JP5410299B2 - 組換えゼラチンを含む制御放出組成物 - Google Patents
組換えゼラチンを含む制御放出組成物 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5410299B2 JP5410299B2 JP2009550600A JP2009550600A JP5410299B2 JP 5410299 B2 JP5410299 B2 JP 5410299B2 JP 2009550600 A JP2009550600 A JP 2009550600A JP 2009550600 A JP2009550600 A JP 2009550600A JP 5410299 B2 JP5410299 B2 JP 5410299B2
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- gelatin
- recombinant gelatin
- controlled release
- recombinant
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Description
−組換えゼラチンおよび医薬を含む混合物を調製する;
−この混合物中の組換えゼラチンを架橋させて、内部に医薬が閉じ込められた三次元網状構造体を得る。
最近では、本来は天然由来であったゼラチンおよびコラーゲンなどのタンパク質ポリマーも、組換えDNA技術を用いてバイオテクノロジーにより製造されている。好ましい態様において、組換えゼラチンはピキア・パストリス(Pichia pastoris)を発現系として用いて製造される。組換えゼラチンのアミノ酸配列を組換えによらないゼラチンのものと等しくなるように選択したとしても、それらの化学構造は組換えによらないゼラチンのものと厳密に同一ではない;ピキア・パストリスと動物細胞における翻訳後修飾が異なるからである。ピキア・パストリスは酵素プロリル−4−ヒドロキシラーゼを含まないので、ゼラチンの二次構造および三重らせん形成に重要なプロリン残基のヒドロキシル化が起きない。リジン残基のヒドロキシル化およびヒドロキシリジン残基のグリコシル化もピキア・パストリスにおいては起きない。組換えゼラチンのたとえばセリン残基におけるグリコシル化は可能である。
制御放出組成物の重要な特色は、ヒドロゲルの製造に用いるポリマーが生分解性であり、したがって医薬を完全に放出した後に取り出すための侵襲性の外科的方法を必要としないものでなければならないことである。さらに、生分解性は組成物中に使用する医薬を放出するために要求されるであろう。組換えゼラチンが天然ゼラチンの分解を引き起こすのと同じ機序で破壊されるかどうかは推測では明らかにならない。天然のゼラチンおよびコラーゲンがヒトの体内でプロテアーゼ、より具体的にはマトリックスメタロプロテイナーゼ(MMP)により分解されることは知られている。マトリックスメタロプロテイナーゼ(MMP)は亜鉛依存性エンドペプチダーゼである。MMPはメトジンシン(metzincin)スーパーファミリーとして知られる比較的大きなプロテアーゼファミリーに属する。共通してそれらはあらゆる種類の細胞外マトリックスタンパク質を分解しうるが、いくらかの生物活性分子も処理することができる。MMPの重要なグループはコラゲナーゼである。これらのMMPは三重らせん線維性コラーゲンを別個の3/4と1/4のフラグメントに分解することができる。これらのコラーゲンは骨および軟骨の主成分であり、MMPはこれらを分解しうる唯一の既知の哺乳動物酵素である。伝統的にコラゲナーゼはMMP−1(間質性コラゲナーゼ)、MMP−8(好中球コラゲナーゼ)、MMP−13(コラゲナーゼ3)、およびMMP−18(コラゲナーゼ4)である。MMPの他の重要なグループはゼラチナーゼにより形成される。これらのMMPの主な基質はIV型コラーゲンおよびゼラチンであり、これらの酵素は触媒ドメインに挿入された追加ドメインが存在することにより識別される。このゼラチン結合領域は亜鉛結合モチーフの直前に位置し、触媒ドメインの構造を妨害しない別個のフォールディングユニットを形成する。このサブグループの2つのメンバーは、MMP−2(72kDaゼラチナーゼ、ゼラチナーゼ−A)およびMMP−9(92kDaゼラチナーゼ、ゼラチナーゼ−B)である。
−組換えゼラチンおよび医薬を含む混合物、たとえば溶液を調製する;
−この混合物中の組換えゼラチンを架橋させて三次元網状構造体を得る。
−組換えゼラチンおよび医薬を含む混合物(たとえば溶液)を調製する;
−この混合物中の組換えゼラチンを架橋させて、医薬が網状構造体に閉じ込められた三次元網状構造体を得る;
−得られた三次元網状構造体を乾燥させる。
閉じ込められた医薬は、架橋ゼラチンマトリックス内に閉じ込められているためマトリックスからの拡散排出が好ましくは本質的に阻止され、好ましくは本質的に架橋ゼラチンが分解した場合にのみ、この三次元網状構造体から放出される(たとえばインビボで)。
−組換えゼラチンおよび医薬の溶液を調製する;
−組換えゼラチンを(化学)架橋させて三次元網状構造体を得る;
その際、組換えゼラチンは哺乳動物様、好ましくはヒトのものである。哺乳動物様ゼラチンは、哺乳動物コラーゲン配列に対して少なくとも60%、より好ましくは少なくとも80%、最も好ましくは少なくとも90%同一であると定義される。組換えによる哺乳動物様ゼラチンを製造するための出発点は、たとえばヒトCol1A1配列である。しかし、出発点として他の哺乳動物コラーゲン配列を使用することもできる。
−組換えゼラチンおよび医薬の溶液を調製する;
−組換えゼラチンを(化学)架橋させて三次元網状構造体を得る;
その際、組換えゼラチンは架橋前に少なくとも0.05mmol/gのリジンまたはヒドロキシリジン基を含む。
−組換えゼラチンおよび医薬の溶液を調製する;
−組換えゼラチンを化学架橋させて三次元網状構造体を得る;
その際、組換えゼラチンは架橋性の基で化学修飾されている。
−組換えゼラチンおよび医薬の溶液を調製する;
−組換えゼラチンを架橋させて三次元網状構造体を得る;その際、架橋は下記のものから選択される化学架橋剤の使用により得られる:水に可溶性のカルボジイミド、不溶性のカルボジイミド、ジ−アルデヒド ジ−イソシアネート、アルデヒド化合物、たとえばホルムアルデヒドおよびグルタルアルデヒド、ケトン化合物、たとえばジアセチルおよびクロロペンタンジオン、ビス(2−クロロエチル尿素)、2−ヒドロキシ−4,6−ジクロロ−1,3,5−トリアジン、反応性ハロゲン含有化合物:US−A−3288 775に開示、ピリジン環がスルフェートまたはアルキルスルフェート基をもつカルバモイルピリジニウム化合物:US−A−4 063 952およびUS−A−5 529 892に開示、ジビニルスルホン類など。S−トリアジン誘導体、たとえば2−ヒドロキシ−4,6−ジクロロ−s−トリアジンは周知の架橋化合物である。
下痢止め薬、たとえばジフェノキシレート(diphenoxylate)、ロペラミド(loperamide)およびヒオスチアミン(hyoscyamine);
抗高血圧薬、たとえばヒドララジン(hydralazine)、ミノキシジル(minoxidil)、カプトプリル(captopril)、エナラプリル(enalapril)、クロニジン(clonidine)、プラゾシン(prazosin)、デブリソキン(debrisoquine)、ジアゾキシド(diazoxide)、グアネチジン(guanethidine)、メチルドーパ(methyldopa)、レセルピン(reserpine)、トリメタファン(trimethaphan);
カルシウムチャンネル遮断薬、たとえばジルチアゼム(diltiazem)、フェロジピン(felodipine)、アムロジピン(amlodipine)、ニトレンジピン(nitrendipine)、ニフェジピン(nifedipine)およびベラパミル(verapamil);
抗不整脈薬、たとえばアミオダロン(amiodarone)、フレカイニド(flecainide)、ジソピラミド(disopyramide)、プロカインアミド(procainamide)、メキシレテン(mexiletene)およびキニジン(quinidine);
抗狭心症薬、たとえば三硝酸グリセリル(glyceryl trinitrate)、四硝酸エリトリチル(erythrityl tetranitrate)、四硝酸ペンタエリトリトール(pentaerythritol tetranitrate)、六硝酸マンニトール(mannitol hexanitrate)、ペルヘキシレン(perhexilene)、二硝酸イソソルビド(isosorbide dinitrate)およびニコランジル(nicorandil);
ベータ−アドレナリン遮断薬、たとえばアルプレノロール(alprenolol)、アテノロール(atenolol)、ブプラノロール(bupranolol)、カルテオロール(carteolol)、ラベタロール(labetalol)、メトプロロール(metoprolol)、ナドロール(nadolol)、ナドキソロール(nadoxolol)、オキシプレノロール(oxprenolol)、ピンドロール(pindolol)、プロプラノロール(propranolol)、ソタロール(sotalol)、チモロール(timolol)およびマレイン酸チモロール;
強心配糖体、たとえばジゴキシン(digoxin)および他の強心配糖体ならびにテオフィリン誘導体;
アドレナリン作動薬、たとえばアドレナリン、エフェドリン(ephedrine)、フェノテロール(fenoterol)、イソプレナリン(isoprenaline)、オルシプレナリン(orciprenaline)、リメテロール(rimeterol)、サルブタモール(salbutamol)、サルメテロール(salmeterol)、テルブタリン(terbutaline)、ドブタミン(dobutamine)、フェニレフェリン(phenylephrine)、フェニルプロパノールアミン、プソイドエフェドリンおよびドーパミン;
血管拡張薬、たとえばシクランデレート(cyclandelate)、イソクスプリン(isoxsuprine)、パパベリン(papaverine)、ジピリダドール(dipyrimadole)、二硝酸イソソルビド(isosorbide dinitrate)、フェントラミン(phentolamine)、ニコチニルアルコール、コ−デルゴクリン(co-dergocrine)、ニコチン酸、三硝酸グリセリル、四硝酸ペンタエリトリトールおよびキサンチノール(xanthinol);
抗片頭痛製剤、たとえばエルゴタミン、ジヒドロエルゴタミン、メチセルギド(methysergide)、ピゾチフェン(pizotifen)およびスマトリプタン(sumatriptan);
抗凝固薬および血栓溶解薬、たとえばワルファリン(warfarin)、ジクマロール(dicoumarol)、低分子量ヘパリン類、たとえばエノキサパリン(enoxaparin)、ストレプトキナーゼおよびその活性誘導体;
止血薬、たとえばアプロチニン(aprotinin)、トラネキサム酸(tranexamic acid)およびプロタミン(protamine);
鎮痛薬および下熱薬:下記を含む:オピオイド系鎮痛薬、たとえばブプレノルフィン(buprenorphine)、デキストロモラミド(dextromoramide)、デキストロプロポキシフェン(dextropropoxyphene)、フェンタニル(fentanyl)、アルフェンタニル(alfentanil)、スフェンタニル(sufentanil)、ヒドロモルホン(hydromorphone)、メサドン(methadone)、モルヒネ、オキシコドン(oxycodone)、パパベレタム(papaveretum)、ペンタゾシン(pentazocine)、ペチジン(pethidine)、フェノペリジン(phenoperidine)、コデイン ジヒドロコデイン、アセチルサリチル酸(アスピリン)、パラセタモール(paracetamol)、およびフェナゾン(phenazone);
神経毒、たとえばカプサイシン(capsaicin);
催眠薬および鎮静薬、たとえばバルビツレート類アミロバルビトン(amylobarbitone)、ブトバルビトン(butobarbitone)およびペントバルビトン(pentobarbitone)、ならびに他の催眠薬および鎮静薬、たとえば抱水クロラール、クロルメチアゾール(chlormethiazole)、ヒドロキシジン(hydroxyzine)およびメプロバメート(meprobamate);
抗不安薬、たとえばベンゾジアゼピン類アルプラゾラム(alprazolam)、ブロマゼパム(bromazepam)、クロルジアゼポキシド(chlordiazepoxide)、クロバザム(clobazam)、クロラゼペート(chlorazepate)、ジアゼパム(diazepam)、フルニトラゼパム(flunitrazepam)、フルラゼパム(flurazepam)、ロラゼパム(lorazepam)、ニトラゼパム(nitrazepam)、オキサゼパム(oxazepam)、テマゼパム(temazepam)およびトリアゾラム(triazolam);
神経弛緩薬および抗精神病薬、たとえばフェノチアジン類、クロルプロマジン(chlorpromazine)、フルフェナジン(fluphenazine)、ペリシアジン(pericyazine)、ペルフェナジン(perphenazine)、プロマジン(promazine)、チオプロパゼート(thiopropazate)、チオリダジン(thioridazine)、トリフルオペラジン(trifluoperazine);およびブチロフェノン(butyrophenone)、ドロペリドール(droperidol)およびハロペリドール(haloperidol);ならびに他の抗精神病薬、たとえばピモジド(pimozide)、チオチキセン(thiothixene)およびリチウム;
抗うつ薬、たとえば三環系抗うつ薬アミトリプチリン(amitryptyline)、クロミプラミン(clomipramine)、デシプラミン(desipramine)、ドチエピン(dothiepin)、ドキセピン(doxepin)、イミプラミン(imipramine)、ノルトリプチリン(nortriptyline)、オピプラモール(opipramol)、プロトリプチリン(protriptyline)およびトリミプラミン(trimipramine)、ならびに四環系抗うつ薬、たとえばミアセリン(mianserin)、ならびにモノアミンオキシダーゼ阻害薬、たとえばイソカルボキサジド(isocarboxazid)、フェネリジン(phenelizine)、トラニルシプロミン(tranylcypromine)およびモクロベミド(moclobemide)、ならびに選択的セロトニン再取込み阻害薬、たとえばフルオキセチン(fluoxetine)、パロキセチン(paroxetine)、シタロプラム(citalopram)、フルボキサミン(fluvoxamine)およびセルトラリン(sertraline);
中枢神経興奮薬、たとえばカフェインおよび3−(2−アミノブチル)インドール;
抗アルツハイマー病薬、たとえばタクリン(tacrine);
抗パーキンソン病薬、たとえばアマンタジン(amantadine)、ベンセラジド(benserazide)、カルビドーパ(carbidopa)、レボドーパ(levodopa)、ベンゾトロピン(benztropine)、ビペリデン(biperiden)、ベンゾキソール(benzhexol)、プロシクリジン(procyclidine)、およびドーパミン−2アゴニスト、たとえばS(−)−2−(N−プロピル−N−2−チエニルエチルアミノ)−5−ヒドロキシテトラリン(N−0923));
抗痙攣薬、たとえばフェニトイン(phenytoin)、バルプロ酸(valproic acid)、プリミドン(primidone)、フェノバルビトン(phenobarbitone)、メチルフェノバルビトン(methylphenobarbitone)およびカルバマゼピン(carbamazepine)、エトスキシミド(ethosuximide)、メトスキシミド(methsuximide)、フェンスキシミド(phensuximide)、スルチアム(sulthiame)およびクロナゼパム(clonazepam);
鎮吐薬および制吐薬、たとえばフェノチアジン類プロクロペラジン(prochloperazine)、チエニルペラジン(thiethylperazine)、ならびに5HT−3受容体アンタゴニスト、たとえばオンダンセトロン(ondansetron)およびグラニセトロン(granisetron)、ならびにジメンヒドリネート(dimenhydrinate)、ジフェンヒドラミン(diphenhydramine)、メトクロプラミド(metoclopramide)、ドンペリドン(domperidone)、ヒヨスチン(hyoscine)、臭化水素酸ヒヨスチン、塩酸ヒヨスチン、クレボプリド(clebopride)およびブロムプリド(brompride);
非ステロイド系抗炎症薬:使用可能な場合にはそれらのラセミ混合物または個々の鏡像異性体を含む;好ましくは皮膚透過促進剤と組み合わせて配合される;たとえばイブプロフェン(ibuprofen)、フルルビプロフェン(flurbiprofen)、ケトプロフェン(ketoprofen)、アクロフェナク(aclofenac)、ジクロフェナク(diclofenac)、アロキシプリン(aloxiprin)、アプロキセン(aproxen)、アスピリン、ジフルニサール(diflunisal)、フェノプロフェン(fenoprofen)、インドメタシン(indomethacin)、メフェナム酸(mefenamic acid)、ナプロキセン(naproxen)、フェニルブタゾン(phenylbutazone)、ピロキシカム(piroxicam)、サリチルアミド、サリチル酸、スリンダク(sulindac)、デスオキシスリンダク(desoxysulindac)、テノキシカム(tenoxicam)、トラマドール(tramadol)、ケトロラク(ketoralac)、フルフェニサール(flufenisal)、サルサレート(salsalate)、サリチル酸トリエタノールアミン、アミノピリン(aminopyrine)、アンチピリン(antipyrine)、オキシフェンブタゾン(oxyphenbutazone)、アパゾン(apazone)、シンタゾン(cintazone)、フルフェナム酸(flufenamic acid)、クロニキセリル(clonixeril)、クロニキシン(clonixin)、メクロフェナム酸(meclofenamic acid)、フルニキシン(flunixin)、コイチシン(coichicine)、デメコルシン(demecolcine)、アロプリノール(allopurinol)、オキシプリノール(oxypurinol)、塩酸ベンジダミン(benzydamine hydrochloride)、ジメファダン(dimefadane)、インドキソール(indoxole)、イントラゾール(intrazole)、塩酸ミンバン(mimbane hydrochloride)、塩酸パラニレン(paranylene hydrochloride)、テトリダミン(tetrydamine)、塩酸ベンゾインドピリン(benzindopyrine hydrochloride)、フルプロフェン(fluprofen)、イブフェナク(ibufenac)、ナプロキソール(naproxol)、フェンブフェン(fenbufen)、シンコフェン(cinchophen)、ジフルミドンナトリウム(diflumidone sodium)、フェナモール(fenamole)、フルチアジン(flutiazin)、メタザミド(metazamide)、塩酸レチミド(letimide hydrochloride)、塩酸ネキセリジン(nexeridine hydrochloride)、オクタザミド(octazamide)、モリナゾール(molinazole)、ネオシンコフェン(neocinchophen)、ニマゾール(nimazole)、クエン酸プロキサゾール(proxazole citrate)、テシカム(tesicam)、テシミド(tesimide)、トルメチン(tolmetin)、およびトリフルミデート(triflumidate);
抗リウマチ薬、たとえばペニシラミン(penicillamine)、金チオグルコース(aurothioglucose)、金チオリンゴ酸ナトリウム(sodium aurothiomalate)、メトトレキセート(methotrexate)およびオーラノフィン(auranofin);
筋弛緩薬、たとえばバクロフェン(baclofen)、ジアゼパム(diazepam)、塩酸シクロベンザプリン(cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride)、ダントロレン(dantrolene)、メトカルバモール(methocarbamol)、オルフェナドリン(orphenadrine)およびキニーネ(quinine);
痛風および高尿酸血症に用いられる薬剤、たとえばアロプリノール(allopurinol)、コルヒチン(colchicine)、プロベネシド(probenecid)およびスルフィンピラゾン(sulphinpyrazone);
エストロゲン薬、たとえばエストラジオール(oestradiol)、エストリオール(oestriol)、エストロン(oestrone)、エチニルエストラジオール(ethinyloestradiol)、メストラノール(mestranol)、スチルベストロール(stilboestrol)、ジエノストロール(dienoestrol)、エピエストリオール(epioestriol)、エストロピペート(estropipate)およびゼラノール(zeranol);
プロゲステロン薬および他の黄体ホルモン薬、たとえばアリルエストレノール(allyloestrenol)、ジドルゲステロン(dydrgesterone)、リノエストレノール(lynoestrenol)、ノルゲストレル(norgestrel)、ノルエチンドレル(norethyndrel)、ノルエチステロン(norethisterone)、酢酸ノルエチステロン、ゲストデン(gestodene)、レボノルゲストレル(levonorgestrel)、メドロキシプロゲンテロン(medroxyprogesterone)およびメゲストロール(megestrol);
抗アンドロゲン薬、たとえば酢酸シプロテロン(cyproterone acetate)およびダナゾール(danazol);
抗エストロゲン薬、たとえばタモキシフェン(tamoxifen)およびエピチオスタノール(epitiostanol)およびアロマターゼ阻害薬、エキセメスタン(exemestane)ならびに4−ヒドロキシ−アンドロステンジオンおよびその誘導体;
アンドロゲン薬およびタンパク質同化薬、たとえばテストステロン、メチルテストステロン、酢酸クロステボール(clostebol acetate)、ドロスタノロン(drostanolone)、フラザボール(furazabol)、ナンドロロン(nandrolone) オキサンドロロン(oxandrolone)、スタノゾロール(stanozolol)、酢酸トレンボロン(trenbolone acetate)、ジヒドロ−テストステロン、17−[アルファ]−メチル−19−ノルテストステロンおよびフルオキシメステロン(fluoxymesterone);
5−アルファレダクターゼ阻害薬、たとえばフィナステリド(finasteride)、ツロステリド(turosteride)、LY−191704およびMK−306;
コルチコステロイド類、たとえばベタメタゾン(betamethasone)、吉草酸ベタメタゾン、コルチゾン(cortisone)、デキサメタゾン(dexamethasone)、21−リン酸デキサメタゾン、フルドロコルチゾン(fludrocortisone)、フルメタゾン(flumethasone)、フルオシノニド(fluocinonide)、フルオシノニドデソニド(fluocinonide desonide)、フルオシノロン(fluocinolone)、フルオシノロンアセトニド(fluocinolone acetonide)、フルオコルトロン(fluocortolone)、ハルシノニド(halcinonide)、ハロプレドン(halopredone)、ヒドロコルチゾン(hydrocortisone)、17−吉草酸ヒドロコルチゾン、17−酪酸ヒドロコルチゾン、21−酢酸ヒドロコルチゾン、メチルプレドニゾロン(methylprednisolone)、プレドニゾロン(prednisolone)、21−リン酸プレドニゾロン、プレドニゾン(prednisone)、トリアムシノロン(triamcinolone)、トリアムシノロンアセトニド(triamcinolone acetonide);
ステロイド系抗炎症薬の他の例、たとえばコルトドキソン(cortodoxone)、フルドロルアセトニド(fludroracetonide)、フルドロコルチゾン(fludrocortisone)、二酢酸ジフルオルゾン(difluorsone diacetate)、フルランドレノロンアセトニド(flurandrenolone acetonide)、メドリゾン(medrysone)、アムシナフェル(amcinafel)、アムシナフィド(amcinafide)、ベタメタゾンおよびそれの他のエステル、クロロプレドニゾン(chloroprednisone)、クロルコルテロン(clorcortelone)、デスシノロン(descinolone)、デソニド(desonide)、ジクロリゾン(dichlorisone)、ジフルプレドネート(difluprednate)、フルクロロニド(flucloronide)、フルメタゾン(flumethasone)、フルニソリド(flunisolide)、フルコルトロン(flucortolone)、フルオロメタロン(fluoromethalone)、フルペロロン(fluperolone)、フルプレドニゾロン(fluprednisolone)、メプレニドゾン(meprednisone)、メチルメプレニドニゾロン(methylmeprednisolone)、パラメタゾン(paramethasone)、酢酸コルチゾン、シクロペンチルプロピオン酸ヒドロコルチゾン、コルトドキソン(cortodoxone)、フルセトニド(flucetonide)、酢酸フルドロコルチゾン(fludrocortisone acetate)、フルランドレノロンアセトニド(flurandrenolone acetonide)、メドリゾン(medrysone)、アインシナファル(aincinafal)、アムシナフィド(amcinafide)、ベタメタゾン(betamethasone)、安息香酸ベタメタゾン、酢酸クロロプレドニゾン(chloroprednisone acetate)、酢酸クロコルトロン(clocortolone acetate)、デスシノロンアセトニド(descinolone acetonide)、デスオキシメタゾン(desoximetasone)、酢酸ジクロリゾン(dichlorisone acetate)、ジフルプレドネート(difluprednate)、フルクロニド(flucloronide)、ピバル酸フルメタゾン(flumethasone pivalate)、酢酸フルニソリド(flunisolide acetate)、酢酸フルペロロン(fluperolone acetate)、吉草酸フルプレドニゾロン(fluprednisolone valerate)、酢酸パラメタゾン(paramethasone acetate)、プレドニゾラメート(prednisolamate)、プレドニバル(prednival)、トリアムシノロンヘキサアセトニド(triamcinolone hexacetonide)、コルチバソール(cortivazol)、ホルモコルタル(formocortal)およびニバゾール(nivazol);
下垂体ホルモンおよびそれらの活性誘導体または類似体、たとえばコルチコトロフィン(corticotrophin)、チロトロピン(thyrotropin)、卵胞刺激ホルモン(FSH)、黄体形成ホルモン(LH)および性腺刺激ホルモン放出ホルモン(GnRH);
血糖降下薬、たとえばインスリン、クロルプロパミド(chlorpropamide)、グリベンクラミド(glibenclamide)、グリクラジド(gliclazide)、グリピジド(glipizide)、トラザミド(tolazamide)、トルブタミド(tolbutamide)およびメトホルミン(metformin);
甲状腺ホルモン薬、たとえばカルシトニン(calcitonin)、チロキシン(thyroxine)およびリオチロニン(liothyronine)、ならびに抗甲状腺薬、たとえばカルビマゾール(carbimazole)およびプロピルチオウラシル(propylthiouracil);
他の各種ホルモン薬、たとえばオクトレオチド(octreotide);
下垂体阻害薬、たとえばブロモクリプチン(bromocriptine);
排卵誘発薬、たとえばクロミフェン(clomiphene);
利尿薬、たとえばチアジド類、関連利尿薬およびループ利尿薬、ベンドロフルアジド(bendrofluazide)、クロロチアジド(chlorothiazide)、クロルタリドン(chlorthalidone)、ドーパミン、シクロペンチアジド(cyclopenthiazide)、ヒドロクロロチアジド(hydrochlorothiazide)、インダパミド(indapamide)、メフルシド(mefruside)、メチコルチアジド(methycholthiazide)、メトラゾン(metolazone)、キネタゾン(quinethazone)、ブメタニド(bumetanide)、エタクリン酸(ethacrynic acid)およびフルセミド(frusemide)ならびにカリウム保持性利尿薬、スピロノラクトン(spironolactone)、アミロリド(amiloride)およびトリアムテレン(triamterene);
抗利尿薬、たとえばデスモプレシン(desmopressin)、リプレシン(lypressin)およびバソプレッシン(vasopressin);それらの活性誘導体または類似体を含む;
産科薬:子宮に作用する薬剤を含む:たとえばエルゴメトリン(ergometrine)、オキシトシン(oxytocin)およびゲメプロスト(gemeprost);
プロスタグランジン薬、たとえばアルプロスタジル(alprostadil(PGE1))、プロスタサイクリン(prostacyclin(PGI2))、ジノプロスト(dinoprost(プロスタグランジンF2−アルファ))およびミソプロストール(misoprostol);
抗微生物薬:セファロスポリン類を含む:たとえばセファレキシン(cephalexin)、セフォキシチン(cefoxytin)およびセファロチン(cephalothin);
ペニシリン類、たとえばアモキシシリン(amoxycillin)、クラブラン酸(clavulanic acid)含有アモキシシリン、アンピシリン(ampicillin)、ベカンピシリン(bacampicillin)、ベンザチンペニシリン(benzathine penicillin)、ベンジルペニシリン(benzylpenicillin)、カルベニシリン(carbenicillin)、クロキサシリン(cloxacillin)、メチシリン(methicillin)、フェネチシリン(phenethicillin)、フェノキシメチルペニシリン(phenoxymethylpenicillin)、フルクロキサシリン(flucloxacillin)、メジオシリン(meziocillin)、ピペラシリン(piperacillin)、チカルシリン(ticarcillin)およびアズロシリン(azlocillin);
テトラサイクリン類、たとえばミノマイシン(minocycline)、クロルテトラサイクリン(chlortetracycline)、テトラサイクリン(tetracycline)、デメクロサイクリン(demeclocycline)、ドキシサイクリン(doxycycline)、メタサイクリン(methacycline)およびオルシテトラサイクリン(oxytetracycline)、ならびに他のテトラサイクリン系抗生物質;
アミノグリコシド類、たとえばアミカシン(amikacin)、ゲンタマイシン(gentamicin)、カナマイシン(kanamycin)、ネオマイシン(neomycin)、メチルマイシン(netilmicin)およびトブラマイシン(tobramycin);
抗真菌薬、たとえばアモロルフィン(amorolfine)、イソコナゾール(isoconazole)、クロトリマゾール(clotrimazole)、エコナゾール(econazole)、ミコナゾール(miconazole)、ナイスタチン(nystatin)、テルビナフィン(terbinafine)、ビフォナゾール(bifonazole)、アンホテリシン(amphotericin)、グリセオフルビン(griseofulvin)、ケトコナゾール(ketoconazole)、フルコナゾール(fluconazole)およびフルシトシン(flucytosine)、サリチル酸、フェザチオン(fezatione)、チクラトン(ticlatone)、トルナフテート(tolnaftate)、トリアセチン(triacetin)、亜鉛、ピリチオン(pyrithione)およびピリチオンナトリウム;
キノロン類、たとえばナリジクス酸(nalidixic acid)、シノキサシン(cinoxacin)、シプロフロキサシン(ciprofloxacin)、エノキサシン(enoxacin)およびノルフロキサシン(norfloxacin);
スルホンアミド類、たとえばフタリスルフチアゾール(phthalysulphthiazole)、スルファドキシン(sulfadoxine)、スルファジアジン(sulphadiazine)、スルファメチゾール(sulphamethizole)およびスルファメトキサゾール(sulphamethoxazole);
スルホン類、たとえばダプソン(dapsone);
他の各種抗生物質、たとえばクロラムフェニコール(chloramphenicol)、クリンダマイシン(clindamycin)、エリスロマイシン(erythromycin)、エリスロマイシンエチルカーボネート、エストール酸エリスロマイシン(erythromycin estolate)、グルセプト酸エリスロマイシン(erythromycin glucepate)、エチルコハク酸エリスロマイシン(erythromycin ethylsuccinate)、ラクトビオン酸エリスロマイシン(erythromycin lactobionate)、ロキシスロマイシン(roxithromycin)、リノマイシン(lincomycin)、ナタマイシン(natamycin)、ニトロフラントイン(nitrofurantoin)、スペクチノマイシン(spectinomycin)、バンコマイシン(vancomycin)、アズトレオネイン(aztreonain)、コリスチンIV(colistin IV)、メトロニダゾール(metronidazole)、チニダゾール(tinidazole)、フシジン酸(fusidic acid)、トリメトプリム(trimethoprim)、および2−チオピリジンN−オキシド;ハロゲン化合物、特にヨウ素およびヨウ素化合物、たとえばヨウ素−PVP複合体およびジヨードヒドロキシキン(diiodohydroxyquin)、ヘキサクロロフェン(hexachlorophene);クロルヘキシジン(chlorhexidine);クロロアミン化合物;ならびに過酸化ベンゾイル;
抗結核薬、たとえばエタンブトール(ethambutol)、イソニアジド(isoniazid)、ピラジンアミド(pyrazinamide)、リファンピシン(rifampicin)およびクロファジミン(clofazimine);
抗マラリア薬、たとえばプリマキン(primaquine)、ピリメタミン(pyrimethamine)、クロロキン(chloroquine)、ヒドロキシクロロキン(hydroxychloroquine)、キニーネ(quinine)、メフロキン(mefloquine)およびハロファントリン(halofantrine);
抗ウイルス薬、たとえばアシクロビル(acyclovir)およびアシクロビルプロドラッグ、ファムシクロビル(famcyclovir)、ジドブジン(zidovudine)、ジダノシン(didanosine)、スタブジン(stavudine)、ラミブジン(lamivudine)、ザルシタビン(zalcitabine)、サキナビル(saquinavir)、インジナビル(indinavir)、リトナビル(ritonavir)、n−ドコサノール(n-docosanol)、トロマンタジン(tromantadine)およびイドクスウリジン(idoxuridine);
駆虫薬、たとえばメベンダゾール(mebendazole)、チアベンダゾール(thiabendazole)、ニクロサミド(niclosamide)、プラジカンテル(praziquantel)、エンボン酸ピランテル(pyrantel embonate)およびジエチルカルバマジン(diethylcarbamazine);
細胞毒、たとえばプリカイナイシン(plicainycin)、シクロホスファミド(cyclophosphamide)、ダカルバジン(dacarbazine)、フルオロウラシル(fluorouracil)およびそのプロドラッグ(たとえばInternational Journal of Pharmaceutics 111, 223-233 (1994)に記載)、メトトレキセート(methotrexate)、プロカルバジン(procarbazine)、6−メルカプトプリンならびにムコフェノール酸(mucophenolic acid);
食欲抑制薬および体重減少薬:デクスフェンフルラミン(dexfenfluramine)、フェンフルラミン(fenfluramine)、ジエチルプロピオン(diethylpropion)、マジンドール(mazindol)およびフェンタルミン(phentermine)を含む;
高カルシウム血症に用いる薬剤、たとえばカルシトリオール(calcitriol)、ジヒドロタキステロール(dihydrotachysterol)、およびそれらの活性誘導体または類似体;
鎮咳薬、たとえばエチルモルヒネ(ethylmorphine)、デキストロメトルファン(dextromethorphan)およびホルコジン(pholcodine);
去痰薬、たとえばカルボルシステイン(carbolcysteine)、ブロムヘキシン(bromhexine)、エメチン(emetine)、クアニフェシン(quanifesin)、イペカックアナ(ipecacuanha)およびサポニン類;
うっ血除去薬、たとえばフェニレフリン(phenylephrine)、フェニルプロパノールアミン(phenylpropanolamine)およびプソイドエフェドリン(pseudoephedrine);
気管支攣縮弛緩薬、たとえばエフェドリン(ephedrine)、フェノテロール(fenoterol)、オルシプレナリン(orciprenaline)、リミテロール(rimiterol)、スルブタモール(salbutamol)、クロモグリク酸ナトリウム(sodium cromoglycate)、クロモグリク酸およびそのプロドラッグ(たとえばInternational Journal of Pharmaceutics 7, 63-75 (1980)に記載)、テルブタリン(terbutaline)、イプラトロピウム臭化物(ipratropium bromide)、サルメテロール(salmeterol)ならびにテオフィリン(theophylline)およびテオフィリン誘導体;
抗ヒスタミン薬、たとえばメクロジン(meclozine)、サイクリジン(cyclizine)、クロルサイクリジン(chlorcyclizine)、ヒドロキシジン(hydroxyzine)、ブロムフェニラミン(brompheniramine)、クロルフェニラミン(chlorpheniramine)、クレマスチン(clemastine)、シプロヘプタジン(cyproheptadine)、デクスクロルフェニラミン(dexchlorpheniramine)、ジフェンヒドラミン(diphenhydramine)、ジフェニルアミン(diphenylamine)、ドキシラミン(doxylamine)、メブヒドロリン(mebhydrolin)、フェニラミン(pheniramine)、トリポリジン(tripolidine)、アザタジン(azatadine)、ジフェニルピラリン(diphenylpyraline)、メトジラジン(methdilazine)、テルフェナジン(terfenadine)、アステミゾール(astemizole)、ロラチジン(loratidine)およびセトリジン(cetirizine);
局所麻酔薬、たとえばブピバカイン(bupivacaine)、アメトカイン(amethocaine)、リグノカイン(lignocaine)、リドカイン(lidocaine)、シンコカイン(cinchocaine)、ジブカイン(dibucaine)、メピバカイン(mepivacaine)、プリロカイン(prilocaine)、エチドカイン(etidocaine)、ベラトリジン(veratridine(特異的c−線維遮断薬))およびプロカイン(procaine);
皮膚バリヤー修復改善のための角質層脂質、たとえばセラミド類、コレステロールおよび遊離脂肪酸[Man, et al. J. Invest. Dermatol., 106(5), 1096, (1996)];
神経筋遮断薬、たとえばスキサメトニウム(suxamethonium)、アルクロニウム(alcuronium)、パンクロニウム(pancuronium)、アトラクリウム(atracurium)、ガラミン(gallamine)、ツボクラリン(tubocurarine)およびベクロニウム(vecuronium);
禁煙薬、たとえばニコチン、ブプロピオン(bupropion)およびイボゲイン(ibogaine);
局所適用に適切な殺昆虫薬および他の殺虫薬;
外皮用薬、たとえばビタミンA、C、B1、B2、B6、B12aおよびE、ビタミンE酢酸エステルおよびビタミンEソルビン酸エステル;
脱感作用アレルゲン、たとえばハウス、ダストまたはダニのアレルゲン;
栄養剤、たとえばビタミン、必須アミノ酸および脂肪;
角質溶解薬、たとえばアルファ−ヒドロキシ酸類、グリコール酸およびサリチル酸。
使用する医薬の量および種類も変更できる;たとえば少なくとも2種類の療法用タンパク質の使用または療法用タンパク質と抗生物質の併用。
組換えHU4ゼラチン(MW 72.6kDa)およびCBE(17.2kDa)を用いた。これらの組換えゼラチンの製造は他に記載されている(EP−A−1398324、EP−A−0926543およびEP−A−1014176)。図1はHU4ゼラチンのアミノ酸配列を示す。反復ブロックのアミノ酸配列は、ヒトI型コラーゲンのa1鎖の部分に相当する。図2は組換えゼラチンCBEのアミノ酸配列を示す。この配列はヒトI型コラーゲンを基礎とし、増加した数のRGDモチーフを含む。さらにまた酸処理、加水分解したブタのゼラチン(平均MW 26kDa,多分散度D 1.6,DGF Stoess、および加水分解、アルカリ処理したウシゼラチン(平均MW 23kDa,多分散度D 1.6,Nitta)を用いた。分子量および多分散度は、GPCによりTSKgel superSW3000および2000カラムを、溶離剤としての10mM Na2SO4、1% SDS、pH5.3と共に用いて測定された。
組換えゼラチンHU4およびCBE、酸処理したブタゼラチン(PBから入手)およびアルカリ処理したウシゼラチン(Nittaから入手)を下記に従ってメタクリレート残基で誘導体化した。2.5gのゼラチンを200mlのリン酸緩衝液(pH7.4)に溶解した。溶液を窒素雰囲気下で50℃に加熱し、無水メタクリル酸(MA−Anh)を添加した。種々の置換度を達成するために、MA−Anh:ゼラチン比を変化させた。メタクリル化反応中に溶液のpHを定期的に制御し、必要であれば1M NaOH溶液の添加により7〜7.4に維持した。50℃で1時間激しく撹拌した後、溶液を水に対して十分に透析した(透析チューブ:14kDa MWCO Medicell International、英国ロンドン)。凍結乾燥により乾燥生成物が得られ、これを密閉ガラス容器内に4℃で保存した。
置換度(DS)、すなわち組換えゼラチンの第一級アミノ基の総数に対するメタクリル化アミノ酸の画分を1H−NMRにより測定した。300MHzで作動するGemini分光計(Varian Associates,Inc. NMR Instruments、カリフォルニア州パロアルト)により測定を行なった。40mg/mlのゼラチンを重水に溶解することにより試料を調製した。62.5°のパルスおよび2秒間の緩和遅れ(relaxation delay)を用いて40のスキャンを累積した。フェニルアラニンの信号を積算し、それの面積をゼラチン分子の既知のフェニルアラニンプロトン数で割ることにより、1個のプロトンの面積が得られた。2つのメタクリレート信号の総面積を1個のプロトンの面積で割ることにより、それらのメタクリレート信号を構成するプロトンの数が得られた。この値を2で割ったものがゼラチン鎖当たりのメタクリレート残基の平均数に相当し、DSの計算が可能になった。
初期ゼラチン濃度20%(w/w)のヒドロゲルを調製した。0.05%のNaN3を含有するリン酸緩衝液(pH7.4)にメタクリル化ゼラチンを溶解し、溶液を遠心分離した(5分間、10000RPM)。遠心分離した時点で596mgのゼラチン溶液をエッペンドルフ試験管に充填し、75マイクロリットルのリン酸緩衝液、pH7.4(または放出実験用のリゾチーム・ストック溶液)を添加し、穏やかに混合した。KPS 20mg/mlストック溶液(56.5マイクロリットル)およびTEMED 20%ストック溶液(22.5マイクロリットル)を添加し、混合してゼラチンメタクリレート残基の架橋を誘発した。この溶液を1mlの注射器(Becton−Dickinson、ニュージャージー州フランクリン・レイク)に充填した。1.5時間後、注射器を開いてヒドロゲルを取り出し、これを長さ6mmおよび半径2.3mmの円筒に切断した。
タンパク質を装填したヒドロゲル円筒を、3mlのリン酸緩衝液(pH7.4、0.05%のNaN3を含有)を収容したガラスバイアルに入れた。バイアルを37℃の振とう水浴内に保存した。種々の時点で1mlのリン酸緩衝液をサンプリングし、低結合性エッペンドルフ試験管に充填し、分析するまで−20℃に保存した。取り出した容量の代わりに新鮮なリン酸緩衝液を入れた。試料をHPLCによりAlltima C18 RP−HPLCカラム(Alltech、イリノイ州ディーアフィールド)で分析した。注入容量は40マイクロリットルであった。70%の溶離剤A(10%のアセトニトリル、90%の水、0.1%のトリフルオロ酢酸)および30%の溶離剤B(90%のアセトニトリル、10%の水、0.1%のトリフルオロ酢酸)の出発混合物を55%の溶離剤Aおよび45%の溶離剤Bまで変化させる直線勾配を15分間で実施した。1分で出発溶離剤組成に戻した。280nmでのUV吸収により検出を行ない、タンパク質ストック溶液から調製した標準品を用いてHPLC信号の曲線下面積(AUC)によりタンパク質濃度を判定した。
MMP1/MMP9
組換えゼラチンがマトリックスメタロプロテイナーゼ1および9(MMP1およびMMP9)に対する基質として作用する能力を、酵素の存在下でゼラチン溶液をインキュベートすることにより試験した。インキュベーション前にMMP類(2.5mg/ml)を、37℃で、0.05M TRIS緩衝液、pH7.4[0.15MのNaCl、1mMの4−アミノフェノール水銀アセテート(APMA)、0.01MのCaCl2および0.001mMのZnCl2を含有]中において5時間、活性化した。同じTRIS緩衝液を用いて、4mg/mlのゼラチンを含有する溶液を調製した。活性化したMMP1またはMMP9をゼラチン溶液に添加して、酵素濃度を2mg/mlに、ゼラチン濃度を0.8mg/mlにした。溶液を37℃で6日間インキュベートし、種々の時点で試料を取り出した。5日後、新鮮なMMP溶液を添加して、最終日のインキュベーションにつき総酵素濃度2.2mg/mlおよびゼラチン濃度0.44mg/mlを得た。すべての試料を希釈してゼラチン濃度を0.44mg/mlにし、Superdex 200カラム(GE Healthcare Europe GmBH、オランダ、ルーゼンダール)を用いるサイズ排除クロマトグラフィー(SEC)により分析するまで−20℃に保持した。pH7.4の等張リン酸緩衝液を希釈剤として用いた。20マイクロリットルの試料を注入し、流速は0.4ml/分であった。210nmにおけるUV吸収により検出を行なった。
クロストリジウム−ヒストリチカム(clostridium histolyticum)コラゲナーゼ(CHC)による組換えゼラチンヒドロゲル粒子の分解。EDCにより架橋した約100μmの組換えゼラチンヒドロゲル球体の懸濁液(EP 1 801 122に記載された方法により得た)をCHCにより処理した。24時間後、残留する組換えゼラチン粒子の存在を目視観察した。
前記に従って実施した放出実験の結果を表Iにまとめる。
表IIおよびIII中の結果により、組換えゼラチンおよび天然ゼラチンは良好に生分解されることが明らかに説明される;これは、制御放出組成物に使用するための前提条件である。組換えゼラチンについては、その配列は既知の開裂部位を含まないので、これは意外な結果であった。
Claims (9)
- 制御放出組成物の製造方法であって、以下の工程:
−メタクリレートで化学修飾されている組換えゼラチンおよび医薬を含む混合物を調製する;
−この混合物中の組換えゼラチンを架橋させて、内部に医薬が閉じ込められた三次元網状構造体を提供する;
を含み、ここで、該組換えゼラチンはヒドロキシリジン架橋および/またはヒドロキシプロリン残基を本質的に含まない、前記方法。 - 得られた、内部に医薬が閉じ込められた三次元網状構造体を乾燥させることをさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 架橋したゼラチンが、レドックス重合、ラジカル重合または化学架橋により得られる、請求項1または2に記載の方法。
- レドックス重合またはラジカル重合が、ペルオキソ二硫酸カリウムおよびN,N,N’,N’−テトラメチルエチレンジアミンの混合物により開始される、請求項3に記載の方法。
- 組換えゼラチンが、グリコシル化を本質的に有しない、請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 組換えゼラチンが2.5〜100kDの分子量を有する、請求項1〜5のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 医薬、および、メタクリレートで化学修飾され、ペルオキソ二硫酸カリウムとN,N,N’,N’−テトラメチルエチレンジアミンとの混合物により開始されるレドックス重合またはラジカル重合により架橋された少なくとも1の組換えゼラチンを含み、ここで、当該組換えゼラチンがヒドロキシリジン架橋および/またはヒドロキシプロリン残基を本質的に含まない、制御放出組成物。
- 組換えゼラチンが、グリコシル化を本質的に有しない、請求項7に記載の制御放出組成物。
- 組換えゼラチンが2.5〜100kDの分子量を有する、請求項7または8に記載の制御放出組成物。
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2007
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-
2008
- 2008-02-21 EP EP08712630A patent/EP2117503A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2008-02-21 WO PCT/NL2008/050105 patent/WO2008103045A1/en active Application Filing
- 2008-02-21 JP JP2009550600A patent/JP5410299B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
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