JP5567472B2 - Ultrasonic inspection method and ultrasonic inspection apparatus - Google Patents
Ultrasonic inspection method and ultrasonic inspection apparatus Download PDFInfo
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Description
本発明は、超音波検査方法及び超音波検査装置に関する。さらに詳しくは、検査対象部を跨いで送信子及び受信子を被検査体の表面に配置し、前記送信子から前記被検査体へ超音波を送信すると共に前記被検査体を伝搬した超音波を前記受信子で受信することにより前記検査対象部の減肉等を検査する超音波検査方法及び超音波検査装置に関する。 The present invention relates to an ultrasonic inspection method and an ultrasonic inspection apparatus. More specifically, a transmitter and a receiver are arranged on the surface of the object to be inspected across the inspection target part, and an ultrasonic wave transmitted from the transmitter to the object to be inspected and propagated through the object to be inspected is transmitted. The present invention relates to an ultrasonic inspection method and an ultrasonic inspection apparatus for inspecting the thinning of the inspection target part by receiving the signal with the receiver.
従来、上述の如き超音波検査方法として、例えば特許文献1〜4に記載の如きものが知られている。特許文献1に記載の検査方法は、表面波を用いた検査方法である。表面波は被検査体の表面の面粗さの影響を受けやすいため、正確な検査が困難な場合があった。また、例えば溶接部のある配管支持構造物では、表面波が溶接部を伝搬し検査対象部に伝搬しないため、検査が困難な部位があった。 Conventionally, as an ultrasonic inspection method as described above, for example, those described in Patent Documents 1 to 4 are known. The inspection method described in Patent Document 1 is an inspection method using surface waves. Since surface waves are easily affected by surface roughness of the surface of the object to be inspected, accurate inspection may be difficult. Further, for example, in a pipe support structure having a welded portion, there is a portion where inspection is difficult because surface waves propagate through the welded portion and do not propagate to the inspection target portion.
特許文献2に記載の方法は、縦波であるクリーピング波が横波にモード変換されて被検査材の厚さ方向に伝搬する現象を利用するものである。縦波がたえず横波にモード変換されて伝搬するため、モード変換による損失が大きく、探触子間距離が制限されていた。 The method described in Patent Document 2 utilizes a phenomenon in which a creeping wave that is a longitudinal wave is mode-converted into a transverse wave and propagates in the thickness direction of the material to be inspected. Longitudinal waves are continually converted into transverse waves and propagated, so loss due to mode conversion is large and the distance between the probes is limited.
特許文献3に記載の方法は、双探触子法による手法であり、減肉による信号振幅の低下により検査するものである。そのため、探触子の接触状態や表面の面粗さ、減肉の大きさ、形状等により影響を受けやすく、正確な検査が困難であった。また、求めた減肉長さから信号振幅の低下量を補正しており、煩雑となっていた。 The method described in Patent Document 3 is a technique based on the double probe method, in which inspection is performed by reducing the signal amplitude due to thinning. Therefore, it is easily influenced by the contact state of the probe, the surface roughness, the size of the thinning, the shape, etc., and accurate inspection is difficult. In addition, the amount of decrease in signal amplitude is corrected from the obtained thinning length, which is complicated.
特許文献4に記載の方法は、表面波とは異なる表面疑似SV波なる超音波を用いるため、表面に対し略平行に伝搬する強く横波を発生させている。そのため、90°に近い屈折角が大きい探触子を用いる必要があり、汎用性に欠けていた。なお、特許文献2の発明の目的は、感度補正にあり、減肉検出について詳細な記載はない。 Since the method described in Patent Document 4 uses an ultrasonic wave that is a surface pseudo-SV wave different from the surface wave, a strong transverse wave that propagates substantially parallel to the surface is generated. Therefore, it is necessary to use a probe having a large refraction angle close to 90 °, which lacks versatility. The object of the invention of Patent Document 2 is sensitivity correction, and there is no detailed description of the thinning detection.
かかる従来の実情に鑑みて、本発明は、被検査体の状況に関わらず簡便に検査対象部の減肉等を検出可能な超音波検査方法及び超音波検査装置を提供することを目的とする。 In view of such a conventional situation, an object of the present invention is to provide an ultrasonic inspection method and an ultrasonic inspection apparatus that can easily detect a thinning of an inspection target portion regardless of the state of an object to be inspected. .
上記目的を達成するため、本発明に係る超音波検査方法の特徴は、検査対象部を跨いで送信子及び受信子を被検査体の表面に配置し、前記送信子から前記被検査体へ超音波を送信すると共に前記被検査体を伝搬した超音波を前記受信子で受信することにより前記検査対象部の減肉等を検査する超音波検査方法において、前記被検査体の表面は、少なくとも前記送信子及び受信子間において前記被検査体の外側に向けて凸状の曲面であり、前記送信子は、前記曲面のみの反射を複数回繰り返すことで前記曲面に沿う伝搬経路で伝搬する横波(以下、「表面伝搬横波」とする)を少なくとも発生させるものであり、前記減肉等を迂回することによる前記表面伝搬横波の受信時間の遅れにより前記検査対象部の減肉等を検査することにある。
In order to achieve the above object, the ultrasonic inspection method according to the present invention is characterized in that a transmitter and a receiver are arranged on the surface of an object to be inspected across the inspection target part, and the transmitter to the object to be inspected is super In the ultrasonic inspection method for inspecting the thinning or the like of the inspection target part by transmitting the sound wave and receiving the ultrasonic wave propagated through the inspection object by the receiver, the surface of the inspection object is at least the A curved surface convex toward the outside of the object to be inspected between the transmitter and the receiver, and the transmitter repeats the reflection of only the curved surface a plurality of times and propagates along a propagation path along the curved surface ( (Hereinafter referred to as “surface propagation transverse wave”), and inspecting the thinning of the inspection target part due to a delay in the reception time of the surface propagation transverse wave by bypassing the thinning etc. is there.
上記構成によれば、表面伝搬横波は外側に向けて凸状の曲面のみの反射を繰り返す。曲面で細かく反射を繰り返すことで表面形状に沿うように伝搬でき、表面粗さ等の表面形状による減衰の抑制でき、明瞭な受信信号を得ることができる。そして、表面伝搬横波は、曲面で細かく反射を繰り返すことで表面形状に沿うように伝搬するので、減肉等の表面に沿って迂回して伝搬する。従って、減肉等を迂回することによる受信時間の遅れを観察することで、容易に検出することが可能となる。また、曲面のみの反射を繰り返して伝搬するので、溶接部等による検査対象部以外の箇所への伝搬を防止することができる。 According to the above configuration, the surface-propagating transverse wave repeatedly reflects only the convex curved surface toward the outside. By repeating the reflection finely on the curved surface, it can propagate along the surface shape, the attenuation due to the surface shape such as the surface roughness can be suppressed, and a clear received signal can be obtained. And since the surface propagation shear wave propagates along the surface shape by repeating fine reflection on the curved surface, it propagates around along the surface such as thinning. Therefore, it is possible to easily detect by observing the delay of the reception time due to bypassing the thinning and the like. Further, since the reflection of only the curved surface is repeatedly propagated, it is possible to prevent the propagation to a place other than the inspection target part due to the welded part or the like.
前記表面伝搬横波はSV波であるとよい。粘性の高い接触媒質を用いる必要がなく、効率よく検査することができる。また、前記表面伝搬横波の周波数は、0.5MHz以上5MHz以下とするとよい。低い周波数の横波は超音波の指向性が鈍く、超音波ビーム中心軸から離れた位置における超音波ビームの強度がビーム中心軸に比べて著しく低下することを防止することができ、より明瞭に信号を送受信することができる。 The surface propagation transverse wave may be an SV wave. It is not necessary to use a highly viscous contact medium, and inspection can be performed efficiently. The frequency of the surface propagation shear wave is preferably 0.5 MHz or more and 5 MHz or less. The low-frequency transverse wave has a low directivity of the ultrasonic wave, and it is possible to prevent the intensity of the ultrasonic beam at a position away from the central axis of the ultrasonic beam from being significantly reduced compared to the central axis of the beam, thereby making the signal clearer. Can be sent and received.
上記いずれかに記載の検査方法は、例えば、前記検査対象部は他の部材により前記被検査体の表面が隠蔽された隠蔽部において検査可能である。 In any of the above-described inspection methods, for example, the inspection target part can be inspected in a concealing part in which the surface of the object to be inspected is concealed by another member.
前記送信子は、さらに前記被検査体の表面及びこの表面に対向する裏面との間で反射を繰り返して伝搬する横波(以下、「反射伝搬横波」とする)を発生させるものであるとよい。反射伝搬横波は、被検査体の表面と裏面との間で反射を繰り返す横波であるため、表面側のみならず裏面側に存在する減肉等も検出することができる。そして、表面伝搬横波と反射伝搬横波とを同時に発生させることで、表裏いずれの面の減肉であるかを識別することも可能である。 The transmitter may further generate a transverse wave (hereinafter referred to as a “reflected propagation transverse wave”) that repeatedly propagates between the surface of the object to be inspected and the back surface facing the surface. Since the reflected propagation transverse wave is a transverse wave that repeats reflection between the surface and the back surface of the object to be inspected, it is possible to detect a thinning or the like existing on the back surface side as well as the front surface side. It is also possible to identify whether the surface is thinned by generating the surface propagation transverse wave and the reflected propagation transverse wave simultaneously.
前記受信子及び送信子を前記曲面に沿って移動させ、前記表面伝搬横波及び/又は前記反射伝搬横波の受信強度を送信子及び受信子の走査位置及び受信時間を軸とする二次元画像に表示させることが望ましい。これにより、二次元画像上で簡便且つ容易に減肉等を評価することができる。 The receiver and the transmitter are moved along the curved surface, and the reception intensity of the surface propagation transverse wave and / or the reflected propagation transverse wave is displayed on a two-dimensional image with the scanning position and the reception time of the transmitter and the receiver as axes. It is desirable to make it. Thereby, thinning etc. can be evaluated easily and easily on a two-dimensional image.
前記受信子及び送信子を前記曲面の湾曲方向に対向させて配置するとよい。これにより、表面反射横波を明瞭に伝搬させ、受信することができ、より正確に減肉等を検出することができる。 The receiver and the transmitter may be arranged to face each other in the curved direction of the curved surface. As a result, the surface-reflected shear wave can be clearly propagated and received, and thinning or the like can be detected more accurately.
また、上記目的を達成するため、本発明に係る超音波検査装置の特徴は、上記のいずれかに記載の超音波検査方法に用いられる超音波検査装置において、前記被検査体の表面は、少なくとも前記送信子及び受信子間において前記被検査体の外側に向けて凸状の曲面であり、前記送信子は、前記表面伝搬横波を少なくとも発生させるものであり、前記減肉等を迂回することによる前記表面伝搬横波の受信時間の遅れにより前記検査対象部の減肉等を検査することにある。 In order to achieve the above object, the ultrasonic inspection apparatus according to the present invention is characterized in that in the ultrasonic inspection apparatus used in any of the above ultrasonic inspection methods, the surface of the object to be inspected is at least The curved surface is convex toward the outside of the object to be inspected between the transmitter and the receiver, and the transmitter generates at least the surface-propagating transverse wave, and bypasses the thinning etc. The object is to inspect the thinning of the inspection target part due to a delay in the reception time of the surface propagation shear wave.
上記本発明に係る超音波検査方法及び超音波検査装置の特徴によれば、被検査体の状況に関わらず簡便に検査対象部の減肉等を検出することが可能となった。 According to the features of the ultrasonic inspection method and the ultrasonic inspection apparatus according to the present invention, it is possible to easily detect the thinning of the inspection target portion regardless of the state of the inspection object.
本発明の他の目的、構成及び効果については、以下の発明の実施の形態の項から明らかになるであろう。 Other objects, configurations, and effects of the present invention will become apparent from the following embodiments of the present invention.
次に、図面を参照しながら、本発明の実施形態について説明する。
本発明に係る超音波検査装置1は、図1に示すように、対をなす送信子2及び受信子3を用いる。この送信子2及び受信子3は、被検査体100の検査対象部101を跨いで被検査体100の表面としての外周面100a上に周方向Xに沿って配置される。検査対象部101は、例えば、他の部材102により被検査体100の表面が外部から隔離され隠蔽された部分であり、送信子2及び受信子3を近接させることが困難な箇所である。
Next, embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.
As shown in FIG. 1, the ultrasonic inspection apparatus 1 according to the present invention uses a pair of transmitter 2 and receiver 3. The transmitter 2 and the receiver 3 are arranged along the circumferential direction X on the outer peripheral surface 100 a as the surface of the device under test 100 across the inspection target part 101 of the device under test 100. The inspection target portion 101 is, for example, a portion where the surface of the device under test 100 is isolated and concealed from the outside by another member 102 and is a place where it is difficult to bring the transmitter 2 and the receiver 3 close to each other.
本実施形態において、被検査体100は、プラント等における配管に用いられる鋼管である。その外周面100aは、送信子2及び受信子3間において鋼管100の外側に向けて凸状の曲面を形成する。また、検査対象部101は、溶接部103及び補強板104を介して鋼管100に固定された他の部材としてのトラニオン102により隠蔽された隠蔽部である。このトラニオン102は、鋼管100を支持する配管支持構造体である。以下、トラニオン102内部の隠蔽部101における外周面100aの減肉部Dを検査する例により説明する。 In this embodiment, the device under test 100 is a steel pipe used for piping in a plant or the like. The outer peripheral surface 100 a forms a convex curved surface toward the outside of the steel pipe 100 between the transmitter 2 and the receiver 3. In addition, the inspection target part 101 is a concealment part concealed by a trunnion 102 as another member fixed to the steel pipe 100 via the welded part 103 and the reinforcing plate 104. The trunnion 102 is a pipe support structure that supports the steel pipe 100. Hereinafter, an example in which the thinned portion D of the outer peripheral surface 100a in the concealing portion 101 inside the trunnion 102 is inspected will be described.
図1に示すように、送信子2は、後述する表面伝搬横波TW1及び反射伝搬横波TW2を鋼管100内に発生させる。受信子3は、鋼管100内を伝搬した表面伝搬横波TW1及び反射伝搬横波TW2を受信する。この送信子2及び受信子3は、位置検出器5と共に探傷器4に接続される。位置検出器5は送信子2及び受信子3と連動し、送信子2及び受信子3の空間的位置を検出する。探傷器4は、CPU41、送信部42、受信部43、位置検出部44、表示部45、信号処理部46で構成されている。 As shown in FIG. 1, the transmitter 2 generates a surface propagation transverse wave TW <b> 1 and a reflected propagation transverse wave TW <b> 2 described later in the steel pipe 100. The receiver 3 receives the surface propagation transverse wave TW1 and the reflected propagation transverse wave TW2 propagated through the steel pipe 100. The transmitter 2 and the receiver 3 are connected to the flaw detector 4 together with the position detector 5. The position detector 5 works with the transmitter 2 and the receiver 3 to detect the spatial positions of the transmitter 2 and the receiver 3. The flaw detector 4 includes a CPU 41, a transmission unit 42, a reception unit 43, a position detection unit 44, a display unit 45, and a signal processing unit 46.
送信部42は送信信号を発生させ送信子2に入力し、受信子3で受信した隠蔽部101を伝搬した超音波を受信部43に入力し、信号処理部46、CPU41で演算処理を行う。また、位置検出器5からの信号を位置検出部44に入力させ、信号処理部46、CPU41で演算処理をすることで走査位置データを取得している。 The transmission unit 42 generates a transmission signal and inputs it to the transmitter 2, inputs the ultrasonic wave propagated through the concealment unit 101 received by the receiver 3 to the reception unit 43, and performs arithmetic processing by the signal processing unit 46 and the CPU 41. In addition, the signal from the position detector 5 is input to the position detection unit 44, and the signal processing unit 46 and the CPU 41 perform arithmetic processing to acquire scanning position data.
CPU41及び信号処理部46は、位置検出器5から送られた送信子2及び受信子3の位置信号と、受信子3で受信された超音波の受信信号から二次元画像としてBスコープ画像を生成し、表示部45に表示する。なお、送信子2及び受信子3の走査は、必ずしも鋼管100の軸方向Yに走査する必要はなく、周方向Xに走査してもよい。すなわち、減肉部Dの反射信号から正確な位置を測定するのではなく、後述する二次元画像に表れる変化部の有無により減肉部Dの有無を少なくとも検出すればよいからである。 The CPU 41 and the signal processing unit 46 generate a B-scope image as a two-dimensional image from the position signals of the transmitter 2 and the receiver 3 sent from the position detector 5 and the ultrasonic reception signal received by the receiver 3. And displayed on the display unit 45. The scanning of the transmitter 2 and the receiver 3 is not necessarily performed in the axial direction Y of the steel pipe 100, and may be performed in the circumferential direction X. That is, instead of measuring the accurate position from the reflected signal of the thinned portion D, it is sufficient to detect at least the presence or absence of the thinned portion D based on the presence or absence of a changing portion appearing in a two-dimensional image described later.
ここで、二次元画像(Bスコープ画像)とは、送信子2及び受信子3の位置情報を横軸とすると共に超音波伝搬時間(距離)を縦軸として、受信信号の受信強度(振幅)を表示するものである。受信強度の表示には、例えば、濃淡表示、色調表示又は二次元平面に直交する高さによる表示等を用いることができる。また、受信時間の変化は、例えば濃淡表示による縞模様の変化として表れる。 Here, the two-dimensional image (B-scope image) is the received signal reception intensity (amplitude) with the horizontal axis representing the position information of the transmitter 2 and the receiver 3 and the ultrasonic propagation time (distance) being the vertical axis. Is displayed. For the display of the reception intensity, for example, a gray scale display, a color tone display, or a display by a height orthogonal to a two-dimensional plane can be used. In addition, the change in the reception time appears as a change in a striped pattern due to grayscale display, for example.
送信子2には、横波を鋼管100に入射させる斜角探触子10を用いる。この斜角探触子10は、図2に示すように、大略、振動子11と楔12を有し、楔12の外面12aは外周面100aの曲率に合わせて加工されている。その際、楔12と外周面100aとの間には、接触媒質を介在させてある。同図に示すように、振動子11で励起した縦波LWは、楔12内を伝搬し外周面100aでモード変換され、鋼管100内に横波TWが発生する。この横波TWはSV波である。SV波を用いることで、SH波のような粘性の高い接触媒質を用いる必要がないため、粘性の低い接触媒質を用いて効率よく検査することができる。 The transmitter 2 uses an oblique probe 10 that causes a transverse wave to enter the steel pipe 100. As shown in FIG. 2, the oblique angle probe 10 generally includes a vibrator 11 and a wedge 12, and the outer surface 12a of the wedge 12 is processed according to the curvature of the outer peripheral surface 100a. At that time, a contact medium is interposed between the wedge 12 and the outer peripheral surface 100a. As shown in the figure, the longitudinal wave LW excited by the vibrator 11 propagates in the wedge 12 and undergoes mode conversion at the outer peripheral surface 100 a, and a transverse wave TW is generated in the steel pipe 100. This transverse wave TW is an SV wave. By using the SV wave, it is not necessary to use a contact medium having a high viscosity such as an SH wave, and therefore it is possible to efficiently inspect using a contact medium having a low viscosity.
図2に示すように、振動子11から送信された超音波ビームの中心軸Aが外表面100aに入射する地点である入射点Pでの屈折角θ(鋼管100中を伝搬する超音波ビームの進行方向と入射点Pにおける外表面100aの法線Hとなす角度)は、60°以上85°以下とするのが好ましい。この数値範囲内であれば、後述の表面伝搬横波TW1及び反射伝搬横波TW2の双方を同時に効率よく発生させることが可能となる。本実施形態では、例えば、送信子2の屈折角θを70°に設定してある。 As shown in FIG. 2, the refraction angle θ at the incident point P, which is the point where the central axis A of the ultrasonic beam transmitted from the transducer 11 is incident on the outer surface 100a (the ultrasonic beam propagating through the steel pipe 100). The angle between the traveling direction and the normal H of the outer surface 100a at the incident point P is preferably 60 ° to 85 °. Within this numerical range, it is possible to efficiently generate both a surface-propagating transverse wave TW1 and a reflected-propagating transverse wave TW2 described later at the same time. In this embodiment, for example, the refraction angle θ of the transmitter 2 is set to 70 °.
また、表面伝搬横波TW1及び反射伝搬横波TW2の周波数は、0.5MHz以上5MHz以下とすることが好ましい。さらに、好ましくは、1MHz以上1.5MHz以下に設定するとよい。この数値範囲内であれば、超音波の指向性が鈍いために、外周面100aへ伝搬する超音波ビームの強度がビーム中心軸Aに比べて大きく低下することが少なく、信号をより明瞭に得ることができる。また、低い周波数の横波は波長が長いので、外周面100aの面粗さの影響を低減することも可能である。 The frequencies of the surface propagation transverse wave TW1 and the reflected propagation transverse wave TW2 are preferably 0.5 MHz or more and 5 MHz or less. Furthermore, it is preferable to set it to 1 MHz or more and 1.5 MHz or less. Within this numerical range, since the directivity of the ultrasonic waves is dull, the intensity of the ultrasonic beam propagating to the outer peripheral surface 100a is less likely to be significantly lower than the beam center axis A, and the signal is obtained more clearly. be able to. In addition, since the low-frequency transverse wave has a long wavelength, it is possible to reduce the influence of the surface roughness of the outer peripheral surface 100a.
図2に示すように、鋼管100内に入射した横波TWは、外周面100aの曲率により超音波ビームの中心軸Aを中心に拡がりをもって伝搬する。この横波TWのうち、超音波ビームの中心軸Aに対し外周面100a側へ屈折した横波TWaは、鋼管100の内周面100bに到達することなく外周面100aに到達する。以下、この横波TWaを「表面反射横波」とする。 As shown in FIG. 2, the transverse wave TW that has entered the steel pipe 100 propagates around the central axis A of the ultrasonic beam due to the curvature of the outer peripheral surface 100a. Of the transverse wave TW, the transverse wave TWa refracted toward the outer peripheral surface 100a with respect to the central axis A of the ultrasonic beam reaches the outer peripheral surface 100a without reaching the inner peripheral surface 100b of the steel pipe 100. Hereinafter, the transverse wave TWa is referred to as “surface reflected transverse wave”.
図3(a)に示すように、例えば表面反射横波TWa1は、鋼管100の周方向Xに沿う送信子2と受信子3との間において外周面100aで1回反射する横波である。表面反射横波TWa2は外周面100aで2回反射し、表面反射横波TWa3は外周面100aで3回反射する。このように、外周面100a(曲面)のみの反射を繰り返すことで、その反射回数が増加するに従い、表面反射横波TWaの伝搬経路(距離)は、図3(b)に示す表面反射横波TWanの如く、送信子2と受信子3との間の距離に相当する鋼管100の円弧の長さに漸近し、鋼管100の外周面100aに沿うように伝搬する経路とほぼ等しいものとみなせる。 As shown in FIG. 3A, for example, the surface reflected shear wave TWa1 is a transverse wave that is reflected once by the outer circumferential surface 100a between the transmitter 2 and the receiver 3 along the circumferential direction X of the steel pipe 100. The surface reflected transverse wave TWa2 is reflected twice by the outer peripheral surface 100a, and the surface reflected transverse wave TWa3 is reflected by the outer peripheral surface 100a three times. In this way, by repeating the reflection of only the outer peripheral surface 100a (curved surface), the propagation path (distance) of the surface reflected transverse wave TWa increases as the number of reflections increases, and the surface reflected transverse wave TWan shown in FIG. As described above, it can be regarded as being almost equal to the path that is asymptotic to the length of the arc of the steel pipe 100 corresponding to the distance between the transmitter 2 and the receiver 3 and propagates along the outer peripheral surface 100 a of the steel pipe 100.
ここで、図4に、受信信号の受信時間を縦軸に受信強度を横軸とするAスコープ画像を示す。このAスコープ画像は、同図に示すように、複数の表面反射横波TWaの信号S1が表示され、且つその信号S1の直後に別の信号S2が表示されている。この信号S2は、送信子2と受信子3との間の距離から、鋼管100の外周面100aに沿うように伝搬する表面伝搬横波TW1に起因する信号であることが確認できる。そして、図5に示すように、減肉部D1,D2を有する被検査体の外形形状と表面伝搬横波TW1の二次元画像における減肉部D1,D2に対応する対応部d1,d2は、よく一致しており、表面伝搬横波TW1が表面に沿って伝搬していることが分かる。 Here, FIG. 4 shows an A-scope image with the reception time of the received signal as the vertical axis and the reception intensity as the horizontal axis. In the A scope image, as shown in the figure, a signal S1 of a plurality of surface reflected transverse waves TWa is displayed, and another signal S2 is displayed immediately after the signal S1. This signal S2 can be confirmed from the distance between the transmitter 2 and the receiver 3 to be a signal caused by the surface propagation transverse wave TW1 propagating along the outer peripheral surface 100a of the steel pipe 100. Then, as shown in FIG. 5, the corresponding portions d1 and d2 corresponding to the thinned portions D1 and D2 in the two-dimensional image of the outer shape of the inspection object having the thinned portions D1 and D2 and the surface propagation transverse wave TW1 are well It can be seen that the surface propagation transverse wave TW1 propagates along the surface.
また、この表面伝搬横波TW1は、表面波と異なり、例えば図1に示す如き溶接部103を有する検査対象部101では、溶接部103を介してトラニオン102の表面へ伝搬することがほとんどない。従って、従来の表面波において検査が困難であった箇所の検査も可能となる。 Further, unlike the surface wave, the surface propagation transverse wave TW1 hardly propagates to the surface of the trunnion 102 via the welded portion 103 in the inspection target portion 101 having the welded portion 103 as shown in FIG. Therefore, it is possible to inspect a portion that is difficult to inspect with the conventional surface wave.
一方、図2に示すように、超音波ビームの中心軸Aより内周面100b側へ屈折した横波TWbは、鋼管100の外周面100aに到達せずに内周面100bに到達する。この横波TWbは、内周面100bで反射し、外周面100aに到達する。そして、その外周面100aで同様に反射し、再び内周面100bに到達する。すなわち、この横波TWbが、鋼管100の外周面100a及び内周面100b間で交互に反射を繰り返しながら伝搬する反射伝搬横波TW2である。 On the other hand, as shown in FIG. 2, the transverse wave TWb refracted from the central axis A of the ultrasonic beam toward the inner peripheral surface 100 b reaches the inner peripheral surface 100 b without reaching the outer peripheral surface 100 a of the steel pipe 100. The transverse wave TWb is reflected by the inner peripheral surface 100b and reaches the outer peripheral surface 100a. And it similarly reflects on the outer peripheral surface 100a, and reaches | attains the inner peripheral surface 100b again. That is, the transverse wave TWb is a reflected propagation transverse wave TW2 that propagates while repeating reflection alternately between the outer peripheral surface 100a and the inner peripheral surface 100b of the steel pipe 100.
この反射伝搬横波TW2は、鋼管100の外周面100a及び内周面100b間で交互に反射を繰り返すため、先の表面伝搬横波TW1の伝搬経路よりも伝搬経路が長い。図4に示すように、表面伝搬横波TW1の信号S2の後に信号群S3が表れている。送信子2と受信子3との間の距離から、この信号S3が、反射伝搬横波TW2に起因する信号であることが分かる。 Since this reflected propagation transverse wave TW2 repeats reflection alternately between the outer peripheral surface 100a and the inner peripheral surface 100b of the steel pipe 100, the propagation path is longer than the propagation path of the previous surface propagation transverse wave TW1. As shown in FIG. 4, a signal group S3 appears after the signal S2 of the surface propagation transverse wave TW1. From the distance between the transmitter 2 and the receiver 3, it can be seen that the signal S3 is a signal caused by the reflected propagation transverse wave TW2.
次に、図6,7を参照しながら、減肉部Dによる表面伝搬横波TW1及び反射伝搬横波TW2の伝搬経路の変化について説明する。
減肉部Dが存在しない健全な被検査体では、表面伝搬横波TW1はその表面に沿って送信子2から受信子3へ伝搬する。しかし、図6(a)に示すように、鋼管100の外周面100aに減肉部Dが存在する場合、表面伝搬横波TW1は、回折により減肉部Dの表面に沿って迂回して伝搬する。そのため、表面伝搬横波TW1の伝搬時間は、健全な鋼管の場合と比べて長くなり、受信時間は遅くなる。よって、図7に示すように、二次元画像上の減肉部Dに対応する対応部dにおいて、二次元画像の変化として表面伝搬横波TW1の縞模様に変化が生じる。この縞模様の変化は、減肉部Dによる受信時間の遅れにより、二次元画像上の時間軸の方向に時間が増加する方向(図上では下方)に凸状に変形する。このように、二次元画像上で表面伝搬横波TW1の縞模様の変化を観察することで、容易に外周面100a側の減肉部Dの有無や程度を評価することができる。
Next, changes in propagation paths of the surface propagation transverse wave TW1 and the reflected propagation transverse wave TW2 due to the thinned portion D will be described with reference to FIGS.
In a healthy inspected object in which the thinned portion D does not exist, the surface propagation transverse wave TW1 propagates from the transmitter 2 to the receiver 3 along the surface. However, as shown in FIG. 6A, when the thinned portion D exists on the outer peripheral surface 100a of the steel pipe 100, the surface propagation transverse wave TW1 propagates around along the surface of the thinned portion D by diffraction. . Therefore, the propagation time of the surface propagation transverse wave TW1 is longer than that of a healthy steel pipe, and the reception time is delayed. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 7, in the corresponding portion d corresponding to the thinned portion D on the two-dimensional image, a change occurs in the striped pattern of the surface propagation transverse wave TW1 as a change in the two-dimensional image. This change in the striped pattern is deformed into a convex shape in the direction in which the time increases in the direction of the time axis on the two-dimensional image (downward in the figure) due to the delay in the reception time by the thinned portion D. Thus, by observing the change in the striped pattern of the surface propagation transverse wave TW1 on the two-dimensional image, it is possible to easily evaluate the presence / absence and degree of the thinned portion D on the outer peripheral surface 100a side.
一方、反射伝搬横波TW2は、図6(a)に示すように、減肉部Dで反射し、符号TW2aに示す経路で伝搬する。そのため、反射伝搬横波TW2の伝搬時間は、健全な鋼管の場合における経路TW2bを伝搬する場合と比べ短くなり、受信時間は早くなる。よって、図7に示すように、二次元画像上の減肉部Dに対応する対応部dにおいて、二次元画像の変化として反射伝搬横波TW2の縞模様にも変化が生じる。この縞模様の変化は、減肉部Dによる受信時間の短縮により、二次元画像上の時間軸の方向に時間が減少する方向(図上では上方)に凸状に変形する。 On the other hand, as shown in FIG. 6A, the reflected propagation transverse wave TW2 is reflected by the thinned portion D and propagates along the path indicated by the symbol TW2a. Therefore, the propagation time of the reflected propagation transverse wave TW2 is shorter than the case of propagating the path TW2b in the case of a healthy steel pipe, and the reception time is shortened. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 7, in the corresponding portion d corresponding to the thinned portion D on the two-dimensional image, a change also occurs in the striped pattern of the reflected propagation transverse wave TW2 as a change in the two-dimensional image. This change in the striped pattern is deformed into a convex shape in the direction of time reduction (upward in the figure) in the direction of the time axis on the two-dimensional image due to the shortening of the reception time by the thinned portion D.
また、図6(b)に示すように、鋼管100の内周面100bに減肉部Dが存在する場合、反射伝搬横波TW2は、減肉部Dで反射するため、上述と同様に二次元画像上の減肉部Dに対応する対応部dで縞模様に変化が生じる。一方、表面伝搬横波TW1は、減肉部Dの影響を受けないため、伝搬時間は健全な鋼管と同じである。よって、表面伝搬横波TW1は外面100aの減肉情報を有し、反射伝搬横波TW2は内外面100a,100b双方の減肉情報を有する。従って、二次元画像上で表面伝搬横波TW1及び反射伝搬横波TW2双方の縞模様の変化を観察することで、減肉部Dが鋼管100の表裏いずれに存在するかを容易に識別することができ、減肉部Dの程度を評価することもできる。 Further, as shown in FIG. 6B, when the thinned portion D is present on the inner peripheral surface 100b of the steel pipe 100, the reflected propagation transverse wave TW2 is reflected by the thinned portion D. The stripe pattern changes at the corresponding portion d corresponding to the thinned portion D on the image. On the other hand, since the surface propagation transverse wave TW1 is not affected by the thinned portion D, the propagation time is the same as that of a healthy steel pipe. Therefore, the surface-propagating transverse wave TW1 has thinning information on the outer surface 100a, and the reflected-propagating transverse wave TW2 has thinning information on both the inner and outer surfaces 100a and 100b. Therefore, by observing the change in the striped pattern of both the surface propagation transverse wave TW1 and the reflected propagation transverse wave TW2 on the two-dimensional image, it is possible to easily identify whether the thinned portion D exists on the front or back of the steel pipe 100. The degree of the thinned portion D can also be evaluated.
検査にあたっては、まず、位置検出器5を取り付けた送信子2及び受信子3を鋼管100の外周面100aに隠蔽部101を挟んで対向して載置する。次に、送信子2と受信子3との探触子間距離を所定の値に設定して、例えば軸方向Y方向へ走査する。鋼管100の肉厚部分を伝搬した超音波を受信子3で受信すると共に、その受信信号を信号処理部46及びCPU41を介して二次元画像を生成し、表示部45に表示する。そして、二次元画像上における表面伝搬横波TW1及び反射伝搬横波TW2の縞模様の変化により隠蔽部101における減肉部Dを評価する。 In the inspection, first, the transmitter 2 and the receiver 3 to which the position detector 5 is attached are placed facing the outer peripheral surface 100a of the steel pipe 100 with the concealing portion 101 interposed therebetween. Next, the distance between the probes of the transmitter 2 and the receiver 3 is set to a predetermined value, and scanning is performed in the axial direction Y, for example. The ultrasonic wave propagated through the thick portion of the steel pipe 100 is received by the receiver 3, and the received signal is generated through the signal processing unit 46 and the CPU 41, and displayed on the display unit 45. Then, the thinned portion D in the concealing portion 101 is evaluated by the change in the striped pattern of the surface propagation transverse wave TW1 and the reflected propagation transverse wave TW2 on the two-dimensional image.
また、あらかじめ、送信子2と受信子3との探触子間距離を測定すると共にその距離を横波の音速で除した値を求め、その値を基準伝搬時間とする。そして、上述の走査により、伝搬時間を求めると共に基準伝搬時間との差を求めて、減肉深さtを求めることも可能である。また、反射伝搬横波TW2は、内外面100a,100b双方の減肉値が加算されているので、反射伝搬横波TW2の減肉値から表面伝搬横波TW1の減肉値を除くことで、内周面100bのみの減肉深さを求めることも可能である。 Further, the distance between the probes of the transmitter 2 and the receiver 3 is measured in advance, and a value obtained by dividing the distance by the sound velocity of the transverse wave is obtained, and the value is set as a reference propagation time. And it is also possible to obtain | require the thinning depth t by calculating | requiring a propagation time and the difference with reference | standard propagation time by the above-mentioned scanning. Further, since the thinning value of both the inner and outer surfaces 100a and 100b is added to the reflected propagation transverse wave TW2, the inner circumferential surface is obtained by removing the thinning value of the surface propagation transverse wave TW1 from the thinning value of the reflected propagation transverse wave TW2. It is also possible to obtain the thickness of only 100b.
図8に実機トラニオンにおける二次元画像の一例を示す。同図の例では、トラニオンに相当する部分において、反射伝搬横波TW2が減衰しており明瞭に縞模様の変化が表れていないが、表面伝搬横波TW1により減肉部Dの存在を確認できる。このように、表面伝搬横波TW1及び反射伝搬横波TW2を同時に発生させることで、容易且つ確実に減肉を検出することができる。また、二次元画像から減肉深さtを求めることも可能である。 FIG. 8 shows an example of a two-dimensional image in an actual trunnion. In the example of the figure, in the portion corresponding to the trunnion, the reflected propagation transverse wave TW2 is attenuated and the stripe pattern does not clearly change, but the presence of the thinned portion D can be confirmed by the surface propagation transverse wave TW1. Thus, by generating the surface propagation transverse wave TW1 and the reflected propagation transverse wave TW2 at the same time, the thinning can be detected easily and reliably. It is also possible to obtain the thinning depth t from the two-dimensional image.
但し、被検査体の表面のみで反射し伝搬する表面伝搬横波TW1を利用する上記第一実施形態が、被検査体の表面で細かく反射を繰り返することで表面形状に沿うように伝搬するので、表面形状による減衰の抑制でき、明瞭な受信信号を得ることができる点で、第二実施形態より優れている。 However, since the first embodiment using the surface propagation transverse wave TW1 reflected and propagated only on the surface of the object to be inspected propagates along the surface shape by repeating fine reflection on the surface of the object to be inspected. It is superior to the second embodiment in that attenuation due to the surface shape can be suppressed and a clear received signal can be obtained.
最後に、他の実施形態の可能性について言及する。なお、以下の実施形態において、上記実施形態と同様の部材には同一の符号を付すものとする。
上記実施形態において、減肉等として減肉部Dを例に説明した。しかし、減肉等とは、腐食や凹み等によって被検査体100の肉厚が健全な被検査体の肉厚に比べ減少したものの他、増加したものも含まれる。また、被検査体100の肉厚の変化の他、被検査体100の肉厚の変化なしで変形したものも含まれる。肉厚の変化や変形は、超音波の伝搬時間の変化に影響を与えることが考えられ、二次元画像により上記実施形態と同様に検出可能である。
Finally, mention is made of the possibilities of other embodiments. In the following embodiments, members similar to those in the above embodiment are denoted by the same reference numerals.
In the said embodiment, the thinning part D was demonstrated to the example as thickness reduction. However, the thickness reduction includes not only the thickness of the object to be inspected 100 decreased compared to the thickness of the sound object to be inspected due to corrosion, dents, or the like, but also the increased thickness. Further, in addition to the change in the thickness of the device under test 100, those that are deformed without the change in the thickness of the device under test 100 are also included. The change or deformation of the wall thickness may affect the change of the propagation time of the ultrasonic wave, and can be detected by the two-dimensional image as in the above embodiment.
上記実施形態において、被検査体として鋼管100を例に説明した。しかし、被検査体100は配管等の円筒形状体に限られず、一定の曲率を有する容器、エルボーや湾曲した板状部材であってもよい。なお、上記実施形態において、被検査体の表面を鋼管100の外周面100aとし、被検査体の裏面を内周面100bとして説明した。しかし、表面及び裏面とは、外側面、内側面に限られるものではない。表面とは、送信子2及び受信子3を載置し走査する探傷面であり、裏面とはその探傷面に対向する面を含むものである。 In the said embodiment, the steel pipe 100 was demonstrated to the example as a to-be-inspected body. However, the device under test 100 is not limited to a cylindrical body such as a pipe, and may be a container having a certain curvature, an elbow, or a curved plate member. In the above embodiment, the surface of the object to be inspected is described as the outer peripheral surface 100a of the steel pipe 100, and the back surface of the object to be inspected is described as the inner peripheral surface 100b. However, the front surface and the back surface are not limited to the outer surface and the inner surface. The front surface is a flaw detection surface on which the transmitter 2 and the receiver 3 are placed and scanned, and the back surface includes a surface facing the flaw detection surface.
上記実施形態において、検査対象部として鋼管100に溶接された他の部材としてのトラニオン102により隠蔽された隠蔽部101とした。しかし、検査対象部101は隠蔽部に限られるものではなく、図9,10に示す如く、例えば4B配管や6B配管に形成された減肉も検出可能である。また、他の部材102もトラニオン102に限られるものではなく、例えば配管に溶接固定されるダミーサポートであってもよく、図11に示す如き架台や、ハンガーやサポート等であってもよい。これら配管支持構造体により隠蔽された部分の検査が可能である。 In the said embodiment, it was set as the concealment part 101 concealed by the trunnion 102 as another member welded to the steel pipe 100 as a test object part. However, the inspection target part 101 is not limited to the concealment part, and as shown in FIGS. 9 and 10, for example, thinning formed in a 4B pipe or a 6B pipe can also be detected. Further, the other member 102 is not limited to the trunnion 102, and may be a dummy support that is welded and fixed to a pipe, for example, a gantry, a hanger, a support, or the like as shown in FIG. Inspection of the portion concealed by these pipe support structures is possible.
上記実施形態において、斜角探触子10の屈折角θを70°とした。しかし、屈折角は上記数値に限定されるものではなく、適宜設定可能である。例えば、上記実施形態の如き被検査体が鋼管である場合には、鋼管100の曲率に応じて設定しても構わない。 In the above embodiment, the refraction angle θ of the oblique probe 10 is set to 70 °. However, the refraction angle is not limited to the above numerical values and can be set as appropriate. For example, when the object to be inspected is a steel pipe as in the above embodiment, it may be set according to the curvature of the steel pipe 100.
上記実施形態において、楔12は曲率に応じて加工したが、これに限られるものではなく、平坦であってもよい。係る場合、楔12と外周面100aとの接触部分は少なくなるが、横波は上述の如く拡がりをもって伝搬する。 In the said embodiment, although the wedge 12 was processed according to the curvature, it is not restricted to this, Flat may be sufficient. In such a case, the contact portion between the wedge 12 and the outer peripheral surface 100a is reduced, but the transverse wave propagates with spreading as described above.
本発明は、配管や容器又は湾曲した板材等に発生する減肉等を検出する超音波検査方法及び検査装置として利用することができる。 INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY The present invention can be used as an ultrasonic inspection method and an inspection apparatus that detect a thinning generated in a pipe, a container, a curved plate material, or the like.
1:超音波検査装置、2:送信子、3:受信子、4:探傷器、5:位置検出器、10:斜角探触子、11:振動子、12:楔、12a:外面、41:CPU、42:送信部、43:受信部、44:位置検出部、45:表示部、46:信号処理部、100:鋼管(被検査体)、100a:外周面(曲面、表面、探傷面)、100b:内周面(裏面)、101:隠蔽部(検査対象部)、102:トラニオン(他の部材)、103:溶接部、104:補強板、A:中心軸、D,D1,D2:減肉部(減肉等)、d,d1,d2:対応部、H:法線、LW:縦波、P:入射点、S1,S2,S3:信号、TW:横波、TWa:表面反射横波、TW1:表面伝搬横波、TW2:反射伝搬横波、X:周方向(湾曲方向)、Y:軸方向 1: Ultrasonic inspection apparatus, 2: Transmitter, 3: Receiver, 4: Flaw detector, 5: Position detector, 10: Oblique probe, 11: Vibrator, 12: Wedge, 12a: Outer surface, 41 : CPU, 42: transmitting unit, 43: receiving unit, 44: position detecting unit, 45: display unit, 46: signal processing unit, 100: steel pipe (inspected object), 100a: outer peripheral surface (curved surface, surface, flaw detection surface) ), 100b: inner peripheral surface (back surface), 101: concealment portion (inspection target portion), 102: trunnion (other member), 103: welded portion, 104: reinforcing plate, A: central axis, D, D1, D2 : Thinning part (thinning etc.), d, d1, d2: corresponding part, H: normal, LW: longitudinal wave, P: incident point, S1, S2, S3: signal, TW: transverse wave, TWa: surface reflection Transverse wave, TW1: surface propagation transverse wave, TW2: reflected propagation transverse wave, X: circumferential direction (curving direction), Y: axial direction
Claims (8)
前記被検査体の表面は、少なくとも前記送信子及び受信子間において前記被検査体の外側に向けて凸状の曲面であり、
前記送信子は、前記曲面のみの反射を複数回繰り返すことで前記曲面に沿う伝搬経路で伝搬する横波(以下、「表面伝搬横波」とする)を少なくとも発生させるものであり、
前記減肉等を迂回することによる前記表面伝搬横波の受信時間の遅れにより前記検査対象部の減肉等を検査する超音波検査方法。 A transmitter and a receiver are arranged on the surface of the object to be inspected across the inspection target part, and an ultrasonic wave transmitted from the transmitter to the object to be inspected and propagated through the object to be inspected is received by the receiver. An ultrasonic inspection method for inspecting thinning of the inspection target part by receiving,
The surface of the object to be inspected is a curved surface that is convex toward the outside of the object to be inspected at least between the transmitter and the receiver.
The transmitter generates at least a transverse wave propagating along a propagation path along the curved surface (hereinafter referred to as “surface propagation transverse wave”) by repeating the reflection of only the curved surface a plurality of times.
An ultrasonic inspection method for inspecting thinning or the like of the inspection target part due to a delay in reception time of the surface propagation transverse wave by bypassing the thinning or the like.
前記被検査体の表面は、少なくとも前記送信子及び受信子間において前記被検査体の外側に向けて凸状の曲面であり、
前記送信子は、前記表面伝搬横波を少なくとも発生させるものであり、
前記減肉等を迂回することによる前記表面伝搬横波の受信時間の遅れにより前記検査対象部の減肉等を検査する超音波検査装置。 An ultrasonic inspection apparatus used in the ultrasonic inspection method according to claim 1,
The surface of the object to be inspected is a curved surface that is convex toward the outside of the object to be inspected at least between the transmitter and the receiver.
The transmitter generates at least the surface-propagating shear wave,
An ultrasonic inspection apparatus that inspects the thinning of the inspection target part due to a delay in the reception time of the surface-propagating shear wave by bypassing the thinning.
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