JP5473388B2 - 半導体装置および半導体装置の製造方法 - Google Patents
半導体装置および半導体装置の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5473388B2 JP5473388B2 JP2009106906A JP2009106906A JP5473388B2 JP 5473388 B2 JP5473388 B2 JP 5473388B2 JP 2009106906 A JP2009106906 A JP 2009106906A JP 2009106906 A JP2009106906 A JP 2009106906A JP 5473388 B2 JP5473388 B2 JP 5473388B2
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- semiconductor chip
- semiconductor device
- bonding material
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- solid plate
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- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 29
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 81
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 claims description 53
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 33
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- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 20
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- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 13
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 13
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 12
- 229910020836 Sn-Ag Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 229910020988 Sn—Ag Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 230000017525 heat dissipation Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth atom Chemical compound [Bi] JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000005304 joining Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011889 copper foil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
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- 229910001316 Ag alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241000239290 Araneae Species 0.000 description 1
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QCEUXSAXTBNJGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Ag].[Sn] Chemical compound [Ag].[Sn] QCEUXSAXTBNJGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000383 hazardous chemical Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 description 1
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- 229910000679 solder Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005476 soldering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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Description
半導体装置では、たとえば、SOP(Small Outline Package)、QFP(Quad Flat Package)におけるアウターリードの外装めっき、BGA(Ball Grid Array)における半田ボールなど、装置外部で使用される外部構成材、およびパッケージ内部における半導体チップの接合材など、装置内部で使用される内部構成材に鉛が使用されている。
しかし、ビスマスの熱伝導率(約9W/m・K)は、鉛の熱伝導率(約35W/m・K)に比べて低い。そのため、ビスマスを単に使用したのでは、半導体チップで生じる熱が放散されにくいといった不具合を生じる。
この方法によれば、半導体チップにおける接合面および/または固体板における接合面にAgからなるめっき層が形成された後、半導体チップと固体板との間に、Snの含有量が0wt%を超過し、4wt%以下であるBiSnからなる接合材が挟まれ、その後、熱処理される。上記の工程が実行されることによって、めっき層から他方の接合面に達するAgネットワーク(網状組織)を接合材に形成することができる。このAgネットワークによって、半導体チップと固体板との間の熱伝導性を向上させることができる。
これにより、半導体チップと、前記半導体チップが接合される固体板と、前記半導体チップと前記固体板との間に介在され、BiSn系材料からなる接合材とを含み、前記接合材は、前記半導体チップと前記固体板との間の熱伝導性を向上させるためのAgからなる熱伝導経路を有しており、前記熱伝導経路は、前記半導体チップにおける前記固体板との対向面に対して垂直方向に延びている、半導体装置を製造することができる。
そして、この製造方法によって得られる半導体装置によれば、接合材がBiSn系材料からなるので、接合材の鉛フリー化を達成することができる。
さらに、半導体チップと固体板との間がAgネットワークによって接続されるため、これらの間を熱が伝達しやすくなる。そのため、半導体チップで発生する熱を、Agネットワークを介してAgの熱伝導率で固体板に逃がすことができる。したがって、半導体チップの放熱性を十分に確保することができる。
この構成では、接合材における半導体チップおよび/または固体板との界面近傍に、Sn−Ag合金からなる金属層が形成されている。金属に対するSn−Ag合金の濡れ性は、BiSn系材料の濡れ性よりも優れている。そのため、この金属層によって、接合材と、半導体チップおよび/または固体板との接合強度を向上させることができる。
SnはAgと合金化し易い金属であるが、上記のように、接合材におけるSnの含有量が上記範囲であれば、熱伝導経路の形成に寄与するAgの不要な合金化を抑制することができる。その結果、熱伝導経路を効率よく形成することができる。
また、本発明の製造方法によって得られる半導体装置では、前記固体板が金属からなるリードフレームのアイランドであることが好ましい。
また、本発明の製造方法によって得られる半導体装置では、前記熱伝導経路は、少なくとも前記半導体チップと前記固体板との間の距離の30%を超える長さで形成されていることが好ましい。
また、本発明の製造方法によって得られる半導体装置では、前記熱伝導経路は、前記半導体チップから前記固体板に達するように形成されていることが好ましい。
また、本発明の製造方法によって得られる半導体装置では、前記半導体チップと前記固体板との間は、前記熱伝導経路によって、Agの熱伝導率で熱伝導可能に接続されていることが好ましい。
また、本発明の製造方法によって得られる半導体装置では、前記固体板は、Cuからなることが好ましい。
また、本発明の製造方法によって得られる半導体装置では、前記半導体チップは、300〜400μm厚の四角板状に形成されていることが好ましい。
また、本発明の製造方法によって得られる半導体装置では、前記接合材は、BiSnを主として含有することが好ましい。
また、本発明の製造方法によって得られる半導体装置では、前記半導体チップにおける前記接合材との接合面には、Au、Ni、Agを含有する裏面メタルが形成されていることが好ましい。
また、本発明の製造方法によって得られる半導体装置では、前記裏面メタル上に、Agからなるチップめっき層が形成されていることが好ましい。
また、本発明の製造方法によって得られる半導体装置では、前記チップめっき層の厚さは、0.1〜2.0μmであることが好ましい。
また、本発明の製造方法によって得られる半導体装置では、前記固体板が、前記半導体チップをダイボンディングするダイパッドであり、前記ダイパッド上には、1.0〜10.0μmの厚さを有するパッドめっき層が形成されていることが好ましい。
また、本発明の製造方法によって得られる半導体装置では、前記接合材は、SnよりもBiを多く含有していることが好ましい。
また、本発明の製造方法によって得られる半導体装置では、前記接合材は、Ag、Sn、Co、Cu、Au、Ni、Znの少なくとも一種からなる副成分を含有していることが好ましい。
また、本発明の製造方法によって得られる半導体装置では、前記接合材の融点が、260〜270℃であることが好ましい。
また、本発明の製造方法によって得られる半導体装置では、前記接合材の融点が、260〜263℃であることが好ましい。
図1は、本発明の一実施形態に係る半導体装置の模式断面図である。
半導体装置1は、QFPが適用された半導体装置1である。半導体装置1は、半導体チップ2と、半導体チップ2に接合される固体板としてのダイパッド3と、半導体チップ2と電気的に接続される複数のリード4と、これらを封止する樹脂パッケージ5とを備えている。
ダイパッド3は、たとえば、0.1〜5.0mm厚のCu薄板からなり、四角状に形成されている。ダイパッド3の厚さ方向一方面31には、Agからなるパッドめっき層7が形成されている。パッドめっき層7の厚さは、たとえば、1.0〜10.0μmである。
接合材8は、BiSn系材料からなる。BiSn系材料は、BiSnを主として含有する材料である。BiSn系材料は、主成分BiSnの他に、たとえば、半導体チップ2ダイパッド3間の熱の伝達、接合材8の機械的物性の向上、接合材8の融点調節および接合材8の濡れ性の向上などといった目的で、Ag、Sn、Co、Cu、Au、Ni、Znなどの副成分を含有することができる。これら副成分は、単独で含有されていてもよいし、複数の金属が合金化した状態で含有されていてもよい。
上記した副成分として、接合材8は、チップめっき層6およびパッドめっき層7の両方に接触する熱伝導経路としてのAgネットワーク9を有している。Agネットワーク9は、多数のAg細線が蜘蛛の巣状に広がってなり、接合材8のほぼ全域に達している。このAgネットワーク9によって、半導体チップ2とダイパッド3との間は理想的には、Agの熱伝導率(約425W/m・K)で熱伝導可能に接続されている。
そして、上記のような接合材8の融点は、たとえば、260〜270℃、好ましくは、260〜263℃である。
アウターリード42は、下方へ屈曲する屈曲部を有する略クランク形状に形成されている。アウターリード42は、半導体装置1をプリント配線基板に実装するときの外部接続部として機能する。
上記のような半導体装置1は、その許容損失が、たとえば、1〜10W、好ましくは、4〜10Wである。許容損失は、半導体装置1の放熱性の指標とされる。また、半導体装置1は、プリント配線基板のランドにアウターリード42がはんだ接合され、たとえば、240〜260℃でリフローすることによって、実装することができる。
半導体装置1の製造工程では、図2(a)に示すように、半導体チップ2およびリードフレーム12が用意される。
リードフレーム12は、Cu薄板を加工することにより形成される。このリードフレーム12は、格子状のフレーム部(図示せず)と、フレーム部に取り囲まれる各矩形領域内に配置されるアイランドとしてのダイパッド3と、ダイパッド3の周囲に配置される複数のリード4と、フレーム部とダイパッド3との間に架設された吊りリード(図示せず)とを一体的に備えている。
次いで、図2(b)に示すように、BiSnからなる接合材8をパッドめっき層7上に塗布し、その接合材8に対してチップめっき層6を対向させた姿勢で、半導体チップ2およびダイパッド3によって接合材8を挟み込む。
次いで、図2(d)に示すように、金属ワイヤ11の一端が半導体チップ2の配線パッドに接続され、金属ワイヤ11の他端がリード4のインナーリード41に接続される。
その後、リードフレーム12の不要部分(たとえば、吊りリードにおける樹脂パッケージ5から露出する部分など)が切断される。こうして、図1に示す構造の半導体装置1の個片が得られる。
さらに、半導体チップ2とダイパッド3との間がAgネットワーク9によって接続されるため、これらの間を熱が伝達可能となる。そのため、半導体チップ2で発生する熱を、Agネットワーク9を介して、理想的にはAgの熱伝導率(約425W/m・K)でダイパッド3に逃がすことができる。したがって、半導体チップ2の放熱性を十分に確保することができる。
また、Bi(融点:約270℃)がSn(融点:約232℃)よりも多量に含有されるため、接合材8に比較的高い融点(たとえば、260〜270℃)を保持させることができる。そのため、半導体装置1を実装するときのリフロー時において、優れた耐リフロー性を発揮することができる。
たとえば、QFPが適用された半導体装置1を取り上げたが、本発明は、たとえば、図3に示すようなQFNが適用された半導体装置51(図3において、52および53は、たとえば、錫(Sn)、錫−銀合金(Sn−Ag)などの金属からなるめっき層)、その他には、BGA、SOPなどといった他の種類のパッケージが適用された半導体装置に適用することもできる。
実施例1〜4および比較例1〜3
上述した製造方法に基づき、図1に示した構造の半導体装置を作製した。ただし、各実施例および比較例における接合材の組成は、以下の通りに設計した。なお、下記の組成において、Snの直前に記載される数字は、接合材におけるSnの含有量(wt%)を表わしている。
(接合材の組成)
実施例1:Bi−1Sn 実施例2:Bi−2Sn 実施例3:Bi−3Sn
実施例4:Bi−4Sn 比較例1:Bi−5Sn 比較例2:Bi−6Sn
比較例3:Bi−10Sn
評価試験
(1)SEM画像の撮影
実施例1〜4および比較例1〜3で得られた半導体装置の接合材に対して、走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)を用いて電子ビームを照射し、それによって作り出される像を撮影した。撮影された写真を図4〜図10に示す。
(2)融点の測定
実施例1〜4および比較例1〜3で得られた半導体装置の接合材に対して、示差走査型熱量計(セイコーインスツルメンツ社製 DSC6200)を用いて融点測定した。なお、測定条件は、昇温速度:5℃/分、温度範囲:115〜300℃とした。これにより、各接合材について、以下のことが確認された。
実施例2(Bi−2Sn):接合材の全てが264.1℃で溶融する。
実施例3(Bi−3Sn):接合材の全体積中13.2%が139℃で溶融する。
実施例4(Bi−4Sn):接合材の全体積中48.0%が139℃で溶融する。
比較例1(Bi−5Sn):接合材の全体積中81.7%が139℃で溶融する。
比較例3(Bi−10Sn):接合材の全てが139℃で溶融する。
実施例5および比較例4〜5
JEDEC標準基板(114.3×76.2×1.6mm3)上に、表1に示す組成の接合材を用いてトランジスタを搭載した半導体装置を実装した。ただし、JEDEC標準基板は、74.2mm角の銅箔を3層重ねることによって、全体として4層構造とした。また、各銅箔間は、サーマルビアで接続されている。
評価試験
(1)許容損失の測定
実施例5および比較例4〜5の半導体装置について、桑野電機社製TH−156を用いて許容損失を測定した。結果を表1に示す。
2 半導体チップ
3 ダイパッド
6 チップめっき層
7 パッドめっき層
8 接合材
9 Agネットワーク
10 合金層
12 リードフレーム
22 他方面
31 一方面
Claims (1)
- 半導体チップおよびその半導体チップが接合される固体板を備える半導体装置の製造方法であって、
前記半導体チップおよび前記固体板の少なくとも一方における他方との接合面に、Agからなるめっき層を形成する工程と、
前記めっき層形成後、前記半導体チップと前記固体板との間に、Snの含有量が0wt%を超過し、4wt%以下であるBiSnからなる接合材を挟む工程と、
熱処理により、前記半導体チップと前記固体板とを前記接合材を介して接合することによって、前記半導体チップにおける前記固体板との対向面に対して垂直方向に延びる熱伝導経路を前記接合材内に形成する工程とを含み、
前記めっき層を形成する工程が、前記半導体チップにおける前記接合面および前記固体板における前記接合面の両方に前記めっき層を形成する工程である、半導体装置の製造方法。
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CN201010170101.5A CN101872748B (zh) | 2009-04-24 | 2010-04-21 | 半导体装置以及半导体装置的制造方法 |
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