JP5344931B2 - 向上した電子遷移を有する材料を使用した光電子デバイス - Google Patents
向上した電子遷移を有する材料を使用した光電子デバイス Download PDFInfo
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- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims description 60
- 230000005693 optoelectronics Effects 0.000 title claims description 26
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- GPXJNWSHGFTCBW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Indium phosphide Chemical compound [In]#P GPXJNWSHGFTCBW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
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- RPQDHPTXJYYUPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium arsenide Chemical compound [In]#[As] RPQDHPTXJYYUPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
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- DRDVZXDWVBGGMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc;sulfide Chemical compound [S-2].[Zn+2] DRDVZXDWVBGGMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
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Description
本出願は、米国仮特許出願第60/777,131号(2006年2月27日出願)の利益を主張する。
本発明は、アメリカ合衆国エネルギ省によって授与された契約番号第DE−AC51−06NA25396号の下で、政府の支援を受けて行われた。合衆国政府は、本発明における一定の権利を有する。
太陽電池、放射線検出器、および発光ダイオードのような光電子デバイスは、一般的に、半導体材料のバルク効果に依存する。そのような条件下においては、単一のバンドギャップが利用可能であり、そのようなデバイスの全体効率は、それによって上限値に制限される。放射線検出器または発光ダイオードのような他の応用例においては、バンドギャップが発光または検出のエネルギを決定する。単一のバンドギャップを有する太陽電池は、例えば、約41パーセント未満の効率に制限される。
ビスマスは、図2bに示される、非常に稀なバンド構造を有する、狭いバンドギャップの半金属である。T点の価電子バンドはフェルミエネルギ(EF)に交差し、その結果として、バンドエッジはフェルミエネルギを越え、多くの空白の電子状態(孔)が残される。L点の価電子バンドのエッジはフェルミエネルギ未満であり、それ故に、大部分が電子で充填される。そのような状態の両方ともが、同じ方向にカーブしている(価電子および伝導バンドのペアとは反対に)ために、状態の結合密度は大きい。さらに、T点に孔ポケットが、またL点に電子ポケットがあるために、多くの電子が、L点の価電子バンドからT点の価電子バンドにまで励起され得る。しかしながら、バルクのビスマスにおいては、室温で0.13eV程度と予測されるこの遷移は、間接的でありかつ弱いものである。
多くの研究が、シリコン量子構造におけるフォトルミネセンスについて調査してきた。これらの構造は非晶質シリコンを含み、それは、量子ドットを含んで示されている。
既に提示されている中間バンド太陽電池の製作のための1つのアプローチは、2つの半導体の間に量子ドットを挟みこむことである。しかしながら、量子ドットに対する電気接触子を得ることは困難である。界面混合を利用することによって、中間バンド太陽電池において両レベルを提供するために、単一の材料が使用され得る。接地状態と2つの励起状態との間の結合の強度は、ナノワイヤ134の方向および直径を変更することによって、太陽電池効率に対して最適化され得る。偶然にも、シリコンは、中間バンド太陽電池の最適エネルギに非常に近い2つのバンドギャップを有する。最も小さいバンドギャップは、X方向におけるデルタ点の1.12eVである。別のキャリアポケットがL点に存在しており、1.6eVと2.1eVとの間であると予測される。1.12eVと1.9eVのバンドギャップと、60%を超える効率とを有する、中間バンドギャップ太陽電池が、計算に基づいて予測されている。
亜鉛はかなり複雑な電子バンド構造を有する金属である。関連するバンドを図3に示す。図3に示すバンド図に基づき、ナノ構造の亜鉛におけるΓ伝導バンドからL点伝導バンドへの遷移が、界面混合による強力な吸収およびルミネセンスを示すものと予測される。ビスマスの場合と同様に、初期の状態および最終の状態が共に同方向にカーブするために、大きな状態密度が形成される。さらにビスマスの場合と同様に、バンドの1つがフェルミエネルギ(EF)と交差し、この電子励起子に対して利用可能な多くの状態を作り出す。亜鉛の場合には、Γ点の伝導バンドがフェルミエネルギと交差して、バンドエッジは電子で満たされることとなる。L点伝導バンドはフェルミエネルギを越えており、このために、電子が励起される先の空白で満たされた状態となる。再び、ポケットがΓおよびL点にあるために、界面は<111>方向である必要がある。この遷移のエネルギは約3eVである。主軸または長さが<hkl>の結晶配向にあるワイヤに対しては、h+k+l=0、−h+k+l=0、h−k+l=0、またはh+k−l=0であり、ここで、h≠0、k≠0、およびl≠0である。
Claims (15)
- a.透明伝導体と、
b.固体伝導体と、
c.材料の少なくとも一部分が該透明伝導体および該固体伝導体と電気的に接触するように、該透明伝導体と該固体伝導体との間に配置された材料であって、該材料は、フェルミエネルギレベルと、複数のキャリアポケットと、界面であって、電子状態の有意な混合は該界面において達成され、混合された電子状態をもたらす、界面とを有し、該混合された電子状態は、フェルミエネルギレベルのkT以下である初期の状態と、フェルミエネルギレベルのkT以上である第2の状態とを含み、kはボルツマン定数であり、Tはケルビン温度である、材料と、
を含み、
該材料は、複数のナノワイヤを含み、その結果として、該複数のナノワイヤの少なくとも一部分が、該透明伝導体および該固体伝導体と電気的に接触し、
該複数のナノワイヤのそれぞれが、<hkl>の結晶配向を有し、h+k+l=0、−h+k+l=0、h−k+l=0、またはh+k−l=0であり、h≠0、k≠0、およびl≠0である、光電子デバイス。 - 前記複数のナノワイヤのそれぞれが、最大で約200nmまでの直径を有する、請求項1に記載の光電子デバイス。
- 前記複数のナノワイヤのそれぞれが、約50nmから約200nmまでの範囲内の直径を有する、請求項2に記載の光電子デバイス。
- 前記複数のナノワイヤは、シリコンのナノワイヤを含み、該シリコンのナノワイヤのそれぞれが、<1−21>、<211>、<121>、および<112>の配向から成る群のうちから選択された結晶配向の方向を有する、請求項1に記載の光電子デバイス。
- a.透明伝導体と、
b.固体伝導体と、
c.材料の少なくとも一部分が該透明伝導体および該固体伝導体と電気的に接触するように、該透明伝導体と該固体伝導体との間に配置された材料であって、該材料は、フェルミエネルギレベルと、複数のキャリアポケットと、界面であって、電子状態の有意な混合は該界面において達成され、混合された電子状態をもたらす、界面とを有し、該混合された電子状態は、フェルミエネルギレベルのkT以下である初期の状態と、フェルミエネルギレベルのkT以上である第2の状態とを含み、kはボルツマン定数であり、Tはケルビン温度である、材料と、
を含み、
該材料は、複数のナノワイヤを含み、その結果として、該複数のナノワイヤの少なくとも一部分が、該透明伝導体および該固体伝導体と電気的に接触し、
該複数のナノワイヤは、ビスマスのナノワイヤを含み、該ビスマスのナノワイヤのそれぞれが、<101>および<012>の配向から成る群のうちから選択された結晶配向の方向を有する、光電子デバイス。 - 前記複数のナノワイヤの間に配置された絶縁材料をさらに含む、請求項1に記載の光電子デバイス。
- 前記絶縁材料は、アルミナを含む、請求項6に記載の光電子デバイス。
- 前記材料は、シリコン、ビスマス、亜鉛、硫化亜鉛、リン化インジウム、ヒ化インジウム、およびそれらの組み合わせから成る群のうちから選択される物質を含む、請求項1に記載の光電子デバイス。
- 前記光電子デバイスは、発光ダイオード、赤外線検出器、エミッタ、太陽電池、および光電池、のうちの1つである、請求項1に記載の光電子デバイス。
- 前記エミッタは、近赤外線エミッタ、青色エミッタ、赤色エミッタ、および近紫外線エミッタ、のうちの1つである、請求項9に記載の光電子デバイス。
- 前記デバイスは、中間バンド太陽電池である、請求項9に記載の光電子デバイス。
- 前記材料はシリコンを含み、Γ価電子バンドからL点伝導バンドへの電子遷移は、約1.65eV〜約2.29eVの間で強化され、その間に存在する、請求項11に記載の光電子デバイス。
- 2つの状態の空間的重複が少なくとも約7%であるように、前記界面における前記電子状態の混合が存在する、請求項1に記載の光電子デバイス。
- 光電子デバイスを製造する方法であって、該方法は、(a)複数のナノワイヤに対する結晶配向を選択するステップであって、該結晶配向は該複数のナノワイヤの界面において達成される電子状態の有意な混合をもたらし、混合された電子状態をもたらす、ステップと、(b)該選択された結晶配向を有するナノワイヤアレイを作製するステップと、(c)該ナノアレイに、該ナノワイヤアレイの一方の側部に透明伝導体を、該アレイの第二の側部に固体導体を提供するステップとを含み、
該複数のナノワイヤのそれぞれが、<hkl>の結晶配向を有し、h+k+l=0、−h+k+l=0、h−k+l=0、またはh+k−l=0であり、h≠0、k≠0、およびl≠0である、方法。 - 前記複数のナノワイヤは、シリコンを含む、請求項3に記載の光電子デバイス。
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WO2013043730A2 (en) | 2011-09-19 | 2013-03-28 | Bandgap Engineering, Inc. | Electrical contacts to nanostructured areas |
CN102436532A (zh) * | 2011-11-28 | 2012-05-02 | 华北电力大学 | InAs/GaSb超晶格电子结构的设计方法 |
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