JP5424870B2 - イオンチャンネル記録並びに単分子検出及び解析のためのナノポア基盤 - Google Patents
イオンチャンネル記録並びに単分子検出及び解析のためのナノポア基盤 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本出願は、2007年5月2日に出願された米国出願第11/743,472号に基づく優先権を主張し、そして、2006年5月5日に出願された米国仮出願第60/797,850号、2006年10月6日に出願された米国仮出願第60/849,883号、及び2007年3月23日に出願された米国仮出願第60/919,694号の米国特許法119条(e)に基づく利益を主張し、それぞれの全内容が、参考文献として援用される。
本発明は、国防高等研究計画局によって授けられた#FA9550-06-C-0060の補助を受けて、政府の援助を伴ってなされた。本発明はまた、国立科学財団によって授けられたCHE-0616505の補助を受けて、政府の援助を伴ってなされた。政府は、本発明に対して特定の権利を有し得る。
本発明は、イオン、化学物質、生化学物質及び生体分子のためのナノセンサーといった、ナノテクノロジーの分野に関する。具体的には、本発明は、脂質二重層又は類似の高分子構造を含むナノポア基盤に関する。
生物学的ナノポアを含むナノポアを利用して、単分子を検出することが、20年間実施されてきた(Deamer, D. W., Branton, D., "Characterization of Nucleic Acids by Nanopore Analysis," Acc. Chem. Res. 2002, 35, 817-825)。Staphylococcus aureus由来の生体タンパク質ナノポアであるα-ヘモリジン(αHL)は、単分子検出のために理想的であることが証明されており、約1.4 nmの内部ポアのくびれの直径(the inner pore constriction diameter)を与える(Song, S., Hobaugh, M. R., Shustak, C., Cheley, S., Bayley, H., Govaux, J. E., "Structure of Staphylococcal α- Hemolysin, a Hepatmeric Transmembrane Pore," Science, 1996, 274, 1859-1865)。
厚さを有し、第一の面が第二の面の反対側にある第一の面及び第二の面を有し、膜の厚さを超えて膜を貫通するナノポアを有する膜、及び、膜の第一の面上のナノポアを覆ってスパニング(span across)する手段を含む、ナノポア装置が提供される。この装置を使用して、ナノポアを覆ってスパニングする手段にポア形成構成物が埋め込まれるという作用によって、ポア形成構成物を検出することができる。
単分子検出、DNA配列解析、薬剤スクリーニング又は他の適した利用のためのナノポア装置、及びその作製と使用が提供される。そのようなナノポア装置の利点は、装置が機械的振動及び電気的妨害に対して非常に安定であり、センサー構成物を野外で又は移植可能な医療装置の一部として用いることを可能にすることである。第二の利点は、実験により、ナノスケールの開口部全体に形成される二重層膜が安定であり、そして従来のTEFLON(登録商標)支持体上の二重層の寿命を制限する連続的な流動過程を経ないことである。第三の利点は、外部から加えられる圧力を使用して、イオンチャネルの挿入と除去を調節できることである。第四の利点は、高いバイアス電圧を、膜を横断して印加して、測定の精度を改善することができることである。第五の利点は、開口部全体の二重層領域の静電容量を、無視できる値まで減少させ、それによって、イオンチャネルに応じたシャントインピーダンスを減少させることである。第六の利点は、複数の分析物を同時に検出するために、ナノポアのアレイを小型アレイ状に配置することができることである。この装置は、製薬産業、本土防衛、環境利用及び軍事利用、並びにDNAといった核酸の配列解析のためのセンサーとして使用することができる。
ガラスナノポア膜は、ソーダ石灰ガラス毛管中へ、電気化学的にエッチングした25〜75μmの白金線を封じ込めることによって、作られる(Bo Zhang et al. 2004; 2006)。次に、白金と湿った研磨表面との間の伝導率をモニタリングしながら、ガラスを研磨して削り、ガラスに包み込まれたナノメートルサイズの白金ディスク電極を露出させる。次いで、白金をガラスから取り除き、円錐形のナノポアを生ずる。ポア開口部の大きさは、イオン抵抗を測定することで、明らかにすることができる(R. J. White et al., 2006)。ガラスナノポア膜のガラス表面は、3-シアノプロピルジメチルクロロシランによってシラン化される(Wang, G.; Zhang, B.; Wayment, J. R.; Harris, J. M.; White, H. S., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 7679-7686)。
ガラス毛管は、ヘプタ-6-スルファト-β-シクロデキストリン(s7βCD)を含む溶液中に置かれ、ここでs7βCDはαHLイオンチャネルに一時的に結合することが知られている。一方のAg/AgCl電極がガラス毛管の内側に置かれ、他方の電極は溶液中の毛管の外側に置かれる。ナノポアは切断された円錐形である。第一の開口部(小さい方)は、毛管の外側に向いており、そして第二の開口部は毛管の内側に向いている。この例において、第一の開口部の半径は250 nmである。スパニング脂質二重層が、ナノポアの第一の開口部を覆って沈着される。毛管へ溶液を加えた後、毛管の後端、すなわちナノポア膜と反対側の端は、Ag/AgCl電極をガラス毛管の中に置いた後に、シリコンゴムシーラントを用いてシールされる。このシールは、膜間圧力(外部溶液に対して毛管の内側から測定される、二重層を横断する圧力)を上昇させ、タンパク質を二重層内に挿入したままにする、安定な系をもたらす。圧力を調節する優れた方法を、この後に記述する。
図11(A)及び図11(B)は、印加されるDCバイアス及びs7・βCDのバルク濃度に対する、s7・βCDの検出のための計数速度の依存性を示すグラフである。AC検出を介して別々にそして同時に計数速度を測定しながら、DC電圧を用いてs7・βCDの結合の速度を調節する能力が、図11の上のパネルによって示される。化学修飾ガラスナノポアの支持二重層及びタンパク質を分析物濃度測定のために使用する能力は、図11の下のパネルにおいて示される。この結果は、化学修飾ナノポアが、脂質及びタンパク質によって、分析物濃度を測定する能力があること、及びその感受性を、AC法を用いて別々に分析物結合事象を記録しながらDCバイアスを変化させることによって、調節できることを示す。
利点1 例えばベータ-シクロデキストリンといったアダプター分子は、最初にオックスフォード大学のHagan Bayleyのグループによって、イオンチャネル記録において既に使用されている。しかし、そのアダプター分子は、タンパク質のバレル又は内腔の内部に一時的に留まる。例えば、s7-βCDは、脂質二重層膜を横断して(シスに対してトランス)-0.04 Vの電圧を印加した場合、約1秒の間留まる。次いで、分子はバレルの外に拡散する。この一時的な結合及び解離は、センシング利用におけるアダプター分子の潜在的な実用性を大きく減ずる。前述のガラスナノポア膜を使用すれば、はるかに高い膜間電圧を印加することができる。-0.20 Vより大きい電圧において、s7-βCDはアルファ-HLの内腔に挿入され、そして電圧が-0.20 V未満に下がるまで、タンパク質から解離しない。したがって、この捕捉は、長寿命のα-HL/s7-βCD構造を作る。
Claims (33)
膜を貫通し、それによって膜の第一の面及び第二の面を連通する少なくとも一つのチャネルを形成する、少なくとも一つのナノポアであって、該ナノポアが第一の開口部、第二の開口部、及び深さを有し、そこにおいて、第一の開口部が膜の第一の面に対して開いており、そして第二の開口部が膜の第二の面に対して開いており、そしてそこにおいて、第一の面並びに膜の第一の面及び第二の面を連通する該少なくとも一つのチャネルの表面部分が該表面部分を疎水性にする修飾分子を含む、前記ナノポア;及び
ナノポアの第一の開口部を覆ってスパニングする脂質構造であって、膜の第一の面の表面部分上の第一の脂質単層並びに膜の第一の面及び第二の面を連通する該少なくとも一つのチャネルの表面部分上の第二の脂質単層を含み、該第一及び第二の脂質単層はナノポアの第一の開口部の縁付近で互いに結合し、ナノポアの第一の開口部を覆ってスパニングする脂質二重層を形成する、脂質構造:
を含む、ナノポア装置。
ナノポアを通る電流フロー又は抵抗をモニタリングするための手段;
観測された電流フロー又は抵抗を処理して、有用な出力を生成するための手段:
をさらに含む、請求項9のナノポア装置。
膜の厚さを超えて膜を貫通し、それによって膜の第一の面及び第二の面を連通する少なくとも一つのチャネルを形成する、少なくとも一つのナノポアを提供する工程であって、そこにおいて、該ナノポアが、膜の第一の面に対して開いている第一の開口部、膜の第二の面に対して開いている第二の開口部、及び深さを有する、工程;
第一の面並びに膜の第一の面及び第二の面を連通する該少なくとも一つのチャネルに疎水性の表面部分を作り出すことにより、膜の表面特性を変化させる工程;
脂質構造であって、膜の第一の面の表面部分上の第一の脂質単層並びに膜の第一の面及び第二の面を連通する該少なくとも一つのチャネルの表面部分上の第二の脂質単層を含み、該第一及び第二の脂質単層はナノポアの第一の開口部の縁付近で互いに結合し、ナノポアの第一の開口部を覆ってスパニングする脂質二重層を形成する、脂質構造を沈着させる工程:
を含む、ナノポア装置を形成する方法。
ナノポアを通る電流フロー又は抵抗をモニタリングする工程;及び
観測された電流フロー又は抵抗を処理して有用な出力を生成する工程:
をさらに含む、請求項17による方法。
ナノポア装置に試料溶液を接触させて、それにより、膜の第一の面を試料溶液に浸漬し、そして少なくとも一つのナノポアを試料溶液で満たす工程;
膜の第一の面及び第二の面を横断して適切な電圧を印加する工程;
少なくとも一つのナノポアを通る抵抗又は電流フローを測定する工程;及び
観測された抵抗又は電流フローを解析して、有用な出力を生成する工程:
を含む、請求項1のナノポア装置を用いた、分析物の単分子検出のための方法。
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