JP4829894B2 - 誘電性流体及びそれを造る方法 - Google Patents
誘電性流体及びそれを造る方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP4829894B2 JP4829894B2 JP2007544400A JP2007544400A JP4829894B2 JP 4829894 B2 JP4829894 B2 JP 4829894B2 JP 2007544400 A JP2007544400 A JP 2007544400A JP 2007544400 A JP2007544400 A JP 2007544400A JP 4829894 B2 JP4829894 B2 JP 4829894B2
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- dielectric fluid
- oil
- oil fractions
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- 238000002309 gasification Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000002432 hydroperoxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002923 metal particle Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
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- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
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- C10G45/00—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds
- C10G45/58—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds to change the structural skeleton of some of the hydrocarbon content without cracking the other hydrocarbons present, e.g. lowering pour point; Selective hydrocracking of normal paraffins
- C10G45/60—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds to change the structural skeleton of some of the hydrocarbon content without cracking the other hydrocarbons present, e.g. lowering pour point; Selective hydrocracking of normal paraffins characterised by the catalyst used
- C10G45/62—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds to change the structural skeleton of some of the hydrocarbon content without cracking the other hydrocarbons present, e.g. lowering pour point; Selective hydrocracking of normal paraffins characterised by the catalyst used containing platinum group metals or compounds thereof
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M101/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a mineral or fatty oil
- C10M101/02—Petroleum fractions
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- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M171/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by purely physical criteria, e.g. containing as base-material, thickener or additive, ingredients which are characterised exclusively by their numerically specified physical properties, i.e. containing ingredients which are physically well-defined but for which the chemical nature is either unspecified or only very vaguely indicated
- C10M171/02—Specified values of viscosity or viscosity index
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B3/00—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties
- H01B3/18—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances
- H01B3/20—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances liquids, e.g. oils
- H01B3/24—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances liquids, e.g. oils containing halogen in the molecules, e.g. halogenated oils
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- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2205/17—Fisher Tropsch reaction products
- C10M2205/173—Fisher Tropsch reaction products used as base material
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- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2209/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2209/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10M2209/08—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to a carboxyl radical, e.g. acrylate type
- C10M2209/084—Acrylate; Methacrylate
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Description
以下の用語が本明細書全体を通じて使用され、かつ、他の指示がない限り、以下の意味を有する。
本発明の油分画類を造る際に用いられる高級パラフィン系のワックスは、高含量のn−パラフィン類を持つ任意のワックスでよい。好ましくは、高級パラフィン系のワックスは、40重量%を超える、好ましくは50重量%を超える、より好ましくは75重量%を超えるn−パラフィン類を含む。好ましくは、本発明において用いられる高級パラフィン系のワックス類は、一般的には、窒素と硫黄を合わせた全体で25ppm未満の、好ましくは20ppm未満の非常に低レベルの窒素及び硫黄も持つ。本発明で使用してよい高級パラフィン系のワックス類の例は、スラックワックス類、脱油スラックワックス類、精製下油類、ワックス状潤滑ラフィネート類、n−パラフィンワックス類、NAOワックス類、化学プラント法で産生されるワックス類、脱油石油由来ワックス類、ミクロクリスタリンワックス類、フィッシャー−トロプシュワックス類、及びこれらの混合物を包含する。本発明において有用な高級パラフィン系のワックス類の流動点は、50℃より高く、好ましくは60℃より高い。
本発明に係る誘電性流体類は、高級パラフィン系のワックス由来の1以上の油分画類を含む。本発明の高級パラフィン系のワックスに由来の油分画類は、水素異性化を包含する方法により、高級パラフィン系のワックスから調製される。好ましくは、高級パラフィン系のワックスは、貴金属水素化成分を含む形状選択性中間細孔寸法の分子篩を用いて、約600°Fから750°Fの条件下で、水素異性化される。水素異性化からの生成物は、分画されて、950°F以上のT90沸点、約6cStと約20cStの間の動粘度、及び−14℃以上の流動点を持つ1以上の分画類を提供する。本油分画類は、ASTM D877による測定で25kV以上の誘電破壊を持つ誘電性流体を提供するために用いられる。高級パラフィン系のワックスに由来の油分画類は、0.30重量%未満の芳香族類、並びに10重量%以上の単環式パラフィン官能性の分子類及び3重量%以下の多環式パラフィン官能性の分子類も含む。
フィッシャー−トロプシュ化学において、合成ガスは、反応性条件下で、フィッシャー−トロプシュ触媒との接触により、液体炭化水素に転換される。典型的には、メタン、及び随意に、より重い炭化水素(エタン及びより重い)を伝統的な合成ガス発生器に送り、合成ガスを提供することができる。一般的に、合成ガスは水素及び一酸化炭素を含有し、かつ少量の二酸化炭素及び/又は水を包含する可能性がある。合成ガス中の、硫黄、窒素、ハロゲン、セレン、燐、及び砒素汚染物質の存在は望ましくない。この理由により、及び合成ガスの量に依存して、フィッシャー−トロプシュ化学を実行する前に、供給原料から硫黄及び他の汚染物質を除去することが好ましい。これらの汚染物質を除去する手段は当業者に周知である。例えば、硫黄不純物の除去にはZnO保護床が好ましい。他の汚染物質を除去する手段は当業者に周知である。フィッシャー−トロプシュ反応器に先立ち、合成ガスを精製して、合成ガス反応の間に産生された二酸化炭素、及び未だ除去されていない任意のさらなる硫黄化合物を除去することも望ましいであろう。これは、例えば、充填カラム中の、少しアルカリ性の溶液(例えば、炭酸カリウム水溶液)と接触させることにより達成できる。
高級パラフィン系のワックス類は、水素異性化を含む方法の実施を受けて、本発明に係る誘電性流体に有用な油分画類を提供する。
高級パラフィン系のワックスに由来の油分画類を提供する方法は、随意に、水素異性化に先立って、高級パラフィン系のワックス供給原料を分画することを包含する。
水素異性化法への、高級パラフィン系のワックス状供給原料は、水素異性化に先立って水素化処理されてよい。水素化処理は触媒を用いる方法を言い、通常、自由水素の存在下で行われ、主な目的は、供給原料からの、砒素、アルミニウム及びコバルト等の種々の金属汚染物質;硫黄及び窒素等のヘテロ原子;酸素供給剤;又は芳香族の除去である。一般的に、水素化処理操作において、炭化水素分子のクラッキング、即ちより大きな炭化水素分子のより小さい炭化水素分子への破断が最小化され、また、不飽和炭化水素は完全に、又は部分的に水素化される。
水素化精製は、水素異性化に続く段階として用いてよい水素化処理工程であり、高級パラフィン系のワックスに由来の油分画類を提供する。水素化精製は、痕跡量の芳香族、オレフィン、色体、及び溶媒を除去することにより、油分画類の酸化安定性、UV安定性、及び外観を改良することを意図する。本開示で用いられたとき、UV安定性なる用語は、UV光及び酸素に晒されたときの、油分画又は誘電性流体の安定性を指す。不安定性は、紫外線及び空気に晒された際に、通常浮氷又は曇りとして見られる、目に見える析出物が形成されるとき、若しくは、より暗い色が現れたときに、示唆される。水素化精製の一般的な説明は、米国特許第3,852,207号及び第4,673,487号に見いだされるであろう。
高級パラフィン系のワックスに由来の油分画類を造る方法は、水素異性化工程に続く後処理段階も包含してよい。異性化されたワックスの選択された分画の、吸着媒による後処理を随意に用いて、流動点を下げ、霞を減らし、及び処理された分画類のワックス含量を更にへらすことができる。吸着媒を用いて霞を減らす方法は、米国特許第6,579,441号及び第6,468,417号に記載されており、その内容を、引用により全て、本明細書に援用する。吸着媒を用いて流動点を下げる方法は、EP 105631及びEP 278693に記載されている。
高級パラフィン系のワックスに由来の油分画類を造る方法は、水素異性化工程に続く溶媒脱蝋段階も含んでよい。溶媒脱蝋は、随意に、水素異性化後の油から、少量残留しているワックス状分子類を除去するために用いることができる。溶媒脱蝋は、油をメチルエチルケトン、メチルイソブチルケトン、又はトルエン等の溶媒中に溶解させることにより、若しくは、「石油の化学的技術(Chemical Technology of Petroleum)」、3版、William Gruse and Donald Stevens、McGraw−Hill Book Company、Inc.、New York、1960年、566から570頁に論じられているようにワックス分子を析出させることにより、為される。溶媒脱蝋は、米国特許第4,477,333号、第3,773,650号及び第3,775,288号にも記載されている。
本発明に係る誘電性流体は、粘度範囲の割には高い沸点と、単環式パラフィン官能性の分子類の比較的高い重量%及び多環式パラフィン官能性の分子類の比較的低い重量%と、並びに、適度に低い流動点を伴う高級パラフィン系のワックスに由来の、1以上の油分画類を含む。本発明の、絶縁性の誘電性流体類は誘電破壊が高い。本発明に係る油分画類は、誘電性流体類を提供するための使用に対して有利性を提供するある特性を持つ。これらの特性は、粘度範囲の割には高い沸点を包含し、これは、より良い電気抵抗とより低い引火及び発火点を提供する。加えて、単環式パラフィン官能性の分子類の比較的高い重量%は、良好な溶解力、良好な密封適合性、及び他の油類との混和性を提供する。更に、多環式パラフィン官能性の分子類の比較的低い重量%は、優れた酸化安定性を提供する。更に、これらの適度に低い流動点は、強度の脱蝋による過剰の収率損失を必要とされずに、油のより高い収率を可能にする。
油類中の、低レベルの芳香族官能性の分子を測定するために用いる方法は、HP Chem−stationと適合したHP1050ダイオードアレー紫外−可視光検出器と組み合わされた、Hewlett Packard 1050 Series Quaternary Gradient High Performance Liquid Chromatography(HPLC)システムを用いる。高度に飽和された油類中の、個々の芳香族化合物クラスの識別は、それらのUVスペクトルパターン及びそれらの溶出時間に基づいて為された。この分析に用いられるアミノカラムは、芳香族分子類を、主としてそれらの環の数(又はより正確には、二重結合の数)に基づいて分別する。斯くして、単環芳香族を含有する分子類は最初に溶出し、多環式芳香族類が、分子当たりの二重結合数が増加する順でそれに続くであろう。類似の二重結合特性を伴う芳香族類に関しては、環上にアルキル置換のみを伴う芳香族類が、環式パラフィン置換を伴う芳香族類よりも早く溶出するであろう。
HPLC−UVは、非常に低レベルにおいてさえ、芳香族化合物のこれらクラスを識別するために用いられる。多環芳香族は、典型的には、単環芳香族より10から200倍強く吸収する。アルキル置換も、吸収に約20%だけ影響した。それ故、様々な種の芳香族を分離し及び識別するためにHPLCを使用し、並びに、それらが如何に効率的に吸収するかを知ることは重要である。
精製された単−芳香族標準中の芳香族官能性分子の重量%は、長期C13NMR分析を介して確認された。NMRは、これが単に芳香族炭素を測定し、分析されている芳香族のクラスには応答が依存しないので、HPLC UVより校正が容易であった。NMRの結果は、高度に飽和された油類中の芳香族の95−99%は単環芳香族であることを知って、芳香族炭素の%から芳香族分子の%(HPLC−UV及びD 2007と一貫するように)に翻訳された。
オレフィンの重量%は、下記の段階A−Dにおいて説明されたプロトン−NMR(PROTON NMR)によって決定された:
a)重水素化クロロホルム中、試験炭化水素の5−10重量%の溶液を調製する。
b)少なくとも12ppmスペクトル幅の正常プロトンスペクトルを取得し、及び化学シフト(ppm)軸を正確に参照する。使用する機器は、受信機/ADCを過負荷させないで信号を取得するために十分な利得範囲を持っていなければならない。30度パルスが加えられたとき、その機器は65,000の最小信号デジタル化ダイナミックレンジを持っていなければならない。好ましくは、ダイナミックレンジは260,000以上であろう。
c)6.0−4.5ppm(オレフィン);2.2−1.9ppm(アリル);及び1.9−0.5ppm(飽和物)間の積分強度を測定する。
d)ASTM D 2502又はASTM D 2503により決定された試験物質の分子量を用いて、以下を計算する:
1)飽和炭化水素の平均分子式;
2)オレフィンの平均分子式;
3)合計積分強度(=全積分強度の和);
4)試料水素当たりの積分強度(=合計積分/式中の水素数);
5)オレフィン水素の数(=オレフィン積分/水素当たりの積分);
6)二重結合の数(=オレフィン水素×オレフィン式中の水素/2);及び
7)PROTON NMRによるオレフィン類の重量%=100×二重結合の数×典型的なオレフィン分子中の水素の数÷典型的な試験物質分子中の水素の数。
パラフィンは、環式パラフィンより酸化に対してより安定であり、それ故、より望ましいと考えられる。単環式パラフィンは、多環式パラフィンより酸化に対してより安定であると考えられる。しかしながら、油中において、少なくとも1の環式パラフィン官能性を伴う全分子の重量%が非常に低いときは、添加剤の溶解度が低く、エラストマー両立性が乏しい。これらの特性を伴う油類の例は、環式パラフィンが約5%未満のフィッシャー−トロプシュ油(GTL油)である。仕上げられた生成物におけるこれらの特性を改良するため、屡々、エステル等の高価な共溶媒を添加しなければならない。好ましくは、高級パラフィン系のワックスに由来し、及び誘電性流体として用いられる油分画類は、それらの油分画類が高い酸化安定性、低い揮発性、他の油類との良好な混和性、良好な添加剤溶解性、及び良好なエラストマー両立性を持つように、高い重量%の単環式パラフィン官能性の分子、及び低い重量%の多環式パラフィン官能性の分子を含む。
本発明に係る誘電性流体類は、1以上の添加剤を更に含んでよい。その様なわけで、ここに説明した、高級パラフィン系のワックス由来の油分画類は、1以上の添加剤と調合されて誘電性流体を提供する。用いるときは、1以上の添加剤は有効量で存在する。添加剤、又は誘電性流体で用いられる添加剤の有効量は、所望の特性又は複数の特性を付与する量である。有効量を上回る量の添加剤を包含することは望ましくない。本発明の誘電性流体類は少量の添加剤に対して非常に鋭敏であり、添加剤の有効量は比較的少なく、一般的に誘電性流体の1.5重量%未満、好ましくは1.0重量%未満である。
本発明に係る誘電性流体類は、誘電性流体として典型的に用いられる、1以上の他の油を含んでよい。これらの他の油は、フィッシャー−トロプシュ由来油、鉱油、他の合成油、及びこれらの混合物でよい。1を超える油の使用は、1の油のより望ましくない特性を、より好ましい特性を持つ第二の油の添加により、上げることを可能にする。配合により上げられる可能性がある特性の例は、粘度、流動点、引火及び発火点、界面張力、並びに誘電破壊である。
Claims (27)
- 950°F(510℃)以上のT90、100℃で6cStと20cStの間の動粘度、及び−14℃以上の流動点を持つ1以上の油分画を含み、
前記1以上の油分画は高級パラフィン系のワックス由来であり、
前記1以上の油分画はアルカン、オレフィン、芳香族及び環式パラフィン官能性の分子からなり、そして、
前記1以上の油分画が、10重量%以上の単環式パラフィン官能性の分子、3重量%以下の多環式パラフィン官能性の分子、及び0.30重量%未満の芳香族を含んでなる誘電性流体であって、
前記1以上の油分画は5重量%未満のノアク揮発度を持ち、
ASTM D877により測定されたときに、25kV以上の誘電破壊を持つ、
前記誘電性流体。 - 前記1以上の油分画がフィッシャー−トロプシュ由来の油分画である請求項1に記載の誘電性流体。
- 前記1以上の油分画が、2.5重量%以下の多環式パラフィン官能性の分子を含む請求項1に記載の誘電性流体。
- 前記1以上の油分画が、1.5重量%以下の多環式パラフィン官能性の分子を含む請求項1に記載の誘電性流体。
- 前記1以上の油分画が、5より大きい、多環式パラフィン官能性の分子の重量%に対する単環式パラフィン官能性分子の重量%の比を持つ請求項1に記載の誘電性流体。
- 前記1以上の油分画が、15より大きい、多環式パラフィン官能性の分子の重量%に対する単環式パラフィン官能性分子の重量%の比を持つ請求項1に記載の誘電性流体。
- 前記1以上の油分画が、50より大きい、多環式パラフィン官能性の分子の重量%に対する単環式パラフィン官能性分子の重量%の比を持つ請求項1に記載の誘電性流体。
- 前記1以上の油分画が、1000°F(537.8℃)より高いT90を持つ請求項1に記載の誘電性流体。
- 前記1以上の油分画が、−12℃以上の流動点を持つ請求項1に記載の誘電性流体。
- 前記誘電性流体が、ASTM D877により測定したとき30kV以上の誘電破壊を持つ請求項1に記載の誘電性流体。
- 前記誘電性流体が、ASTM D877により測定したとき40kV以上の誘電破壊を持つ請求項1に記載の誘電性流体。
- 前記誘電性流体が、310℃以上の発火点を持つ請求項1に記載の誘電性流体。
- 前記誘電性流体が、325℃以上の発火点を持つ請求項1に記載の誘電性流体。
- 前記誘電性流体が、280℃以上の引火点を持つ請求項1に記載の誘電性流体。
- 前記1以上の油分画が、150°F(65.6℃)以上の5−95沸点範囲分布を持つ請求項1に記載の誘電性流体。
- 有効量の添加剤を更に含む請求項1に記載の誘電性流体。
- 前記有効量の添加剤が1重量%未満である請求項16に記載の誘電性流体。
- 前記添加剤が、流動点降下剤、酸化防止剤、金属不活性化剤、及びこれらの混合物から成る群から選択される請求項16に記載の誘電性流体。
- 前記添加剤が流動点降下剤であり、かつ、前記流動点降下剤が0.01と1.0重量%の間の量である請求項18に記載の誘電性流体。
- 前記流動点降下剤が、ポリメタクリレート、ポリアクリレート、ポリアクリルアミド、ハロパラフィンワックス及び芳香族化合物の縮合生成物、ビニルカルボキシレートポリマー、フマル酸ジアルキル、脂肪酸のビニルエステル、及びアルキルビニルエーテルの三元共重合体、及びこれらの混合物から成る群から選択される請求項19に記載の誘電性流体。
- 前記添加剤が酸化防止剤であり、かつ、前記酸化防止剤が0.001と0.3重量%の間の量である請求項18に記載の誘電性流体。
- 前記酸化防止剤が、フェノール性物質、芳香族アミン、硫黄及び燐を含有する化合物、有機硫黄化合物、有機リン化合物、及びこれらの混合物から成る群から選択される請求項21に記載の誘電性流体。
- 前記添加剤が金属不活性化剤であり、かつ、前記金属不活性化剤が0.005と0.8重量%の間の量である請求項18に記載の誘電性流体。
- 前記金属不活性化剤が、トリアゾール、ベンゾトリアゾール、トリルトリアゾール、トリルトリアゾール誘導体、及びこれらの混合物から成る群から選択される請求項23に記載の誘電性流体。
- 前記1以上の油分画が10ppm未満の硫黄含量を持つ請求項1に記載の誘電性流体。
- 第二の油を更に含有する請求項1に記載の誘電性流体。
- 前記第二の油と組み合わされた前記1以上の油分画が200°F(93.3℃)より高い沸騰範囲分布(5−95)を持つ請求項26に記載の誘電性流体。
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2005
- 2005-11-21 WO PCT/US2005/042475 patent/WO2006060256A2/en active Application Filing
- 2005-11-21 JP JP2007544400A patent/JP4829894B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-11-21 ZA ZA200704835A patent/ZA200704835B/xx unknown
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- 2005-11-21 BR BRPI0518718-4A patent/BRPI0518718A2/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2005-11-21 CN CNA200580041347XA patent/CN101068902A/zh active Pending
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JP2004521976A (ja) * | 2001-02-13 | 2004-07-22 | シエル・インターナシヨネイル・リサーチ・マーチヤツピイ・ベー・ウイ | 基油組成物 |
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JP2008522384A (ja) | 2008-06-26 |
GB2421958A (en) | 2006-07-12 |
US20060113512A1 (en) | 2006-06-01 |
WO2006060256A2 (en) | 2006-06-08 |
NL1030560A1 (nl) | 2006-06-02 |
GB0523824D0 (en) | 2006-01-04 |
AU2005310118A1 (en) | 2006-06-08 |
CN101068902A (zh) | 2007-11-07 |
BRPI0518718A2 (pt) | 2008-12-02 |
WO2006060256A3 (en) | 2007-02-01 |
ZA200704835B (en) | 2008-08-27 |
NL1030560C2 (nl) | 2007-01-04 |
GB2421958B (en) | 2007-04-04 |
AU2005310118B2 (en) | 2011-09-15 |
US7510674B2 (en) | 2009-03-31 |
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