JP5401832B2 - ナノ構造中空炭素材料を有する光電変換素子 - Google Patents
ナノ構造中空炭素材料を有する光電変換素子 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5401832B2 JP5401832B2 JP2008140565A JP2008140565A JP5401832B2 JP 5401832 B2 JP5401832 B2 JP 5401832B2 JP 2008140565 A JP2008140565 A JP 2008140565A JP 2008140565 A JP2008140565 A JP 2008140565A JP 5401832 B2 JP5401832 B2 JP 5401832B2
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- Prior art keywords
- photoelectric conversion
- carbon material
- layer
- metal
- conversion element
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- 150000004056 anthraquinones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
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- 150000007514 bases Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- 229940006460 bromide ion Drugs 0.000 description 1
- ODWXUNBKCRECNW-UHFFFAOYSA-M bromocopper(1+) Chemical compound Br[Cu+] ODWXUNBKCRECNW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- 150000002506 iron compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910000358 iron sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Fe+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- MVFCKEFYUDZOCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(2+);dinitrate Chemical compound [Fe+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O MVFCKEFYUDZOCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001678 irradiating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- FDZZZRQASAIRJF-UHFFFAOYSA-M malachite green Chemical compound [Cl-].C1=CC(N(C)C)=CC=C1C(C=1C=CC=CC=1)=C1C=CC(=[N+](C)C)C=C1 FDZZZRQASAIRJF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052976 metal sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-NJFSPNSNSA-N methanone Chemical compound O=[14CH2] WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-NJFSPNSNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021392 nanocarbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002063 nanoring Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002790 naphthalenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- 229920002113 octoxynol Polymers 0.000 description 1
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- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004866 oxadiazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 description 1
- 229960003540 oxyquinoline Drugs 0.000 description 1
- SJHHDDDGXWOYOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxytitamium phthalocyanine Chemical compound [Ti+2]=O.C12=CC=CC=C2C(N=C2[N-]C(C3=CC=CC=C32)=N2)=NC1=NC([C]1C=CC=CC1=1)=NC=1N=C1[C]3C=CC=CC3=C2[N-]1 SJHHDDDGXWOYOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010979 pH adjustment Methods 0.000 description 1
- SLIUAWYAILUBJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentacene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC3=CC4=CC5=CC=CC=C5C=C4C=C3C=C21 SLIUAWYAILUBJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011301 petroleum pitch Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 229920002239 polyacrylonitrile Polymers 0.000 description 1
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- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011112 polyethylene naphthalate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006254 polymer film Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- MCJGNVYPOGVAJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N quinolin-8-ol Chemical class C1=CN=C2C(O)=CC=CC2=C1 MCJGNVYPOGVAJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- PYWVYCXTNDRMGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodamine B Chemical compound [Cl-].C=12C=CC(=[N+](CC)CC)C=C2OC2=CC(N(CC)CC)=CC=C2C=1C1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O PYWVYCXTNDRMGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940043267 rhodamine b Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940081623 rose bengal Drugs 0.000 description 1
- AZJPTIGZZTZIDR-UHFFFAOYSA-L rose bengal Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]C(=O)C1=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C1C1=C2C=C(I)C(=O)C(I)=C2OC2=C(I)C([O-])=C(I)C=C21 AZJPTIGZZTZIDR-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229930187593 rose bengal Natural products 0.000 description 1
- STRXNPAVPKGJQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N rose bengal A Natural products O1C(=O)C(C(=CC=C2Cl)Cl)=C2C21C1=CC(I)=C(O)C(I)=C1OC1=C(I)C(O)=C(I)C=C21 STRXNPAVPKGJQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YYMBJDOZVAITBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N rubrene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C(C1=C(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C2=CC=CC=C2C(C=2C=CC=CC=2)=C11)=C(C=CC=C2)C2=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 YYMBJDOZVAITBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YAYGSLOSTXKUBW-UHFFFAOYSA-N ruthenium(2+) Chemical compound [Ru+2] YAYGSLOSTXKUBW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003346 selenoethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 239000011343 solid material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- SKRWFPLZQAAQSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N stibanylidynetin;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Sn].[Sb] SKRWFPLZQAAQSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- YPMOSINXXHVZIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfanylideneantimony Chemical compound [Sb]=S YPMOSINXXHVZIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000472 sulfonyl group Chemical group *S(*)(=O)=O 0.000 description 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052714 tellurium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tellurium atom Chemical compound [Te] PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940116411 terpineol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- IFLREYGFSNHWGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetracene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC3=CC4=CC=CC=C4C=C3C=C21 IFLREYGFSNHWGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- XJDNKRIXUMDJCW-UHFFFAOYSA-J titanium tetrachloride Chemical compound Cl[Ti](Cl)(Cl)Cl XJDNKRIXUMDJCW-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- YONPGGFAJWQGJC-UHFFFAOYSA-K titanium(iii) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Ti](Cl)Cl YONPGGFAJWQGJC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052984 zinc sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DRDVZXDWVBGGMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc;sulfide Chemical compound [S-2].[Zn+2] DRDVZXDWVBGGMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/542—Dye sensitized solar cells
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Description
(1)金属ナノ粒子を製造する第1の工程。
(2)前記金属ナノ粒子の存在下、炭素材料前駆体の重合を行い、前記金属ナノ粒子の表面に炭素材料中間体を形成させる第2の工程。
(3)前記炭素材料中間体を炭化して炭素材料を形成させ、ナノ構造複合材料を製造する第3の工程。
(4)前記ナノ構造複合材料から、金属触媒ナノ粒子を除去して、ナノ構造中空炭素材料を製造する第4の工程。
一つもしくは複数の金属と一つもしくは複数の分散剤を用い、金属と分散剤を反応もしくは結合させ金属複合体を形成させる。一般的には、金属と分散剤とを適当な溶媒に溶解(得られる溶液を、以下、金属溶液と呼ぶことがある。)または分散(得られる懸濁液を、以下、金属懸濁液と呼ぶことがある。)させ、金属と分散剤が結合することによりこの金属複合体は形成される。
図1は、本発明の光電変換の実施の一形態の光電変換素子1を概略的に示す図である。本実施の形態の光電変換素子1は、色素が吸着した多孔質状の半導体材料を含む光電極2と、機能層として、該光電極2を覆うように配置され、イオン液体およびナノ構造中空炭素材料を含む固体状または擬固体状の電荷輸送層3と、該電荷輸送層3側の表面に光電極2を付着させた稠密層2aと、該稠密層2aと接する第1の電極層4と、該電荷輸送層3に接する第2の電極層5とを含む。本実施の形態における光電変換素子1は、基板6上に、第1の電極層4、稠密層2a、電荷輸送層3、第2の電極層5がこの順で積層されて構成される。光電変換素子1は、第1の電極層4上に稠密層2aを形成し、該稠密層2a上に色素が吸着した多孔質状の半導体材料を含む光電極2を形成する工程と、イオン液体およびナノ構造中空炭素材料を混練して成る塗布液を該稠密層2aの該光電極2が付着した側の面上に塗布して、固体状または擬固体状の電荷輸送層3を形成する工程と、該電荷輸送層3上に第2の電極層5を形成する工程とを含む製造方法によって製造される。なお光電極2と電荷輸送層3とは、明確に層分離した状態ではなく、光電極2に形成される孔に電荷輸送層3の一部が充填されることで、電荷輸送層3が光電極2の領域にまで配置される。このように多孔質状の光電極2を用いることで、光電極2と電荷輸送層3との接触面積を可及的に大きくしている。
有機薄膜太陽電池の具体例としては、
1.第1の電極層としての陰極と第2の電極層としての陽極と、該陽極と該陰極との間に電子受容性化合物を含有する機能層である第1の活性層と、該第1の活性層に隣接して設けられた電子供与性化合物を含有する機能層である第2の活性層と、該陰極と該第1の活性層との間に該陰極に隣接して設けられた機能層である無機層とを有する有機光電変換素子;
2.第2の電極層としての陽極と第1の電極層としての陰極と、該陽極と該陰極との間に電子受容性化合物を含有する機能層である第1の活性層と、該第1の活性層に隣接して設けられた電子供与性化合物を含有する機能層である第2の活性層と、該陰極と該第2の活性層との間に該陰極に隣接して設けられた機能層である無機層とを有する有機光電変換素子;
3.第2の電極層としての陽極と第1の電極層としての陰極と、該陽極と該陰極との間に電子受容性化合物及び電子供与性化合物を含有する機能層である活性層と、該陰極と該活性層との間に該陰極に隣接して設けられた機能層である無機層とを有する有機光電変換素子;
4.第2の電極層としての陽極と第1の電極層としての陰極と、該陽極と該陰極との間に電子受容性化合物及び電子供与性化合物を含有する機能層である活性層と、該陽極と該活性層との間に該陽極に隣接して設けられた有機層と、該陰極と該活性層との間に該陰極と隣接して設けられた機能層である無機層とを有する有機光電変換素子;
5.第2の電極層としての陽極と第1の電極層としての陰極と、該陽極と該陰極との間に電子受容性化合物及び電子供与性化合物を含有する機能層である活性層と、該陰極と該活性層との間に該陰極に隣接して設けられた無機層とを有する有機光電変換素子であって、該電子受容性化合物がフラーレン誘導体である有機光電変換素子;
6.第2の電極層としての陽極と第1の電極層としての陰極と、該陽極と該陰極との間に電子受容性化合物及び電子供与性化合物を含有する機能層である活性層と、該陽極と該活性層との間に該陽極に隣接して設けられた有機層と、該陰極と該活性層との間に該陰極と隣接して設けられた無機層とを有する光電変換素子であって、該電子受容性化合物がフラーレン誘導体である有機光電変換素子;
また、前記5.前記6.の有機光電変換素子では、フラーレン誘導体及び電子供与性化合物を含有する活性層におけるフラーレン誘導体の割合が、電子供与性化合物100重量部に対して、10〜1000重量部であることが好ましく、50〜500重量部であることがより好ましい。
<実施例1>
(1)ナノ構造中空炭素材料の製造
2.24gの鉄粉末と7.70gのクエン酸と400mlの水で0.1Mの鉄混合液を調製し、密閉容器に入れ、卓上震盪機で7日間混合した。混合期間中、適宜発生した水素ガスを容器から排出させ、金属ナノ粒子混合液を得た。6.10gのレゾルシノールと9.0gのホルムアルデヒドの混合溶液に、上記金属ナノ粒子混合液100mlを加え、激しく撹拌しながら30mlのアンモニア水溶液を滴下し、得られた懸濁液のpHは10.26であった。上記懸濁液をオイルバス上で80〜90℃に加熱して3.5時間熟成させ、炭素材料中間体を形成させた。炭素材料中間体をろ過により回収し、一晩オーブン中で乾燥させたのち、窒素雰囲気中、1150℃、3時間焼成した。得られたナノ構造複合材料を5Mの硝酸溶液で6〜8時間リフラックスさせ、酸化性混合液(H2O/H2SO4/KMnO4=1:0.01:0.003(モル比))300ml中、90℃、3時間熱処理した。さらに水で洗浄し、オーブン中で3時間乾燥して、ナノ構造中空炭素材料1.1gを得た。ナノ構造中空炭素材料は、TEM観察の結果、30〜100層の層状構造を有し、層の厚さ5〜15nm、中空部分の径は3〜10nm、粒径は20〜100nmであった。
(2)光電変換素子の作製
F(フッ素)がドープされたSnO2薄膜(第1の電極層4)が形成された透明な導電性ガラス基板6上に、触媒化成工業株式会社製のチタニアゾルPASOL HPW-10Rをスピンコート法により塗布し、450℃で30分間焼成することで、稠密層2aを形成した。焼成後、稠密層上にチタニアペースト(商品名Solaronix D、Solaronix社製)を塗布し、450℃で30分間焼成し、半導体材料を形成した。次にアセトニトリルとターシャリーブチルアルコールを1:1(体積比)で混合した混合溶媒にルテニウム色素(製品名Ruthenium 535-bisTBA、Solaronox社製)を混合させた溶液に、上記の半導体材料を浸漬した。これにより10μm程度の膜厚の増感色素吸着メソポーラス二酸化チタンからなる光電極2を形成した。さらに、1.5重量%のアルミニウム−s−ブロキシドを溶解したトルエン溶液に光電極2を10分間浸漬させることで洗浄を行った。次に、イオン液体1-メチル-3-プロピルイミダゾリウムアイオダイドに対して、ナノ構造中空炭素材料を150重量%添加し、乳鉢で混練することで塗布液を用意した。この塗布液を光電極2を覆うように塗布することで電荷輸送層3を形成した。さらに光起電力取り出し電極としてITO膜(第2の電極層5)が形成されたガラス基板を電荷輸送層3に圧着させることにより、実施例1の光電変換素子を作製した。
<比較例1>
電荷輸送層以外は、実施例1の光電変換素子と同様に作製した。電荷輸送層の形成に用いる塗布液は、イオン液体1-メチル-3-プロピルイミダゾリウムアイオダイドに対して、単層カーボンナノチューブ(ALDRICH製)を5重量%添加し、乳鉢で混練して製造した。この塗布液を、実施例1と同様にして光電極を覆うように塗布することで電荷輸送層を形成した。
2 光電極
2a 稠密層
3 電荷輸送層
4 第1の電極層
5 第2の電極層
6 基板
Claims (8)
- 第1の電極層と第2の電極層とを有し、該第1の電極層と該第2の電極層との間に機能層を有し、該機能層中に、中空部を有する略球状のナノ構造中空炭素材料が含まれる光電変換素子(ただし、イオン液体以外の液体を含む機能層を有する場合を除く)。
- 金属ナノ粒子を製造する第1の工程と、該金属ナノ粒子の存在下、炭素材料前駆体の重合を行い、金属ナノ粒子の表面に炭素材料中間体を形成させる第2の工程と、該炭素材料中間体を炭化して炭素材料を形成させ、ナノ構造複合材料を製造する第3の工程と、該ナノ構造複合材料から、金属ナノ粒子を除去して、ナノ構造中空炭素材料を製造する第4の工程とを含む製造方法により、ナノ構造中空炭素材料が製造される請求項1に記載の光電変換素子。
- 機能層中に、イオン液体が含まれる請求項1又は2に記載の光電変換素子。
- イオン液体が、ハロゲン化物アニオンを含む請求項3に記載の光電変換素子。
- 第1の電極層と第2の電極層との間に、色素が吸着した多孔質状の半導体材料を有する請求項1〜4のいずれかに記載の光電変換素子。
- 第2の電極層中に、ナノ構造中空炭素材料が含まれる請求項1又は2に記載の光電変換素子。
- 光電変換素子が有機薄膜太陽電池である請求項1、2又は6に記載の光電変換素子。
- 機能層中に、フラーレン誘導体及び高分子化合物が含まれる請求項7に記載の光電変換素子。
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