JP5365459B2 - Solid shell thickness estimation method and apparatus in continuous casting, breakout detection method and apparatus in continuous casting - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a method and an apparatus which can accurately estimate the thickness of a solidification shell in the exit of a mold in continuous casting for molten steel. <P>SOLUTION: The method for estimating the thickness of a solidification shell in continuous casting is characterized in that: a heat flux q1 of heat input to the solidification interface from the time when the molten steel in the mold in continuous casting is at its surface level to the time when it reaches the mold exit, is measured; a steady solidification interface heat input q2<SB>reg</SB>, caused by the flow of molten steel in the mold in a steady state, is obtained based on formula (1), a heat flux profile is obtained for the difference between the heat flux q1 and the steady solidification interface heat input q2<SB>reg</SB>(q1-q2<SB>reg</SB>) from the time when the molten steel is at its surface level to the time when it reaches the mold exit; and, based on the heat flux profile, the thickness of the solidification shell at a predetermined position from a molten metal surface toward the outlet of the mold is estimated and, based on this, the thickness of the solidification shell at the mold outlet is predicted, wherein formula (1) is expressed by q2<SB>reg</SB>=h&times;&Delta;&theta; where q2<SB>reg</SB>is a steady solidification interface heat input (J/s/m<SP>2</SP>); h is a heat transfer coefficient (J/s/m<SP>2</SP>/&deg;C) between the molten steel and the solidification shell; and &Delta;&theta; is the degree (&deg;C) of super heat in the molten steel. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2011,JPO&amp;INPIT

Description

  The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for estimating the thickness of a solidified shell in continuous casting of molten steel, and a breakout detection method and apparatus for accurately detecting the risk of breakout occurrence using the method or apparatus for estimating the thickness of the solidified shell. Is.

  In continuous casting, the molten steel injected into the mold is cooled in the mold to form a solidified shell, which is pulled out of the mold. If there is, there is a risk that a so-called breakout occurs in which the solidified shell is broken and the molten steel is blown out when the thinned portion of the solidified shell comes to the mold outlet.

If a breakout occurs, the operation must be stopped, and it is necessary to select an operating condition that does not cause a breakout. It is not preferable because the efficiency is deteriorated.
Against this background, development of a method that can accurately determine the risk of breakout while performing high-speed casting is desired, and various methods have been proposed.

For example, Patent Document 1 (Japanese Patent Publication No. 63-53903) discloses the following technique.
In a method for preventing breakout in continuous casting by measuring the heat flux according to the amount of heat removed from the mold with a thin plate surface heat flux meter placed on the outer surface of the mold,
With a large number of heat flux meters, the local heat flux of each part of the mold is measured, and when the wave height of the heat flux waveform representing the temporal change of the heat flux suddenly exceeds a predetermined value, the casting speed is reduced, A breakout prevention method in continuous casting, wherein the occurrence of breakout is prevented by performing low speed casting until the wave height returns to the original.

Japanese Examined Patent Publication No. 63-53903

The technique disclosed in Patent Document 1 is a breakout prevention method by detecting a change in heat flux using a heat flux meter. The local heat flux of each part of the mold means the amount of heat removed from the mold, and the amount of heat removed is related to the formation of the solidified shell.
Therefore, it is reasonable to predict that when there is an abnormality in the change in heat flux, an abnormality occurs in the formation of the solidified shell thickness and there is a risk of breakout.

However, considering that the occurrence of breakout occurs because the thickness of the solidified shell does not reach the predetermined thickness at the mold outlet, it is not always possible to grasp the risk of an accurate breakout only by the change in heat flux. That's not enough.
This is because even if there is an abnormality in the heat flux in the initial stage of the solidified shell forming process in the mold, a solidified shell is formed in the subsequent stage of the solidified shell forming process, and a solidified shell having a predetermined thickness is formed at the mold outlet. This is because if it is formed, it may be determined that there is no risk of breakout.
In other words, it is difficult to say that it is a sufficiently accurate index to predict the risk of occurrence of breakout only by the change in local heat flux shown in the conventional example.

  As described above, the occurrence of breakout is directly related to the thickness of the solidified shell at the mold outlet, and if the thickness of the solidified shell can be estimated with high accuracy, the risk of occurrence of breakout can be determined with high accuracy. That is, the inventor considered that it was important to find an index closely related to the fact that the thickness of the solidified shell at the mold outlet reached a predetermined thickness.

  Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide a method and apparatus for accurately estimating the thickness of the solidified shell at the mold outlet in continuous casting of molten steel, and to cast in molten steel using these methods or apparatus. It is an object of the present invention to provide a method and an apparatus for accurately detecting and preventing a breakout occurring in a piece.

The solidified shell thickness is closely related to the heat removal state between the mold and the slab. That is, if the solidified shell thickness is thin, the amount of heat transferred from the slab to the mold increases and the amount of heat removal increases. Conversely, if the thickness of the solidified shell is thick, the amount of heat transferred from the slab to the mold decreases and the amount of heat extracted decreases. Less.
Although this is a well-known fact, the inventor decided to examine a specific heat removal state in an actual mold in order to examine this fact in detail.

In order to detect the heat removal state, it is necessary to obtain the heat flux at each part of the mold, which is performed as follows.
FIG. 2 is a sectional view of the mold 1 and shows a state (arrow) in which molten steel 5 is discharged from the immersion nozzle 3 connected to the bottom of the tundish 40 and installed in the mold 1. Mold powder 7 (shown as a layer) is added to the molten metal surface, and this mold powder 7 flows into the gap between the mold 1 and the molten steel 5 to act as a lubricant. The molten steel 5 is extracted from the mold 1 through the mold powder 7 and drawn toward the mold outlet while forming a solidified shell 9.

FIG. 3 is a partially enlarged cross-sectional view of the mold copper plate 11 forming the mold 1. In order to obtain the heat flux, it is necessary to detect a temperature gradient in the mold copper plate 11, and a thermocouple 17 is used to detect this, and the thermocouple 17 is used as shown in FIG. A hole 15 is formed in the bottom of the cooling water passage 13 formed on the outer side surface of the inner surface of the cooling water passage 13 and is embedded in two places at a predetermined distance in the depth direction.
A temperature gradient is detected from the output of the embedded thermocouple 17, and the heat flux can be obtained by calculation based on the temperature gradient.
The calculation of the local heat flux q1 (J / s · m ² ) is as follows: the detected temperatures of the two thermocouples 17 are T1 (° C.), T2 (° C.), the embedding interval is d (m), and the heat conduction of the mold 1 The rate is λ (J / s · m · ° C), and the following equation is used.
q1 = λ (T1-T2) / d

For example, in the case of a mold short piece, a pair of thermocouples 17 installed in the mold thickness direction is positioned below the normal hot water surface position at a height of 40 to 200 mm as indicated by the black circles in FIG. A total of nine places were installed.
Based on the output signals from these thermocouples 17, the local heat flux was obtained by the above equation, and the relationship between the local heat flux and the position from the molten metal surface was investigated.

FIG. 5 is a graph showing the results of the investigation, where the vertical axis indicates the local heat flux and the horizontal axis indicates the distance from the molten metal surface.
In the present specification, the shape of a graph showing the relationship between the local heat flux and the distance from the molten metal surface, where the vertical axis is the local heat flux and the horizontal axis is the distance from the molten metal surface, is referred to as a heat flux profile.
As shown in the graph of FIG. 5, the local heat flux decreases from the molten metal surface toward the mold outlet, takes a local minimum near the distance from the molten metal surface of 400 mm, and then once shows an increasing trend. The tendency shows a maximum value when the distance from the hot water surface is about 600 mm, and then decreases again.

The inventor paid attention to the fact that the local heat flux turned from a decreasing tendency toward an increasing tendency toward the mold outlet, and further studied.
The position where the local heat flux shows the minimum value is a distance from the molten metal surface of about 400 mm. This position is the same as the position where the discharge flow of the molten steel 5 discharged from the discharge port of the immersion nozzle 3 collides with the short side of the mold. (See Figure 2)
The relationship between such changes in local heat flux and molten steel discharge flow tells the following.

As shown in FIG. 5, the local heat flux decreases from the molten metal surface to the mold outlet direction because the thermal resistance increases, that is, the solidified shell thickness gradually increases as shown in FIG. It shows that it has become.
Then, at the position where the discharge flow of the molten steel 5 discharged from the immersion nozzle 3 collides with the solidified shell 9, the solidified shell 9 is remelted, the thickness of the solidified shell is reduced, and the solidified shell 9 thus thinned is solidified. It is considered that the heat generated by molten steel flow is applied to the interface and the local heat flux is increased.
Further, as it goes further downstream in the casting direction, the influence of the molten steel flow disappears, and the local heat flux is reduced again. Therefore, it is considered that the solidified shell thickness is increased.

  From the above examination, as shown in FIG. 2, the shape of the solidified shell 9 at a certain moment increases the thickness of the solidified shell 9 from the molten metal surface to the position of the local heat flux minimum value, and the local heat flux minimum. It is considered that the thickness of the solidified shell 9 decreases from the value to the maximum value, and further the thickness of the solidified shell 9 increases again after the maximum value of the local heat flux.

In the mold, the thickness of the solidified shell at the mold outlet is determined through the process of increasing or decreasing the thickness of the solidified shell.
The relationship between the extent to which the solidified shell thickness grows in the mold and the extent to which the solidified shell 9 once formed by remelting the solidified shell 9 is directly related to the solidified shell thickness at the mold outlet. It is thought that there is.

If the phenomenon of remelting of the solidified shell due to the molten steel flow does not occur in the mold, for example, when there is no discharge of molten steel from the immersion nozzle and only the molten steel in the mold is pulled out, the solidified shell is removed from the mold surface to the mold outlet. It is thought that the thickness will gradually increase toward.
Assuming a state in which the phenomenon of remelting of the solidified shell due to the molten steel flow does not occur, assuming a graph in which the horizontal axis is the distance from the molten metal surface and the vertical axis is the local heat flux as in FIG. It is assumed that there will be a smooth decline curve without any upsurge on the way seen in the case of 5.
In this case, the thickness of the solidified shell at the mold outlet is considered to be proportional to the sum of the amount of heat removal.

On the other hand, in the actual mold, the solidified shell is remelted due to the influence of the molten steel flow (hereinafter simply referred to as “molten steel flow”) due to the discharge flow from the immersion nozzle, and the solidified shell 9 is thinned by this remelting. At the same time, there is a phenomenon that the amount of heat removal increases.
Therefore, in a state where there is an influence of the molten steel flow, the degree of growth of the solidified shell thickness is not simply proportional to the amount of heat removal, but is proportional to the amount of heat removal actually measured minus the amount of heat removal due to the influence of the molten steel flow. I think that. The amount of heat removal due to the influence of the molten steel flow can be evaluated as heat input to the solidification interface by the molten steel flow (hereinafter simply referred to as “solidification interface heat input”).
Considering this, in the operating state in which molten steel is discharged from the immersion nozzle, the degree to which the solidified shell becomes thin can be evaluated by heat input at the solidification interface, while the degree to which the solidified shell grows can be measured by a thermocouple. This can be evaluated by subtracting the solidification interface heat input from the local heat flux.

By the way, if the solidification interface heat input is q2 (J / s · m ² ), this solidification interface heat input q2 is the heat transfer coefficient from the molten steel to the solidification interface h (J / s · m ² · ° C), Assuming that the degree of superheat is Δθ (° C.), it can be expressed as
q2 = h · Δθ (1)
However, h = 1.22 × 10 ⁵ × V ^0.8
V: Flow velocity of molten steel (m / s)
Δθ = T ₀ -T _S (° C)
T ₀ : Molten steel temperature in mold (° C)
T _S : Molten steel solidus temperature (° C)
Note that the molten steel temperature T ₀ (° C.) in the mold may be obtained by actually measuring the molten steel temperature in the mold. For example, based on the molten steel temperature (actual value) in the tundish (TD), It may be calculated.
T ₀ = 705.156 + 0.544086 ・ T _TD −2.35053 ・ V _C −0.00303 ・ W + 18.12663 ・ (0.1018lnFC−0.3362)
However, T _TD : Temperature of molten steel in TD (° C) (actual value)
V _C : Casting speed (m / min)
W : Casting width (m) (actual measurement)
FC: Applied current value (A) (actual measured value)

As described above, the solidification interface heat input q2 is related to the heat transfer coefficient h, and the heat transfer coefficient h is an amount related to the molten steel flow velocity V. Therefore, in order to measure the solidification interface heat input q2 online, it is necessary to measure the molten steel flow velocity V in the mold online.
However, it is difficult to measure the molten steel flow velocity V online in the operating state.
Therefore, the inventor samples the slabs cast at various casting speeds in advance, obtains the molten steel flow velocity value at each casting speed from the dendrite inclination angle in the slab, and solidifies interface heat input based on the molten steel flow velocity value. Considered to obtain q2. Here, the dendrite inclination angle is an inclination angle of a primary branch of dendrites extending in the thickness direction from the surface with respect to the normal direction with respect to the slab surface, and is known to correlate with a molten steel flow velocity value.
The solidification interface heat input q2 obtained in advance is referred to as “solidification interface heat input q2 in a steady state” and is expressed as steady solidification interface heat input q2 _reg . The term “steady state” is used to exclude an abnormal state where the immersion nozzle is clogged and the molten steel flow velocity is uneven.

The inventor then obtains a heat flux profile for the amount of heat obtained by subtracting the steady solidification interface heat input q2 _reg from the local heat flux measured by a thermocouple in an operating state where it is desired to estimate the thickness of the solidified shell at the mold outlet. Based on the above, it was considered to estimate the thickness of the solidified shell at the mold outlet. The reason for considering subtracting the steady solidification interface heat input q2 _reg from the local heat flux thus measured is as follows.
When the heat flux profile for the amount of heat obtained by subtracting the steady solidification interface heat input q2 _reg from the measured local heat flux in the operating state becomes a gradually decreasing curve, this heat flux profile is from the above-mentioned immersion nozzle. This means that the heat flux profile is the same as when the molten steel in the mold is simply drawn without discharge, and this means that the solidification interface heat input q2 in the operating state is the same as the steady solidification interface heat input q2 _reg Means. In other words, in this state, the degree of thinning of the solidified shell is the same as that in the steady state, that is, due to the molten steel flow from the normal immersion nozzle. The thickness of the solidified shell at the mold outlet can be estimated based on the heat flux profile for the amount of heat obtained by subtracting the interface heat input q2 _reg .

On the other hand, when the heat flux profile related to the amount of heat obtained by subtracting the steady solidification interface heat input q2 _reg from the local heat flux measured by the thermocouple rises at a certain distance from the molten metal surface, that is, the heat flux profile has a minimum value. If such can Cobb means that constant solidification interface heat input q2 actual solidification interface heat input q2 than _reg is large, considered to be high degree of redissolution of solidified shell than the steady state in this state It is done. For example, there is a case where a drift in the molten steel flow occurs in the mold due to a clogging of the immersion nozzle, and the heat input at the mold interface to be measured is increased more than usual. In this case, it is considered that the size of the bumps represents a heat input larger than the normal solidification interface heat input q2, and the degree of the bumps remelts the solidified shell caused by the molten steel flow. It can be evaluated that the thickness of the solidified shell is reduced.
Thus, by obtaining the heat flux profile for the amount of heat obtained by subtracting the steady solidification interface heat input q2 _reg from the measured local heat flux, the presence or absence of bumps in the heat flux profile and the size of the solid shell are determined. It is possible to clearly grasp the degree of remelting compared to the steady state, and to estimate the thickness of the solidified shell at the mold outlet. If the thickness of the solidified shell at the mold outlet can be estimated, the risk of breakout can be evaluated based on this.

Therefore, the inventor obtained the molten steel flow velocity from the dendrite inclination angle for various casting speeds, obtained the steady solidification interface heat input q2 _reg for each case, and obtained this steady solidification interface heat input q2 _reg in the operating state. The heat flux profile was subtracted from the heat removal amount measured by the above, and the heat flux profile was determined. Further examination was conducted to estimate the solidified shell thickness based on the heat flux profile.
Hereinafter, the contents of the examination will be specifically described.

FIG. 6 shows the flow rate of molten steel (m / s) and the distance from the molten metal surface (mm) based on the dendrite inclination angle of the slab when the casting speed V _C = 2.54 m / min and the casting width W = 1100 mm. The relationship obtained is graphed with the molten steel flow velocity on the vertical axis and the distance from the molten metal surface on the horizontal axis.
The molten steel flow velocity V (m / s) is obtained from this graph, and the steady solidification interface heat input q2 _reg is obtained based on the above equation (1).
Then, the local heat flux in the operating state is measured with a thermocouple, and the steady solidification interface heat input q2 _reg at the same casting speed as the measured operating state is subtracted from the measured value to obtain a heat flux profile in the subtracted heat amount.
In FIG. 7, the vertical axis indicates the local heat flux, the horizontal axis indicates the distance from the molten metal surface, the black circle value (D1) in the graph indicates the measured value by the thermocouple, and the white circle value (D2) indicates The value obtained by subtracting the steady-state solidification interface heat input q2 _reg from the value measured by the thermocouple is shown.

FIG. 8 is a diagram schematically showing a graph drawn by white circles in FIG. 7, and is an explanatory diagram for explaining an example of how to obtain an area surrounded by the graph, that is, an integrated value of the local heat flux (overall heat flux) It is.
Hereinafter, a method for obtaining the overall heat flux will be described with reference to FIG.
In the following description, when the general heat flux from the molten metal surface to the mold outlet is meant as a general heat flux notation method, a subscript ex is added to Q, Q1, Q2, and Qex, Q1ex, Q2ex. In order to indicate the overall heat flux at the position (measurement position) that you want to measure on the way from the molten metal surface to the mold outlet, add a subscript p to Q, Q1, Q2, and write Qp, Q1p, Q2p. It shall be. In addition, when Q, Q1, and Q2 are indicated without suffixes, the meanings of both the mold outlet and the measurement position are included.
Also, regarding the thickness of the solidified shell, if it means the thickness of the solidified shell at the mold outlet, a subscript ex is added to D and expressed as Dex, and the position to be measured (measurement position) on the way from the molten metal surface to the mold outlet. ) Means the thickness of the solidified shell in D, a suffix p is added to D, and it is expressed as Dp. Furthermore, when a suffix D is added without a suffix, it is at both the mold outlet and the measurement position. It shall mean the thickness of the solidified shell.

First, as shown in FIG. 8, by dividing the graph into a plurality of trapezoids, the area (Q1-1 to Q1-7) of each trapezoid is obtained, and the total area Qex is obtained by adding them.
The minimum point in the graph is A, the maximum point is B, the mold exit point is C, the triangle ABC is regarded as a bump, and the area of this bump, that is, the area Q2ex of the triangle ABC is obtained as follows (see FIG. 9). ).
A point on the horizontal axis corresponding to the point A is A ′, a point on the horizontal axis corresponding to the point C is C ′, and an area Q1-8 of the trapezoid ACC′A ′ is obtained, and these Q1-8 and Q1-1 When the area obtained by adding ~ Q1-3 is Q1ex, Q2ex = Qex−Q1ex.
The overall heat flux Q1ex obtained in this way can be evaluated as the amount of heat consumed for solidification of the molten steel, and the overall heat flux Q2ex is the amount of heat that causes the molten steel flow to collide with the solidified shell and remelt the solidified shell. It can be evaluated as a sensible heat of a molten steel flow collision. That is, if the solidified shell thickness at the mold outlet is estimated based on the overall heat flux Q1ex, the solidified shell thickness can be accurately estimated.

As described above, it is possible to estimate the thickness of the solidified shell at the mold outlet based on the overall heat flux Q1ex, and this point has already been proposed in Japanese Patent Application No. 2009-38855.
The inventor further considered the above and considered that the theory of estimating the thickness of the solidified shell at the mold outlet was applied before the mold outlet, that is, on the way from the molten metal surface to the mold outlet. In other words, if the thickness of the solidified shell is estimated in consideration of remelting before the mold outlet, and the thickness of the solidified shell at the mold outlet can be predicted based on the estimated value, control for preventing breakout can be performed at an earlier stage. I thought.
Therefore, the inventor considered that the thickness of the solidified shell at a predetermined position (measurement position) on the way from the molten metal surface to the mold outlet was estimated based on the overall heat flux Q1p up to the measurement position.

FIG. 10 is an explanatory diagram of how to obtain the overall heat flux Q1p. If the overall heat flux Q1p is the overall heat flux from the molten metal surface to the position of the fifth thermocouple, the overall heat flux Q1p can be obtained as follows.
In FIG. 10, the intersection of the straight line AC and the straight line BB ′ is D. If the area of the trapezoid ADB′A ′ is Q1-9, the overall heat flux Q1p can be obtained as an area obtained by adding Q1-9 and Q1-1 to Q1-3. At this time, when the area obtained by adding Q1-1 to Q1-4 (see FIG. 8) is Qp and the area of the triangle ABD is Q2p, Q2p = Qp-Q1p.
The height position of point D (local heat flux value) is known from the position of point A and point C. Therefore, the amount of change in local heat flux from point A to point C is apportioned by the distance from the molten metal surface. This can be easily obtained.

Since the overall heat flux Q1p up to the measurement point can be obtained as described above, a method for estimating the thickness of the solidified shell at the measurement point using the overall heat flux Q1p will be described below.
First, considering the physical process in which the molten steel solidifies in the mold, the molten steel injected into the mold from the immersion nozzle has enthalpy: H ₀ (heat content) including sensible heat and latent heat of solidification. And the molten steel having this enthalpy: H ₀ loses the enthalpy: ΔH _sur of the heat release by radiating heat from the molten metal surface, and is also removed by mold cooling during the period from the molten metal surface to the measurement point. A considerable amount of enthalpy: ΔH is lost, and a solidified shell having enthalpy: H ₁ at the measurement point is obtained. When the relationship between the enthalpy from the surface of the molten steel injected from the immersion nozzle into the mold to the measurement point is expressed by an equation, the following equation (4) is obtained.
H ₀ = H ₁ + ΔH + ΔH _sur (4)
However, H ₀ : Enthalpy of molten steel in mold (J / kg)
H ₁ : Enthalpy of solidified shell at measurement point (J / kg)
ΔH: enthalpy drop per unit weight of the solidified shell at the measurement point (J / kg)
ΔH _sur : Heat release from hot water (J / kg)

Here, H ₁ , ΔH _sur , and H ₀ can be obtained as follows.

<Determination of H _1>
The enthalpy of the solidified shell at the measurement point: H ₁ can be obtained from the following equation (5).
H ₁ = 670.27T _1ave +11958 (5)
Equation (5) is obtained by integrating the specific heat of solid-phase steel with temperature to give enthalpy and expressing it as a function of temperature.
T _{1ave in the} equation (5) represents the solidified shell average temperature (° C.) at the measurement point, and this T _1ave is obtained from the following equation (6).
T _1ave = aV _C + b (6)
V _C : Casting speed (m / min)
Since the constants a and b in the equation (6) vary depending on the position of the measurement point, it is necessary to obtain them for each measurement point.
Below, the heat transfer solidification calculation in the mold was performed at V _C = 1.4 m / min, 1.8 m / min, 2.2 m / min, 2.6 m / min. An example in which the shell average temperature T _1ave at 0.5 m, 0.6 m, 0.7 m, 0.8 m, and 0.85 m) is expressed as a linear expression of V _C is shown.
At L = 0.5m, T _1ave = 42.42500V _C +1258.62500
At L = 0.6m T _1ave = 39.23750V _C +1247.46250
At L = 0.7m T _1ave = 32.65000V _C +1253.95000
At L = 0.8m T _1ave = 31.70000V _C +1248.65000
At L = _0.85m (mold exit) T _1ave = 28.75000V _C +1234.27500
A graph used for deriving the equation of L = 0.7 m is shown in FIG. In FIG. 11, the vertical axis represents the mold outlet shell thickness direction average temperature (° C.), and the horizontal axis represents the casting speed (m / min).

<How to find ΔH _sur >
The enthalpy: ΔH _sur corresponding to the amount of heat released from the molten metal surface can be obtained from the following equation (7).
ΔH _sur = (10000/7100) ・ (60 / V _C ) (7)
V _C : Casting speed (m / min)
Equation (7) is the amount of heat released from the molten metal surface, and is a calculation of how much enthalpy is released per unit volume of molten steel. The release enthalpy per molten metal surface unit area, 'When (in W / m ^2), enthalpy release amount per molten steel unit volume ΔH _sur (J / kg) is, [Delta] H _sur' [Delta] H _sur at casting speed per unit time Since it is sufficient to divide by the determined molten steel weight, ΔH _sur = ΔH _sur '/ (density 7100 × Vc / 60 × 1 (= unit area)). Then, ΔH _sur ′ is set to 10000 W / m ² in the expression (7).

<Determination of H _0>
The enthalpy of the molten steel in the mold: H ₀ can be obtained based on the equation (8) in which the specific heat of the liquid-phase steel is integrated with the temperature to give an enthalpy and expressed as a function of the temperature.
H ₀ = (1 × 10 ⁻¹⁰ × T ₀ ⁴ −4 × 10 ⁻⁷ × T ₀ ³ + 0.0005 × T ₀ ² −0.0098 × T ₀ +4.5508)
× 4.19 × 1000 ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ (8)
T ₀ : Molten steel temperature in mold (° C)
In addition, the molten steel temperature T ₀ in the mold in the equation (8) is obtained from the following equation (9) in which the molten steel temperature in the mold is actually measured with a thermocouple in the existing equipment and the multiple regression equation is obtained under the operating conditions at that time. Can be sought.
T ₀ = 705.156 + 0.544086T _TD -2.35053V _C -0.00303W
+18.12663 (0.10181 ・ ln (FC) −0.3362) ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ (9)
However, T _TD : Tundish (T / D) molten steel temperature (℃)
V _C : Casting speed (m / min)
W: Mold (M / D) width (m)
FC: FC current (A)

As described above, since H ₁ , ΔH _sur , and H ₀ can be obtained, ΔH can be obtained from the following equation (10) obtained by modifying equation (4).
ΔH = H ₀ − (H ₁ + ΔH _sur ) (10)
ΔH is the enthalpy equivalent to the amount of heat removed by removing heat by cooling the mold from the molten metal surface to the measurement point, so the solidified shell thickness Dp at the measurement point is expressed by the following equation using the overall heat flux Q1p. be able to.
Dp = Q1p / (ΔH · ρ) (11)
Where ρ: density of the solidified shell at the measurement point (kg / m ³ )
In addition, (rho) can be calculated | required from the following Formula (12) which calculated | required the density of solid iron to 20-1500 degreeC in five points, and made it a regression equation so that it might become a function of temperature.
ρ = (− 1.686 × 10 ⁻¹⁰ T _1ave ³ + 2.7069 × 10 ⁻⁷ T _1ave ²
-5.2909 × 10 ^-4 T _1ave +7.9106) × 1000 (12)
Note that T _{1ave in the} equation (12) is obtained from the above equation (6).

The method for obtaining H ₁ , ΔH _sur , H ₀ , and ρ is not limited to the method described above, and may be obtained by various methods.

In the above examination, the overall heat flux Q2 is excluded from the overall heat flux for estimating the solidified shell thickness, assuming that the molten steel flow is a sensible heat of the molten steel collision that causes the solidified shell to remelt by colliding with the solidified shell. .
However, when the molten steel discharge flow from the immersion nozzle temporarily increases during casting, that is, when the overall heat flux Q2 exists, it is considered that the solidified shell is remelted by the molten steel flow and a solidification delay occurs. Therefore, it is also conceivable that the solidified shell thickness becomes thinner than the solidified shell thickness obtained by simply excluding the overall heat flux Q2.
Therefore, a method for estimating the solidified shell thickness in consideration of the solidification delay due to remelting will be described below.

Even if remelting by the overall heat flux Q2 occurs, the inventor does not act that all of the overall heat flux Q2 causes a solidification delay in the solidified shell, but some percent of the remelting causes a solidification delay. I thought it would work. Considering that, it is assumed that the solidified shell thickness estimated based on the overall heat flux Q1 is D, and the solidified shell thickness considering remelting by the overall heat flux Q2 is that D1 and X2 of Q2 act as remelting. The following proportional relationship is established.
Q1: D = (Q1-X · Q2): D1
When the above proportional expression is arranged for D1, D1 = D (1−X · Q2 / Q1).
Therefore, if X can be obtained, D1 can be obtained.
Therefore, when the above proportional expression is arranged for X, X = (D−D1) / D · Q1 / Q2. The value of (D−D1) / D appearing in this equation can be obtained by the following equation (14), which is known as a solidification delay degree RS (Retardation of Solidification).
RS = β × (V ^0.8・ Δθ) (14)
β: Coagulation delay constant (unitless)
V: Molten steel flow velocity (m / s)
Δθ: Molten steel superheat (° C)
RS: Solidification delay (no unit)

As described above, the molten steel superheat degree Δθ can be obtained as Δθ = T ₀ −T _S (T ₀ : molten steel temperature in mold (° C.), T _S : molten steel solidus temperature (° C.)). If V is obtained, RS can be obtained.
And the molten steel flow velocity V (m / s) can be calculated | required from (15) Formula using the general heat flux Q2.
V = (Q (2) / (α ・ t ・ Δθ)) ^1.25・ ・ ・ ・ （15）
α: Flow rate constant of molten steel (no unit)
t: Measurement point or point after the solidified shell passes the local minimum point in the profile
Time required to reach the mold exit (S)

When (D−D1) / D in the equation of X = (D−D1) / D · Q1 / Q2 is replaced with RS, X = RS · Q1 / Q2. Substituting this value of X into D1 = D (1−X · Q2 / Q1) described above results in D1 = D (1−RS), and the solidified shell thickness D1 considering the solidification delay can be obtained.

  As described above, the solidification delay degree RS shown in the above equation (14) can be obtained. Therefore, the solidification shell thickness D1 in consideration of the solidification delay due to the overall heat flux Q2 is set as D1 = D (1-RS). It can be sought.

In order to verify the validity of the above examination, the solidified shell thicknesses D and D1 at the mold outlet were obtained under some operating conditions (conditions 1 to 4), and compared with values obtained by other methods. It was.
As a comparison method, the following D ′ and D1 ′ were calculated.
D ′ = The shell thickness calculated from only the amount of heat removed using the heat flux profile of q1 only.
That is, a value corresponding to the overall heat flux Q is calculated using q1 instead of q1-q2 _reg (referred to as Q ′), and D ′ = Q ′ / (ΔH · ρ) according to the equation (2). The shell thickness considering the solidification delay in the value D1 ′ = D ′ determined by That is, a value obtained from D1 ′ = D ′ (1−RS) from RS.
D _real = shell thickness estimated from the internal crack position of the slab.
Table 1 shows D ′, D1 ′, D, D1 and D _real in each operation condition (conditions 1 to 4).

As can be seen from the results shown in Table 1, D and D1 stably take values close to the actual measurement values, and in particular, D1 shows a value closer to the actual measurement values and is evaluated to indicate an improved value. it can.
The above verification is performed at the mold outlet, but the same can be said at the measurement point.

Thus, the solidified shell thickness D at the measurement point and the mold outlet can be obtained using the overall heat flux Q1, and the solidified shell thickness D1 considering the solidification delay can be obtained.
If the thickness of the solidified shell can be obtained, the relationship between the thickness of the solidified shell and the presence / absence of occurrence of breakout can be obtained in advance, and can be used as an index for occurrence of breakout.
For example, when the predicted thickness D at the mold outlet is less than or equal to the threshold value, it is determined that the breakout occurrence condition is satisfied, or when the predicted mold outlet thickness D1 is equal to or less than the threshold value, the breakout occurrence condition is satisfied. Can be judged.
In addition, what is necessary is just to set a threshold value from an example beforehand according to steel types, equipment, and operation conditions, or to obtain | require by theoretical calculation.

In the present invention, since the solidified shell thickness Dex at the mold outlet is predicted based on the solidified shell thickness Dp and D1p at the measurement point on the way from the molten metal surface to the mold outlet, the solidified shell thickness Dp and D1p is estimated. Therefore, how to derive the solidified shell thickness Dex becomes a problem.
Therefore, in the following, a method for predicting the solidified shell thickness at the mold outlet based on the solidified shell thicknesses Dp and D1p at the measurement point on the way from the molten metal surface to the mold outlet will be described.
In general, there is the following relationship between the thickness D of the solidified shell from the molten metal surface to the mold outlet and the solidification time t.
D = kt ^1/2
Where k: coagulation constant

Therefore, by substituting the solidification shell thickness Dp estimated by the above theory at the measurement position and the solidification time tp (distance from the molten metal surface (m) / casting speed (m / min)) into the above equation. Thus, the coagulation constant k _p taking into account re-dissolution can be obtained. When kp is obtained, the solidified shell thickness Dex at the mold outlet can be obtained by the following equation.
Dex = k _p t _ex ^1/2
Where t _ex is the solidification time and t _ex = (distance from molten metal surface to mold outlet (m) / casting speed (m / min))

As described above, the total heat flux Q1p can be used to determine the solidified shell thickness Dp at the measurement point and the solidified shell thickness D1p considering the solidification delay, and based on these Dp or D1p, the solidified shell thickness Dex at the mold outlet. Can be accurately predicted.
If the thickness of the solidified shell at the mold outlet can be predicted based on the data at the measurement point before reaching the mold outlet, control for preventing breakout at an earlier stage can be performed.
Moreover, since the index of occurrence of breakout based on the solidified shell thickness Dex at the mold outlet is a more direct index than the above-described index based only on the change in heat flux, the accuracy is high. I can say that.

The method of predicting the solidified shell thickness at the mold outlet based on the solidified shell thicknesses Dp and D1p at the measurement position is not limited to the above D = kt ^1/2 , When close to the mold outlet where there is little influence of dissolution, the growth of the solidified shell after the measurement position may be predicted based on the profile in the steady state.

  The present invention has been made based on the above knowledge, and specifically comprises the following configuration.

(1) The solidified shell thickness estimation method in continuous casting according to the present invention measures the heat flux q1 that enters the solidification interface from the molten metal surface to the mold outlet in the continuous casting until the molten steel in the mold reaches the steady state. seeking steady solidification interface heat input q2 _reg by molten steel flow in the mold in the state on the basis of the following equation (1), the difference between these heat fluxes q1 and steady solidification interface heat input q2 _reg (q1-q2 _reg) molten steel for the hot water Find the heat flux profile from the surface to the mold exit,
When there is no local minimum point indicating the minimum value in the heat flux profile, the area from the molten metal surface to a predetermined position in the mold outlet direction out of the area surrounded by the entire curve of the heat flux profile between the molten metal surface position and the mold outlet The overall heat flux corresponding to is the overall heat flux Q1p,
When there is a local minimum point indicating a minimum value in the heat flux profile, this corresponds to the area of the portion above this line when the local minimum and the local heat flux value at the mold outlet are connected by a straight line. The overall heat flux is Q2, and the overall heat flux corresponding to the area surrounded by the curve of the heat flux profile from the molten metal surface position to a predetermined position in the mold outlet direction, from the minimum point of Q2 to the predetermined position in the mold outlet direction. Q1p is the overall heat flux corresponding to the area obtained by subtracting the overall heat flux Q2p corresponding to the area of
Using these general heat fluxes Q1p, the solidified shell thickness Dp at a predetermined position in the mold outlet direction is estimated based on the following equation (2), and further, the solidified shell thickness Dex at the mold outlet is estimated using this estimated value Dp. It is characterized by.
q2 _reg = h · Δθ (1)
Where q2 _reg : steady-state solidification interface heat input (J / s · m ² )
h: Heat transfer coefficient between molten steel and solidified shell (J / s · m ² · ° C)
Δθ: Superheat degree of molten steel (° C)
Dp = Q1p / (ΔH · ρ) (2)
However,
Dp: Solidified shell thickness (m) at a predetermined position in the mold exit direction from the molten metal surface in the mold
Q1p: Overall heat flux (J / m ² )
ΔH: enthalpy drop per unit weight of the solidified shell at a predetermined position in the mold (J / kg)
ρ: Solidified shell density at a predetermined position in the mold (kg / m ³ )

  The predetermined position in the mold outlet direction is preferably a position closer to the mold outlet than a portion where remelting due to the discharge flow from the immersion nozzle may occur. For example, a minimum point indicating a minimum value in the heat flux profile Is present, it is preferable that the position be closer to the mold exit direction than the minimum point.

(2) Further, in the above (1), the solidified shell thickness Dex at the mold outlet is predicted based on the following equation using the solidified shell thickness Dp estimated at a predetermined position in the mold. It is what.
Dex = k _p t _ex ^1/2
Where t _ex is the solidification time and t _ex = (distance from molten metal surface to mold outlet (m) / casting speed (m / min))
The coagulation constant k _p is obtained by the following equation
k _p = Dp / t _p ^1/2
However, t _p = (distance from molten metal surface to predetermined position in mold (m) / casting speed (m / min))

(3) Further, in the case described in (1) above, when there is a minimum point showing a minimum value in the heat flux profile, the solidified shell thickness D1p considering the solidification delay caused by remelting by the overall heat flux Q2p is set. A method of estimating and using this D1p to estimate the solidified shell thickness Dex at the mold outlet, where Dp is the solidified shell thickness obtained by the above (1), D1p = Dp (1-RS). It is characterized by this.
However, RS = β x (V ^0.8 · Δθ)
β: Coagulation delay constant (unitless)
V: Flow velocity of molten steel (m / s)
Δθ: Molten steel superheat (° C)
RS: Coagulation delay (no unit)
However, V = (Q2 / (α · t · Δθ)) ^1.25
Q2p: Overall heat flux (J / m ² )
α: Flow rate constant of molten steel (no unit)
t: After the solidified shell passes through the minimum point in the heat flux profile
Time required to reach a predetermined position in the mold (S)

(4) Further, in the above (3), the solidified shell thickness Dex at the mold outlet using the solidified shell thickness D1p is predicted based on the following equation.
Dex = k1 _p t _ex ^1/2
Where t _ex is the solidification time and t _ex = (distance from molten metal surface to mold outlet (m) / casting speed (m / min))
The coagulation constant k1 _p is obtained by the following equation.
k1 _p = D1p / t _p ^1/2
However, t _p = (distance from molten metal surface to predetermined position in mold (m) / casting speed (m / min))

(5) In addition, in any of the above (1) to (4), the heat flux q1 is a pair of thermocouples embedded between two points having different embedding depths in the mold thickness direction in the mold. A plurality of heat fluxes are installed in the casting direction of the mold, and the local heat flux is obtained by the following equation based on the outputs of the pair of thermocouples.
q1 = λ (T1-T2) / d
Where q1: heat flux (J / s · m ² )
λ: Thermal conductivity of mold (J / s · m · ° C)
T1, T2: Thermocouple detection temperature (° C)
d: Embedment interval of thermocouple (m)

(6) The breakout detection method in continuous casting according to the present invention is a breakout detection method in continuous casting using the solidified shell thickness estimation method in continuous casting described in any of (1) to (5) above. Then, based on the solidified shell thickness at the mold outlet predicted by the solidified shell thickness estimation method in the continuous casting described in (1) to (5) above and a threshold value obtained in advance in relation to the risk of occurrence of breakout. The risk of breakout occurrence is detected.

(7) The solidified shell thickness estimation apparatus in continuous casting according to the present invention includes a thermocouple group in which a plurality of thermocouples embedded in two points at different depths in the mold thickness direction are installed in the mold casting direction; The local heat flux calculating means for obtaining the local heat flux q1 at each thermocouple installation site by inputting temperature information from the thermocouple group, and the steady solidification interface heat input q2 _reg due to the molten steel flow in the mold in the steady state The steady solidification interface heat input storage means for storing the data obtained based on (1) and the difference between the heat flux q1 and the steady solidification interface heat input q2 _reg (q1−q2 _reg ) from the molten metal surface to the mold outlet If there is no minimum point indicating a minimum value in the heat flux profile obtained by the profile calculation means and the heat flux profile obtained by the profile calculation means, The overall heat flux corresponding to the area from the molten metal surface to a predetermined position in the mold outlet direction out of the total area surrounded by the entire curve of the heat flux profile between the mold outlets is defined as the overall heat flux Q1p, and is obtained by the profile calculation means. If there is a local minimum point that shows the minimum value in the heat flux profile, the overall heat flow corresponding to the area above this line when the local minimum and the local heat flux value at the mold outlet are connected by a straight line. An area from the overall heat flux corresponding to the area surrounded by the curve of the heat flux profile from the molten metal surface position to a predetermined position in the mold outlet direction to the predetermined position in the mold outlet direction from the minimum point of the Q2 is defined as a bundle Q2 The total heat flux corresponding to the area obtained by subtracting the total heat flux Q2p corresponding to is defined as Q1p, and using the total heat flux Q1p, a predetermined position in the mold outlet direction based on the following equation (2) And a solidified shell thickness calculating means for calculating an estimated value of the solidified shell thickness Dp in the apparatus and further calculating a solidified shell thickness Dex at the mold outlet using the estimated value Dp.
q2 _reg = h · Δθ (1)
Where q2 _reg : steady-state solidification interface heat input (J / s · m ² )
h: Heat transfer coefficient between molten steel and solidified shell (J / s · m ² · ° C)
Δθ: Superheat degree of molten steel (° C)
Dp = Q1p / (ΔH · ρ) (2)
However,
Dp: Solidified shell thickness (m) at a predetermined position in the mold exit direction from the molten metal surface in the mold
Q1p: Overall heat flux (J / m ² )
ΔH: enthalpy drop per unit weight of the solidified shell at a predetermined position in the mold (J / kg)
ρ: Solidified shell density at a predetermined position in the mold (kg / m ³ )

(8) Further, in the above described (7), the solidified shell thickness calculating means performs a calculation for obtaining the solidified shell thickness Dex at the mold outlet based on the following formula using the solidified shell thickness Dp. It is what.
Dex = k _p t _ex ^1/2
Where t _ex is the solidification time and t _ex = (distance from molten metal surface to mold outlet (m) / casting speed (m / min))
The coagulation constant k _p is obtained by the following equation
k _p = Dp / t _p ^1/2
However, t _p = (distance from molten metal surface to predetermined position in mold (m) / casting speed (m / min))

(9) Further, in the above-mentioned (7), the solidified shell thickness considering the solidification delay caused by remelting by the overall heat flux Q2p is D1p, the solidified shell thickness Dp obtained by claim 7 is solidified. The shell thickness calculating means calculates the solidified shell thickness D1p based on the following equation, and calculates the solidified shell thickness Dex at the mold outlet using the solidified shell thickness D1p.
D1p = Dp (1-RS)
However, RS = β x (V ^0.8 · Δθ)
β: Coagulation delay constant (unitless)
V: Flow velocity of molten steel (m / s)
Δθ: Molten steel superheat (° C)
RS: Coagulation delay (no unit)
However, V = (Q2 / (α · t · Δθ)) ^1.25
Q2: Overall heat flux (J / m ² )
α: Flow rate constant of molten steel (no unit)
t: After the solidified shell passes through the minimum point in the heat flux profile
Time required to reach a predetermined position in the mold (S)

(10) Further, in the above-described (9), the solidified shell thickness calculating means performs a calculation for obtaining the solidified shell thickness Dex at the mold outlet based on the following formula using the solidified shell thickness D1p. It is what.
Dex = k1 _p t _ex ^1/2
Where t _ex is the solidification time and t _ex = (distance from molten metal surface to mold outlet (m) / casting speed (m / min))
The coagulation constant k _p is obtained by the following equation
k1 _p = D1p / t _p ^1/2
However, t _p = (distance from molten metal surface to predetermined position in mold (m) / casting speed (m / min))

(11) A breakout detection device according to the present invention is a breakout detection device in continuous casting using the solidified shell thickness estimation device according to any one of (7) to (10), wherein the solidified shell thickness is calculated. A breakout determination means for inputting a calculated value of the means and determining whether there is a risk of occurrence of breakout based on the calculated value and a threshold obtained in advance in relation to the risk of occurrence of breakout. It is a feature.

(12) A breakout prevention device in continuous casting according to the present invention is a breakout prevention device using the breakout detection device according to the above (11), in which a signal from a breakout determination means is input, When the out determination means determines that there is a risk of breakout, the operation condition is controlled so as to reduce the casting speed, or in addition to the control, a control means is provided for performing control to decrease the molten steel flow velocity in the mold. It is characterized by.

In the present invention, the heat flux q1 input to the solidification interface is measured between the molten steel in the mold in the continuous casting and the mold outlet, and the heat flux q1 and the molten steel flow in the mold in the steady state are measured. When the heat flux profile from the molten steel surface to the mold outlet is obtained for the difference (q1−q2 _reg ) in the steady solidification interface heat input q2 _reg , and there is a minimum point indicating the minimum value in the heat flux profile, When the local minimum and the local heat flux value at the mold outlet are connected by a straight line, the overall heat flux corresponding to the area above the straight line is defined as Q2, and from the molten metal surface position to a predetermined position in the mold outlet direction. The difference between the overall heat flux Q2p corresponding to the area from the minimum point of the Q2 to the predetermined position in the mold outlet direction from the overall heat flux corresponding to the entire area surrounded by the entire curve of the heat flux profile. Since the total heat flux corresponding to the subtracted area is Q1p, and the solidified shell thickness Dex at the mold outlet is estimated using this total heat flux Q1p, the solidified shell thickness can be estimated with high accuracy.

It is explanatory drawing of the continuous casting installation which installed the breakout prevention apparatus which concerns on one embodiment of this invention. It is explanatory drawing explaining the means for solving a subject, and is sectional drawing of the casting mold for continuous casting which embedded the thermocouple. It is explanatory drawing explaining the means for solving a subject, and is explanatory drawing of the embedding method of a thermocouple. It is explanatory drawing explaining the means for solving a subject, and is explanatory drawing of the attachment position of a thermocouple. It is explanatory drawing explaining the means for solving a subject, and is a graph which shows the relationship between the distance from a local heat flux and a molten metal surface. It is explanatory drawing explaining the means for solving a subject, and is a graph which shows the relationship between the distance from a molten steel flow velocity and a molten metal surface. It is explanatory drawing explaining the means for solving a subject, and is a graph which shows the relationship between the distance from a local heat flux and a molten metal surface. It is explanatory drawing explaining the means for solving a subject, and is explanatory drawing of how to obtain | require the area of the heat flux profile shown by the graph which shows the relationship between the distance from a local heat flux and a molten metal surface. It is explanatory drawing explaining the means for solving a subject, and is explanatory drawing of how to obtain | require the area of the heat flux profile shown by the graph which shows the relationship between the distance from a local heat flux and a molten metal surface. It is explanatory drawing explaining the means for solving a subject, and is explanatory drawing of how to obtain | require the area of the heat flux profile shown by the graph which shows the relationship between the distance from a local heat flux and a molten metal surface. It is explanatory drawing explaining the means for solving a subject, and is a graph which shows the relationship between casting speed and average temperature of the shell thickness direction in a mold exit direction predetermined position, and a vertical axis is mold exit shell thickness direction average temperature (° C. ), The horizontal axis indicates the casting speed (m / min). It is explanatory drawing of the Example of this invention.

FIG. 1 is an explanatory view of a continuous casting facility in which a breakout prevention device according to an embodiment of the present invention is installed, and the same parts as those in FIG.
The continuous casting equipment is connected to the bottom of the mold 1 and the tundish 40 and is installed in the mold 1 to guide the immersion nozzle 3 for discharging the molten steel 5 from the tundish 40 and the slab 19 discharged from the mold 1. A guide roller 21, a pinch roll 23 for pulling out the cast piece 19, a motor 25 for rotationally driving the pinch roll 23, and a pinch roll control device 27 for controlling the motor 25 are provided.
The continuous casting equipment having such a configuration is provided with a breakout prevention device having the following configuration.

The breakout prevention device includes a thermocouple group in which a plurality of pairs of thermocouples 17 embedded in two points at different depths in the mold copper plate 11 forming the mold 1 are installed in the mold width direction and the casting direction, Local heat flux calculation means 29 for calculating the local heat flux q1 at each thermocouple installation site by inputting temperature information from the thermocouple group 17 in the mold thickness direction, and a steady solidification interface due to molten steel flow in the mold in a steady state About the solidification interface heat input memory means 31 for storing the heat input q2 _reg obtained based on the following equation (1), and the difference (q1−q2 _reg ) between the heat flux q1 and the steady solidification interface heat input q2 _reg The heat flux profile calculation means 32 for obtaining the heat flux profile from the molten metal surface to the mold outlet, and the heat flux profile obtained by the heat flux profile calculation means 32 is minimal. When there is no minimum point indicating a value, the overall heat flux corresponding to the area from the molten metal surface to a predetermined position in the mold outlet direction out of the total area surrounded by the entire curve of the heat flux profile between the molten metal surface position and the mold outlet Is a general heat flux Q1p, and when there is a minimum point indicating a minimum value in the heat flux profile obtained by the profile calculation means, the minimum point and the local heat flux value at the mold outlet are connected by a straight line. The overall heat flux corresponding to the area of the portion above the straight line is defined as Q2, and the overall heat flux corresponding to the area surrounded by the curve of the heat flux profile from the molten metal surface position to a predetermined position in the mold outlet direction is The overall heat flux corresponding to the area obtained by subtracting the overall heat flux Q2p corresponding to the area from the minimum point to the predetermined position in the mold outlet direction is defined as Q1p, and the overall heat flux Q The estimated value of the solidified shell thickness Dp at a predetermined position in the mold outlet direction is calculated based on the following equation (2) using p, and the solidified shell thickness is calculated using this estimated value Dp. The calculation value of the thickness calculation means 33 and the solidified shell thickness calculation means 33 is input, and the presence / absence of the risk of occurrence of breakout is determined based on the calculated value and the threshold value obtained in advance in relation to the risk of occurrence of breakout. When the breakout determination means 34 and the signal of the breakout determination means 34 are input and the breakout determination means determines that there is a risk of breakout, the casting speed is decreased and / or the mold cooling is increased. Control means 35 for controlling the operating conditions at the same time, or in addition to the control, control for lowering the flow rate of the molten steel in the mold, and breakout judgment means 34 And an alarm device 37 that issues an alarm when it is determined that there is a risk of being out.
q2 _reg = h · Δθ (1)
Where q2 _reg : steady-state solidification interface heat input (J / s · m ² )
h: Heat transfer coefficient between molten steel and solidified shell (J / s · m ² · ° C)
Δθ: Superheat degree of molten steel (° C)
Dp = Q1p / (ΔH · ρ) (2)
However,
Dp: Solidified shell thickness (m) at a predetermined position in the mold exit direction from the molten metal surface in the mold
Q1p: Overall heat flux (J / m ² )
ΔH: enthalpy drop per unit weight of the solidified shell at a predetermined position in the mold (J / kg)
ρ: Solidified shell density at a predetermined position in the mold (kg / m ³ )
Hereinafter, each configuration will be described in more detail.

<Thermocouple>
The thermocouple 17 is embedded in the mold copper plate 11 in the same manner as shown in FIGS. That is, a hole is made in the bottom of the cooling water passage formed on the outer side surface of the mold copper plate 11, a thermocouple 17 is embedded therein, and a pair of thermoelectrics embedded in two places at a certain distance in the depth direction. A total of 18 pairs 17 are installed in nine locations in the casting direction.
Although the thermocouple 17 is embedded in the short side and the long side of the mold, in the present invention, measurement is performed for each side of the mold, and breakout occurs based on the measured value for each side. The presence or absence is determined.

<Local heat flux calculation means>
The local heat flux calculating means 29 inputs the signal of the thermocouple 17 and calculates the local heat flux q1. The local heat flux calculation means 29 is realized by the CPU executing a predetermined program. As described above, the local heat flux calculation means 29 includes the detected temperatures of the two thermocouples 17 as T1, T2, and the embedded interval. Where d and the thermal conductivity of the mold 1 are λ, the following equation is written to calculate the local heat flux.
q1 = λ (T1-T2) / d

<Stationary solidification interface heat input storage means>
The steady solidification interface heat input storage unit 31 stores data of the steady solidification interface heat input q2 _reg due to the molten steel flow in the mold in the steady state obtained based on the following equation (1).
q2 _reg = h · Δθ (1)
However, h = 1.22 × 10 ⁵ × V ^0.8
V: Flow velocity of molten steel (m / s)
Δθ = T ₀ -T _S
T ₀ : Molten steel temperature in mold (° C)
T _S : Molten steel solidus temperature (° C)
The steady solidification interface heat input q2 _reg is obtained by calculating the molten steel flow velocity from the dendrite inclination angle of the cast slab cast when operating at a predetermined casting speed, and using the molten steel flow velocity, the above equation (1) is obtained. Based on this, a steady solidification interface heat input q2 _reg is obtained.

<Heat flux profile calculation means>
The heat flux profile calculating means 32, the difference between these heat fluxes q1 and steady solidification interface heat input q2 _reg (q1-q2 _reg) molten for seek heat flux profile from the melt surface up to the mold exit.
Similar to the local heat flux calculation means 29, the heat flux profile calculation means 32 is realized by the CPU executing a predetermined program, and this program has logic for calculating the heat flux profile described above. Has been written.

<Solid shell thickness calculation means>
The solidified shell thickness calculating means 33 calculates the solidified shell thickness Dp at a predetermined position in the mold outlet direction based on the heat flux profile obtained by the heat flux profile calculating means 32. A specific calculation method is as follows.
In the case where there is no local minimum point indicating the minimum value in the heat flux profile obtained by the heat flux profile calculating means 32, the molten metal surface of the total area surrounded by the entire curve of the heat flux profile between the molten metal surface position and the mold outlet. The total heat flux corresponding to the area from the predetermined position in the mold outlet direction to Q1p is set as Q1p, and the solidified shell thickness D at the predetermined position in the mold outlet direction is calculated based on the following equation (2) using this total heat flux Q1p.
Further, when there is a local minimum point indicating a minimum value in the heat flux profile obtained by the heat flux profile calculating means 32, this straight line is connected when the local minimum and the local heat flux value at the mold outlet are connected by a straight line. The overall heat flux corresponding to the area of the upper part is defined as Q2, and from the overall heat flux corresponding to the entire area surrounded by the entire heat flux profile curve from the molten metal surface position to the predetermined position in the mold outlet direction, The total heat flux corresponding to the area obtained by subtracting the total heat flux Q2p corresponding to the area from the minimum point to the predetermined position in the mold outlet direction is defined as Q12p, and the total heat flux Q1p is used to obtain the following equation (2). Thus, the solidified shell thickness Dp at a predetermined position in the mold outlet direction is calculated.
Dp = Q1p / (ΔH · ρ) (2)
However,
Dp: Solidified shell thickness (m) at a predetermined position in the mold exit direction from the molten metal surface in the mold
Q1p: Overall heat flux (J / m ² )
ΔH: enthalpy drop per unit weight of the solidified shell at a predetermined position in the mold (J / kg)
ρ: Solidified shell density at a predetermined position in the mold (kg / m ³ )

Further, the solidified shell thickness calculation means 33 performs a calculation for obtaining the solidified shell thickness Dex at the mold outlet using the solidified shell thickness Dp based on the following equation.
Dex = k _p t _ex ^1/2
Where t _ex is the solidification time and t _ex = (distance from molten metal surface to mold outlet (m) / casting speed (m / min))
The coagulation constant k _p is obtained by the following equation
k _p = Dp / t _p ^1/2
However, t _p = (distance from molten metal surface to predetermined position in mold (m) / casting speed (m / min))

As a calculation method with improved accuracy, the solidified shell thickness calculating means 33 calculates the solidification shell thickness D1p taking into account the solidification delay caused by remelting by the overall heat flux Q2, and the solidification delay obtained by the following equation (3). RS may be used to calculate by the formula D1p = Dp (1−RS).
When there is no minimum point in the heat flux profile, both the algorithm obtained for Dp instead of D1p and the algorithm obtained for D1 with Q2 = 0 can obtain the same result, so both can be selected.
RS = β × (V ^0.8・ Δθ) (3)
β: Coagulation delay constant (unitless)
V: Flow velocity of molten steel (m / s)
Δθ: Molten steel superheat (° C)
RS: Coagulation delay (no unit)
However, V = (Q2 / (α · t · Δθ)) ^1.25
Q2p: Overall heat flux (J / m ² )
α: Flow rate constant of molten steel (no unit)
t: After the solidified shell passes through the minimum point in the heat flux profile
Time required to reach a predetermined position in the mold (S)

<Breakout determination means>
The breakout determining means 34 inputs the calculated value of the solidified shell thickness calculating means 33, and based on the calculated value and the threshold value obtained in advance in relation to the risk of occurrence of breakout, whether or not there is a risk of occurrence of breakout Determine.
The threshold values are obtained by acquiring data in simulation experiments and actual operations in advance regarding various Q1p, Q2p, the solidified shell thickness Dex at the mold outlet, and whether or not breakout occurs at the solidified shell thickness. .
For example, the target solidified shell thickness at the mold outlet is set to 20 to 30 mm, and the solidified shell thickness is set to 5 to 7 mm or less as a threshold at which there is a risk of breakout.
The breakout determination means 34 is also realized by the CPU executing a predetermined program, and the above-described determination logic is written in this program.

<Control means>
When the breakout determination unit 34 determines that there is a risk of breakout, the control unit 35 controls various devices in order to avoid breakout based on the determination result.
Specifically, when a signal indicating that there is a breakout risk is input from the breakout determination unit 34, a signal for instructing the pinch roll control device 27 to reduce the rotational speed of the motor 25 is output. In addition, a signal for applying a DC magnetic field that lowers the molten steel flow velocity in the mold 1 may be output to the electromagnetic brake device 41.
In addition, when the control unit 35 receives a signal from the breakout determination unit 34 that there is a risk of breakout, the control unit 35 outputs a command signal so as to issue an alarm to the alarm device 37.
The control means 35 is also realized by the CPU executing a predetermined program, and logic for outputting the above-described command signal is written in this program.

<Alarm device>
The alarm device 37 inputs a signal from the breakout determination means 34 and issues an alarm. There are no limitations on the type of alarm, but examples include alarm sounds, lighting of alarm lamps, and combinations thereof.

The operation of the present embodiment configured as described above will be described.
In the operation of discharging the molten steel 5 from the immersion nozzle 3 and cooling it by the mold 1 to continuously cast the slab 19, the signal from the thermocouple 17 is input to the local heat flux calculating means 29 to calculate the local heat flux, This calculation result is input to the heat flux profile calculation means 32. The heat flux profile calculating means 32 is based on the local heat flux q1 input from the local heat flux calculating means 29 and the steady solidification interface heat input q2 _reg stored in the steady solidification interface heat storage means 31 based on q1− q2 _reg is calculated and a heat flux profile is calculated based on the calculation result.
The solidified shell thickness calculation means 33 obtains the overall heat flux Q1p by the above-described method based on the heat flux profile obtained by the heat flux profile computation means 32, and determines the mold outlet predetermined by the above-described method based on this overall heat flux Q1p. The solidified shell thickness Dp at the position is calculated. Further, the solidified shell thickness calculation means 33 obtains the solidified shell thickness Dex at the mold outlet by the above-described method using the solidified shell thickness Dp.
The breakout determination unit 34 inputs the solidified shell thickness Dex calculated and input by the solidified shell thickness calculation unit 33, and determines whether there is a risk of occurrence of breakout based on the relationship between this value and a predetermined threshold value.

As a result of the determination, if there is no risk of breakout, the operation is continued as it is.
On the other hand, when it is determined that there is a risk of breakout as a result of the determination, the breakout determination means 34 outputs to the control means 35 that there is a risk of breakout. At the same time, a command signal for issuing an alarm to the alarm device 37 is output.

When the control unit 35 receives a signal from the breakout determination unit 34, for example, the control unit 35 performs control for reducing the casting speed and the molten steel flow rate.
Specifically, a signal for instructing the pinch roll control device 27 to reduce the rotational speed of the motor 25 is output. The pinch roll control device 27 to which this signal is input controls so as to reduce the rotational speed of the motor 25.
By reducing the rotational speed of the motor 25, the casting speed is reduced and the thickness of the solidified shell in the mold 1 is increased, so that the risk of breakout can be avoided.
Further, the control means 35 outputs a signal for applying a DC magnetic field to the electromagnetic brake device 41 so as to reduce the flow velocity of the molten steel in the mold 1. When this signal is output, the electromagnetic brake device 41 applies a DC magnetic field to the mold 1. As a result, the molten steel flow rate in the mold 1 is reduced, the molten steel flow rate is reduced, the rate at which the molten steel collides with the solidified shell interface is reduced, and the degree of remelting of the solidified shell is reduced. Therefore, the risk of breakout can be avoided.

According to the present embodiment, the thickness of the solidified shell at the mold outlet that is directly related to the breakout can be obtained. Therefore, whether or not breakout occurs can be determined based on the thickness of the solidified shell, and various operating conditions can be determined. Below, occurrence of breakout can be easily and reliably predicted with high sensitivity, and breakout can be reliably prevented.
Moreover, since the solidified shell thickness Dp at a predetermined position in the mold outlet direction before the mold outlet is estimated and the solidified shell thickness Dex at the mold outlet is predicted based on this estimated value, the breakout at an earlier stage is performed. Therefore, control for preventing breakout can be performed faster and more reliably.

  In the above-mentioned [Means for Solving the Problems] and the embodiments, geometrically, as a technique for obtaining the integrated value of the heat flux corresponding to the size of the overall heat flux and the bump from the heat flux profile. Although the method to perform was shown, this invention is not restricted to this, For example, you may obtain | require the integrated heat flux by integrating a graph.

  In the above embodiment, when it is determined that there is a risk of breakout, the control for avoiding the breakout includes reducing the casting speed and reducing the molten steel flow speed in the mold. However, control may be performed to increase the thickness of the solidified shell by enhancing the mold cooling.

An embodiment will be described with reference to FIG.
When the ultra-low carbon steel was operated at a casting speed of 2.0 m / min, the calculated value of the solidified shell thickness Dp at a position 400 mm from the molten metal surface position to the mold outlet direction was 4 mm. Based on this solidified shell thickness Dp The calculated value of the solidified shell thickness Dex at the mold exit was predicted to be 5.7 mm, which was 8 mm or less, which is the critical breakout thickness (see white triangles in FIG. 12).
Therefore, when the casting speed is reduced to 0.5 m / min, the solidified shell thickness Dex at the mold outlet can be sufficiently larger than 8 mm as shown in FIG. 12, and the occurrence of breakout can be prevented. (Refer to black in FIG. 12).
After the solidified shell thickness is sufficiently increased, high speed casting can be performed by increasing the casting speed again.

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Mold 3 Immersion nozzle 5 Molten steel 7 Mold powder 9 Solidified shell 11 Mold copper plate 17 Thermocouple 19 Cast piece 21 Guide roller 23 Pinch roll 25 Motor 27 Pinch roll control device 29 Local heat flux calculating means 31 Steady solidification interface heat storage means 32 Heat flux profile calculation means 33 Solidified shell thickness calculation means 34 Breakout determination means 35 Control device 37 Alarm device 41 Electromagnetic brake device

Claims (12)

In the continuous casting, the heat flux q1 heat input to the solidification interface is measured between the molten steel in the mold from the molten metal surface to the mold outlet, and the steady solidification interface heat input q2 _reg due to the molten steel flow in the mold in the steady state is reduced. Obtained based on the equation (1), the heat flux profile from the molten steel surface to the mold outlet is obtained for the difference between the heat flux q1 and the steady solidification interface heat input q2 _reg (q1−q2 _reg ),
When there is no local minimum point indicating the minimum value in the heat flux profile, the area from the molten metal surface to a predetermined position in the mold outlet direction out of the area surrounded by the entire curve of the heat flux profile between the molten metal surface position and the mold outlet The overall heat flux corresponding to is the overall heat flux Q1p,
When there is a local minimum point indicating a minimum value in the heat flux profile, this corresponds to the area of the portion above this line when the local minimum and the local heat flux value at the mold outlet are connected by a straight line. The overall heat flux is Q2, and the overall heat flux corresponding to the area surrounded by the curve of the heat flux profile from the molten metal surface position to a predetermined position in the mold outlet direction, from the minimum point of Q2 to the predetermined position in the mold outlet direction. Q1p is the overall heat flux corresponding to the area obtained by subtracting the overall heat flux Q2p corresponding to the area of
Using these general heat fluxes Q1p, the solidified shell thickness Dp at a predetermined position in the mold outlet direction is estimated based on the following equation (2), and further, the solidified shell thickness Dex at the mold outlet is estimated using this estimated value Dp. A method for estimating a solidified shell thickness in continuous casting.
q2 _reg = h · Δθ (1)
Where q2 _reg : steady-state solidification interface heat input (J / s · m ² )
h: Heat transfer coefficient between molten steel and solidified shell (J / s · m ² · ° C)
Δθ: Superheat degree of molten steel (° C)
Dp = Q1p / (ΔH · ρ) (2)
However,
Dp: Solidified shell thickness (m) at a predetermined position in the mold exit direction from the molten metal surface in the mold
Q1p: Overall heat flux (J / m ² )
ΔH: enthalpy drop per unit weight of the solidified shell at a predetermined position in the mold (J / kg)
ρ: Solidified shell density at a predetermined position in the mold (kg / m ³ ) 2. The solidified shell thickness estimation method according to claim 1, wherein the solidified shell thickness Dex at the mold outlet is predicted based on the following equation using the solidified shell thickness Dp estimated at a predetermined position in the mold.
Dex = k _p t _ex ^1/2
Where t _ex is the solidification time and t _ex = (distance from molten metal surface to mold outlet (m) / casting speed (m / min))
The coagulation constant k _p is obtained by the following equation
k _p = Dp / t _p ^1/2
However, t _p = (distance from molten metal surface to predetermined position in mold (m) / casting speed (m / min)) When there is a minimum point indicating a minimum value in the heat flux profile, the solidified shell thickness D1p is estimated in consideration of the solidification delay caused by remelting by the overall heat flux Q2p, and the solidified shell thickness at the mold outlet is estimated using this D1p. A method for estimating Dex, wherein the solidified shell thickness obtained in claim 1 is Dp, and D1p = Dp (1-RS). Estimation method.
However, RS = β x (V ^0.8 · Δθ)
β: Coagulation delay constant (unitless)
V: Flow velocity of molten steel (m / s)
Δθ: Molten steel superheat (° C)
RS: Coagulation delay (no unit)
However, V = (Q2 / (α · t · Δθ)) ^1.25
Q2p: Overall heat flux (J / m ² )
α: Flow rate constant of molten steel (no unit)
t: After the solidified shell passes through the minimum point in the heat flux profile
Time required to reach a predetermined position in the mold (S) The method for estimating a solidified shell thickness according to claim 3, wherein the solidified shell thickness Dex at the mold outlet is predicted based on the following formula using the solidified shell thickness D1p.
Dex = k1 _p t _ex ^1/2
Where t _ex is the solidification time and t _ex = (distance from molten metal surface to mold outlet (m) / casting speed (m / min))
Is obtained by the following formula
Coagulation constant k1 _p = D1p / t _p ^1/2
However, t _p = (distance from molten metal surface to predetermined position in mold (m) / casting speed (m / min)) The heat flux q1 is calculated based on the output of the pair of thermocouples by installing a plurality of pairs of thermocouples embedded in two molds in the mold casting direction in the mold casting direction. The method for estimating a solidified shell thickness in continuous casting according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the local heat flux is obtained by:
q1 = λ (T1-T2) / d
Where q1: heat flux (J / s · m ² )
λ: Thermal conductivity of mold (J / s · m · ° C)
T1, T2: Thermocouple detection temperature (° C)
d: Embedment interval of thermocouple (m)   A breakout detection method in continuous casting using the solidified shell thickness estimation method in continuous casting according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the solidified shell thickness in continuous casting according to claim 1 is estimated. Breakout detection in continuous casting characterized in that the risk of breakout occurrence is detected based on the thickness of the solidified shell at the mold exit predicted by the method and the threshold value obtained in advance in relation to the risk of breakout occurrence Method. A thermocouple group in which a plurality of thermocouples embedded in two points at different depths in the mold thickness direction are installed in the mold casting direction, and temperature information from the thermocouple group is input to each thermocouple installation site Local heat flux calculation means for determining the local heat flux q1 in the case, and the steady solidification interface heat input that stores the data obtained from the steady solidification interface heat input q2 _reg due to the molten steel flow in the mold in the steady state based on the following equation (1) Storage means, profile calculation means for obtaining a heat flux profile from the molten metal surface to the mold outlet for the difference (q1−q2 _reg ) between these heat flux q1 and steady solidification interface heat input q2 _reg , and the profile calculation means When there is no local minimum point indicating the minimum value in the heat flux profile obtained by the above, the total area surrounded by the entire curve of the heat flux profile between the molten metal surface position and the mold outlet is shown. When the overall heat flux corresponding to the area from the molten metal surface to the predetermined position in the mold outlet direction is the overall heat flux Q1p, and there is a minimum point indicating the minimum value in the heat flux profile obtained by the profile calculating means, When the local minimum and the local heat flux value at the mold outlet are connected by a straight line, the overall heat flux corresponding to the area above the straight line is defined as Q2, and the heat flow from the molten metal surface position to a predetermined position in the mold outlet direction The overall heat flux corresponding to the area obtained by subtracting the overall heat flux Q2p corresponding to the area from the minimum point of the Q2 to the predetermined position in the mold outlet direction from the overall heat flux corresponding to the area surrounded by the curve of the bundle profile. Is set to Q1p, and the estimated value of the solidified shell thickness Dp at a predetermined position in the mold outlet direction is calculated based on the following equation (2) using the overall heat flux Q1p. Solidified shell thickness estimation device in continuous casting, characterized in that a solidified shell thickness calculation means for calculating a solidified shell thickness Dex at the mold exit with dp.
q2 _reg = h · Δθ (1)
Where q2 _reg : steady-state solidification interface heat input (J / s · m ² )
h: Heat transfer coefficient between molten steel and solidified shell (J / s · m ² · ° C)
Δθ: Superheat degree of molten steel (° C)
Dp = Q1p / (ΔH · ρ) (2)
However,
Dp: Solidified shell thickness (m) at a predetermined position in the mold exit direction from the molten metal surface in the mold
Q1p: Overall heat flux (J / m ² )
ΔH: enthalpy drop per unit weight of the solidified shell at a predetermined position in the mold (J / kg)
ρ: Solidified shell density at a predetermined position in the mold (kg / m ³ ) 8. The solidified shell thickness estimation device according to claim 7, wherein the solidified shell thickness calculation means performs a calculation for obtaining the solidified shell thickness Dex at the mold outlet using the solidified shell thickness Dp based on the following equation.
Dex = k _p t _ex ^1/2
Where t _ex is the solidification time and t _ex = (distance from molten metal surface to mold outlet (m) / casting speed (m / min))
The coagulation constant k _p is obtained by the following equation
k _p = Dp / t _p ^1/2
However, t _p = (distance from molten metal surface to predetermined position in mold (m) / casting speed (m / min)) The solidified shell thickness considering the solidification delay caused by remelting by the overall heat flux Q2p is D1p, the solidified shell thickness Dp obtained by claim 7 is used, and the solidified shell thickness calculation means is based on the following equation. The solidified shell thickness estimation device in continuous casting according to claim 7, wherein the solidified shell thickness Dex at the mold outlet is calculated using the solidified shell thickness D1p.
D1p = Dp (1-RS)
However, RS = β x (V ^0.8 · Δθ)
β: Coagulation delay constant (unitless)
V: Flow velocity of molten steel (m / s)
Δθ: Molten steel superheat (° C)
RS: Coagulation delay (no unit)
However, V = (Q2 / (α · t · Δθ)) ^1.25
Q2: Overall heat flux (J / m ² )
α: Flow rate constant of molten steel (no unit)
t: After the solidified shell passes through the minimum point in the heat flux profile
Time required to reach a predetermined position in the mold (S) 10. The solidified shell thickness estimation device according to claim 9, wherein the solidified shell thickness calculation means performs a calculation for obtaining the solidified shell thickness Dex at the mold outlet using the solidified shell thickness D1p based on the following equation.
Dex = k1 _p t _ex ^1/2
Where t _ex is the solidification time and t _ex = (distance from molten metal surface to mold outlet (m) / casting speed (m / min))
The coagulation constant k _p is obtained by the following equation
k1 _p = D1p / t _p ^1/2
However, t _p = (distance from molten metal surface to predetermined position in mold (m) / casting speed (m / min))   A breakout detection device using the solidified shell thickness estimation device according to any one of claims 7 to 10, wherein a calculated value of a solidified shell thickness calculating means is input, and the calculated value and a breakout are generated in advance. A breakout detection device in continuous casting, comprising breakout determination means for determining whether or not there is a risk of occurrence of breakout based on a threshold value obtained in relation to the risk of the above.   A breakout prevention apparatus using the breakout detection apparatus according to claim 11, wherein when a signal from a breakout determination means is input and the breakout determination means determines that there is a risk of breakout, the casting speed An apparatus for controlling breakout in continuous casting, comprising control means for controlling the operating conditions so as to reduce the flow rate, or in addition to the control, controlling the flow velocity of the molten steel in the mold to be lowered.

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