なお、図17において、図10(B)に示す符号と同様の機能を有する箇所には同様の符号を付し、その詳細な説明は省略する。
また、本実施の形態における構成例1乃至構成例4に示す表示装置は、光学素子を有する構成を例示したが、本発明の一態様としては、光学素子を設けなくてもよい。
本実施の形態では、本発明の一態様の発光素子を有する表示装置について、図21を用いて説明を行う。
図21(A)に示す表示装置は、表示素子の画素を有する領域(以下、画素部802という)と、画素部802の外側に配置され、画素を駆動するための回路を有する回路部(以下、駆動回路部804という)と、素子の保護機能を有する回路(以下、保護回路806という)と、端子部807と、を有する。なお、保護回路806は、設けない構成としてもよい。
図21(A)に示す複数の画素回路801は、例えば、図21(B)に示す構成とすることができる。
本実施の形態においては、本発明の一態様の発光素子を有する表示装置、及び該表示装置に入力装置を取り付けた電子機器について、図22乃至図26を用いて説明を行う。
なお、本実施の形態において、電子機器の一例として、表示装置と、入力装置とを合わせたタッチパネル2000について説明する。また、入力装置の一例として、タッチセンサを有する場合について説明する。
次に、図23(A)を用いて、表示装置2501の詳細について説明する。図23(A)は、図22(B)に示す一点鎖線X1−X2間の断面図に相当する。
次に、図23(C)を用いて、タッチセンサ2595の詳細について説明する。図23(C)は、図22(B)に示す一点鎖線X3−X4間の断面図に相当する。
次に、図24(A)を用いて、タッチパネル2000の詳細について説明する。図24(A)は、図22(A)に示す一点鎖線X5−X6間の断面図に相当する。
次に、タッチパネルの駆動方法の一例について、図25(A)(B)を用いて説明を行う。
また、図25(A)ではタッチセンサとして配線の交差部に容量2603のみを設けるパッシブマトリクス型のタッチセンサの構成を示したが、トランジスタと容量とを有するアクティブマトリクス型のタッチセンサとしてもよい。アクティブマトリクス型のタッチセンサに含まれるセンサ回路の一例を図26に示す。
本実施の形態では、本発明の一態様の発光素子と、反射型の液晶素子とを有し、透過モードと反射モードの両方の表示を行うことが可能な表示装置について、図27乃至図30を用いて以下説明する。
図27(A)に示すように、本発明の一態様の表示装置300は、画素部502と、画素部502の外側に配置される駆動回路GD及び駆動回路SDとを有する。また、画素部502は、画素302を有する。
駆動回路GDは、走査線GL1及びGL2と電気的に接続される。駆動回路GDは、例えば、トランジスタ586を有する。具体的には、画素302が有するトランジスタ(例えばトランジスタ581)と同じ工程で形成することができる半導体膜を有するトランジスタを、トランジスタ586に用いることができる(図28参照)。
画素302は、信号線SL1、信号線SL2、走査線GL1、走査線GL2、配線CSCOMおよび配線ANOと電気的に接続される(図29参照)。
また、画素302は、絶縁膜501Cと、中間膜354と、を有する。また、画素302は、トランジスタ581を有する。また、画素302は、トランジスタ585及びトランジスタ586を有する。これらのトランジスタに用いる半導体膜は、酸化物半導体であると好ましい。
次に、本発明の一態様の表示装置を構成する液晶素子の構成例について説明する。
トランジスタ581、トランジスタ582、トランジスタ585、トランジスタ586等には、例えば、ボトムゲート型またはトップゲート型等のトランジスタを用いることができる。
本実施の形態では、本発明の一態様の発光素子を有する表示モジュール及び電子機器について、図31乃至図35を用いて説明を行う。
<電子機器に関する説明>
図31(A)乃至図31(G)は、電子機器を示す図である。これらの電子機器は、筐体9000、表示部9001、スピーカ9003、操作キー9005(電源スイッチ、又は操作スイッチを含む)、接続端子9006、センサ9007(力、変位、位置、速度、加速度、角速度、回転数、距離、光、液、磁気、温度、化学物質、音声、時間、硬度、電場、電流、電圧、電力、放射線、流量、湿度、傾度、振動、におい又は赤外線を測定する機能を含むもの)、マイクロフォン9008、等を有することができる。また、センサ9007は、脈拍センサや指紋センサ等のように生体情報を測定する機能を有してもよい。
本実施の形態では、本発明の一態様の発光素子を有する発光装置について、図36及び図37を用いて説明する。
本実施の形態では、本発明の一態様の発光素子を様々な照明装置及び電子機器に適用する一例について、図38及び図39を用いて説明する。
≪発光素子1の作製≫
基板650上にITSOを厚さが110nmになるよう形成することで、電極651を形成した。なお、電極651の電極面積は、4mm2(2mm×2mm)とした。
発光素子2乃至6は、先に示す発光素子1と、バッファ層637及びバッファ層638の形成工程のみ異なり、それ以外の工程は発光素子1と同様の作製方法とした。
作製した発光素子1乃至6の輝度−電流密度特性を図41に示す。また、電流密度−電圧特性を図42に示す。また、電流効率−輝度特性を図43に示す。なお、各発光素子の測定は室温(23℃に保たれた雰囲気)で行った。
≪発光素子7の作製≫
基板650上にアルミニウムとニッケルとランタンの合金膜(Al−Ni−La膜)を厚さが200nmになるよう形成した。次に、Al−Ni−La膜上にチタン(Ti)膜を厚さ6nmになるように形成後、300℃にて1時間のベーク処理を行うことで、Ti膜を酸化し、チタン酸化膜を形成した。次に、ITSO膜を厚さが45nmになるよう形成した。以上の工程により、電極651を形成した。なお、電極651の電極面積は、4mm2(2mm×2mm)とした。
発光素子8及び9は、先に示す発光素子7と、電極651、バッファ層631(1)、及び光学素子670の形成工程のみ異なり、それ以外の工程は発光素子7と同様の作製方法とした。
作製した発光素子7乃至9の輝度−電流密度特性を図45に示す。また、電流密度−電圧特性を図46に示す。また、電流効率−輝度特性を図47に示す。なお、各発光素子の測定は室温(23℃に保たれた雰囲気)で行った。
C1 容量素子
C2 容量素子
CSCOM 配線
GD 駆動回路
GL 走査線
GL1 走査線
GL2 走査線
ML 配線
SL1 信号線
SL2 信号線
SD 駆動回路
VCOM1 配線
VCOM2 配線
100 EL層
101 電極
101a 導電層
101b 導電層
101c 導電層
102 電極
103 電極
103a 導電層
103b 導電層
104 電極
104a 導電層
104b 導電層
106 発光ユニット
108 発光ユニット
110 発光層
110B 発光層
110G 発光層
110R 発光層
111 バッファ層
112 電子注入層
113 電子輸送層
115 正孔輸送層
116 正孔注入層
117 バッファ層
118 バッファ層
119 バッファ層
120 発光層
122 電子注入層
123 電子輸送層
125 正孔輸送層
126 正孔注入層
127 バッファ層
128 バッファ層
130 発光層
131 ホスト材料
132 ゲスト材料
140 発光層
140a 発光層
140b 発光層
141 ホスト材料
141_1 有機化合物
141_2 有機化合物
142 ゲスト材料
145 隔壁
150 発光素子
152 発光素子
154 発光素子
156 発光素子
180 発光層
200 基板
220 基板
221B 領域
221G 領域
221R 領域
222B 領域
222G 領域
222R 領域
223 遮光層
224B 光学素子
224G 光学素子
224R 光学素子
260a 発光素子
260b 発光素子
262a 発光素子
262b 発光素子
300 表示装置
302 画素
315 シール材
331 配向膜
332 配向膜
335 構造体
337 導電体
339 導電性材料
350 液晶素子
351 電極
351A 導電膜
351B 反射膜
351C 導電膜
351H 開口部
352 電極
353 液晶層
354 中間膜
370 基板
370D 機能膜
370P 機能膜
371 絶縁膜
373 遮光層
375 着色層
377 フレキシブルプリント基板
501A 絶縁膜
501C 絶縁膜
502 画素部
505 接合層
511B 導電膜
511C 導電膜
519B 端子
519C 端子
520 機能層
521 絶縁膜
522 接続部
528 絶縁膜
550 発光素子
551 電極
552 電極
553 発光層
570 基板
575 着色層
581 トランジスタ
582 トランジスタ
585 トランジスタ
586 トランジスタ
600 表示装置
601 信号線駆動回路部
602 画素部
603 走査線駆動回路部
604 封止基板
605 シール材
607 領域
607a 封止層
607b 封止層
607c 封止層
608 配線
609 FPC
610 素子基板
611 トランジスタ
612 トランジスタ
613 下部電極
614 隔壁
616 EL層
617 上部電極
618 発光素子
621 光学素子
622 遮光層
623 トランジスタ
624 トランジスタ
631 バッファ層
632 電子注入層
633 電子輸送層
634 発光層
635 正孔輸送層
636 正孔注入層
637 バッファ層
638 バッファ層
639 バッファ層
641 バッファ層
642 電子注入層
643 電子輸送層
644 発光層
645 正孔輸送層
646 正孔注入層
647 バッファ層
650 基板
651 電極
652 電極
660 基板
670 光学素子
683 液滴吐出装置
684 液滴
685 組成物を含む層
801 画素回路
802 画素部
804 駆動回路部
804a 走査線駆動回路
804b 信号線駆動回路
806 保護回路
807 端子部
852 トランジスタ
854 トランジスタ
862 容量素子
872 発光素子
1001 基板
1002 下地絶縁膜
1003 ゲート絶縁膜
1006 ゲート電極
1007 ゲート電極
1008 ゲート電極
1020 層間絶縁膜
1021 層間絶縁膜
1022 電極
1024B 下部電極
1024G 下部電極
1024R 下部電極
1024Y 下部電極
1025 隔壁
1026 上部電極
1028 EL層
1028B 発光層
1028G 発光層
1028R 発光層
1028Y 発光層
1029 封止層
1031 封止基板
1032 シール材
1033 基材
1034B 着色層
1034G 着色層
1034R 着色層
1034Y 着色層
1035 遮光層
1036 オーバーコート層
1037 層間絶縁膜
1040 画素部
1041 駆動回路部
1042 周辺部
1400 液滴吐出装置
1402 基板
1403 液滴吐出手段
1404 撮像手段
1405 ヘッド
1406 空間
1407 制御手段
1408 記憶媒体
1409 画像処理手段
1410 コンピュータ
1411 マーカー
1412 ヘッド
1413 材料供給源
1414 材料供給源
2000 タッチパネル
2001 タッチパネル
2501 表示装置
2502R 画素
2502t トランジスタ
2503c 容量素子
2503g 走査線駆動回路
2503s 信号線駆動回路
2503t トランジスタ
2509 FPC
2510 基板
2510a 絶縁層
2510b 可撓性基板
2510c 接着層
2511 配線
2519 端子
2521 絶縁層
2528 隔壁
2550R 発光素子
2560 封止層
2567BM 遮光層
2567p 反射防止層
2567R 着色層
2570 基板
2570a 絶縁層
2570b 可撓性基板
2570c 接着層
2580R 発光モジュール
2590 基板
2591 電極
2592 電極
2593 絶縁層
2594 配線
2595 タッチセンサ
2597 接着層
2598 配線
2599 接続層
2601 パルス電圧出力回路
2602 電流検出回路
2603 容量
2611 トランジスタ
2612 トランジスタ
2613 トランジスタ
2621 電極
2622 電極
3000 発光装置
3001 基板
3003 基板
3005 発光素子
3007 封止領域
3009 封止領域
3011 領域
3013 領域
3014 領域
3015 基板
3016 基板
3018 乾燥剤
3500 多機能端末
3502 筐体
3504 表示部
3506 カメラ
3508 照明
3600 ライト
3602 筐体
3608 照明
3610 スピーカ
7121 筐体
7122 表示部
7123 キーボード
7124 ポインティングデバイス
7200 ヘッドマウントディスプレイ
7201 装着部
7202 レンズ
7203 本体
7204 表示部
7205 ケーブル
7206 バッテリ
7300 カメラ
7301 筐体
7302 表示部
7303 操作ボタン
7304 シャッターボタン
7305 結合部
7306 レンズ
7400 ファインダー
7401 筐体
7402 表示部
7403 ボタン
7500 ヘッドマウントディスプレイ
7501 筐体
7502 表示部
7503 操作ボタン
7504 固定具
7505 レンズ
7510 ヘッドマウントディスプレイ
7701 筐体
7702 筐体
7703 表示部
7704 操作キー
7705 レンズ
7706 接続部
8501 照明装置
8502 照明装置
8503 照明装置
8504 照明装置
9000 筐体
9001 表示部
9003 スピーカ
9005 操作キー
9006 接続端子
9007 センサ
9008 マイクロフォン
9050 操作ボタン
9051 情報
9052 情報
9053 情報
9054 情報
9055 ヒンジ
9100 携帯情報端末
9101 携帯情報端末
9102 携帯情報端末
9200 携帯情報端末
9201 携帯情報端末
9300 テレビジョン装置
9301 スタンド
9311 リモコン操作機
9500 表示装置
9501 表示パネル
9502 表示領域
9503 領域
9511 軸部
9512 軸受部
9700 自動車
9701 車体
9702 車輪
9703 ダッシュボード
9704 ライト
9710 表示部
9711 表示部
9712 表示部
9713 表示部
9714 表示部
9715 表示部
9721 表示部
9722 表示部
9723 表示部
Claims (16)
- 陰極と、陽極と、発光層と、第1の層と、第2の層と、第3の層と、
を有する発光素子であって、
前記第1の層は、前記陰極と前記発光層との間に挟持され、
前記第2の層は、前記発光層と前記第3の層との間に挟持され、且つ、前記第3の層と接する領域を有し、
前記第3の層は、前記第2の層と前記陽極との間に挟持され、且つ、前記陽極と接する領域を有し、
前記第1の層は、アルカリ金属またはアルカリ土類金属を有し、
前記第3の層は、アルカリ金属またはアルカリ土類金属を有し、
前記第2の層は、電子を輸送する機能を有する材料を有する、発光素子。 - 陰極と、
前記陰極上の第1の層と、
前記第1の層上の発光層と、
前記発光層上の第2の層と、
前記第2の層上に接する領域を有する第3の層と、
前記第3の層上に接する領域を有する陽極と、
を有する発光素子であって、
前記第1の層は、アルカリ金属またはアルカリ土類金属を有し、
前記第3の層は、アルカリ金属またはアルカリ土類金属を有し、
前記第2の層は、電子を輸送する機能を有する材料を有する、発光素子。 - 陰極と、陽極と、発光層と、第1の層と、第2の層と、第3の層と、第4の層と、
を有する発光素子であって、
前記第1の層は、前記陰極と前記発光層との間に挟持され、
前記第2の層は、前記発光層と前記第3の層との間に挟持され、且つ、前記第3の層と接する領域を有し、
前記第3の層は、前記第2の層と前記第4の層との間に挟持され、且つ、前記第4の層と接する領域を有し、
前記第4の層は、前記第3の層と前記陽極との間に挟持され、且つ、前記陽極と接する領域を有し、
前記第1の層は、アルカリ金属またはアルカリ土類金属を有し、
前記第3の層は、アルカリ金属またはアルカリ土類金属を有し、
前記第2の層は、電子を輸送する機能を有する材料を有し、
前記第4の層は、電子を輸送する機能を有する材料を有する、発光素子。 - 陰極と、
前記陰極上の第1の層と、
前記第1の層上の発光層と、
前記発光層上の第2の層と、
前記第2の層上に接する領域を有する第3の層と、
前記第3の層上に接する領域を有する第4の層と、
前記第4の層上に接する領域を有する陽極と、
を有する発光素子であって、
前記第1の層は、アルカリ金属またはアルカリ土類金属を有し、
前記第3の層は、アルカリ金属またはアルカリ土類金属を有し、
前記第2の層は、電子を輸送する機能を有する材料を有し、
前記第4の層は、電子を輸送する機能を有する材料を有する、発光素子。 - 請求項1乃至請求項4のいずれか一項において、
前記発光層と前記第2の層との間に、さらに第5の層を有し、
前記第5の層は、前記第2の層と接する領域を有し、
前記第5の層は、正孔を輸送する機能を有する材料と、電子受容体と、を有する、発光素子。 - 請求項5において、
前記正孔を輸送する機能を有する材料は、π電子過剰型複素芳香環骨格または芳香族アミン骨格の少なくとも一を有し、
前記電子受容体は、遷移金属酸化物を有する、発光素子。 - 請求項1乃至請求項6のいずれか一項において、
前記陰極と前記第1の層との間に、さらに第6の層を有し、
前記第6の層は、前記第1の層と接する領域を有し、
前記第6の層は、電子を輸送する機能を有する材料を有する、発光素子。 - 請求項1乃至請求項6のいずれか一項において、
前記電子を輸送する機能を有する材料は、π電子不足型複素芳香環骨格を有する、発光素子。 - 請求項1乃至請求項6のいずれか一項において、
前記電子を輸送する機能を有する材料は、バソフェナントロリンまたはトリス(8−キノリノラト)アルミニウムを有する、発光素子。 - 請求項1乃至請求項9のいずれか一項において、
前記第1の層及び前記第3の層は、π電子不足型複素芳香環骨格を有する材料を含まない領域を有する、発光素子。 - 請求項1乃至請求項10のいずれか一項において、
前記アルカリ金属または前記アルカリ土類金属は、リチウムまたはカルシウムである、発光素子。 - 請求項1乃至請求項11のいずれか一項において、
前記陽極は、銀を有する、発光素子。 - 請求項1乃至請求項12のいずれか一項において、
前記陰極または前記陽極の少なくとも一方は、インジウムまたは亜鉛の少なくとも一を含む金属酸化物を有する、発光素子。 - 請求項1乃至請求項13のいずれか一項に記載の発光素子と、
トランジスタと、を有し、
前記トランジスタは、前記陰極と電気的に接続されている、表示装置。 - 請求項14に記載の表示装置と、
筐体またはタッチセンサの少なくとも一と、を有する電子機器。 - 請求項1乃至請求項13のいずれか一項に記載の発光素子と、
筐体またはタッチセンサの少なくとも一と、を有する照明装置。
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