JP6385822B2 - リチウムイオン電池のシリコンナノ構造活物質及びそれに関するプロセス、組成物、構成要素及びデバイス - Google Patents
リチウムイオン電池のシリコンナノ構造活物質及びそれに関するプロセス、組成物、構成要素及びデバイス Download PDFInfo
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- JP6385822B2 JP6385822B2 JP2014534634A JP2014534634A JP6385822B2 JP 6385822 B2 JP6385822 B2 JP 6385822B2 JP 2014534634 A JP2014534634 A JP 2014534634A JP 2014534634 A JP2014534634 A JP 2014534634A JP 6385822 B2 JP6385822 B2 JP 6385822B2
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Description
[0046] 他に定義されていない限り、本明細書で使用する専門及び科学的用語は全て、本発明の当業者が一般的に理解するものと同じ意味を有する。以下の定義は当技術分野の定義を補足するものであり、本出願を指向し、いかなる関連ケース又は関連しないケースにも、例えばいかなる共有特許又は出願にも帰されるものではない。本明細書で説明するものと同様又は同等の任意の方法及び物質を、本発明を試験するために実際に使用することができるが、本明細書では好ましい物質及び方法を説明する。したがって、本明細書で使用する用語は、特定の実施形態の説明のみを目的とし、それを制限するものではない。
[0073] 電気化学析出はめっきの分野で周知のプロセスである。図1A及び図1Bに示すように、電気化学析出の従来のプロセスは通常、電界を使用して槽(又は溶液)104中の金属イオン102をカソード基材106上に輸送することを含む。電源108が直流111をカソード106からアノード107へと供給し、これにより電子110がカソード106からアノード107に向かって輸送される。従来の1つの技術では、図1Aに示すように、溶液104が容器112内に提供される。溶液104は、1つ又は複数の溶解金属塩103及び他のイオンを包含し、それによって溶液104を通る電気の流れを可能にする電解質溶液104である。金属塩が溶解又は溶媒化すると金属イオン102が生成され、これはカソード106の表面で還元して、カソード表面上の金属の固体層105でカソード表面を被覆することができる。溶液104中のプラスに帯電した金属イオン102は、溶液を通る電荷の方向流(すなわち、システムに適用された直流)によって生成される電界によってカソード106に向かって移動する。めっきされる金属のイオンは、被覆プロセスにより溶液104から引き出されるので、槽104に定期的に補充しなければならない。電気化学析出の別の従来の技術では、図1Bに示すように、プロセスは消耗アノード107の使用を含み、これによってアノード107はカソード106に被覆される金属を含む。このプロセスは図1Aに示したものと同様であるが、金属イオン102が金属アノードの原料物質によって提供される。システムに適用される直流が、強制的に電子110をアノード107から逃がし、正味陽電荷を有するアノードが残る。平衡状態を確立するために、陽金属イオン102が強制的にアノード表面から溶液104に入る。金属イオン102が溶液104を通る電界によってカソード106に向かって移動し、金属イオンがカソード表面に析出して、固体金属層105を形成する。このプロセスは、図1Bに示すように消耗アノード107を消耗する。
[0083] 上述したように、本発明は、電気化学析出により少なくとも1つのLIB活物質を含むナノ構造を基材上に直接析出する方法、さらにそれに関連する組成物、デバイス、及び構成要素、及びこのような組成物、デバイス、及び構成要素を形成する方法及びプロセスを含む。上述したように、直接ECDにより形成された1つ又は複数の活物質はシリコンを含むことが好ましいが、これに限定されない。本発明の実施形態は、本明細書では直接ECDにより析出するシリコン活物質に関して詳述されているが、当業者に理解されるように、追加的及び代替的活物質が本発明の組成物、方法、構成要素、及びデバイスに含まれる。例えば、直接ECDにより形成される1つ又は複数の活物質は、Si、Cu、Ni、Sn、Ge、Ti、Pb、In、Al、Bi、Sb、Li、Co、Zn、又は他の活物質、さらにその組成物、混合物、金属間化合物、合金、又は組み合わせを含むことができる。
[0112] 上述したように、本発明は、電気化学析出により少なくとも1つのLIB活物質を含むナノ構造を基材上に直接析出する方法、さらにそれに関連する組成物、デバイス、及び構成要素、及びこのような組成物、デバイス、及び構成要素を形成する方法及びプロセスを含む。本発明の直接電気化学析出方法を使用して、LIB活物質の形成及び基材への析出を同時に実行することができ、それにより1つ又は複数のLIB活物質を含む離散型ナノ構造が、ECDプロセス中に前駆物質の還元によって所望の基材表面上に直接成長する。活物質は基材上に直接還元され、したがって活物質ナノ構造は基材と物理的に直接接触する。離散型ナノ構造は、本明細書で説明するナノ構造特性のいずれも含むことができる。好ましい実施形態では、離散型ナノ構造は単結晶質Siを含む。離散型ナノ構造は単結晶質Siナノワイヤ又はナノスパイクを含むことが好ましい。
[0141] 本発明の好ましい実施形態の1つの一般的クラスでは、LIBアノードは、多基材構成要素及び/又は物質のうち1つ又は複数上に形成された大容量活物質ナノ構造、例えばSiナノ構造を有する多構成要素又は多物質基材を含む。
[0146] 基材表面は、ECDプロセス中に1つ又は複数の物質の析出を制御できる、さらに少なくとも1つのLIB活物質を含む電気化学析出ナノ構造のその結果の特性を制御できるために、1つ又は複数の表面修正部を含むことができる。ECD基材表面修正は、基材表面の1つ又は複数の物理的又は化学的特性、例えば基材表面の物理的構造又は化学組成を修正することによって達成することができる。基材表面の物理的又は化学的特性は、1つ又は複数の機械的、化学的、電気的、又は温度に基づく表面修正技術、さらに当技術分野で使用可能な追加の表面修正技術によって修正することができる。基材表面の修正は、エッチング(例えば化学的、機械的、レーザ、又はマイクロエッチング)、引っ掻き、研磨、粗化、レーザアブレーション、熱処理、アニーリング、化学的処理(例えば酸処理、気体処理、発泡気体処理、合金、又はドーピング)、(例えば被覆、化学的結合、吸着、バインダー物質の接着、リソグラフィ、スパッタリング、ECD又はCVD、蒸発、又は無電解めっきによる)基材表面上への1つ又は複数の物質の析出、又は当技術分野で使用可能な他の修正技術、さらにそれらの組み合わせによって達成することができる。好ましい実施形態では、基材表面を修正して、基材表面上に離散型空間領域を生成し、これは基材の他の領域と比較して1つ又は複数の識別可能な特性を有する。離散型領域により、基材の他の領域と比較して領域の表面電荷に差が、例えば反対の電荷、電荷の増加、又は電荷の減少が生じる。
[0159] 標準的LIB活物質と大容量物質とSiナノ構造などのナノ構造との間には本来の違いがあるので、従来のLIB物質は、Siなどの従来とは異なった大容量活物質を組み込んだLIBとともに使用するのに理想的ではない。本発明は、バインダー物質、電解質物質、電解質添加物物質、及び1つ又は複数の電池構成要素上に形成された固体電解質界面(SEI)物質などの新規のLIB物質、さらにそれらに関連する構成要素、デバイス、及び製造法を含む。
[0160] 本発明の一態様は、バインダーを含むLIB物質、さらにそれらに関連する構成要素、デバイス、及び製造法に関する。特に、本発明は、Si活物質又はSi及び黒鉛活物質を含むLIBとともに使用するのに適切なLIB電解質及びLIB電解質添加物、さらに関連する構成要素、デバイス、及び方法を含む。好ましい実施形態では、本発明は、カルボキシルメチルセルロース(CMC)、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVDF)、ポリ(アクリルアミド−コ−ジアリルジメチルアンモニウム)(PAADAA)、及びポリアクリル酸(PAA)、及びスチレンブタジエンゴム(SBR)からなるグループから選択される1つ又は複数のバインダー物質を含むLIBアノードを含む。
[0170] 本発明の一態様は、電解質及び電解質添加物などのLIB物質、さらにそれらに関連する構成要素、デバイス、及び製造法に関する。特に、本発明は、Si活物質又はSi及び黒鉛活物質を含むLIBで使用するのに適切なLIB電解質及びLIB電解質添加物、さらに関連する構成要素、デバイス、及び方法を含む。好ましい実施形態では、電解質は液体ポリマー電解質である。1つの実施形態では、本発明は、炭酸ジエチル(DEC)、炭酸エチレン(EC)、又は炭酸エチルメチル(EMC)からなるグループから選択される少なくとも1つの液体ポリマー溶媒、及びフッ化炭酸エチレン(FEC)、ピロ炭酸ジアリル(DAPC)、ピロ炭酸ジエチル(DEPC)、炭酸ジアリル(DAC)、コハク酸ジアリル(DAS)、トリス(ペンタフルオロフェニル)ボラ(TPFPB)、リン酸トリス(2,2,2−トリフルオロエチル)(TTFP)、N,N’−ジシクロヘキシルカルボジイミド(DCC)、メトキシトリメチルシラン(MOTS)、ジメトキシジメチルシラン(DMOS)、トリメトキシメチルシラン(TMOS)、無水マレイン酸(MA)、スクシンイミド(SI)、n−(ベンジルオキシカルボニルオキシ)スクシンイミド(NBSI)、炭酸ビニレン(VC)、炭酸ビニルエチレン(VEC)、1,3−プロパンスルトン(PS)、ポリジメチルシロキサン(PDMS)、無水マレイン酸(MA)、及び無水コハク酸(SA)からなるグループから選択される少なくとも1つのポリマー添加物を含む1つ又は複数の電解質物質を含むLIBアノードを含む。好ましい実施形態では、LIBアノード活物質はSiナノ構造、又はSiナノ構造と黒鉛(例えば黒鉛箔又は粉末)の組み合わせを含む。
[0176] 上述したように、本発明は、LIBアノード活物質として使用するシリコン系又はスズ系ナノ構造など、LIB構成要素及びデバイスに使用する高品質で大容量の活物質ナノ構造を生産する新規で費用対効果が高い方法を含む。特に、本発明によって、触媒物質、テンプレート物質、又は触媒又はテンプレート物質によって導入される不純物を除去する必要なく、離散型活物質ナノ構造を生産するために低温で触媒がなく、テンプレートがないECDプロセスが可能になる。本発明のECDプロセスは、複数のプロセス連続運転にわたって特定の要件に一貫して適合する活物質ナノ構造の物理的及び化学的特性を制御する方法を提供し、それにより高品質で大容量のLIBアノード活物質を大量生産する効果的なプロセスソリューションを提供する。例えば、本発明のECD方法により、結晶性を達成するためにその後のアニーリングを必要とせずに、所望の基材上に析出させた直後に高度に結晶質の活物質ナノ構造を低温(例えば室温)で形成することができる。好ましい実施形態では、活物質ナノ構造が、少なくとも1つのLIBアノード活物質(例えば黒鉛)及び/又はLIBアノード集電体構造(例えば銅、黒鉛、又はニッケルの電極)を含む1つ又は複数の基材上に直接電気化学析出し、それによりナノ構造と基材の間の接着を改良し、さらにLIBアノードに含めるためにECD成長基材からナノ構造を除去する必要がなくなる。当業者に使用可能な技術を使用して、基材及びその上に形成された活物質ナノ構造をLIBアノードに形成することができ、LIBアノードを充電式又は使い捨てエネルギー源として使用するLIB全電池又は半電池に形成することができる。さらに、本発明のECDプロセスにより生成されたLIB活物質の高い品質は、電池システムの性能に一貫性及び予測性を提供し、それによって複数の充電サイクル及びそれが曝される様々な状態を通してこれらの物質及び関連する電池デバイスに生じる変化を制御することができる。これらの高品質の物質は、LIBの予想外の有害な変化に寄与して、LIBの動作特性に大きいヒステリシスを引き起こす不可逆的な望ましくない副作用を排除する。
Claims (12)
- リチウム−イオン電池(LIB)アノード構成要素を形成する方法であって、
少なくとも1つの基材構造を提供することと、
複数のナノ構造を前記少なくとも1つの基材構造の1つ又は複数の表面に直接電気化学形成することと、を含み、前記ナノ構造が成長テンプレートなしに電気化学析出により形成されて、前記基材構造を備えるアノード構成要素を提供し、
前記基材構造が、黒鉛を含み、
前記ナノ構造が、Liイオンでリチウム化することができる物質を含み、
前記ナノ構造が、離散型ナノ構造である、方法。 - 前記ナノ構造が、シリコン(Si)を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記ナノ構造が、シリコン−銅(Si−Cu)及び/又はシリコン−ニッケル(Si−Ni)金属間化合物を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記ナノ構造が、スズ(Sn)を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記少なくとも1つの基材構造が、少なくとも1つの銅(Cu)構造を含む集電体を含む、請求項4に記載の方法。
- 前記少なくとも1つの基材構造を提供するステップが、黒鉛粉末を黒鉛構造又は有孔性Cu構造に被覆することを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記少なくとも1つの基材構造を提供するステップが、複数の黒鉛粒子を含む黒鉛粉末を2つ以上の有孔性Cu構造間に堆積することを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記複数のナノ構造を、前記少なくとも1つの基材構造の前記1つ又は複数の表面に直接電気化学形成し、前記ナノ構造が前記少なくとも1つの基材構造の前記1つ又は複数の表面と物理的に直接接触する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記ナノ構造が少なくとも1つの活物質を含むナノ結晶であり、前記ナノ結晶が、電気化学析出により形成された直後に高度に結晶質のナノ結晶として形成され、したがって前記ナノ結晶の結晶質構造を達成するために、電気化学析出後にさらなる処理が不要である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- リチウム−イオン電池(LIB)アノード構成要素を形成する方法であって、
少なくとも1つの基材構造を提供することと、
複数のナノ構造を前記少なくとも1つの基材構造の1つ又は複数の表面に直接電気化学形成することと、を含み、前記ナノ構造が成長テンプレートなしに電気化学析出により形成されて、前記基材構造を備えるアノード構成要素を提供し、
前記ナノ構造が、シリコン−銅(Si−Cu)及び/又はシリコン−ニッケル(Si−Ni)金属間化合物を含み、
前記ナノ構造が、離散型ナノ構造であり、
前記基材構造が、炭素系基材を含む、方法。 - リチウム−イオン電池(LIB)アノード構成要素を形成する方法であって、
少なくとも1つの基材構造を提供することと、
複数のナノ構造を前記少なくとも1つの基材構造の1つ又は複数の表面に直接電気化学形成することと、を含み、前記ナノ構造が成長テンプレートなしに電気化学析出により形成されて、前記基材構造を備えるアノード構成要素を提供し、
前記少なくとも1つの基材構造を提供するステップが、黒鉛粉末を黒鉛構造又は有孔性Cu構造に被覆することを含み、
前記ナノ構造が、Liイオンでリチウム化することができる物質を含み、
前記基材構造が、炭素系基材を含む、方法。 - リチウム−イオン電池(LIB)アノード構成要素を形成する方法であって、
少なくとも1つの基材構造を提供することと、
複数のナノ構造を前記少なくとも1つの基材構造の1つ又は複数の表面に直接電気化学形成することと、を含み、前記ナノ構造が成長テンプレートなしに電気化学析出により形成されて、前記基材構造を備えるアノード構成要素を提供し、
前記少なくとも1つの基材構造を提供するステップが、複数の黒鉛粒子を含む黒鉛粉末を2つ以上の有孔性Cu構造間に堆積することを含み、
前記ナノ構造が、Liイオンでリチウム化することができる物質を含み、
前記基材構造が、炭素系基材を含む、方法。
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US10804525B2 (en) | 2020-10-13 |
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