JP6231586B2 - 分散論理l3ルーティング - Google Patents
分散論理l3ルーティング Download PDFInfo
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Description
・論理ルーティング。パケットのためのL2スイッチングだけを実行する代わりに、いくつかの実施形態のネットワーク制御システムは、また、L2ブロードキャストドメイン(IPサブネット)を横切る場合、インターネットプロトコル(IP)アドレスに基づいてパケットを転送するように、管理されるスイッチング要素に命令するために、物理制御プレーンデータを定義する。このような論理L3ルーティングは、L2ネットワークのスケーラビリティの問題を解決する。
・ゲートウェイ仮想化。純粋なL2インタフェースを使用することによって外部ネットワークとインタフェースする代わりに、いくつかの実施形態のネットワーク制御システムは、外部ネットワークと相互作用するために、IPインタフェースを使用することができる。いくつかの実施形態では、ネットワーク制御システムは、外部ネットワークに対する複数の物理出口ポイント及び入口ポイントが存在する場合でも、単一の論理ゲートウェイを定義することによって、このようなIPインタフェースを定義する。したがって、いくつかの実施形態は、ゲートウェイ仮想化を使用することによって、外部IPネットワークとインタフェースする。
・ネットワークアドレス変換。L3サブネット全体が、変換された(NATされた)ネットワークアドレスであってよい。いくつかの実施形態では、論理ネットワークは、プライベートアドレスを使用し、外部ネットワークのためのNATされたIPアドレスのみを公開する。さらに、いくつかの実施形態では、論理ネットワークのサブネットは、きめ細かいアプリケーションレベルのルーティング決定を実施するために、NATを介して相互接続し、又は、宛先NAT処理を使用する。
・ステートフルフィルタリング。NAT処理と同様に、いくつかの実施形態は、ステートフルアクセス制御リスト(ACL)を使用することによって、サブネットを外部ネットワークから分離する。また、いくつかの実施形態は、ACLを論理サブネット間に配置する。
・負荷分散。いくつかの場合では、サービスを提供するために、論理ネットワークが使用される。これら及び他の場合に関して、ネットワーク制御システムは、アプリケーションクラスタのための仮想IPアドレスを提供する。いくつかの実施形態では、ネットワーク制御システムは、負荷分散動作を指定し、負荷分散動作は、入りアプリケーショントラフィックを論理IPアドレスのセットに対して拡散させることができる。
・DHCP。仮想マシン(VM)は、論理ネットワーク内で動的IPアドレス割り当てサービスを提供するように設定することができるが、サービスプロバイダは、インフラストラクチャレベルでの動的ホスト構成プロトコル(DHCP)サービスのより効率的な実現を好む可能性がある。したがって、いくつかの実施形態のネットワーク制御システムは、インフラストラクチャレベルでのDHCPサービスの効率的な実現を提供する。
・大規模ネットワーク。複数のL2ネットワークにまたがる論理L3ネットワークは、論理L2ネットワークより大きくなる。いくつかの実施形態は、マップリデュース分散処理技術を使用することによって、10Kサーバと同じくらい大きいサーバクラスタに関する論理L3の問題を解決する。
・物理トラフィック非局所性。データセンタ内の論理サブネットは、データセンタ内でかなりのトラフィックを交換する可能性がある。いくつかの実施形態は、トラフィックの局所性を、これが可能な程度に維持する。上述したマップリデュース例では、トラフィックは、エンドポイントに関して局所性を持たない。
・論理トラフィック局所性。論理サブネット間で交換されるトラフィックになると、局所性は実際に存在する。すなわち、すべての論理ネットワークが、上述したマップリデュースクラスタに関するクライアントを持つわけではない。
・機能の配置。参照により本明細書に組み込まれる米国特許出願第13/177,535号に記載のように、管理されるスイッチング要素は、いくつかの実施形態では、(1)物理ネットワークのエッジスイッチング要素(すなわち、物理ネットワークによって接続された仮想又は物理コンピューティングデバイスとの直接接続を有するスイッチング要素)、並びに、(2)制御されるエッジスイッチング要素の動作を単純に及び/又は容易にするために、管理されるスイッチング要素階層内に挿入される非エッジスイッチング要素である。米国特許出願第13/177,535号にさらに記載のように、エッジスイッチング要素は、いくつかの実施形態では、(1)ネットワークによって接続された仮想又は物理コンピューティングデバイスとの直接接続を有するスイッチング要素、並びに、(2)ネットワークの第1の管理される部分を、ネットワークの第2の管理される部分(例えば、第1の管理される部分と異なる物理的位置内の部分)、又は、ネットワークの管理されない部分(例えば、企業の内部ネットワーク)に接続するインテグレーション要素(エクステンダと呼ばれる)である。いくつかの実施形態は、論理L3ルーティングを、理想的には、第1の管理されるエッジスイッチング要素で、すなわち、最初のホップエッジスイッチング要素で実行し、第1の管理されるエッジスイッチング要素は、物理ネットワークによって相互接続される仮想マシンもホストするハイパーバイザ内で実装されてよい。いくつかの実施形態のネットワーク制御システムは、このとき、非エッジスイッチング要素(内部ネットワーク)を、デバイスを相互接続するファブリックに過ぎないものとして考えることができるため、理想的には、最初のホップスイッチング要素は、L3ルーティングのすべて又は大部分を実行する。
いくつかの場合のいくつかの実施形態は、論理ルーティングを、L3ドメイン内で動作するLDPSを実装する論理ルータによってL2ドメイン内で動作する2つ以上のLDPセットを相互接続する行為としてモデル化する。論理L2ドメインから別のものに横断するパケットは、いくつかの実施形態では、以下の4つのステップをとることになる。これらの4つのステップは、ネットワーク制御システムが実現する論理処理動作に関して以下に説明される。しかしながら、これらの動作は、ネットワーク制御システムによって生成される物理制御プレーンデータに基づいて、ネットワークの管理されるスイッチング要素によって実行されることを理解すべきである。
同様の方法で、別の論理スイッチ(図示せず)が、管理されるスイッチング要素の別のL3ルータ(図示せず)に実装されてよい。これらの実施形態のいくつかでは、制御クラスタは、L3ルータを構成するために、1つ又は複数のルーティングプロトコルを用いることができる。
外部ネットワークとインタフェースする論理ネットワークは、ネクストホップのルータと相互作用する必要がある。異なる実施形態の仮想化アプリケーションは、ネクストホップのルータを介して論理L3ネットワークアドレスを外部ネットワークとインタフェースするために、異なるモデルを使用する。
ステートフルパケット動作は、ルーティングされるトラフィックのための論理L3データパスにNATを配置する。論理パイプラインでは、ネットワークアドレス変換は、実際の標準的なL3パイプラインの前又は後で、外部のNATステージで行われる。すなわち、ネットワークアドレス変換は、ルーティングの前又は後でパケットに加えられる。いくつかの実施形態では、NAT構成は、実際のアドレス変換エントリを作成するフローテンプレートを介して行われる。フローテンプレートは、さらに後述される。
0で動作する管理されるスイッチング要素3635が、ちょうどホスト3630に移行されたVM3625に関するNATデーモン3640から、変換されたアドレスを取得することができるように、取得したNAT状態を、ホスト3630のNATテーブル3645に移動する。
いくつかの実施形態は、L3パイプラインの特別なステップとして負荷分散を実装する。例えば、いくつかの実施形態は、宛先ネットワークアドレス変換が後に続く論理バンドルベースの負荷分散ステップを実装する。いくつかの実施形態では、(負荷分散サービスを提供する)論理ルータは、仮想IPアドレスをホストし、したがって、仮想IPアドレス(VIP)に送信されたARP要求に応答することになる。これにより、トラフィックが、クラスタメンバが存在する同じL2ドメインからVIPに送信されたとしても、仮想IPは、機能し続けることになる。
仮想化アプリケーションは、いくつかの実施形態では、共有ホストで動作しているDHCPデーモンにDHCP要求をルーティングする転送ルールを定義する。この機能のために共有ホストを使用することは、顧客ごとのDHCPデーモンを実行する余分なコストを避ける。
上記の説明では、いくつかの実施形態の仮想化アプリケーションによって提供される様々なL3サービスが記載されている。ネットワーク制御システムの柔軟性を最大化するために、いくつかの実施形態は、ユーザが物理ネットワークで今日使用している「ミドルボックス」によって提供されるものと同様の機能を提供するサービスマシンを介在させる。
3つの局面に沿ったいくつかの実施形態の論理L3スイッチング設計のスケーラビリティの意味は、以下のように対処される。これらの3つの局面は、(1)論理状態、(2)物理的なトンネリング状態、及び(3)分散型結合ルックアップである。論理パイプライン処理の大部分が、第1のホップで発生する。これは、すべての相互接続されたLDPセットのすべての論理(テーブル)状態が、いくつかの実施形態では、パイプラインの実行を行うことができるネットワーク内のどこにでも配布されることを意味する。すなわち、すべての相互接続されたLDPセットの結合された論理状態が、いくつかの実施形態では、これらのLDPセットのいずれかに取り付けられたすべての管理されるエッジスイッチング要素に配布される。しかしながら、いくつかの実施形態では、論理トポロジの「メッシュ性(meshiness)」が、論理状態の配布負荷を増加させない。
上述したように、いくつかの実施形態の管理されるスイッチング要素は、いくつかの実施形態のコントローラクラスタ(1つ又は複数のコントローラインスタンス)によって、管理されるスイッチング要素に供給されるフローテーブルに基づいて、論理スイッチ及び論理ルータを実装する。いくつかの実施形態では、コントローラクラスタは、コントローラクラスタが検出する入力又はネットワークイベントに基づいて、テーブルマッピング動作を実行することによって、これらのフローエントリを生成する。これらのコントローラクラスタ及びその動作の詳細は、米国特許出願第13/177,533号、及び、「Chassis Controller」という表題の、代理人整理番号NCRA.P0081を有する、上記の組み込まれた同時出願の米国特許出願**に記載されている。
すべてのLDPS処理は、管理されるエッジスイッチング要素にプッシュされるが、いくつかの実施形態では、実際の取り付けられた物理ポート統合に対するインタフェースのみが、相互運用性の問題に対処する。これらのインタフェースは、いくつかの実施形態では、ホストIP/イーサネット(登録商標)スタックのための標準的なL2/L3インタフェースを実装する。論理スイッチ及び論理ルータ間のインタフェースは、仮想化アプリケーションの内部のままであり、したがって、情報を交換するために、今日のルータとまったく同じプロトコルを実装する必要はない。
・ARP要求に対する応答。いくつかの実施形態では、Open vSwitchは、ARP要求をデーモンに供給し、デーモンは、応答を作成する。代わりに、いくつかの実施形態は、管理されるエッジスイッチング要素内の追加のフローエントリを作成するために、フローテンプレートを使用する。フローテンプレートは、受信したパケットに基づいて動的に一連のフローエントリを生成するための、ルールのセットの使用である。いくつかのこのような実施形態では、応答は、Open vSwitch自体によって処理される。
・フロー状態ごとの任意のステートフル(NAT、ACL、負荷分散)の確立。再び、フローテンプレートが、十分に柔軟であれば、Open vSwitchが処理するために、より多くを移動させることができる。
・分散ルックアップの開始。その論理パイプラインの配列を介してトラフィックを供給する場合、必要に応じて、分散ルックアップ(例えば、ARP、学習)が、マッピングサービスに開始される。これは、いくつかの実施形態では、IPパケットのキューイングを伴うことになる。
上記及び下記のいくつかの実施形態は、論理転送空間(すなわち、論理制御及び転送プレーン)を物理転送空間(すなわち、物理制御及び転送プレーン)から完全に分離するネットワーク制御システムを提供する。これらの制御システムは、論理転送空間データを物理転送空間データにマッピングするために、マッピングエンジンを使用することによって、このような分離を達成する。論理空間を物理空間から完全に分離することによって、これらの実施形態の制御システムは、物理転送空間に変更が行われている(例えば、仮想マシンが移行される、物理スイッチ又はルータが追加される、など)間、論理転送要素の論理ビューが、変化しないままでいることを可能にする。
図64は、本発明のいくつかの実施形態を実現する電子システム6400を概念的に示す。電子システム6400は、上述した制御、仮想化、又はオペレーティングシステムアプリケーションのいずれかを実行するために使用されてよい。電子システム6400は、コンピュータ(例えば、デスクトップコンピュータ、パーソナルコンピュータ、タブレットコンピュータ、サーバコンピュータ、メインフレーム、ブレードコンピュータ、など)、電話、PDA、又は任意の他の種類の電子デバイスであってよい。このような電子システムは、様々なタイプのコンピュータ可読媒体、及び、様々な他のタイプのコンピュータ可読媒体のためのインタフェースを含む。電子システム6400は、バス6405、処理ユニット(複数可)6410、システムメモリ6425、読み取り専用メモリ6430、永久記憶デバイス6435、入力デバイス6440、及び出力デバイス6445を含む。
Claims (21)
- 管理される転送要素に接続する複数のマシンのための複数の論理ネットワークを実現する第1の管理される転送要素のための方法であって、
前記第1の管理される転送要素に接続する特定のマシンからパケットを受け取る工程と、
(i)前記パケットを論理ルータに論理的に転送するための、前記特定のマシンが論理的に結合している第1の論理L2ドメインについての論理L2処理と、(ii)前記パケットの宛先アドレスに関連するマシンが所属している第2の論理L2ドメインへと前記パケットを論理的に転送するための、前記論理ルータについての論理L3処理と、(iii)前記第2の論理L2ドメインについての論理L2処理と、を行う工程と、
前記第2の論理L2ドメインについての前記論理L2処理に基づいて、前記第2の論理L2ドメインについての前記論理L2処理が前記第1の管理される転送要素によって行われたことを示す前記パケットに格納されるコンテキスト情報とともに、前記パケットを第2の管理される転送要素に転送する工程と、
を含むことを特徴とする方法。 - 前記パケットを前記第2の管理される転送要素に転送する工程が、前記第1及び第2の管理される転送要素の間のトンネルにおいて前記パケットをカプセル化することを含むことを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記第2の論理L2ドメインについて前記論理L2処理を行う工程が、(i)前記第2の論理L2ドメインについて入口ACL動作のセットを行うことと、(ii)前記パケットの宛先アドレスに対応する前記第2の論理L2ドメインの論理出口ポートを特定することと、を含むことを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記第2の論理L2ドメインについて前記論理L2処理を行う工程が、前記第2の論理L2ドメインについて出口ACL動作のセットを行うことをさらに含むことを特徴とする、請求項3に記載の方法。
- 前記パケットを前記第2の管理される転送要素に転送する工程が、前記論理出口ポートを前記第2の管理される転送要素にマッピングすることを含むことを特徴とする、請求項3に記載の方法。
- 前記第1の論理L2ドメインについて前記論理L2処理を行う工程が、(i)前記第1の論理L2ドメインへと前記パケットをマッピングすることと、(ii)前記第1の論理L2ドメインについて入口ACL動作のセットを行うことと、(iii)前記論理ルータに対応する前記第1の論理L2ドメインの論理出口ポートを特定することと、(iv)前記第1の論理L2ドメインについて出口ACL動作のセットを行うことと、を含むことを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記特定された論理出口ポートが、前記論理ルータの論理ポートに対応するMACアドレスを有することを特徴とする、請求項6に記載の方法。
- 前記論理L3処理を行う工程が、(i)前記論理ルータについて入口ACL動作のセットを行うことと、(ii)前記第2の論理L2ドメインに対応する前記論理ルータの論理出口ポートを特定することと、(iii)前記第1の論理L2ドメインについて出口ACL動作のセットを行うことと、を含むことを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記特定された論理出口ポートは、前記第2の論理L2ドメインのIPサブネットと関連づけられており、前記パケットは前記IPサブネット内の宛先IPアドレスを有していることを特徴とする、請求項8に記載の方法。
- 前記第2の管理される転送要素は、前記パケットに格納された前記コンテキスト情報に基づいて、前記第2の論理L2ドメインについて出口ACL動作のセットを行い、及び前記パケットを宛先マシンへと届けることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の方法。
- ネットワークにおいてデータを転送する管理される転送要素(MFE)を管理するためのネットワークコントローラのための、論理L2スイッチング及び論理L3ルーティングを行うように第1及び第2のMFEを構成する方法であって、
前記第1のMFEに直接結合する第1のマシンによって前記第1のMFEへと送られるパケットについて、(i)前記パケットを論理ルータに論理的に転送するための、前記第1のマシンが論理的に接続している第1の論理L2ドメインについての論理L2処理と、(ii)前記パケットの宛先アドレスに関連する第2のマシンが所属している第2の論理L2ドメインへと前記パケットを論理的に転送するための、前記論理ルータについての論理L3処理と、(iii)前記第2の論理L2ドメインについての論理L2処理と、(iv)前記論理L2処理が前記第1のMFEによって行われたことを示す前記パケットに格納されるコンテキスト情報とともに、前記第2のMFEへと前記パケットを転送することと、を実現するように前記第1のMFEを構成するためのデータレコードの第1のセットを生成する工程と、
前記第1のMFEから受け取られ前記第2のマシンへと宛てられたパケットについて、前記パケットに格納された前記コンテキスト情報に基づいて、前記第2のマシンへと前記パケットを届けるための、前記第2の論理L2ドメインについての論理L2処理を実現するように前記第2のMFEを構成するためのデータレコードの第2のセットを生成する工程と、
を含むことを特徴とする方法。 - 前記第1及び第2のMFEの間にトンネルを確立する工程をさらに含むことを特徴とする、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 前記第2のMFEによって実現される前記第2の論理L2ドメインについての前記論理L2処理が、前記パケットが前記第2のマシンへと届けられることを許可するか否かを決定するための出口ACL動作のセットを含むことを特徴とする、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 前記第1のMFEによって実現される前記第2の論理L2ドメインについての前記論理L2処理が、前記第2の論理L2ドメインについて追加の論理L2処理を行うか否かを判定するための入口ACL動作のセットを含むことを特徴とする、請求項11に記載の方法。
- ネットワークを管理するネットワークコントローラのための、論理L3ルータと、論理的に複数のマシンに結合する少なくとも1つの論理L2スイッチと、を備える論理ネットワークを実現するために、複数の管理される転送要素(MFE)を構成する方法であって、
前記論理ネットワークを実現し、前記マシンの少なくとも1つに直接結合する前記複数のMFEのうちのそれぞれのMFEについて、前記MFEと直接結合する前記少なくとも1つのマシンによって送られるパケットについて前記論理L2スイッチ及び論理L3ルータを実現するように前記MFEを構成するためのデータレコードの第1のセットを生成する工程と、
前記複数のMFEのうちのそれぞれのMFEについて、前記MFEと直接結合する前記少なくとも1つのマシンによって送られるパケットのサブセットに対するネットワークアドレス変換(NAT)処理を実現するように前記MFEを構成するためのデータレコードの第2のセットを生成する工程と、
を含む方法であって、
前記パケットのサブセットは、前記パケットを前記MFEへと送った前記マシンと同じ論理L2スイッチと論理的に結合していない宛先へと送られるパケットを含む
ことを特徴とする方法。 - 前記NAT処理が、(i)パケットのオリジナル送信元ネットワークアドレスを新しい送信元ネットワークアドレスに変換する送信元NAT動作と、(ii)前記パケットのオリジナル宛先アドレスを新しい宛先ネットワークアドレスに変換する宛先NAT動作と、のうち少なくとも1つを含むことを特徴とする、請求項15に記載の方法。
- 前記オリジナル送信元ネットワークアドレスは、前記MFEへと前記パケットを送った前記マシンのIPアドレスであることを特徴とする、請求項16に記載の方法。
- 特定のMFEについて生成されたデータレコードの前記第2のセットは、前記特定のMFE及び前記MFEへと前記パケットを送った前記マシンと同じ物理ホストマシンで動作するデーモンへとパケットを送るように前記MFEを構成することを特徴とする、請求項15に記載の方法。
- 前記デーモンは、前記パケットについて新しい送信元ネットワークアドレスと新しい宛先ネットワークアドレスとの一方を特定するNATテーブルを格納することを特徴とする、請求項18に記載の方法。
- 少なくとも1つの処理ユニットによって実行されるプログラムであって、
前記プログラムが請求項1乃至19の何れか1項に記載の方法を実現するための命令セットを含むことを特徴とするプログラム。 - 処理ユニットのセットと、前記処理ユニットの少なくとも1つによって実行されるプログラムを格納する機械読み取り可能な媒体と、を備える電子デバイスであって、
前記プログラムが請求項1乃至19の何れか1項に記載の方法を実現するための命令セットを含むことを特徴とする電子デバイス。
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