JP5015374B2 - 流体を回収、分配、混合、再分配、および排出する装置と方法 - Google Patents
流体を回収、分配、混合、再分配、および排出する装置と方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP5015374B2 JP5015374B2 JP2000568579A JP2000568579A JP5015374B2 JP 5015374 B2 JP5015374 B2 JP 5015374B2 JP 2000568579 A JP2000568579 A JP 2000568579A JP 2000568579 A JP2000568579 A JP 2000568579A JP 5015374 B2 JP5015374 B2 JP 5015374B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- fluid
- circuit
- mixing
- chamber
- function
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 title claims description 174
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 10
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 title claims description 7
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims description 32
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 claims description 26
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000003463 adsorbent Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000284 extract Substances 0.000 description 14
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 9
- CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N O-Xylene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1C CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- URLKBWYHVLBVBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Para-Xylene Chemical group CC1=CC=C(C)C=C1 URLKBWYHVLBVBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005315 distribution function Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- YNQLUTRBYVCPMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylbenzene Chemical compound CCC1=CC=CC=C1 YNQLUTRBYVCPMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000764238 Isis Species 0.000 description 1
- KKEYFWRCBNTPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Terephthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=C(C(O)=O)C=C1 KKEYFWRCBNTPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013375 chromatographic separation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004587 chromatography analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000005194 ethylbenzenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004401 flow injection analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000003441 saturated fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000004671 saturated fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012808 vapor phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 101150072178 viaA gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J8/00—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes
- B01J8/02—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds
- B01J8/04—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds the fluid passing successively through two or more beds
- B01J8/0492—Feeding reactive fluids
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D15/00—Separating processes involving the treatment of liquids with solid sorbents; Apparatus therefor
- B01D15/08—Selective adsorption, e.g. chromatography
- B01D15/10—Selective adsorption, e.g. chromatography characterised by constructional or operational features
- B01D15/18—Selective adsorption, e.g. chromatography characterised by constructional or operational features relating to flow patterns
- B01D15/1814—Recycling of the fraction to be distributed
- B01D15/1821—Simulated moving beds
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D15/00—Separating processes involving the treatment of liquids with solid sorbents; Apparatus therefor
- B01D15/08—Selective adsorption, e.g. chromatography
- B01D15/10—Selective adsorption, e.g. chromatography characterised by constructional or operational features
- B01D15/18—Selective adsorption, e.g. chromatography characterised by constructional or operational features relating to flow patterns
- B01D15/1814—Recycling of the fraction to be distributed
- B01D15/1821—Simulated moving beds
- B01D15/1842—Simulated moving beds characterised by apparatus features
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/02—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by adsorption, e.g. preparative gas chromatography
- B01D53/04—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by adsorption, e.g. preparative gas chromatography with stationary adsorbents
- B01D53/0407—Constructional details of adsorbing systems
- B01D53/0423—Beds in columns
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/02—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by adsorption, e.g. preparative gas chromatography
- B01D53/04—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by adsorption, e.g. preparative gas chromatography with stationary adsorbents
- B01D53/0407—Constructional details of adsorbing systems
- B01D53/0446—Means for feeding or distributing gases
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F35/00—Accessories for mixers; Auxiliary operations or auxiliary devices; Parts or details of general application
- B01F35/71—Feed mechanisms
- B01F35/717—Feed mechanisms characterised by the means for feeding the components to the mixer
- B01F35/7182—Feed mechanisms characterised by the means for feeding the components to the mixer with means for feeding the material with a fractal or tree-type distribution in a surface
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J8/00—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes
- B01J8/02—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds
- B01J8/04—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds the fluid passing successively through two or more beds
- B01J8/0446—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds the fluid passing successively through two or more beds the flow within the beds being predominantly vertical
- B01J8/0449—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds the fluid passing successively through two or more beds the flow within the beds being predominantly vertical in two or more cylindrical beds
- B01J8/0453—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds the fluid passing successively through two or more beds the flow within the beds being predominantly vertical in two or more cylindrical beds the beds being superimposed one above the other
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C7/00—Purification; Separation; Use of additives
- C07C7/12—Purification; Separation; Use of additives by adsorption, i.e. purification or separation of hydrocarbons with the aid of solids, e.g. with ion-exchangers
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2257/00—Components to be removed
- B01D2257/70—Organic compounds not provided for in groups B01D2257/00 - B01D2257/602
- B01D2257/702—Hydrocarbons
- B01D2257/7027—Aromatic hydrocarbons
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2259/00—Type of treatment
- B01D2259/40—Further details for adsorption processes and devices
- B01D2259/402—Further details for adsorption processes and devices using two beds
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F25/00—Flow mixers; Mixers for falling materials, e.g. solid particles
- B01F25/40—Static mixers
- B01F25/41—Mixers of the fractal type
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Treatment Of Liquids With Adsorbents In General (AREA)
- Extraction Or Liquid Replacement (AREA)
- Accessories For Mixers (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Infusion, Injection, And Reservoir Apparatuses (AREA)
- Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
- Multiple-Way Valves (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR9810996A FR2782656B1 (fr) | 1998-09-02 | 1998-09-02 | Distributeur-melangeur-extracteur de fluides et procede associe |
| FR98/10996 | 1998-09-02 | ||
| PCT/FR1999/002065 WO2000013782A1 (fr) | 1998-09-02 | 1999-08-30 | Distributeur-melangeur-extracteur de fluides et procede associe |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JP2002524427A JP2002524427A (ja) | 2002-08-06 |
| JP2002524427A5 JP2002524427A5 (enExample) | 2006-08-31 |
| JP5015374B2 true JP5015374B2 (ja) | 2012-08-29 |
Family
ID=9530070
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2000568579A Expired - Fee Related JP5015374B2 (ja) | 1998-09-02 | 1999-08-30 | 流体を回収、分配、混合、再分配、および排出する装置と方法 |
Country Status (15)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (2) | US6224762B1 (enExample) |
| EP (1) | EP1113867B1 (enExample) |
| JP (1) | JP5015374B2 (enExample) |
| KR (1) | KR100570932B1 (enExample) |
| CN (1) | CN1108185C (enExample) |
| AR (1) | AR020366A1 (enExample) |
| BR (1) | BR9913291A (enExample) |
| DE (1) | DE69912464T2 (enExample) |
| ES (1) | ES2211145T3 (enExample) |
| FR (1) | FR2782656B1 (enExample) |
| ID (1) | ID29418A (enExample) |
| MY (1) | MY123332A (enExample) |
| RU (1) | RU2223141C2 (enExample) |
| TW (1) | TW452501B (enExample) |
| WO (1) | WO2000013782A1 (enExample) |
Families Citing this family (22)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2795338B1 (fr) * | 1999-06-28 | 2001-08-03 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Dispositif de distribution pour multi-reacteurs d'evaluation automatique de catalyseurs |
| DE10038910A1 (de) * | 2000-08-09 | 2002-02-21 | Innoplana Umwelttechnik Ag Tae | Verfahren zum Trocknen von pastösen Materialien |
| US6575014B2 (en) * | 2001-06-01 | 2003-06-10 | Agilent Technologies, Inc. | Silicon micro-machined fixed-volume back-flush injector having no unswept dead volume during injection |
| US20070156197A1 (en) * | 2005-12-15 | 2007-07-05 | Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. | Method and apparatus for improved medical device profile |
| US7722832B2 (en) | 2003-03-25 | 2010-05-25 | Crystaphase International, Inc. | Separation method and assembly for process streams in component separation units |
| US7314551B2 (en) * | 2004-11-19 | 2008-01-01 | Uop Llc | Flow distribution apparatus |
| FR2904776B1 (fr) * | 2006-08-08 | 2009-01-23 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Procede et dispositif de separation en lit mobile simule a nombre de vannes reduit |
| FR2907021B1 (fr) * | 2006-10-16 | 2009-02-06 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Procede et dispositif de separation en lit mobile simule a nombre de vannes de grand diametre reduit |
| FR2913346B1 (fr) * | 2007-03-09 | 2009-04-24 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Procede et dispositif de separation en lit mobile simule a nombre de vannes de grand diametre et volume de lignes reduits |
| FR2913345B1 (fr) * | 2007-03-09 | 2010-06-11 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Procede et dispositif de separation en lit mobile simule a nombre de vannes et volume de lignes reduits |
| US8201988B2 (en) * | 2009-03-18 | 2012-06-19 | Uop Llc | Adsorber grid distributor box design |
| WO2012096589A1 (ru) * | 2011-01-12 | 2012-07-19 | Vorobyev Yury Valentinovich | Комбинированный смеситель-активатор прямоточного типа |
| KR101448333B1 (ko) * | 2011-01-25 | 2014-10-08 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 양극 활물질의 제조장치 및 이에 구비되는 교반장치 |
| CN103084084B (zh) * | 2011-11-02 | 2015-09-23 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 一种液体收集、混合和均布的设备 |
| US9162205B2 (en) | 2012-12-31 | 2015-10-20 | Uop Llc | Apparatuses for distributing fluids in fluidized bed reactors |
| US10744426B2 (en) | 2015-12-31 | 2020-08-18 | Crystaphase Products, Inc. | Structured elements and methods of use |
| US10054140B2 (en) | 2016-02-12 | 2018-08-21 | Crystaphase Products, Inc. | Use of treating elements to facilitate flow in vessels |
| KR102066352B1 (ko) * | 2018-06-07 | 2020-01-14 | 한화토탈 주식회사 | 하단 재분배 장치를 이용한 유사 이동층 흡착 분리 장치 |
| CN110251982B (zh) * | 2019-07-15 | 2021-07-23 | 万华化学集团股份有限公司 | 一种高操作弹性的液体分布装置与方法 |
| JP7460770B2 (ja) | 2019-12-20 | 2024-04-02 | クリスタフェーズ・プロダクツ・インコーポレーテッド | 液体フィードストリーム中へのガスの再飽和 |
| KR20230070206A (ko) | 2020-09-09 | 2023-05-22 | 크라이스타페이즈 프로덕츠, 인크. | 공정 용기 진입 구역 |
| CN116407874B (zh) * | 2021-12-29 | 2025-07-08 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 模拟移动床吸附分离系统、冲洗设备以及方法 |
Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH09164302A (ja) * | 1995-10-20 | 1997-06-24 | Inst Fr Petrole | 幾つかの流体の配分、混合、注入および/または抜取りを可能にする装置(dme) |
| JP2002524230A (ja) * | 1998-09-02 | 2002-08-06 | アンスティテュ フランセ デュ ペトロール | 流体分配回収システムおよびその方法 |
Family Cites Families (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2985589A (en) * | 1957-05-22 | 1961-05-23 | Universal Oil Prod Co | Continuous sorption process employing fixed bed of sorbent and moving inlets and outlets |
| US3214247A (en) * | 1963-02-25 | 1965-10-26 | Universal Oil Prod Co | Fluid distributing means for packed chambers |
| US3723300A (en) * | 1971-03-12 | 1973-03-27 | Universal Oil Prod Co | Fluid contacting method for fluidsolid contacting |
| SU1142158A1 (ru) * | 1983-07-04 | 1985-02-28 | Ташкентский Ордена Дружбы Народов Политехнический Институт Им.А.Р.Бируни | Аппарат дл гетерогенных каталитических процессов |
| EP0293523A1 (en) * | 1987-06-01 | 1988-12-07 | Uop Inc. | Mixing device for vertical flow fluid-solid contacting |
| US4669890A (en) * | 1985-03-25 | 1987-06-02 | Uop Inc. | Mixing device for vertical flow fluid-solid contacting |
| US4999102A (en) | 1988-12-16 | 1991-03-12 | The Amalgamated Sugar Company | Liquid transfer manifold system for maintaining plug flow |
| WO1994017920A1 (en) * | 1993-02-10 | 1994-08-18 | M D Research Company Pty. Ltd. | Method and apparatus for separation by flotation |
| FR2708480B1 (fr) * | 1993-08-02 | 1996-05-24 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Distributeur-mélangeur-extracteur de fluide monophasique pour lits de solides granulaires. |
| FR2740054B1 (fr) * | 1995-10-20 | 1997-12-19 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Chambre de melange munie d'orifices d'injection et/ou de soutirage pour optimiser la fonction de melange |
| FR2755879B1 (fr) * | 1996-11-19 | 1999-01-08 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Dispositif d'equilibrage de pression et de rincage dans une enceinte |
-
1998
- 1998-09-02 FR FR9810996A patent/FR2782656B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1999
- 1999-08-30 EP EP99940253A patent/EP1113867B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-08-30 BR BR9913291-5A patent/BR9913291A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-08-30 RU RU2001108581/15A patent/RU2223141C2/ru active
- 1999-08-30 DE DE69912464T patent/DE69912464T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-08-30 ID IDW20010507A patent/ID29418A/id unknown
- 1999-08-30 ES ES99940253T patent/ES2211145T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-08-30 WO PCT/FR1999/002065 patent/WO2000013782A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 1999-08-30 CN CN99810257A patent/CN1108185C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-08-30 JP JP2000568579A patent/JP5015374B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-08-30 KR KR1020017002473A patent/KR100570932B1/ko not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-08-31 AR ARP990104376A patent/AR020366A1/es active IP Right Grant
- 1999-09-02 MY MYPI99003808A patent/MY123332A/en unknown
- 1999-09-02 US US09/389,073 patent/US6224762B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-09-27 TW TW088115267A patent/TW452501B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2001
- 2001-03-06 US US09/799,015 patent/US6454948B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH09164302A (ja) * | 1995-10-20 | 1997-06-24 | Inst Fr Petrole | 幾つかの流体の配分、混合、注入および/または抜取りを可能にする装置(dme) |
| JP2002524230A (ja) * | 1998-09-02 | 2002-08-06 | アンスティテュ フランセ デュ ペトロール | 流体分配回収システムおよびその方法 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP2002524427A (ja) | 2002-08-06 |
| AR020366A1 (es) | 2002-05-08 |
| RU2223141C2 (ru) | 2004-02-10 |
| DE69912464T2 (de) | 2004-05-13 |
| CN1108185C (zh) | 2003-05-14 |
| CN1315882A (zh) | 2001-10-03 |
| FR2782656A1 (fr) | 2000-03-03 |
| DE69912464D1 (de) | 2003-12-04 |
| TW452501B (en) | 2001-09-01 |
| US20010008220A1 (en) | 2001-07-19 |
| WO2000013782A1 (fr) | 2000-03-16 |
| KR100570932B1 (ko) | 2006-04-13 |
| ES2211145T3 (es) | 2004-07-01 |
| BR9913291A (pt) | 2001-05-15 |
| MY123332A (en) | 2006-05-31 |
| FR2782656B1 (fr) | 2000-09-29 |
| EP1113867B1 (fr) | 2003-10-29 |
| KR20010087205A (ko) | 2001-09-15 |
| US6224762B1 (en) | 2001-05-01 |
| ID29418A (id) | 2001-08-30 |
| US6454948B2 (en) | 2002-09-24 |
| EP1113867A1 (fr) | 2001-07-11 |
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