JP5898843B2 - 血管新生、血管形成、若しくは血管修復を促進するか、又は腫瘍血管新生を阻害する方法 - Google Patents
血管新生、血管形成、若しくは血管修復を促進するか、又は腫瘍血管新生を阻害する方法 Download PDFInfo
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Description
a)細胞を準備する工程、及び
b1)miR−92に対するアンチセンス分子を細胞に導入することにより、血管新生、血管形成、及び/又は血管修復を促進するよう、細胞におけるmiR−92発現を減少させる工程、又は
b2)発現可能なmiR−92配列を含む構築物を細胞に導入することにより、腫瘍血管新生を阻害するよう、細胞におけるmiR−92発現を増加させる工程を含む。miR−92を細胞に導入することも可能である。好ましい実施の形態では、上記方法はin vitroでの方法である。
上記方法によって、細胞におけるmiR−92発現が、野生型細胞におけるmiR−92の正常発現と比較して減少する場合、発現の減少はアンチセンス分子、合成miR−92阻害物質、及び転写因子阻害物質から成る群から選択される分子を提供することにより起こる。このmiR−92発現の減少は、例えば組織における血管形成及び血管修復の増加をもたらす。
CtAtGGCCGGGACAAGUGCAtAtUtAt−Chol (配列番号9)
(大文字は2’−O−メチル修飾ヌクレオチドを示し、下付きのt(「t」)は隣接するヌクレオチド間のホスホチオエート結合を示し、「Chol」はコレステロール基を示す)
化学修飾を有する配列番号8による配列を含む、アンチセンス分子の非常に好ましい実施の形態は、以下の分子である:
AtCtAtGGCCGGGACAAGUGCAtAtUtAt−Chol (配列番号10)
(大文字は2’−O−メチル修飾ヌクレオチドを示し、下付きのt(「t」)は隣接するヌクレオチド間のホスホチオエート結合を示し、「Chol」はコレステロール基を示す)
2’−O−メチル修飾ヌクレオチドのみを含む、配列番号11による配列を含むアンチセンス分子がさらに好ましい。
上記方法において、細胞、例えば内皮細胞におけるmiR−92の発現が、野生型細胞におけるmiR−92の正常発現と比較して増加する場合、これは例えば、発現可能なmiR−92配列を含む構築物を細胞に導入して発現を増加させることによって起こり得る。本発明による方法の好ましい実施の形態では、miR−92構築物は、配列番号1〜配列番号5のいずれか1つによる発現可能な配列を含むか、又はかかる配列をそれぞれ発現することができる。かかる構築物の有利な実施の形態は上記に記載している。代替的には、miR−92を細胞に直接導入することもできる。
本発明はさらに、医薬組成物であって、miR−92に対するアンチセンス分子、任意で合成の、阻害物質、及び/又は転写因子阻害物質の形態である、細胞におけるmiR−92の活性又は発現を減少させる薬剤、又はmiR−92を発現する構築物の形態である、細胞におけるmiR−92発現を増加させる薬剤を含む、医薬組成物に関する。このため、構築物は、配列番号1〜配列番号5のいずれか1つによる発現可能な配列を含み得る。一実施の形態では、医薬組成物中に含まれるmiR−92に対するアンチセンス分子は、配列番号6、配列番号8、又は配列番号11による配列を含む。構築物又はアンチセンス分子のさらなる好ましい実施の形態については、上記の記載及び本明細書中に含まれる記載を参照されたい。
本発明はまた、個体、特に患者を、miR−92若しくはmiR−92のアンタゴニスト(例えばアンチセンス分子若しくは転写因子阻害物質)、又は上記の記載若しくは本明細書中に含まれる記載に従う医薬組成物を用いて治療又は予防する方法に関する。かかる方法に関しては、1日当たり0.001mg/kg体重〜200mg/kg体重という量の薬物を投与することができる。
本発明はまた、配列番号1〜配列番号5による配列を有する分子とハイブリダイズする配列を含む、miR−92に対するアンチセンス分子に関するが、該分子は最大で80個のヌクレオチド、特に15個〜22個のヌクレオチドを有するか、又はそれから成る。かかるアンチセンス分子は、少なくとも12個のヌクレオチド、好ましくは少なくとも15個のヌクレオチドを含むのが有利である。ハイブリダイゼーションは、ストリンジェントな条件下又はあまりストリンジェントでない条件下で起こり得る。ハイブリダイゼーションを判定する方法は当業者に既知である。
細胞培養
ヒト臍帯静脈内皮細胞(HUVEC)をCambrexから購入し、ヒドロコルチゾン、ウシ脳抽出物、上皮成長因子、及び10%ウシ胎仔血清(FCS;Gibco)を添加した内皮細胞用基礎培地(EBM;Cambrex)中で3代目まで培養した。細胞をトリプシンを用いて剥離した後、6cm培養皿において少なくとも24時間〜48時間培養した。
miR−92の阻害については、HUVECを60%〜70%コンフルエントとなるまで培養した後、特定の阻害物質をトランスフェクトした。VBC Biotechにより合成された、miR−92に対する2’−O−メチル−アンチセンスオリゴリボヌクレオチド(5’−CAGGCCGGGACAAGUGCAAUA−3’、配列番号11)又はGFP(5’−AAGGCAAGCUGACCCUGAAGUU−3’、配列番号7)の50nmol/lを、GeneTrans II(登録商標)(MoBiTec)を用いて製造業者のプロトコルに従ってトランスフェクトした。miR−92の過剰発現については、HUVECを50%コンフルエントとなるまで培養した。10nmol/lのpre−miR−92又は対照pre−miR(Ambion)を、リポフェクタミンRNAi−MAX(Invitrogen)を用いて製造業者のプロトコルに従ってトランスフェクトした。
本明細書中で使用される一本鎖RNAは、21個〜23個のヌクレオチドから成り、記載(13)の通りVBC Biotechにより合成されるものであった。全ての動物モデルはC57BL/6J背景に保持した。0日目に、8週齢のマウスに2つの「マトリゲル基底マトリックスプラグ」を腹部正中線に沿って皮下注射し、1日目、3日目、及び5日目に生理食塩水又はアンタゴmir−92を尾静脈注射した。アンタゴmir−92は、1回の注射につき0.2mlのリン酸緩衝生理食塩水(PBS)中8mg/kg体重の用量で投与した。組織及び「マトリゲルプラグ」を6日目に採取した。組織はRNA解析のために液体窒素中で凍結し、−80℃で保存した。ヘモグロビン解析については、「マトリゲルプラグ」を7日後に取り出し、130μlの脱イオン水中でホモジナイズした。遠心分離後、上清をDrabkinアッセイ(Sigma-Aldrich)において使用し、ヘモグロビン濃度を測定した。ヘモグロビンの原液を使用して検量線を作成した。結果は上清中の総タンパク質に対するものとして表した。第2の「マトリゲルプラグ」をH&E染色を用いた浸潤細胞の定量化に使用した。
ウエスタンブロット解析については、HUVECを20分間氷上でRIPA溶解バッファー(Sigma)に溶解した。20.000×g(4℃)で15分間の遠心分離の後、試料のタンパク質含量をブラッドフォード法に従って求めた。同量のタンパク質をSDSポリアクリルアミドゲル上にロードし、PVDF膜又はニトロセルロース膜にブロットした。インテグリンα5に対する抗体(ウサギポリクローナル抗インテグリンα5抗体、1:250、Chemicon)、MKK4に対する抗体(ウサギポリクローナル抗MKK4、1:1.000、cell signaling)、eNOSに対する抗体(マウスモノクローナル抗eNOS、1:2.500、BD)、SIRT1に対する抗体(ウサギポリクローナル抗SIRT1、1:1.000、Upstate)、又はチューブリンに対する抗体(マウスモノクローナル抗チューブリン、1:1.500、Dianova)を用いてウエスタンブロット法を行った。
miR−92又はpre−miR−92に対する2’−O−メチルアンチセンスオリゴリボヌクレオチドをトランスフェクトしたHUVECにおける差次的miRNA発現を求めるために、トランスフェクションの24時間後に、全RNAをTRIzol(Invitrogen)を用いて製造業者のプロトコルに従って単離した。RT−PCRを、mirVana(商標)qRT−PCR miRNA検出キット(Ambion)、及びhsa−miR−92の増幅に特異的なプライマーセット(Ambion)を用いて行った(1サイクル:95℃で3分間、25サイクル:95℃で15秒間、60℃で30秒間)。
内皮細胞の遊走を判定するために、HUVECをトリプシンを用いて剥離し、遠心分離により採取して、0.1%BSAを含む500μlのEBM中に再懸濁し、計数して、2.5μg/lのフィブロネクチンをコーティングした改良Boydenチャンバ(チャンバ1つ当たり5×104個の細胞、細孔径8μm、BD Biosciences)の上部チャンバに入れた。チャンバを、0.1%BSA及びヒト血管内皮成長因子(VEGF、50ng/ml)を含むEBMを含有する24ウェル培養皿に置いた。37℃で5時間のインキュベーションの後、チャンバ上方の非遊走細胞を機械的に除去し、下方の残りの細胞を4%ホルムアルデヒドで固定した。定量化のために、細胞核を4’,6−ジアミジノ−2−フェニルインドール(DAPI)で染色した。チャンバ下方の遊走細胞を、無作為に選んだ5つの顕微鏡視野において手作業で計数した。
HUVEC(7×104個)を、200μlの「マトリゲル基底膜マトリックス」(BD Biosciences)をコーティングした12ウェルプレート(Greiner)において培養した。24時間後に、形成された内皮細胞ネットワークを、無作為に選んだ5つの顕微鏡視野において、プログラムKS300 3.0を用いるコンピュータ制御顕微鏡(Zeiss)を使用して定量化した。
規定の細胞数の内皮細胞スフェロイドを記載(文献22、23)の通り作製した。in vitro血管新生を、各々のスフェロイドから成長した発芽構造物(sprouted structures)の累積長をデジタル画像ソフトウェア(Axioplan、Zeiss)を用いて測定することにより判定したが、これにより各実験群及び実験につき10個のスフェロイドを解析した。
細胞の生存率を測定するために、(3−(4,5−ジメチルチアゾール−2−イル)−2,5−ジフェニル−2H−テトラゾリウムブロミド)を使用した(MTTアッセイ)。トランスフェクションの48時間後に、0.5mg/mlのMTTを各ウェルに添加し、細胞を37℃で4時間インキュベートした。細胞をPBSで洗浄し、室温で30分間溶解バッファー(イソプロパノール中40nmol/lのHCl)を用いて溶解した。550nmでの吸光度を測光法により測定した。
96ウェル細胞培養プレートを、PBS中の1μg/mlの可溶性組換えヒトコラーゲン1(Roche,Mannheim,Germany)又は2.5μg/mlのヒトフィブロネクチン(Roche,Mannheim,Germany)で4℃で一晩コーティングした後、加熱不活性化した(2時間、56℃)3%(w/v)ヒト血清アルブミン(HSA)と室温で1時間インキュベートした。HUVECを2’,7’−ビス−(2−カルボキシエチル)−5−(及び−6)−カルボキシフルオレセインアセトキシメチルエステル(BCECF−AM)又はCellTracker Green(Molecular Probes,Eugene,Oregon)で染色し、トリプシンを用いて剥離した後、0.05%HSAを含むEBM中に再懸濁した。次いで、1ウェル当たり50000個の細胞を、コーティングしたウェルにおいて、0.05%HSAを含む100μlのEBM中に播種し、37℃で60分間インキュベートした。非接着細胞を温EBMを用いて洗い落とした後、接着細胞を蛍光プレートリーダー(Fluostat、BMG Lab Technologies,Offenburg,Germany)を用いて3回定量化した。
透過化のために、pre−miR−92又は対照をトランスフェクトしたHUVECを、トリプシンを用いて剥離し、4%ホルムアルデヒド中で10分間固定し、0.1%トリトンX−100で処理した。細胞(透過化処理したもの及び透過化処理していないもの)を1%BSAを用いて遮断し、インテグリンα5抗体(抗CD49e−FITC 1:10、Immunotech)又はインテグリンβ1抗体(抗CD29−APC 1:20、BD)を用いて染色した。細胞をFACS Canto II装置(BD)を用いて解析した。
このアッセイは記載(文献24)の通り行ったが、以下の変更を加えた:
HUVECにpre−miR−92又は上述の対照をトランスフェクトした。トランスフェクションの18時間後、細胞を「細胞トラッカー(cell tracker)CM−Dil」(Invitrogen)で標識し、剥離し、洗浄して、計数した。1×106個の細胞を30μlのPBS中に再懸濁し、15単位のヘパリン(Sigma-Aldrich)を含有する「マトリゲル基底膜マトリックス」(BDBiosciences)500μlと混合した。細胞−マトリゲル混合物を、6週齢〜8週齢の雌無胸腺ヌードマウス(Harlan)に腹部正中線に沿って皮下注射した。ヘモグロビン解析及びH&E染色を上述のように行った。
HUVECにpre−miR−92又は対照をトランスフェクトした。全RNAを48時間後に単離し、遺伝子発現プロファイルをアフィメトリクス遺伝子チップ発現(Affymetrix-gene-chip-expression)アッセイを用いて測定した。
pre−miR−92はin vitro及びin vivoにおいて内皮細胞の機能を遮断する
内皮細胞に対するmiR−92の効果を試験するために、HUVECにmiR−92の前駆体であるpre−miR−92をトランスフェクトし、このトランスフェクションの影響を種々のin vitroアッセイにおいて判定した。効率的なmiR−92の過剰発現が初めにRT−PCRを用いて検出された(図1A)。miR−92過剰発現は、スフェロイドアッセイにおいて血管構造の形成を有意に遮断し(図1B)、マトリゲルにおける血管ネットワークの形成を阻害した(図1C)が、このことからmiR−92が、in vitroでの血管新生の負の調節因子であることが示される。miR−92の起こり得る毒性作用を検出するために、細胞生存率を測定した。その際、pre−miR−92のトランスフェクションの後、非トランスフェクト細胞と比較して有意な差は検出することができなかった(図1D)。内皮細胞の遊走は、in vitroでの細胞の血管新生活性にとって非常に重要な意味があるため、さらに基本条件下でのHUVECの遊走を、VEGFに対する反応として判定した。pre−miR−92は、遊走(図1E)及び細胞のフィブロネクチンへの接着(図1F)を減少させた。したがって、pre−miR−92は直接的な毒性作用は示さないが、血管新生に必要とされる内皮細胞の反応を遮断する。さらに、in vivoでの血管新生に対するpre−miR−92の効果を判定した。これに関しては、pre−miR−92をトランスフェクトしたHUVECを、in vivoで「マトリゲルプラグ」に埋め込み、ヌードマウスに注射した。阻害の効率は、埋め込んだ細胞の亜画分において各々調節されていた(図2A)。図2Bの代表的な写真及び図2Cの定量化において示されるように、pre−miR−92はin vivoで血管の成長を効率的に遮断する。また、外植した「マトリゲルプラグ」におけるヘモグロビン濃度の測定により示されるように、灌流が有意に減少した(図2B)。
miR−92の阻害が血管成長の刺激を引き起こすか否かについてさらに試験した。miR−92を2’−O−メチルアンチセンスオリゴリボヌクレオチド(O−メチル−miR−92)により阻害し、in vitroでの血管構造の形成をスフェロイドアッセイを用いて判定した。O−メチル−miR−92によりin vitroでの発芽形成が増加し(図3A)、これによりmiR−92の阻害が、血管新生を改善するための新たな治療戦略であり得ることが示された。この仮説について試験するために、miR−92を、特異的miRNAと比較して相補的配列を有する一本鎖RNAオリゴヌクレオチドである、いわゆる「アンタゴmir」を用いて全身的に阻害した。化学修飾により安定性が増大し、コレステロール抱合により細胞への取り込みが改善した(文献15)。miR−92に対するアンタゴmirを、図3Bに示されるように3日投与した。アンタゴmirの全身投与により、in vivoで血管成長及び「マトリゲルプラグ」の灌流が改善した(図3C/図3D)。結果として、miR−92の阻害により、in vitroで内皮細胞の機能が増大し、in vivoで血管成長が改善する。
miRNAは、標的mRNAの分解又は翻訳抑制により標的遺伝子を調節する。miR−92の過剰発現に応じて分解される標的mRNAを決定するために、54681個の遺伝子を含むアフィメトリクスmRNA遺伝子発現アレイ(HG−U133 Plus 2)を用いたチップ解析を行った。制御されるmRNAを解析することにより、eNOS、SIRT1、インテグリン、及びアンジオポエチン−2等の成長因子を含む、内皮機能を調節する種々の鍵酵素が同定された(図4A)。下方制御された遺伝子の一部に対し、コンピュータによる潜在的miR−92標的の解析が可能であった(表1)。画面上の結果を確認するために、個々の遺伝子のタンパク質発現をウエスタンブロット法又はFACS解析を用いて検出した。予測された結果と一致して、eNOS、SIRT1、及びインテグリンα5のタンパク質発現は、pre−miR−92により有意に抑制された(図4B〜図4E)。
1 Carmeliet,P. (2000) Mechanisms of angiogenesis and arteriogenesis. Nat Med 6 (4),389-395.
2 Adams,R.H. and Alitalo, K. (2007) Molecular regulation of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis.Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 8 (6), 464-478 3 Bartel, D.P. (2004) MicroRNAs: genomics,biogenesis, mechanism, and function. Cell 116 (2), 281-297
4 Hofacker,I.L. (2007) How microRNAs choose their targets. Nat Genet 39 (10), 1191- 1192
5 Yang,W.J. et al. (2005) Dicer is required for embryonic angiogenesis during mouse development.J Biol Chem 280 (10), 9330-9335
6 Suarez,Y. et al. (2007) Dicer dependent microRNAs regulate gene expression and functionsin human endothelial cells. Circ Res 100 (8), 1164-1173
7 Kuehbacher,A. et al. (2007) Role of Dicer and Drosha for endothelial microRNA expressionand angiogenesis. Circ Res 101 (1), 59-68
8 Poliseno,L. et al. (2006) MicroRNAs modulate the angiogenic properties of HUVECs. Blood108 (9), 3068-3071
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14 Kim,S. et al. (2000) Regulation of integrin alpha vbeta 3-mediated endothelial cellmigration and angiogenesis by integrin alpha5beta1 and protein kinase A. J BiolChem 275 (43), 33920-33928.
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Claims (4)
- miR−92に対するアンチセンス分子を有効成分とし、該アンチセンス分子を細胞に導入することにより、miR−92の発現を減少させることを特徴とする、心筋梗塞または冠状動脈閉塞により生じた虚血という病的状態の治療剤。
- miR−92に対するアンチセンス分子を有効成分として含む、心筋梗塞または冠状動脈閉塞により生じた虚血という病的状態の治療のための医薬組成物。
- アンチセンス分子が、配列番号1〜配列番号5のいずれか1つによる配列を有する分子とハイブリダイズする配列を含むアンチセンス分子であって、最大で30ヌクレオチド長、又は15〜22ヌクレオチド長であるアンチセンス分子、又は配列番号6、配列番号8、若しくは配列番号11による配列を有するアンチセンス分子である、請求項2に記載の医薬組成物。
- 心筋梗塞または冠状動脈閉塞により生じた虚血という病的状態を治療する医薬組成物を作製するためのmiR−92に対するアンチセンス分子の使用。
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