JP4979188B2 - 小粒界寸法と改良された導電性を有するイオン又はイオン化性基を含有する樹脂 - Google Patents
小粒界寸法と改良された導電性を有するイオン又はイオン化性基を含有する樹脂 Download PDFInfo
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- JP4979188B2 JP4979188B2 JP2004221735A JP2004221735A JP4979188B2 JP 4979188 B2 JP4979188 B2 JP 4979188B2 JP 2004221735 A JP2004221735 A JP 2004221735A JP 2004221735 A JP2004221735 A JP 2004221735A JP 4979188 B2 JP4979188 B2 JP 4979188B2
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- CFVWNXQPGQOHRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylpropyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound CC(C)COC(=O)C=C CFVWNXQPGQOHRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Images
Classifications
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Description
i) 膜を通しての高い液体クロスオーバ及び気体クロスオーバ、
ii) 特性を低下させるフッ化重合体と他の重合体の間の異種混合、
iii) ある種の液体燃料の存在下における不十分な耐化学薬品性、
iv) 貧弱な電気化学的抵抗性、
v) スルホン基の異種間分布の不足、
vi) 低い機械特性、及び/又は
vii) 熱安定性の悪さ。
一種のアクリル樹脂及び/又はビニル樹脂を含む電解質膜に関する。イオン性基は好ましくは約200〜2500EWの量で存在する。更にポリ電解質膜は好ましくは5×10-16mol/cm2以下のメタノールクロスオーバ率を有し、又、0.3Ω/cm2以下の表面抵抗率を有する。更に電解質膜の厚さは約10ミル(250μm)以下であり、より好ましくは約0.5〜5ミル(12.7μm〜127μm)である。
i) 機械特性が弱く損傷したりひび割れたりする。
ii) 電池が動作する温度範囲が狭く、水管理、CO被毒等の問題がある。
iii) 値段が高い。
iv) EWが限定される。
v) 架橋性に欠ける。
a) アイオノマー(ポリ電解質)が過フッ化されていない。
b) 重合体交換膜(PEM)が重合体とアイオノマーのブレンドである。
c) 重合体とアイオノマーの対を適正に選択することにより、優れた機械特性が得ら
れる。つまり得られた電解質膜は高い機械強度を有する。
d) アイオノマーを重合体基質中に適正に分散させると優れた特性が得られる。
e) 膜の製造中に使用される対イオンの性質と量とを適正に選択することにより、
優れた特性が得られる。
f) 多層膜を作ることにより、他の重要特性を全て維持しながらアルコールへの選択
率、特にメタノール選択率が高まる。
g) 文献に記載されている殆どの膜とは異なり、本発明の膜はメタノールクロスオー
バと表面抵抗がいずれも低い。これは本発明の電解質膜を使用することにより達
成される。
プロトン伝導率の測定:
プロトン伝導率はガムリ装置(Gamry Instruments)を使用して4プローブ形態で測定した。この装置は電気化学インピーダンススペクトル計を動作させるPC4750ポテンシオスタットとEIS300装置を有した。測定は水中で膜を1時間煮沸した後に種々の温度の液体水下で行った。EIS300で測定した抵抗Rを使用して、伝導率σは式σ=d/(w×t×R)(ここにdは内部電極間の距離、Rはフィルムの抵抗、wは幅、tは厚さである)により算出される。
表面抵抗Ra:
表面抵抗は膜の抵抗を考慮した単位厚さ当たりの伝導率の指標となる。表面抵抗はΩcm2で表される。表面抵抗Raはプロトン伝導率σと厚さtの関数であり式Ra=t/σで表される。この表面抵抗は電子工学やガラス工業の分野で使用されている表面抵抗Rであって、Ω/平方センチであるRs=1/t×σとは異なることに注意されたい。
メタノール/エタノール浸透の測定:
メタノール濃度は差分屈折計Waters410を使用して連続的にモニターする。使用した流量は2mL/分であった。使用したメタノール水溶液濃度はほぼ1mol/Lであった。
浸透係数D:
膜ダイヤフラム電池(E.L.Cussler,Diffusion,2nded.,Cambridge University Press,Cambridge,1997)を使用してメタノール拡散係数を測定した。膜のメタノール拡散係数Dが次式で表される。
メタノール流量:
膜を横切るメタノールの流束Jは次式で表される。
選択率:
DMFC(直接メタノール燃料電池)の選択率は次式で定義される。
α=σ/D
ここにσは膜の伝導率、Dはメタノール拡散係数である。
単量体(ATOFINA Chemicals,Inc.,Aldrich)、開始剤(Aldrich,DuPont)、界面活性剤(Aldrich)及びバッファ(Aldrich)を更に精製することなく使用した。
SEM/HEMA/MMA/スチレン(10.8g)よりなるアイオノマーのNMP溶液(25重量%)(EW=278)と、TBAOH(Schemより市販)の55%水溶液2.75gと、NMP40.31gとを撹拌しながら適当な入口と出口を備えた反応容器に加えた。この溶液20.16gに2.36gのKynar2801粉末(ATOFINA Chemicals)を60℃で撹拌しながら添加して溶解させた。一旦均一組成物が得られたら、0.52gのDesmodur BL3175A、イソシアネート架橋剤(Bayer)、及び0.02gのDBTDL触媒を撹拌しながら添加した。この溶液をガラス板上に注ぎ、ドクターナイフで拡げ、177℃で7分間べークした。フィルム状膜を1molの塩酸(HCl)及び硫酸(H2SO4)で65℃で2時間処理することによりプロトン化し、次いで脱イオン水と混合した。ACインピーダンスにより測定した膜のプロトン伝導率は30mS/cmであり、表面抵抗は25℃で0.15Ω/cm2であった。
実施例1と同一の製造法を実施した。但し反応体の量と試験結果は表3、4及び5に示した通りである。
TBA形態のポリ電解質のNMP溶液を次のように調製した。ポリ電解質25%のNMP溶液6428gに、TBAOH(55%水溶液)2204gを添加し、水を除去した。次に4445gのNMPを添加した。この溶液6051gの溶液に、1878gのKynar2801と7149gのNMPを添加し、撹拌して溶解させた。同電解質/Kynarの上記NMP中溶液41.05gとDesmodur N3300イソシアネート架橋剤(Bayer製)0.39gを撹拌しながら加えた。この溶液をガラス板上に注ぎ、ドクターナイフで拡げ、177℃で7分間べークした。フィルム状膜を1molの塩酸(HCl)及び硫酸(H2SO4)で65℃で2時間処理することによりプロトン化し、次いで脱イオン水で洗浄した。ACインピーダンスにより測定した膜のプロトン伝導率は60mS/cmであり、表面抵抗は25℃で0.06Ω/cm2であった。
実施例8と同様であるが、イソシアネート架橋剤は添加しなかった。ACインピーダンスにより測定した膜のプロトン伝導率は60ms/cm、及び表面抵抗は25℃で0.06/cm2であった。
実施例8と同じ方法を行った。反応体の量と試験結果は表3、4及び5に示すとおりである。
SEM/HEMA/MMA/スチレン(5.62g)よりなるアイオノマーのNMP溶液(25重量%)(EW=278)と、NOHの48%水溶液0.39gと、NMP25.80gのとを撹拌しながら反応容器に加えた。この溶液に3.65gのKynar2801粉末(ATOFINA Chemicals)を60℃で撹拌しながら添加して溶解させた。一旦均一組成物が得られたとき、0.80gのDesmodur BL3175Aイソシアネート架橋剤(Bayer)及び0.04gのDBTDL触媒を撹拌しながら添加した。この溶液をガラス板上に注ぎ、ドクターナイフで拡げ、177℃で7分間べークした。フィルム状膜を1molの塩酸(HCl)及び硫酸(H2SO4)で65℃で2時間処理することによりプロトン化し、次いで脱イオン水で洗浄した。ACインピーダンスにより測定した膜のプロトン伝導率は6mS/cmであり、表面抵抗は25℃で0.53Ω/cm2であった。
実施例1と同一の製造工程を実施した。架橋剤溶液を添加すると黒色に変わり、製造は停止した。反応体の量は表3と表4に示す。
実施例1と同様な製造工程を実施した。ただし、有機四級アンモニウム塩は添加しなかった。反応体の量と試験結果は表3、4及び5に示す。
伝導率の測定を電気化学インピーダンススペクトル計により4プローブ形態で行った。測定はGamry装置(PotensiostatGalvanostat ZRAPC4/750 and EIS 300ソフトウエア)により5×102と1Hzの間で行った。ここに提示される値は室温及び親せき条件下で得られた。
試薬:
SEM スルホエチルメタクリレート
kynar 2801 PVDF共重合体
MMA メチルメタクリレート
HEMA ヒロドキシエチルメタクリレート
TBAOH 水酸化テトラブチルアンモニウム
TPAOH 水酸化テトラプロピルアンモニウム
NaOH 水酸化ナトリウム
NMP N−メチルピロリジドン
DBTDL ジブチルチンジラウリレート
表6の試薬と量を使用して実施例8に記載した実験手順を行った。表6は更に伝導率の測定値も含む。
次の実施例では、架橋剤はDesmodur BL3175Aイソシアネート架橋剤(Bayer製)であった。
触媒はAtofina製のジブチルスズジラウレート(DBTDL)であった。
配合物F1にKynar2801フッ素樹脂を粉末形態で添加した。
配合物F4、F5は2種の対イオンTPAOH、TMAOHの混合物と交換させた溶液S4、S5から調製した。
配合物F6は2種の対イオンTBAOH、TPAOHの混合物と交換させた溶液S6から調製した。
配合物F9は2種の対イオンTPAOH、TEAOHの混合物と交換させた溶液S9から調製した。
配合物F7は通常使用されるものと同一レベルのTPAOHで中和された溶液S7より調製されたが、より高いフッ素樹脂/ポリ電解質の比を有するように調製された。
配合物F15〜F18は通常使用されるものと同一レベルのTPAOHで中和された溶液S15〜S18より調製されてはいるが、より高いフッ素樹脂/ポリ電解質の比を有するように調製した。
表8は表7の溶液を使用したポリ電解質の調製を記載している。
Claims (6)
- a)アンモニウム対イオン及び/又はホスホニウム対イオンが会合している、スルホン酸塩及びホスホン酸塩より選択された少なくとも一種のイオン性基、又はスルホン基、ホスホン基またはスルホニル基より選択されるイオン化性基を有する少なくとも一種のアクリル樹脂及び/又はビニル樹脂と、
b)少なくとも一種のフッ素樹脂とのブレンドよりなり、前記a)の粒界寸法が500nm以下であるポリ電解質膜。 - フィルムに形成したときに伝導率が20mS/cm以上である請求項1のポリ電解質膜。
- 請求項1のポリ電解質膜を有する膜電極組立体。
- 請求項1の電解質膜を具備した電極組立体を含む燃料電池。
- 燃料電池は液体炭化水素燃料で動作する請求項4の燃料電池。
- 2層以上の層を有する多層ポリ電解質膜であって、そのうち少なくとも一層が、
a)アンモニウム対イオン及び/又はホスホニウム対イオンが会合しているスルホン酸塩及びホスホン酸塩より選択された少なくとも一種のイオン性基、又はスルホン基、ホスホン基またはスルホニル基より選択されるイオン化性基を有する少なくとも一種のアクリル樹脂及び/又はビニル樹脂と、
b)少なくとも一種のフッ素樹脂とのブレンドよりなり、
前記少なくとも一種のイオン性基又はイオン化性基が200〜2500EWの範囲で存在し、そしてメタノールクロスオーバ率が5×10-16mol/cm2/s以下である、多層ポリ電解質膜。
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TWI377227B (en) | 2012-11-21 |
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