JP5731545B2 - エネルギー貯蔵システムおよび方法 - Google Patents
エネルギー貯蔵システムおよび方法 Download PDFInfo
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- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 title claims description 45
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 13
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 241000282376 Panthera tigris Species 0.000 claims 1
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 12
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 11
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 11
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- 238000009529 body temperature measurement Methods 0.000 description 4
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- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 238000012935 Averaging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 208000032953 Device battery issue Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000005355 Hall effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009194 climbing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000779 depleting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052987 metal hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- -1 nickel metal hydride Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002028 premature Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004904 shortening Methods 0.000 description 1
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- B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
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- B60L58/12—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries responding to state of charge [SoC]
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- B60L53/20—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles characterised by converters located in the vehicle
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- B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
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- B60L58/25—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries for controlling the temperature of batteries by controlling the electric load
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- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
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- B60L2210/10—DC to DC converters
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
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Description
バッテリー22は、化学反応を通してエネルギーを貯蔵および解放する電気化学デバイスである。化学反応は、瞬間的には起こり得ず、時間がかかる。また化学反応は、熱も発生し得る。このことは、バッテリーは、その貯蔵されたエネルギーの全てまたは一部を瞬間的に伝達することはできず、そのエネルギーを伝達するのにある程度時間がかかることを意味する。同様にこれは、もしエネルギーが外から貯蔵システムに入ってくるなら(例えば回生ブレーキによって)、そのようなエネルギーは、すぐにはバッテリーに貯蔵され得ず、そうするのにある程度時間がかかる。バッテリーから大量のエネルギーを非常に素早く引き出す努力は、いくつかの欠点を提供する加熱につながり得る。すなわち、第1に、加熱は、そうでなければ有効に使えたかもしれないエネルギーを浪費することを表す。第2に、加熱は、バッテリーから放熱する機構を設計する必要を意味する。第3に、加熱は、耐用年数を縮めることがあり、時期尚早な故障のリスクを増やすこともある。
近年、これらや他の要因によって、システム設計者は、ウルトラキャパシタをバッテリーと並列に挿入しようとする。例えば、図3は、バッテリー22と並列なウルトラキャパシタ28(直列の多くの個別ウルトラキャパシタ29を含む)を含むエネルギー貯蔵システム26を示す。このアプローチは、バッテリー22単体の使用(図2のように)に対して利点がある。ウルトラキャパシタは、非常に速く、すなわちバッテリーができるよりもずっと速く、エネルギー(例えば回生ブレーキからの)を受け取ることができる。エネルギーが負荷に与えられるべき時(例えば急加速のために)は、ウルトラキャパシタが、その負荷に非常に速く、すなわちバッテリーができるよりもずっと速くエネルギーを供給できる。
Claims (18)
- 可変の負荷と接続されたエネルギー貯蔵システムと共に用いる方法であって、前記負荷は、ある時には前記エネルギー貯蔵システムから電力を引き出し、他の時には前記エネルギー貯蔵システム内に貯蔵されるべき電力を再生し、前記引き出される電力は、ある時はより大きく、他の時はより小さく、前記貯蔵されるべき再生された電力は、ある時はより大きく、他の時はより小さく、前記エネルギー貯蔵システムは、貯蔵バッテリーおよびウルトラキャパシタを備え、
前記ウルトラキャパシタの充電の状態(SOC)をモニタすること、
前記SOCがそれに向けて駆動されるよう構成される設定点を動的に設定すること、
検出された負荷電流の関数として前記動的な設定点を調整することであって、前記検出された負荷電流は、エネルギー貯蔵システムおよび前記負荷の間で検出される、前記動的な設定点を調整すること
を含む方法であって、
前記設定点の動的設定は、前記検出された負荷電流の高速フーリエ変換によって得られた、最も低い3つの周波数の平均の関数である、方法。 - 前記ウルトラキャパシタの前記SOCを前記設定点に向かって駆動することをさらに含み、
前記駆動は、もし前記SOCがゼロに近づきつつあるなら、前記バッテリーによって前記負荷へ電流が供給されていても、前記キャパシタの充電により多い電流を割り当てるようになされ、
前記駆動は、もし前記SOCが100%に近づきつつあるなら、前記負荷によって前記バッテリーへ電流が供給されていても、前記キャパシタの充電により少ない電流を割り当てるようになされる
請求項1に記載の方法。 - 前記ウルトラキャパシタの前記SOCをモニタすることは、ウルトラキャパシタ電圧Ucを検出すること、前記検出されたウルトラキャパシタ電圧Ucおよび前記ウルトラキャパシタの最大許容ウルトラキャパシタ電圧Umxに基づいて前記SOCを計算することを含む請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記動的設定点を調整することは、前記ウルトラキャパシタおよび前記バッテリー間を流れる電流の量を調整するよう構成された制御ループのフィードバックゲインをスケジューリングすることを含む請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記動的設定点に基づいて、前記ウルトラキャパシタおよび前記バッテリーの間に流れる電流の量を調整することをさらに含む請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記ウルトラキャパシタおよび前記バッテリーの間に流れる電流の量を調整することは、前記検出された負荷電流がほぼゼロである時に前記ウルトラキャパシタおよび前記バッテリーの間に流れる電流の量を調整することを含む請求項5に記載の方法。
- 前記システムの運転者の変化を表す、検出されたイベントが発生する時に、前記設定点を調整することをさらに含む請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記システムは、位置が調整可能な座席を持つ自動車の一部であり、前記検出されたイベントは、前記座席の位置調整を含む請求項7に記載の方法。
- 前記システムは、位置が調整可能なミラーを持つ自動車の一部であり、前記検出されたイベントは、前記ミラーの位置調整を含む請求項7に記載の方法。
- 可変の負荷と接続されたエネルギー貯蔵システムであって、前記負荷は、ある時には前記エネルギー貯蔵システムから電力を引き出し、他の時には前記エネルギー貯蔵システム内に貯蔵されるべき電力を再生し、前記引き出される電力は、ある時はより大きく、他の時はより小さく、前記貯蔵されるべき再生された電力は、ある時はより大きく、他の時はより小さく、
貯蔵バッテリー、
充電の状態(SOC)を有するウルトラキャパシタ、
前記ウルトラキャパシタと直列である電力変換器、
前記ウルトラキャパシタおよび電力変換器の直列は、前記バッテリーと並列であり、前記可変の負荷と接続されるよう構成され、
前記エネルギー貯蔵システムおよび前記負荷の間の負荷電流を検出するよう構成された負荷電流センサ、
前記負荷電流センサおよび前記ウルトラキャパシタの前記SOCを決定するよう構成された1つ以上のSOCセンサに接続されたコントローラ
を備え、
前記コントローラは、前記検出された負荷電流の1つ以上に応答して、前記SOCがそれに向けて駆動されるよう構成される設定点を動的に設定し、前記動的な設定点を前記検出された負荷電流の関数として調整する
エネルギー貯蔵システムであって、
前記コントローラは、複数の前記検出された負荷電流の高速フーリエ変換によって得られた、最も低い3つの周波数の平均の関数として前記設定点を動的に設定する、エネルギー貯蔵システム。 - 前記コントローラは、もし前記SOCがゼロに近づきつつあるなら、前記バッテリーによって前記負荷へ電流が供給されていても、前記キャパシタの充電により多い電流が割り当てられるように前記ウルトラキャパシタの前記SOCを駆動するよう構成され、
前記コントローラは、もし前記SOCが100%に近づきつつあるなら、前記負荷によって前記バッテリーへ電流が供給されていても、前記キャパシタの充電により少ない電流が割り当てられるように前記ウルトラキャパシタの前記SOCを駆動するよう構成される請求項10に記載のエネルギー貯蔵システム。 - ウルトラキャパシタ電圧Ucを検出するよう構成された電圧センサをさらに備え、
前記コントローラは、前記検出されたウルトラキャパシタ電圧Ucおよび前記ウルトラキャパシタの最大許容ウルトラキャパシタ電圧Umxに基づいて前記SOCを計算するよう構成されている
請求項10に記載のエネルギー貯蔵システム。 - 前記コントローラは、前記動的設定点に基づいて、前記ウルトラキャパシタおよび前記バッテリー間を流れる電流の量を調整するよう、前記電力変換器のフィードバックゲインをスケジューリングするよう構成されている請求項10に記載のエネルギー貯蔵システム。
- 前記コントローラは、前記動的設定点に基づいて、前記ウルトラキャパシタおよび前記バッテリー間を流れる電流の量を調整するよう構成されている請求項10に記載のエネルギー貯蔵システム。
- 前記コントローラは、前記検出された負荷がほぼゼロの時に、前記動的設定点に基づいて、前記ウルトラキャパシタおよび前記バッテリー間を流れる電流の量を調整するよう構成されている請求項14に記載のエネルギー貯蔵システム。
- 前記コントローラは、前記システムの運転者の変化を表す、検出されたイベントに応答して、前記設定点を調整するよう構成されている請求項10に記載のエネルギー貯蔵システム。
- 前記システムは、位置が調整可能な座席を持つ自動車の一部であり、前記検出されたイベントは、前記座席の位置調整を含む請求項16に記載のエネルギー貯蔵システム。
- 前記システムは、位置が調整可能なミラーを持つ自動車の一部であり、前記検出されたイベントは、前記ミラーの位置調整を含む請求項16に記載のエネルギー貯蔵システム。
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