JP5805317B2 - Heat pump device, air conditioner and refrigerator - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to a heat pump apparatus using a compressor, and more particularly to a heat pump apparatus applied to an air conditioner, a refrigerator, a hot water machine, and the like.

  As a conventional heat pump device, there is one that supplies a high-frequency low voltage to a compressor during operation stop during heating in order to improve the rising speed at the start of heating of the air conditioner (see, for example, Patent Document 1). . As a similar technique, there is one that supplies a single-phase AC voltage having a higher frequency than that during normal operation to the compressor when the ambient temperature of the air conditioner is detected as being low (see, for example, Patent Document 2).

  Also, in the restraint energization that preheats the compressor to prevent the occurrence of the refrigerant stagnation phenomenon, as a drive signal of the compressor motor, a two-phase modulation type PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) output at a predetermined phase angle Some generate a signal that performs a stationary output (see, for example, Patent Document 3).

  In general, as a measure to prevent stagnation in the compressor, when the compressor is stopped, the inside of the compressor is heated by a heater or the compressor motor windings are energized with restraint (voltage that does not drive the compressor motor) by an inverter. The inside of the compressor is heated. However, there is a problem that power is always consumed for heating in the compressor during operation stop, and standby power is increased. Therefore, in conventional compressor heating control, the outside air temperature is detected by an outside air temperature detector, and when the detected outside air temperature exceeds a predetermined value, the energization or heating by the heater is stopped to reduce power consumption. (For example, refer to Patent Document 4).

  In addition, the above method is to predict the refrigerant state in the compressor by detecting the outside air temperature and the temperature of other parts, but directly by installing a sensor for detecting the refrigerant state in the compressor. There is a method for detecting the refrigerant state. This method includes a heater that heats the compressor and an insulation resistance sensor that detects the electrical resistance of the refrigerant and the refrigeration oil, and the heater is energized when the insulation resistance value detected by the sensor falls below a predetermined value. Then, two-phase separation of the refrigerant is prevented by heating the refrigerator oil. In addition, when the insulation resistance value is equal to or greater than a predetermined value, the power supply to the heater is reduced by stopping energization to the heater (see, for example, Patent Document 5).

Japanese Utility Model Publication No. 60-68341 JP-A-61-91445 JP 2007-166766 A JP 2000-292014 A JP 2000-145640 A

  In Patent Documents 1 and 2 described above, a technique is shown in which a high-frequency AC voltage is applied to the compressor in response to a decrease in the outside air temperature to heat or keep the compressor, thereby smoothing the lubricating action inside the compressor. ing.

  However, Patent Document 1 does not have a detailed description of the high-frequency low voltage, and does not consider the output change depending on the stop position of the rotor, so there is a possibility that the desired heating amount of the compressor cannot be obtained. There was a problem.

  On the other hand, Patent Document 2 describes that a voltage is applied by a high-frequency single-phase AC power source of 25 kHz, noise suppression by removing from the audible range, vibration suppression by removing the resonance frequency, and winding. The effects of reducing the input current and reducing the temperature rise due to the inductance of the wire, and suppressing the rotation of the rotating part of the compressor are shown.

  However, since the technique of Patent Document 2 is a high-frequency single-phase AC power supply, as shown in FIG. 3 of Patent Document 2, the entire off section in which all the switching elements are turned off occurs relatively long. . At this time, the high-frequency current is regenerated to the DC power supply without circulating the motor through the freewheeling diode, the current in the off section decays quickly, the high-frequency current does not flow efficiently to the motor, and the heating efficiency of the compressor is poor. There was a problem of becoming. In addition, when a small motor with a small iron loss is used, there is a problem that the amount of heat generated with respect to the applied voltage is small, and the necessary heating amount cannot be obtained with a voltage within the usable range.

  Patent Document 3 discloses a technique for performing preheating so that the rotor does not rotate by performing constrained energization for passing a direct current to the motor windings.

  However, recent motor high-efficiency designs tend to reduce motor winding resistance. In the preheating method shown in Patent Document 3 in which a direct current is passed through a motor winding, the amount of heat generated is the square of the winding resistance and current. Therefore, the current increases as the winding resistance decreases. As a result, heat generation due to increased loss of the inverter becomes a problem, and another problem of reduced reliability and increased cost to the heat dissipation structure occurs.

  Moreover, although the heating control of the compressor described in the patent document 4 shortens the heating time of the compressor by the outside air temperature and reduces the power consumption during the operation stop, the refrigerant state in the compressor from the outside air temperature is reduced. The refrigerant state is not reliably detected. When the operation is stopped, the refrigerant in the refrigerant circuit has a characteristic of gathering at the lowest temperature portion, and the refrigerant often accumulates in the compressor when the outside air temperature at which the temperature difference between the indoor unit and the outdoor unit becomes large is low. However, even when the outside air temperature is high due to a temperature difference in the refrigerant circuit of the outdoor unit, there is a state where the temperature of the compressor is the lowest in the refrigerant circuit of the outdoor unit. Even when the outside air temperature is low, the outdoor heat exchanger may be cooler than the compressor in the refrigerant circuit of the outdoor unit, and the refrigerant may not accumulate in the compressor. For this reason, the compressor is heated even when it is not actually necessary (no refrigerant stagnation occurs), and wasteful power is consumed. In addition, when the refrigerant stagnation, which actually requires heating of the compressor, is stopped, the heating of the compressor may be stopped, thereby causing a problem such as breakage of the compressor shaft.

Moreover, in the refrigeration apparatus described in Patent Document 5, an insulation resistance sensor is installed below the oil supply pipe of the compressor, and two-phase separation between the refrigerant and the refrigeration oil is detected by the insulation resistance. Only when the insulation resistance becomes a predetermined value or less, the heater is energized to heat the refrigerating machine oil, thereby reducing power consumption during stoppage. However, there is a problem that an expensive insulation resistance sensor is required to accurately detect the insulation resistance.

  This invention is made | formed in view of the above, Comprising: It aims at obtaining the heat pump apparatus, air conditioner, and refrigerator which can heat a compressor stably.

  Moreover, it aims at obtaining the heat pump apparatus, air conditioner, and refrigerator which can implement | achieve required heating efficiently.

In order to solve the above-described problems and achieve the object, the present invention includes a compressor having a compression mechanism that compresses a refrigerant and a motor that drives the compression mechanism, and an inverter that applies a voltage that drives the motor. , and a plurality of temperature sensors for detecting the temperature of the compressor, applied a normal operation mode for compressing refrigerant to the compressor to normal operation, the voltage of the high frequency higher than the normal operation mode to the motor And a heating operation mode for heating the compressor. In the heating operation mode, the voltage is generated according to the temperatures detected by the plurality of temperature sensors.

  The heat pump device according to the present invention can stably and efficiently heat the compressor to avoid the refrigerant stagnation phenomenon, and can achieve energy saving.

FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a configuration example of the heat pump device according to the first embodiment. FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating an example of a main configuration of the heat pump device. FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a signal generation method for one phase (U phase) of the PWM signal generation unit. FIG. 4 is a diagram showing eight switching patterns in the first embodiment. FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating an example of a PWM signal when V * is an arbitrary value and the high-frequency phase command θk output from the heating command unit is switched between 0 ° and 180 °. FIG. 6 is an explanatory diagram of a voltage vector change corresponding to the operation shown in FIG. FIG. 7 is a flowchart illustrating an operation example in the heating control mode of the inverter control unit included in the heat pump device of the first embodiment. FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating an output from a temperature sensor provided in the compressor 1 and a state of temperature change of the compressor. FIG. 9 is a diagram showing the relationship between the breakdown voltage and the on-resistance of the silicon device (hereinafter referred to as Si device) and the SiC device. FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating a configuration example of the heat pump device according to the third embodiment. FIG. 11 is a Mollier diagram of the state of the refrigerant in the heat pump apparatus shown in FIG.

  Hereinafter, embodiments of a heat pump device, an air conditioner, and a refrigerator according to the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. Note that the present invention is not limited to the embodiments.

Embodiment 1 FIG.
FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a configuration example of a first embodiment of a heat pump device according to the present invention. The heat pump device 100 of the present embodiment constitutes an air conditioner, for example, and the compressor 1, the four-way valve 2, the heat exchanger 3, the expansion mechanism 4 and the heat exchanger 5 are sequentially connected via the refrigerant pipe 6. Provided with a refrigeration cycle. Inside the compressor 1, there are provided a compression mechanism 7 that compresses the refrigerant and a motor 8 that operates the compression mechanism 7. The motor 8 is a three-phase motor having three-phase windings of U phase, V phase, and W phase.

  An inverter unit 9 that drives the motor 8 by applying a voltage is electrically connected to the motor 8. The inverter unit 9 uses DC voltage (bus voltage) Vdc as a power source and applies voltages Vu, Vv, and Vw to the U-phase, V-phase, and W-phase windings of the motor 8, respectively. An inverter control unit 10 is electrically connected to the inverter unit 9. The inverter control unit 10 includes a normal operation mode control unit 11, a heating operation mode control unit 12 having a refrigerant estimation unit 14 and a high-frequency energization unit 13, a drive signal generation unit 15, an ambient temperature detection unit 31, and a refrigerant amount determination. Unit (at the start of heating operation) 30, and outputs a signal (for example, PWM signal) for driving the inverter unit 9 to the inverter unit 9.

  In the inverter control unit 10, the normal operation mode control unit 11 is used when the heat pump device 100 performs a normal operation. The normal operation mode control unit 11 controls the drive signal generation unit 15 to output a PWM signal for rotating the motor 8 as an inverter drive signal.

  The heating operation mode control unit 12 is used when the compressor 1 is heated. The heating operation mode control unit 12 controls the drive signal generation unit 15 to flow a high-frequency current (high-frequency voltage) that cannot be followed by the motor 8 to heat the compressor 1 without rotating the motor 8. The signal is output as an inverter drive signal. At that time, the high-frequency energization unit 13 controls the drive signal generation unit 15 based on the estimation result of the refrigerant amount estimated by the signals from the temperature sensors 35 a and 35 b that detect the temperature of the compressor 1 in the refrigerant amount estimation unit 14. Control. Then, the drive signal generation unit 15 outputs a PWM signal based on the control from the high-frequency energization unit 13 and drives the inverter unit 9 to warm and vaporize the liquid refrigerant staying in the compressor 1 in a short time, The compressor 1 is discharged outside.

  FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating an example of a main configuration of the heat pump device. As shown in the figure, the inverter unit 9 uses the bus voltage Vdc as a power source, includes six switching elements (21a, 21b, 21c, 21d, 21e, and 21f), and has an upper side (the letter representing the upper element is P). This is a circuit in which three series connection parts composed of switching elements on the lower side (letter representing the lower element is N) are connected in parallel. The inverter unit 9 drives the switching elements corresponding to the PWM signals (UP, UN, VP, VN, WP, WN), which are drive signals input from the inverter control unit 10, to thereby generate a three-phase voltage. Vu, Vv, and Vw are generated, and voltages are applied to the U-phase, V-phase, and W-phase windings of the motor 8, respectively. A voltage sensor 36 for detecting Vdc is provided on the input side of the inverter unit 9 (supply side of the bus voltage Vdc).

  The inverter control unit 10 includes a refrigerant amount estimation unit 14 and a high-frequency energization unit 13 that constitute the heating operation mode control unit 12 illustrated in FIG. 1, and a drive signal generation unit 15. The refrigerant amount estimation unit 14 includes a temperature detection circuit unit 27 and a refrigerant amount determination unit 28. The high-frequency energization unit 13 includes a heating command unit 29. The inverter control unit 10 includes an ambient temperature detection unit 31 and a refrigerant amount determination unit (at the start of heating operation) 30 that determines the refrigerant amount based on a signal from the ambient temperature detection unit. The drive signal generation unit 15 includes a voltage command value generation unit 25 and a PWM signal generation unit 24. In FIG. 2, only components that perform characteristic operations in the heat pump apparatus of the present embodiment are described, and the description of the normal operation mode control unit 11 shown in FIG. 1 is omitted. .

  The heating operation mode control unit 12 (the refrigerant amount estimation unit 14 and the high frequency energization unit 13) generates a high frequency voltage command Vk and a high frequency phase command θk in the heating operation mode, and inputs them to the drive signal generation unit 15.

  In the drive signal generation unit 15, the voltage command value generation unit 25 has three phases (U phase, V phase, W phase) based on the high frequency voltage command Vk and the high frequency phase command θk input from the high frequency energization unit 13. Voltage commands Vu *, Vv *, Vw * are generated. The PWM signal generation unit 24 generates PWM signals (UP, VP, WP, UN, VN, WN) based on the three-phase voltage commands Vu *, Vv *, Vw * and drives the inverter unit 9, thereby A voltage is applied to the motor 8. At this time, a high frequency voltage is applied so that the rotor of the motor 8 does not rotate, and the compressor 1 (see FIG. 1) including the motor 8 is heated. The drive signal generator 15 also generates a PWM signal when the heat pump device operates in the normal operation mode. The PWM signal generation method in this case is the same as that in the case of operating in the heating operation mode except that the input information (information corresponding to the above Vk and θk) is different.

  Hereinafter, the characteristic operation of the heat pump apparatus of Embodiment 1 will be described in detail. The refrigerant quantity estimation unit 14 estimates the refrigerant quantity from the difference information between the temperatures detected by the plurality of temperature sensors 35a and 35b and the difference information from the initial temperature. Detection signals from the temperature sensors 35a and 35b are input to the temperature detection circuit unit 27, and the temperature detection circuit unit 27 detects between the temperatures detected by the temperature sensors 35a and 35b based on the detection results of the temperature sensors 35a and 35b. A difference (difference information) or a difference (difference information) from the initial temperature is obtained, and the difference information is input to the refrigerant amount determination unit 28. The refrigerant amount determination unit 28 estimates the refrigerant state (refrigerant amount) based on the input difference information, and outputs the estimation result to the heating command unit 29. The detection timing of the temperature sensors 35a and 35b is always performed at the initial stage and during heating. In the present embodiment, the position and number of the temperature sensors 35a and 35b are not particularly defined. It is only necessary that the temperature of the compressor can be detected and the difference information can be obtained by a plurality of temperature sensors.

  In addition, the ambient temperature detection unit 31 detects the outside air temperature (ambient temperature) and inputs the detection result to the refrigerant amount determination unit (at the start of heating operation) 30. The refrigerant quantity determination unit (at the start of heating operation) 30 estimates the refrigerant state (refrigerant quantity) based on the outside air temperature.

  Conventionally, there is a method of predicting the refrigerant state inside the compressor from the outside air temperature, and determining that the refrigerant is in a stagnation state when the outside air temperature is equal to or higher than a predetermined value. The ambient temperature detection unit 31 and the refrigerant amount determination unit (at the start of heating operation) 30 of the present embodiment thus determine whether or not the refrigerant is in the stagnation state based on the outside air temperature. However, such estimation based on the outside air temperature does not reliably detect the refrigerant state. In particular, the refrigerant in the refrigerant circuit during the operation stop has a characteristic of collecting at the lowest temperature portion, and the refrigerant often accumulates in the compressor when the outside air temperature at which the temperature difference between the indoor unit and the outdoor unit becomes large is low.

  Therefore, in the present embodiment, the temperature of the compressor 1 is detected by the plurality of temperature sensors 35a and 35b so that the refrigerant state can be accurately grasped even when the operation is stopped. For example, whether or not to start the heating operation is determined using a refrigerant state estimation result based on the outside air temperature, and the high-frequency phase command θk during the heating operation is determined by the plurality of temperature sensors 35a and 35b. This is calculated using the estimation result.

  In the high-frequency energization unit 13 that operates as the amplitude phase determination unit, the heating command unit 29 determines the heating output based on the refrigerant amount estimation result from the refrigerant amount estimation unit 14 and the refrigerant amount determination unit 30 based on the refrigerant amount determination result. To do. An example of the refrigerant amount estimation method by the refrigerant amount estimation unit 14 will be described later.

  In the heat pump device of the present embodiment, the heating command unit 29 generates and outputs a high-frequency phase command θk based on the estimation result of the refrigerant amount so as to estimate the refrigerant amount and obtain a necessary calorific value, and compresses it. The machine 1 is heated stably. Thereby, the voltage phase θk for obtaining the heating output corresponding to the refrigerant amount can be set. Further, by adjusting the voltage phase and the voltage command value according to the refrigerant amount, it is possible to provide the heating performance desired by the user while realizing energy saving.

  The heating command unit 29 obtains a voltage phase θk for energizing the motor 8 based on an estimation signal (a refrigerant amount estimation result) from the refrigerant amount estimation unit 14 (refrigerant amount determination unit 28). For example, when energizing the winding corresponding to the 0 ° position of the motor 8, θk = 0 is output. However, when continuous energization is performed at a fixed value, only a specific portion of the motor 8 may generate heat, so that θk may be changed over time.

  As described above, if the amount of refrigerant can be estimated, the liquid refrigerant can be discharged by performing heating as much as necessary. By energizing with the output according to the estimation result, the liquid refrigerant in the compressor 1 can be discharged reliably, and the reliability of the apparatus is improved. Further, when the amount of refrigerant is small, energy is saved by adjusting the output.

  Further, the heating command unit 29 outputs a voltage command V * necessary for heat generation based on the required heating amount. For example, the voltage command V * corresponding to the required heating amount can be obtained by storing the relationship between the required heating amount and the voltage command V * in advance as table data. The required heating amount is information specified by the user.

The high frequency energization unit 13 generates a high frequency voltage command Vk based on the bus voltage Vdc detected by the voltage sensor 36 and the voltage command V * input from the heating command unit 29. The high frequency voltage command Vk is expressed by the following equation using the voltage command V * and the bus voltage Vdc.
Vk = V * × √2 / Vdc

  Note that the high-frequency voltage command Vk may be corrected based on these data in consideration of temperature information from the ambient temperature detector 31 and the temperature sensors 35a and 35b, data on the compressor structure, and the like. By correcting in this way, a more accurate value corresponding to the operating environment can be obtained, and the reliability can be improved.

  In addition, the angular frequency ω can be increased by setting the driving frequency of the high-frequency current high. As ω increases, the iron loss increases and the amount of heat generation increases, so that energy saving can be achieved. Note that when high-frequency energization is performed at a frequency included in the human audible range, noise is generated by the electromagnetic sound of the motor 8, so the frequency is set outside the audible range (for example, 20 kHz or more). Note that at least one of the frequency, phase, and amplitude of the high-frequency current can be set by an input from the user.

  Next, an operation in which the drive signal generation unit 15 generates a PWM signal as a drive signal for the inverter unit 9 will be described.

  In the drive signal generation unit 15 that generates the PWM signal, the voltage command value generation unit 25 first generates voltage command values Vu *, Vv *, and Vw * based on the high-frequency voltage command Vk and the phase command θk.

Although the motor 8 is a three-phase motor, in the case of a three-phase motor, the three-phase phases of U, V, and W are generally 120 ° (= 2π / 3) different from each other. Therefore, the voltage command value generation unit 25 uses a cosine wave (sine wave) having a phase different by 2π / 3 as shown in the following equations (1) to (3) as Vu *, Vv *, and Vw *. A voltage command value for each phase is generated by substituting the high-frequency voltage command Vk and the voltage phase θk for V * and θ, respectively.
Vu * = V * × cos θ (1)
Vv * = V * × cos (θ− (2π / 3)) (2)
Vw * = V * × cos (θ + (2π / 3)) (3)

  When the voltage command values Vu *, Vv *, Vw * are generated by the voltage command value generation unit 25, the PWM signal generation unit 24 then receives the voltage command values Vu *, Vu *, Vv * and Vw * are compared with a carrier signal (reference signal) having a predetermined frequency and an amplitude of Vdc / 2, and PWM signals UP, VP, WP, UN, VN, and WN are generated based on the mutual magnitude relationship.

  In the above equations (1) to (3), the voltage command values Vu *, Vv *, and Vw * are obtained by a simple trigonometric function. However, two-phase modulation and third-order harmonic superposition modulation are also used. The voltage command values Vu *, Vv *, and Vw * may be obtained by a technique such as space vector modulation.

  A method for generating a PWM signal by the PWM signal generation unit 24 will be described in detail. Since the generation method of the PWM signal corresponding to each phase of the U phase, the V phase, and the W phase is the same, the generation method of the U phase PWM signals UP and UN will be described here as an example.

FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a signal generation method for one phase of the PWM signal generation unit 24, and illustrates a method of generating a U-phase PWM signal. The triangular wave shown in FIG. 3 is the carrier signal, and the sine wave is the voltage command value Vu *. The signal generation method shown in FIG. 3 corresponds to a technique generally called asynchronous PWM. The PWM signal generator 24 compares the voltage command value Vu * with a carrier signal having an amplitude Vdc / 2 (Vdc indicates a DC bus voltage) at a predetermined frequency, and generates PWM signals UP and UN based on the magnitude relationship between them. To do. That is, when the carrier signal is larger than the voltage command value Vu *, UP is turned on and UN is turned off. Otherwise, UP is turned off and UN is turned on. The amplitude and phase of the carrier signal are fixed.

  FIG. 4 is a diagram showing eight switching patterns in the first embodiment. In FIG. 4, voltage vectors generated in each switching pattern are V0 to V7. The voltage direction of each voltage vector is represented by ± U, ± V, ± W (0 if no voltage is generated). Here, + U is a voltage that generates a current in the U-phase direction that flows into the motor 8 via the U-phase and flows out of the motor 8 via the V-phase and the W-phase, and −U is the V-phase. And a voltage that generates a current in the -U-phase direction that flows into the motor 8 through the W phase and flows out of the motor 8 through the U phase. The same applies to ± V and ± W.

  The inverter unit 9 can output a desired voltage by outputting a voltage vector by combining the switching patterns shown in FIG. In the case of the operation of compressing the refrigerant in the compressor 1 with the motor 8 (operation in the normal operation mode), the operation is generally performed at several tens to several kHz or less. At this time, by changing θk at a high speed, a harmonic voltage exceeding several kHz can be output, and the compressor 1 can be energized and heated (heating operation mode).

However, for a typical inverter, the carrier frequency is the frequency of the carrier signal for the upper limit is determined by the switching speed of the switching elements of the inverter, it is difficult to output a career frequency or high-frequency voltage. In the case of a general IGBT (Insulate Gate Bipolar Transistor), the upper limit of the switching speed is about 20 kHz. Moreover, when the frequency of the high frequency voltage is about 1/10 of the carrier frequency, the waveform output accuracy of the high frequency voltage is deteriorated, and there is a risk of adverse effects such as superposition of a direct current component. That is, when the carrier frequency is 20 kHz and the frequency of the high-frequency voltage is set to 2 kHz, which is 1/10 of the carrier frequency, the frequency of the high-frequency voltage is in the audible frequency range, and there is a concern about noise deterioration. Therefore, the PWM signal generation unit 24 avoids noise deterioration by generating a PWM signal synchronized with the carrier signal by the following method.

  FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating an example of a PWM signal when V * is an arbitrary value and the high-frequency phase command θk output from the heating command unit 29 is switched between 0 ° and 180 °. The PWM signal generation unit 24 switches the PWM signal synchronized with the carrier signal by switching between 0 ° and 180 ° at the timing of the top or bottom (or top and bottom) of the carrier signal (triangular wave). Can be generated. At this time, the voltage vectors are V0 (UP = VP = WP = 0), V4 (UP = 1, VP = WP = 0), V7 (UP = VP = WP = 1), V3 (UP = 0, VP = WP). = 1), V0 (UP = VP = WP = 0),...

  FIG. 6 is an explanatory diagram of a voltage vector change corresponding to the operation shown in FIG. In FIG. 6, the switching elements surrounded by broken lines are turned on, and the switching elements not surrounded by broken lines are turned off. As shown in FIG. 6, when the V0 vector and the V7 vector are applied, the lines of the motor 8 are short-circuited and no voltage is output. In this case, the energy stored in the inductance of the motor 8 becomes a current and flows in the short circuit. In addition, when the V4 vector is applied, a current in the U-phase direction (current of + Iu) flows into the motor 8 via the U phase and flows out of the motor 8 via the V phase and the W phase. A current in the -U-phase direction (-Iu current) flowing into the motor 8 via the phase and the W-phase and flowing out of the motor 8 via the U-phase flows in the winding of the motor 8. That is, a current in the reverse direction flows through the winding of the motor 8 when the V4 vector is applied and when the V3 vector is applied. Since the voltage vector changes in the order of V0, V4, V7, V3, V0,..., + Iu current and −Iu current flow alternately in the winding of the motor 8. In particular, as shown in FIG. 6, since the V4 vector and the V3 vector appear during one carrier period (1 / fc), an AC voltage synchronized with the carrier frequency fc can be applied to the winding of the motor 8. Since the V4 vector (+ Iu current) and the V3 vector (−Iu current) are alternately output, the forward and reverse torques are instantaneously switched. Therefore, it is possible to control the vibration of the rotor to be suppressed by canceling the torque.

  Next, the operation of the inverter control unit 10 will be described. Here, the control operation of the inverter unit 9 when operating in the heating operation mode in which the compressor 1 is heated will be described. Note that the control operation of the inverter unit 9 when the heat pump device 100 operates in the normal operation mode is the same as the conventional one, and the description thereof is omitted.

  FIG. 7 is a flowchart illustrating an operation example of the inverter control unit 10 included in the heat pump device 100 of the first embodiment, and illustrates a control procedure in the heating operation mode. That is, the control procedure when the heating operation mode control unit 12 and the drive signal generation unit 15 generate a PWM signal as the drive signal of the inverter unit 9 is shown.

  FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating the output from the temperature sensors 35 a and 35 b included in the compressor 1 and the state of the temperature change of the compressor 1. 8 shows the time (elapsed time) t from the start of heating on the horizontal axis. The upper thermistor (temperature sensor 35a) installed at the upper part of the compressor 1 and the lower part of the compressor 1 are installed. The temperature of the lower thermistor (temperature sensor 35b) is shown. In the lower diagram of FIG. 8, the temperature is indicated by the shading of the color, and the higher the color, the higher the temperature. As shown in FIG. 8, since the compressor 1 has a relatively large heat capacity, the compressor 1 is in a uniform temperature state in a stopped state before heating, and there is almost no difference between detection values of the temperature sensors. However, in the compressor 1, since the motor 8 is installed in the upper part, when heating is started, the temperature of the upper part first rises first. Subsequently, the temperature of the lower part rises following, and it can be seen that the difference between the temperature sensors 35a and 35b disappears again after a lapse of a certain time.

In the present embodiment, such a temperature change of the compressor 1 is used to accurately estimate the refrigerant amount and perform appropriate heating. For example, the difference between the detection results of the temperature sensors 35a and 35b is the temperature difference β, the initial temperature obtained by the temperature sensors 35a and 35b (the temperature at the start of the heating operation mode) is T _0, and is obtained by the temperature sensors 35a and 35b. When the difference between the measured temperature and the initial temperature T ₀ is γ, the amount of refrigerant can be estimated using β and γ. When β is small and γ is small, it is close to the start of the heating operation mode, and it can be determined that the amount of refrigerant is large. The amount of refrigerant decreases as β increases, but β decreases as time elapses from the start of heating to some extent. On the other hand, γ increases as time elapses from the start of heating. Based on such a relationship shown in FIG. 8, the relationship between the values of β and γ and the estimated amount of refrigerant is held in a conditional expression and a table format, and the amount of refrigerant corresponding to the values of β and γ is estimated. The amount can be determined.

  In addition, instead of β and γ, the relationship between the temperature detected by the temperature sensors 35a and 35b and the estimated amount of the refrigerant is held in a conditional expression or a table format, and the refrigerant amount is determined based on the detection results of the temperature sensors 35a and 35b. An estimated amount may be obtained. Furthermore, without intermediary processing of estimating the refrigerant amount, the relationship between the values of the temperature sensors 35a and 35b and the output of the inverter unit 9 (for example, the high frequency phase command θk) is maintained, and the temperature sensors 35a and 35b are maintained. The high-frequency phase command θk may be directly obtained based on the detection result.

  An example of the control procedure in the heating operation mode of the present embodiment will be described with reference to FIGS. First, the heating operation mode control unit 12 of the inverter control unit 10 is in a standby state, and determines whether or not information for determining the transition to the heating operation mode is detected (step S1). The information for determining whether or not the transition to the heating operation mode is necessary is, for example, whether information from the ambient temperature detection unit 31 or the temperature sensors 35a and 35b of the compressor 1 and an operation command are input from the outside. Such information. When information for determining the transition to the heating operation mode is detected (Yes in step S1), the heating operation mode control unit 12 determines whether or not the transition to the heating operation mode is necessary based on the acquired information. (Step S2). In step S2, for example, when a predetermined operation command (operation start command of the heat pump device 100) is input from the outside and occurrence of the refrigerant stagnation phenomenon is predicted at that time (for example, the ambient environmental temperature gradient is a threshold value) If this is the case, it is determined that the operation in the heating operation mode is necessary.

  When information for determining the transition to the heating operation mode is not detected (no operation in the heating operation mode is necessary) (No in step S1), it is determined that the transition to the heating operation mode is not necessary in the determination in step S2. If so (No in step S2), the process returns to step S1.

  When it is determined that it is necessary to shift to the heating operation mode (Yes in Step S2), the input / output current and voltage of the motor 8 are detected, and the heating operation mode is started (Step S3). Then, the drive signal generation unit 15 generates and outputs voltage command values Vu *, Vv *, and Vw * based on θk and Vk output from the heating operation mode control unit 12 (step S4). Then, the drive signal generation unit 15 generates and outputs PWM signals (UP, UN, VP, VN, WP, WN) based on the voltage command values Vu *, Vv *, Vw * (step S5), and an inverter The unit 9 is controlled. The input / output current and voltage are current and voltage (for three phases) detected at the connection point between the inverter unit 9 and the motor 8.

Next, the refrigerant amount estimation unit 14 of the heating operation mode control unit 12 detects the initial temperature T ₀ as a signal from the temperature sensors 35a and 35b (step S6). Here, the temperature indicated by the temperature sensors 35a and 35b at the start of the heating operation mode is assumed to be the same, but if the temperatures are different, an average value may be used as the initial temperature T ₀ , or either one of them may be used. The temperature may be the initial temperature T ₀ .

  Then, the heating command unit 29 maintains the heating operation mode for a certain time α from the start of the heating control mode (step S7). For example, the fixed time α from the start of the heating control mode is set in the heating command unit 29 to perform heating regardless of the estimation result of the refrigerant amount or the like.

When a certain time α has elapsed from the start of the heating control mode, the refrigerant amount estimation unit 14 calculates a temperature difference β that is a difference between detection results of the temperature sensors 35a and 35b (upper and lower thermistors) (step S8). Then, a difference γ between the initial temperature T ₀ and the detection results of the temperature sensors 35a and 35b is calculated (step S9), and based on these pieces of information, the temperature difference β is equal to or less than a threshold value and the temperature difference β is equal to or less than γ. It is determined whether it exists (step S10). In the example of FIG. 8, the difference γ is the difference between the lower temperature of the temperature sensors 35a and 35b and T ₀ .

  When the temperature difference β is equal to or smaller than the threshold value, it indicates that the temperature sensor difference between the detection results of the temperature sensors 35a and 35b is small, and is considered to be in the time zone at the right end or the left end in FIG. When the temperature difference β is less than or equal to γ, a certain time or more has elapsed and it is considered that the time difference is in the time zone near the center of FIG. 8 or the rightmost time zone. If at least one of these two conditions is not satisfied, the heating operation (heating operation mode) is continued, assuming that the sleeping refrigerant has not been eliminated yet, or is in the central time zone. When both of these two conditions are satisfied, it can be determined that it is in the time zone at the right end of FIG. 8, and it is considered that the stagnation refrigerant has been eliminated (the liquid level is sufficiently low). In the heating operation mode, efficient heating can be performed by determining and controlling θk based on β and γ as described above.

Therefore, the refrigerant amount estimation unit 14 outputs to the heating command unit 29 whether or not the stagnation refrigerant has been eliminated as an estimation result of the refrigerant amount (refrigerant state) based on the above two conditions. based on the input estimation result, it determines whether to continue the pressurized heat operation mode.

  That is, when the refrigerant amount estimation unit 14 determines that the temperature difference β is equal to or less than the threshold and the temperature difference β is equal to or less than γ (Yes in step S10), the heating command unit 29 stops the heating operation (step S11). Return to step S1.

  When it is determined by the refrigerant quantity estimation unit 14 that the temperature difference β is not less than or equal to the threshold value or the temperature difference β is not less than γ (No in step S10), the process returns to step S8 and the heating operation is continued.

Thus, in the heat pump device of the present embodiment, the inverter control unit 10 estimates the refrigerant amount from the detection results of the temperature sensors 35a and 35b provided in the compressor 1, and determines the voltage based on the estimation result and the necessary heat generation amount. The phase is determined, the PWM signal is generated, and the inverter unit 9 is controlled. Thereby, the refrigerant | coolant amount of the compressor 1 can be detected correctly and the liquid refrigerant | coolant which stayed in the compressor 1 by the heating of only necessary and sufficient quantity can be leaked outside. That is, the compressor 1 can be heated stably and efficiently.

  In addition, if the heating operation mode control unit 12 controls the inverter unit 9 so that a high-frequency voltage outside the audible frequency (20 to 20 kHz) is applied to the motor 8, noise during heating of the motor 8 can be suppressed. it can.

  Generally, the operating frequency when the compressor is operating is at most about 1 kHz. Therefore, a high frequency voltage of 1 kHz or higher may be applied to the motor 8. At this time, if a voltage of 14 kHz or more is applied to the motor 8, the vibration sound of the iron core of the motor 8 approaches the upper limit of the audible frequency, and noise can be reduced. For example, a high frequency voltage of about 20 kHz outside the audible frequency may be used.

  However, if the frequency of the high-frequency voltage exceeds the maximum rated frequency of the switching elements 21a to 21f, the element may be destroyed, which may cause a load or a power supply short circuit, resulting in smoke or fire. Set it below the frequency to ensure reliability.

  In addition, in the case of a heating device with a frequency exceeding 10 kHz and an output of 50 W, there is a restriction by the Radio Law 100, so that the amplitude of the voltage command is adjusted in advance so that it does not exceed 50 W, and the flowing current is detected to be 50 W or less. By feeding back in this manner, the compressor 1 can be heated in compliance with the Radio Law.

  In the present embodiment, the refrigerant amount is estimated based on the temperatures detected by the temperature sensors 35a and 35b. However, instead of the temperature sensors 35a and 35b, an ammeter that measures leakage current or a resistance value is measured. A liquid level may be detected by installing an insulation resistance sensor or a viscosity sensor for measuring the viscosity in the compressor 1 to estimate the amount of refrigerant.

Embodiment 2. FIG.
Next, a heat pump device according to a second embodiment of the present invention will be described. The configuration of the heat pump apparatus of the present embodiment is the same as that of the first embodiment. Components having the same functions as those in the first embodiment are denoted by the same reference numerals as those in the first embodiment, and redundant description is omitted.

FIG. 9 is a diagram showing the relationship between the breakdown voltage and the on-resistance of the silicon device (hereinafter referred to as Si device) and the SiC device. The heat pump apparatus of Embodiment 2 is demonstrated using FIG. In the heat pump apparatus of the present embodiment, the switching elements 21a to 21f shown in FIG. 2 are switching elements of silicon carbide devices (hereinafter referred to as SiC devices). At present, the mainstream is generally to use a semiconductor made of silicon (Si). It is known that a SiC device has a larger band gap than a Si device and can greatly improve the trade-off between breakdown voltage and on-resistance. For example, the induction heating cooker using the current Si device the cooling device and the heat radiating off fin is essential, can reduce greatly the element loss by using a SiC device is a wide band gap semiconductor device Yes, it is possible to reduce the size or delete the conventional cooling device and the heat radiation fin. Examples of wide band gap semiconductors other than SiC include gallium nitride-based materials and diamond.

  By changing the switching element from the conventional Si device to the SiC device as described above, it is possible to significantly reduce the loss, and it is possible to reduce the size of the cooling device and the heat radiating fins, or to delete the device. Can be made. In addition, since switching at a high frequency is possible, it is possible to allow a higher frequency current to flow through the motor 8 and reduce the current flowing into the inverter unit 9 by reducing the winding current due to an increase in the winding impedance of the motor 8. Thus, it becomes possible to obtain a more efficient heat pump device. By increasing the frequency, it becomes possible to set the drive frequency to a high frequency of 16 kHz or higher, which is the human audible range, and there is an advantage that it is easy to take measures against noise.

  In addition, when SiC is used, an electric current can be made to flow much more with a lower loss than conventional Si, so that an effect such as downsizing of the cooling fin can be obtained. Although the SiC device has been described as an example in the present embodiment, it is obvious to those skilled in the art that a wide band gap semiconductor device such as diamond or gallium nitride (GaN) is used instead of SiC. . Only the diode of each switching element provided in the inverter may be a wide band gap semiconductor. A part (at least one) of the plurality of switching elements may be formed of a wide band gap semiconductor. The effects described above can also be obtained when a wide band gap semiconductor is applied to some elements.

  In the first and second embodiments, it is assumed that an IGBT is mainly used as the switching element. However, the switching element is not limited to the IGBT, and a power MOSFET (Metal-Oxide-) having a super junction structure is used. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the same applies to semiconductor field-effect transistors), other insulated gate semiconductor devices, and bipolar transistors.

Embodiment 3 FIG.
FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating a configuration example of a third embodiment of the heat pump device according to the present invention. In this embodiment, an example of a configuration and an operation when the heat pump device described in Embodiments 1 and 2 is mounted on an air conditioner, a heat pump water heater, a refrigerator, a refrigerator, or the like will be described.

  FIG. 11 is a Mollier diagram of the state of the refrigerant in the heat pump apparatus shown in FIG. In FIG. 11, the horizontal axis represents specific enthalpy and the vertical axis represents refrigerant pressure.

In the heat pump device of the present embodiment, the compressor 51, the heat exchanger 52, the expansion mechanism 53, the receiver 54, the internal heat exchanger 55, the expansion mechanism 56, and the heat exchanger 57 are sequentially connected by piping, and the refrigerant circulates. The main refrigerant circuit 58 is configured. In the main refrigerant circuit 58, a four-way valve 59 is provided on the discharge side of the compressor 51 so that the refrigerant circulation direction can be switched. A fan 60 is provided in the vicinity of the heat exchanger 57. Moreover, the compressor 51 is the compressor 1 demonstrated in the said Embodiment 1, 2, and is a compressor which has the motor 8 and the compression mechanism 7 which are driven by the inverter part 9 (refer FIG. 1). Furthermore, the heat pump device includes an injection circuit 62 that connects between the receiver 54 and the internal heat exchanger 55 to the injection pipe of the compressor 51 by piping. An expansion mechanism 61 and an internal heat exchanger 55 are sequentially connected to the injection circuit 62. A water circuit 63 through which water circulates is connected to the heat exchanger 52. The water circuit 63 is connected to a device that uses water, such as a water heater, a radiator such as floor heating.

  The operation of the heat pump apparatus having the above configuration will be described. First, the operation during heating operation will be described. During the heating operation, the four-way valve 59 is set in the solid line direction. The heating operation includes not only heating used for air conditioning but also hot water supply that heats water to make hot water.

  The gas-phase refrigerant (point A in FIG. 11) that has become high-temperature and high-pressure in the compressor 51 is discharged from the compressor 51 and is heat-exchanged and liquefied by a heat exchanger 52 that is a condenser and a radiator. Point B). At this time, the water circulating in the water circuit 63 is warmed by the heat radiated from the refrigerant and used for heating and hot water supply.

  The liquid-phase refrigerant liquefied by the heat exchanger 52 is decompressed by the expansion mechanism 53 and becomes a gas-liquid two-phase state (point C in FIG. 11). The refrigerant in the gas-liquid two-phase state by the expansion mechanism 53 is heat-exchanged with the refrigerant sucked into the compressor 51 by the receiver 54, and is cooled and liquefied (point D in FIG. 11). The liquid phase refrigerant liquefied by the receiver 54 branches and flows into the main refrigerant circuit 58 and the injection circuit 62.

  The liquid-phase refrigerant that flows through the main refrigerant circuit 58 is heat-exchanged with the refrigerant that flows through the injection circuit 62 (the refrigerant that has been decompressed by the expansion mechanism 61 and is in a gas-liquid two-phase state) by the internal heat exchanger 55, and is further cooled. (Point E in FIG. 11). The liquid-phase refrigerant cooled by the internal heat exchanger 55 is decompressed by the expansion mechanism 56 and becomes a gas-liquid two-phase state (point F in FIG. 11). The refrigerant that has been in the gas-liquid two-phase state by the expansion mechanism 56 is heat-exchanged with the outside air by the heat exchanger 57 serving as an evaporator and heated (point G in FIG. 11). Then, the refrigerant heated by the heat exchanger 57 is further heated by the receiver 54 (point H in FIG. 11) and sucked into the compressor 51.

  On the other hand, as described above, the refrigerant flowing through the injection circuit 62 is decompressed by the expansion mechanism 61 (point I in FIG. 11) and is heat-exchanged by the internal heat exchanger 55 (point J in FIG. 11). The gas-liquid two-phase refrigerant (injection refrigerant) heat-exchanged by the internal heat exchanger 55 flows into the compressor 51 from the injection pipe of the compressor 51 in the gas-liquid two-phase state.

  In the compressor 51, the refrigerant sucked from the main refrigerant circuit 58 (point H in FIG. 11) is compressed and heated to an intermediate pressure (point K in FIG. 11). The injection refrigerant (point J in FIG. 11) joins the refrigerant compressed to the intermediate pressure and heated (point K in FIG. 11), and the temperature decreases (point L in FIG. 11). And the refrigerant | coolant (point L of FIG. 11) which temperature fell further is compressed and heated, becomes high temperature high pressure, and is discharged (point A of FIG. 11).

  When the injection operation is not performed, the opening degree of the expansion mechanism 61 is fully closed. That is, when the injection operation is performed, the opening degree of the expansion mechanism 61 is larger than the predetermined opening degree. However, when the injection operation is not performed, the opening degree of the expansion mechanism 61 is more than the predetermined opening degree. Make it smaller. Thereby, the refrigerant does not flow into the injection pipe of the compressor 51. The opening degree of the expansion mechanism 61 is controlled by electronic control using a microcomputer or the like.

  Next, the operation | movement at the time of the cooling operation of the heat pump apparatus 100 is demonstrated. During the cooling operation, the four-way valve 59 is set in a broken line direction. The cooling operation includes not only cooling used in air conditioning but also making cold water by taking heat from water, freezing and the like.

  The gas-phase refrigerant (point A in FIG. 11) that has become high temperature and pressure in the compressor 51 flows to the heat exchanger 57 side via the four-way valve 59 when discharged from the compressor 51, and is a condenser. The heat is exchanged by the heat exchanger 57 serving as a radiator and liquefies (point B in FIG. 11). The liquid-phase refrigerant liquefied by the heat exchanger 57 is decompressed by the expansion mechanism 56 and becomes a gas-liquid two-phase state (point C in FIG. 11). The refrigerant in the gas-liquid two-phase state by the expansion mechanism 56 undergoes heat exchange with the refrigerant flowing through the injection circuit 62 in the internal heat exchanger 55, and is cooled and liquefied (point D in FIG. 11). In the internal heat exchanger 55, the refrigerant that has become a gas-liquid two-phase state by the expansion mechanism 56 and the liquid-phase refrigerant that has been liquefied by the internal heat exchanger 55 have been decompressed by the expansion mechanism 61, and have become a gas-liquid two-phase state. Heat is exchanged with the refrigerant (point I in FIG. 11). The liquid refrigerant (the point D in FIG. 11) heat-exchanged by the internal heat exchanger 55 branches and flows into the main refrigerant circuit 58 and the injection circuit 62.

  The liquid-phase refrigerant flowing through the main refrigerant circuit 58 is heat-exchanged with the refrigerant sucked into the compressor 51 by the receiver 54 and further cooled (point E in FIG. 11). The liquid-phase refrigerant cooled by the receiver 54 is decompressed by the expansion mechanism 53 and becomes a gas-liquid two-phase state (point F in FIG. 11). The refrigerant that has become a gas-liquid two-phase state by the expansion mechanism 53 is heat-exchanged and heated by the heat exchanger 52 serving as an evaporator (point G in FIG. 11). At this time, when the refrigerant absorbs heat, the water circulating in the water circuit 63 is cooled and used for cooling and freezing. Then, the refrigerant heated in the heat exchanger 52 flows into the receiver 54 via the four-way valve 59, where it is further heated (point H in FIG. 11) and sucked into the compressor 51.

  On the other hand, as described above, the refrigerant flowing through the injection circuit 62 is depressurized by the expansion mechanism 61 (point I in FIG. 11) and heat exchanged by the internal heat exchanger 55 (point J in FIG. 11). The gas-liquid two-phase refrigerant (injection refrigerant) heat-exchanged by the internal heat exchanger 55 flows into the compressor 51 from the injection pipe of the compressor 51 in the gas-liquid two-phase state. The compression operation in the compressor 51 is the same as that in the heating operation described above.

  When the injection operation is not performed, the opening degree of the expansion mechanism 61 is fully closed so that the refrigerant does not flow into the injection pipe of the compressor 51 as in the heating operation described above.

  In the above description, the heat exchanger 52 has been described as a heat exchanger such as a plate heat exchanger that exchanges heat between the refrigerant and the water circulating in the water circuit 63. However, the heat exchanger 52 is not limited to this, and may exchange heat between the refrigerant and the air. Further, the water circuit 63 may be a circuit in which other fluid circulates instead of a circuit in which water circulates.

  As described above, the heat pump apparatus described in Embodiments 1 and 2 can be used for a heat pump apparatus using an inverter compressor such as an air conditioner, a heat pump water heater, a refrigerator, or a refrigerator.

  As described above, the heat pump device according to the present invention is useful for a heat pump device that efficiently eliminates the refrigerant stagnation phenomenon and saves power.

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1,51 Compressor 2,59 Four-way valve 3,5,52,57 Heat exchanger 4,53,56,61 Expansion mechanism 6 Refrigerant piping 7 Compression mechanism 8 Motor 9 Inverter 10 Inverter control part 11 Normal operation mode control part 12 Heating operation mode control unit 13 High frequency energization unit 14 Refrigerant amount estimation unit 15 Drive signal generation unit 21a to 21f Switching element 24 PWM signal generation unit 25 Voltage command value generation unit 27 Temperature detection circuit unit 28 Refrigerant amount determination unit 29 Heating command unit 30 Refrigerant amount determination unit (at the start of heating operation)
31 Ambient temperature detector 35a, 35b Temperature sensor 36 Voltage sensor 54 Receiver 55 Internal heat exchanger 58 Main refrigerant circuit 60 Fan 62 Injection circuit 63 Water circuit 100 Heat pump device

Claims (11)

A compressor having a compression mechanism for compressing the refrigerant and a motor for driving the compression mechanism;
An inverter for applying a voltage for driving the motor;
A plurality of temperature sensors for detecting the temperature of the compressor,
With
A normal operation mode in which the compressor is normally operated to compress the refrigerant, and a heating operation mode in which the compressor is heated by applying a voltage having a higher frequency than the normal operation mode to the motor. A heat pump device that generates the voltage in accordance with temperatures detected by the plurality of temperature sensors in a heating operation mode. The heat pump device according to claim 1, wherein the voltage is generated according to a temperature difference between temperatures detected by the plurality of temperature sensors . A compressor having a compression mechanism for compressing the refrigerant and a motor for driving the compression mechanism;
  An inverter for applying a voltage for driving the motor;
  A temperature sensor for detecting a temperature of the compressor or an outside air temperature;
  With
  A normal operation mode in which the compressor is normally operated to compress the refrigerant, and a heating operation mode in which the compressor is heated by applying a voltage having a higher frequency than the normal operation mode to the motor. A heat pump device that determines a phase of the voltage according to a temperature detected by the temperature sensor in a heating operation mode. The heat pump device according to claim 1 , wherein the frequency of the voltage applied to the motor in the heating operation mode can be changed. Holds the correspondence table between the temperature and the inverter output which is detected in advance by the temperature sensor, claim 1 for selecting the inverter output 4 on the basis of said correspondence table with the detection result by the temperature sensor 1 the heat pump apparatus according to One. The heat pump device according to any one of claims 1 to 5 , wherein at least one of the switching elements constituting the inverter is formed of a wide band gap semiconductor. The heat pump device according to any one of claims 1 to 6 , wherein at least one of the diodes of the switching elements constituting the inverter is formed of a wide band gap semiconductor. The heat pump apparatus according to claim 6 or 7 , wherein the wide band gap semiconductor is silicon carbide, a gallium nitride-based material, or diamond. The heat pump device according to any one of claims 1 to 8 , wherein when the frequency of the voltage exceeds 10 kHz, the input power of the motor is controlled to 50 W or less. An air conditioner comprising the heat pump device according to any one of claims 1 to 9 . A refrigerator provided with the heat pump device according to any one of claims 1 to 9 .

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