JP5557243B2 - 睡眠の改善剤 - Google Patents
睡眠の改善剤 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5557243B2 JP5557243B2 JP2010043308A JP2010043308A JP5557243B2 JP 5557243 B2 JP5557243 B2 JP 5557243B2 JP 2010043308 A JP2010043308 A JP 2010043308A JP 2010043308 A JP2010043308 A JP 2010043308A JP 5557243 B2 JP5557243 B2 JP 5557243B2
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- Prior art keywords
- sleep
- mannosamine
- acetyl
- sleep disorder
- rem sleep
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Description
ナルコレプシー、交代勤務による日中の眠気の抑制には、古くからアンフェタミンまたは類似の構造を持つ化学合成覚醒剤が用いられてきた。アンフェタミンは、間接型アドレナリン作動薬であり、ノルアドレナリンやドパミンの遊離の促進、再取込み阻害作用とモノアミンオキシダーゼ(MAO)阻害作用による強い中枢興奮作用を持つ。長期服用、過度の服用による副作用のため、本邦では使用が認められていない。モダニフィルは、作用点は明らかではないが、常習性および副作用が低いことから、米国では用いられている。また、食物に含まれているカフェインは覚醒作用を示し、適量摂取する場合において安全であると考えられるが、軽度の依存性を呈す。
睡眠導入剤としては、ブロチゾラム(レンドルミン)、トリアゾラム(ハルシオン)、フルニトラゼパム(ロヒプノール)、サイレース、アモバン等がよく処方されているが、これらは主に抑制性の神経伝達物質であるGABAの受容体に作用するものであり、長期に連用する際に、運動障害、記憶障害、薬物依存症、持ち越し効果などの副作用が問題となる。
GABA−A受容体に対するより効果の高い薬剤、ゾルピデム(アンビエン)、ザレプロン(ソナタ)、ゾピクロン(イモベイン)、エスゾピクロン(ルネスタ)は、いずれもレム睡眠を減少させ、寝付きをよくし、多くは徐波睡眠から覚醒への移行を抑制する効果がある。これらの睡眠導入剤は、鎮静剤としての効果もあり、反覚醒状態での行動異常も副作用として報告されている。
これらの睡眠導入剤および覚醒促進剤は共に、神経伝達物質経路に直接作用するため、その効果発揮は一般的に即時的であり、効果を期待する直前(数時間以内)に服用する必要がある。また、作用する神経伝達経物質経路は睡眠のみに関連するわけではないため、大量に摂取した場合には重篤な障害を生じる。また、持続的な服用により神経伝達経路の反応性が低下するため、薬剤依存症の要因となる。さらに、薬剤服用停止後のリバウンドも大きく、それ故常習となりやすく薬剤依存症のリスクを高めることになる。
〔1〕 N−アセチル−D−マンノサミンを含有してなる、レム睡眠障害の予防または改善剤。
〔2〕 医薬である、前記〔1〕に記載の予防または改善剤。
〔3〕 保健機能食品または食品添加物である、前記〔1〕に記載の予防または改善剤。
〔4〕 N−アセチル−D−マンノサミンの有効量および医薬として許容されうる担体を含有してなる、レム睡眠障害の予防、改善または治療するための医薬組成物。
〔5〕 レム睡眠障害の予防、改善または治療用医薬を製造するためのN−アセチル−D−マンノサミンの使用。
〔6〕 N−アセチル−D−マンノサミンの有効量をそれを必要とする対象に投与する工程を含む、レム睡眠障害の予防、改善または治療方法。
〔7〕 N−アセチル−D−マンノサミンの有効量をそれを必要とする対象に摂取させる工程を含む、レム睡眠障害の予防または改善方法。
〔8〕 前記〔1〕〜〔3〕いずれか1項に記載の予防または改善剤、および当該予防または改善剤がレム睡眠障害に使用することができることまたは使用すべきであることを記載した当該予防または改善剤に関する説明を記載した記載物を含む商業用パッケージ。
〔9〕 前記〔4〕に記載の医薬組成物、および当該医薬組成物がレム睡眠障害の予防、改善または治療に使用することができることまたは使用すべきであることを記載した当該医薬組成物に関する説明を記載した記載物を含む商業用パッケージ。
置換基としてはF、Cl、Brを用いることができる。
(1)レム睡眠および覚醒の時間を有意に延長し、逆にノンレム睡眠(徐波睡眠)の時間を減少させ、若齢時の睡眠および覚醒リズムを維持する。
(2)加齢に伴う睡眠の質の低下を抑制し、覚醒時の活動を賦活し、睡眠の質を改善する。
マウスは暗期の活動時間で覚醒し、逆に、明期には活動を停止して睡眠する。老化マウスでは覚醒と睡眠のリズムが乱れて明期の睡眠が浅くなり、暗期の覚醒時の活動が低下してくることが知られている。老化に伴う覚醒および睡眠の乱れは視床下部の活動と関係し、体温上昇や心拍数上昇を伴うことも知られている。これらの症状は中高年から老年期のヒトの睡眠に不満を訴える患者の症状に類似することより、睡眠に対する影響を調べるための適切なモデルとなる。
中高齢マウス〔43週から66週齢まで飼育、3匹、明暗条件下(12時間明期-12時間暗期)で飼育〕を用いて、ManNAc溶液(5mg/ml水道水)の自由飲水の前後1週間の経時的な呼吸数、体温、活動量をテレメーターで調べた。また、ManNAcの非摂取期間と自由摂取期間の両方について覚醒時および睡眠時の脳波を調べた。脳波、筋電図を測定するためには、マウス脳波記録用送信機(F20EET, Data Sciences)を麻酔下(ペントバルビタール、30mg/kg、i.v.)において埋め込み、脳波、筋電図、体温、および活動量はART(Data Sciences社)により連続記録した。得られた脳波はNeuroScore(Data Sciences社)を用いて解析することによりレム睡眠、徐波睡眠に分類した。投与マウス、投与前、若齢マウスの各睡眠期の長さを累積し、比較した。
投与後4日の、明期(非活動期:マウスは夜行性)と暗期(活動期)の中高齢マウスの脳波、筋電図、体温、活動量を図示し、コントロールとして若齢マウスの脳波、筋電図、体温、活動量を同様に図示する(図2および3)。ManNAc投与した中高齢マウスにおいて、投与後2〜3日目から顕著な覚醒時間の増加、レム睡眠の増加と徐波睡眠の減少を認めた(図4、表1)。
Claims (9)
- N−アセチル−D−マンノサミンを含有してなる、レム睡眠障害または/および中途覚醒による睡眠障害の予防または改善剤、但し、食品は除く。
- 医薬である、請求項1に記載の予防または改善剤。
- 経口剤である、請求項1または2に記載の予防または改善剤。
- N−アセチル−D−マンノサミンの有効量および医薬として許容されうる担体を含有してなる、レム睡眠障害または/および中途覚醒による睡眠障害を予防、改善または治療するための医薬組成物。
- 経口投与用である、請求項4に記載の医薬組成物。
- レム睡眠障害または/および中途覚醒による睡眠障害の予防、改善または治療用医薬を製造するためのN−アセチル−D−マンノサミンの使用。
- 医薬が経口投与用である、請求項6に記載の使用。
- 請求項1〜3いずれか1項に記載の予防または改善剤、および当該予防または改善剤がレム睡眠障害または/および中途覚醒による睡眠障害に使用することができることまたは使用すべきであることを記載した当該予防または改善剤に関する説明を記載した記載物を含む商業用パッケージ。
- 請求項4または5に記載の医薬組成物、および当該医薬組成物がレム睡眠障害または/および中途覚醒による睡眠障害の予防、改善または治療に使用することができることまたは使用すべきであることを記載した当該医薬組成物に関する説明を記載した記載物を含む商業用パッケージ。
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