JP5845271B2 - バイオマス或いは有機性廃棄物から炭化水素を製造する方法 - Google Patents
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Description
バイオマスという用語は、主に、トウモロコシ、大豆、亜麻の種子、油菜の種子、砂糖黍、及びヤシ油などの植物性ソースについて使われるが、前記用語は、一般に、現在生きている全ての有機体、または炭素サイクルにおいて一部分を占めるそれらの代謝副産物にまで拡張できる。
また、嫌気性発酵は、発酵が容易で収率が高く、木質系や海藻類などの陸上海上バイオマス、生ごみや下水スラッジ、トウモロコシの茎、黍の茎、動物の糞尿などの農業廃棄物、並びにパーム廃棄物(Palm Waste)などの広範囲な範囲のバイオマス及び有機性廃棄物の処理が可能であるという利点があるが、バイオマス以外には高付加化方案が全くない実情である。
そこで、本発明の目的は、混合有機酸を原料として用いて、効率よくエネルギーを節減して多様な炭化水素を製造することができるようにする、新規方法を提供することにある。
特に、混合有機酸から多様な炭化水素を選択的に製造し、ワンポット反応(one pot reaction)でエネルギーを効率よく節減することにより、最終製品の付加価値極大化を実現することができる。
本発明は、バイオマス或いは有機性廃棄物から炭化水素を製造することが可能な方法に関する。本発明によれば、原料として用いられるバイオマス或いは有機性廃棄物は、トウモロコシの茎、パーム廃棄物(Palm Waste)、生ごみ、スラッジ、及びこれらの混合物よりなる群から選択できるが、これに限定されない。
一方、一般なバイオガス化技術の発酵工程は2つの嫌気性発酵から構成されるが、一番目の嫌気性発酵を介して混合有機酸を得、二番目の嫌気性発酵を介してバイオマスを生産する。
本発明に係る方法に対する概略的な流れ図が図1及び図2に示されている。図1及び図2を参照すると、本発明の方法は、(a)バイオマスまたは有機性廃棄物から嫌気性発酵を介して混合有機酸を製造する段階、(b)前記混合有機酸から触媒を用いてケトン化反応を介して混合ケトンを製造する段階と、(c)前記混合ケトンから炭化水素を触媒を用いて単一反応器で製造する段階とを含んでなり、前記(b)及び(c)反応は水を含むことにより、炭化水素を製造することができる。
前記(a)段階のバイオマスまたは有機性廃棄物から嫌気性発酵を介して混合有機酸を製造するためには、破砕などの前処理を経た原料物質を水と混合して発酵菌株のある酸発酵槽に仕込み、一定の反応温度で一定の時間嫌気性発酵を行う。このような工程を経ると、水に溶解した混合有機酸を得ることができる。
一方、前記(b)段階は触媒を含むが、前記触媒はMnO、CeO、ZnO、CaO、MgO、ZrO、BeO、SrO、BaO、K2O、Rb2O、Cs2O、Na2O、Li2Oまたはこれらの混合酸化物よりなる群から選ばれる物質を含む。
一方、前記(c)段階は単一触媒系で反応が行われることが好ましく、前記単一触媒系は、物理的に混合し、或いはバインダー物質を用いて成形する形で構成し、或いは触媒を二重層に構成する方式で構成する。
一方、反応に必要な水素は、混合有機酸の製造の際に未反応固体残留物をガス化器(gasifier)に送ってH2の生産に活用することができ、原料の一部を発酵の前に直接ガス化器に送ってH2の生産に活用することもできる。
本実施例における触媒の製造は、公知の文献を参考して製造した[J. Mol. Cat. A 227(2005) 231]。Ce(NO3)3・6H2O(40mol%)とMn(NO3)3・6H2O(60mol%)からなる10wt%の前駆体水溶液を製造した後、200mLの5Mアンモニア水溶液に激烈な攪拌の下に滴下しながら共沈させる方式で触媒を製造した。沈殿した触媒は蒸留水で3回洗浄した後、1100℃で24時間乾燥させた。その後、550℃で2時間焼成して触媒を製造した。こうして製造されたCeO2−Mn2O3触媒5gを連続反応器に入れてN2(400cc/min)を用いて400℃で1時間常圧で前処理した。前処理の後、反応器の温度を350℃に降温し、70wt%の酢酸(acetic acid)、10wt%のプロピオン酸(propionic acid)、10wt%の酪酸(butyric acid)および10wt%のH2Oからなる原料を3cc/minで反応器に注入し、反応を行った。反応中、N2流速は400cc/minに維持した。反応後に得られた試料の有機物成分はGCとGC−MSで分析した。反応24時間後に得られたサンプルの構成は下記表1のとおりである。Karl−Fischer法で分析した水の含量は25.3wt%であった。
60wt%のジメチルケトン(アセトン)、10wt%のメチルエチルケトン及び30wt%のH2Oからなる混合ケトン水溶液を原料として用いて0.25wt%のPd/Nb2O5とNi−Mo/ZrO2の2種の物質の混合物を触媒として用いて炭化水素を製造する実験を行った。0.25wt%のPd/Nb2O5触媒は、ニオブ酸(Niobic Acid)にPd(NO3)2(10wt%のAldrich)をIncipient wetness法で担持した後、393Kで3時間乾燥させ、533Kで3時間空気雰囲気で焼成して製造した。Ni−Mo/ZrO2触媒は、ZrO2を担体として用いて、モリブデンが約10wt%、Niが約3wt%となるように製造した。製造に使用されたMo前駆体としてはAHM(Ammonium heptamolybdate tetrahydrate)を使用し、Ni前駆体としてはNNH(Nickel nitrate hexahydrate)を使用した。まず、AHMを蒸留水に溶かして製造した水溶液をZrO2担体に含浸させた後、423Kで2時間乾燥させ、しかる後に、732Kで2時間連続的に焼成してMo/ZrO2を製造した。その後、NNHを蒸留水に溶かし、前記Mo/ZrO2触媒を含浸させた後、423Kで2時間乾燥させ、ついで732Kで2時間連続的に焼成してNi−Mo/ZrO2触媒を製造した。
Claims (6)
- (a)バイオマスまたは有機性廃棄物から嫌気性発酵を介して混合有機酸を製造する段階と、
(b)前記混合有機酸から触媒を用いてケトン化反応を介して混合ケトンを製造する段階と、
(c)前記混合ケトンから炭化水素を単一触媒系のアルドール縮合反応触媒と水添反応又は水添脱酸素化反応触媒とを用いて単一反応器でアルドール縮合反応と水添反応と水添脱酸素化反応を介して製造する段階とを含んでなり、
前記(b)及び(c)反応は水を含み、
前記アルドール縮合反応触媒は、CeZrOx、CuZrOx、ハイドロタルサイト、ニオビウムオキシド、アルミナ、シリカ、シリカ−アルミナ、ジルコニア、チタニア、これらの混合酸化物及びゼオライトを含む分子篩よりなる群から選ばれ、
前記水添反応又は水添脱酸素化反応触媒は、Pd、Pt、Rh、Ru、Ni、NiMo、CoMo、NiW及びCoWよりなる群から選ばれることを特徴とする、炭化水素の製造方法。 - 前記(b)段階が150〜400℃の温度、1〜50気圧の圧力で行われることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の炭化水素の製造方法。
- 前記(b)段階が200〜300℃の温度、5〜30気圧の圧力で行われることを特徴とする、請求項2に記載の炭化水素の製造方法。
- 前記(b)段階の触媒が、MnO、CeO、ZnO、CaO、MgO、ZrO、BeO、SrO、BaO、K2O、Rb2O、Cs2O、Na2O、Li2Oおよびこれらの混合酸化物よりなる群から選ばれる物質を含むことを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の炭化水素の製造方法。
- 前記(c)段階が80〜500℃の温度範囲、1〜200barの水素圧力範囲で行われることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の炭化水素の製造方法。
- 前記(c)段階が100〜400℃の温度範囲、5〜50barの水素圧力範囲で行われることを特徴とする、請求項5に記載の炭化水素の製造方法。
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