JP4808631B2 - 精神医学的障害の治療用のコポリマー1を含む方法及びワクチン - Google Patents
精神医学的障害の治療用のコポリマー1を含む方法及びワクチン Download PDFInfo
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Landscapes
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Description
(i)動物。近交系成体雄の野生型及びnu/nuのBALB/c及びC57Bl/6Jマウス、成体雌Lewisラット及びBALB/c/OLAマウス、並びに重症複合免疫不全(SCID)であるBALB/c/OLAマウス(RAG1/2ノックアウトに起因)及びヌードマウス(成熟T細胞欠損)は、すべて8〜12週齢で、ワイズマン科学研究所(The Weizmann Institute of Science)の動物飼育センター(Animal Breeding Center)(Rehovot、イスラエル)により供給された。光及び温度が管理された室内で動物を飼育し、各実験でその齢数を合わせた。IACUC(所内動物管理使用委員会)によって考案された規定に従って動物を取り扱った。
(x)高架式十字迷路(EPM)。ファイル(File)により記載のように(Griebelら、1995)、使用した迷路は、黒く不透明なパースペックスの台に十字型に4本のアームが付いており、地面より78cm高い高架になっていた。各アームは、長さが24cmであり、幅が7.5cmであった。向かい合うアームの一方の対は「クローズド」であり、すなわちそのアームは、高さ20.5cmのパースペックスの壁に両側及び台の外側の端を囲われ、他方の対は「オープン」であり、オープン領域中で動物の触知できるガイドとして働く高さ3mmのパースペックスの縁のみに囲われていた。オープンアームでもクローズドアームでも40〜60ルクスをもたらす暗赤色光でその装置を照明した。マウスを中央の台に1匹ずつ置き、無作為な順で異なる日に異なるアームの方に向くようにした。各試験期間の間に迷路を5%エタノール水溶液で掃除し、完全に乾燥させた。
2ステップで試験を設計した:
ステップI−影響に差がある部分集団の区別を試みる前に、本発明者らのゼロ仮説(zero−hypothesis)の正確さを確認することを、すなわちストレス要因にさらされると、対照と比較して、各試験において集団としてストレスにさらされた動物に対する実際に著しい全体的な行動的効果があったことを実証することを意図するストレスにさらされる集団の全体的な反応の予備的な評価を定期的に行った。そのデータから、行動変化の度合の範囲が様々であることが実証されることも確認される。
ストレス要素が動物に影響があり、すべての動物が同じようにそれに反応するわけではないことが明らかになったので、一方では極端な行動変化を示し、或いは他方では事実上変化を示さない動物のみに注目する。
Cop−1の予防接種は抗精神病効果があり、精神異常発現作用物質によって誘導される感覚運動機能障害から保護する
マレイン酸ジゾシルピン((+)MK−801、N−メチル−D−アスパラギン酸(NMDA)受容体チャネルのアンタゴニスト)及びAMPHは、精神異常発現作用物質として働き、神経伝達物質の不均衡を介して、健常な個人に精神病症状を誘導し、統合失調症患者の精神病症状を悪化させる(Lahtiら、2001)。したがって、動物モデルでこの2つの化合物を使用して、統合失調症に関連した行動及び細胞の異常を刺激する精神病性の行動を誘導した(Tennら、2003)。
認知機能はT細胞の不在下で障害される
学習及び記憶のプロセスが免疫系の統合性に依存するかどうかを明らかにするために、海馬依存的な視空間学習/記憶作業であるMWMを使用することにより、野生型及びSCID BALB/c/OLAマウスの空間学習/記憶を比較した。SCIDマウスは、その野生型の対応マウスと比べて空間記憶の著しい障害を示した(図2a〜2c)。NWM作業の習得期(図2a)、消去期(図2b)、及び反転期(図2c)の間、適応免疫を欠いているマウスは、野生型マウスと比較して、隠れ足場を見つける際の潜時の延長を有意に示した(図2a〜2c)。野生型と異なり、免疫不全(SCID)マウスは、前日の訓練試行のデータを想起することができなかった(図2a、2c)。さらに、SCIDマウスは、野生型より低レベルの成績から開始し、このことから、作業を実施する際のその一般技能が、少なくともある程度障害されていたことが示唆される(図2a)。その2群は、視覚的な足場の作業の成績、或いは遠位にある手がかりを除去し、マウスに1日1回4日間試験した試験、或いはその水泳の方策、距離、又は速度に違いはなかった(データは示さず)。
Cop−1の予防接種は、精神異常発現作用物質によって誘導される認知障害に対して保護的である
上記の結果により、例えば神経伝達物質の不均衡によって認知機能が障害されているマウスで、(例えば、T細胞に基づく予防接種によって)関連するT細胞を増加させることが治療効果を有する可能性を調べることが促された。
心理的ストレスに耐える能力に対する系統依存性及びT細胞依存性
CNSでの神経変性状態に対する保護はT細胞依存的である。心理的外傷は、物理的なCNS傷害のように、神経及び神経ホルモンの機能において広範な長期にわたる変化を引き起こすことができ、それは構造変化に関係すると思われる(Markowitschら、1998;Myhrer、1998)。精神/情動の状態が免疫系の状態に直接影響を及ぼす証拠がある(de Grootら、2002;McEwen、2002;Dhabhar及びMcEwen、1999)。したがって、心理的外傷に耐える能力に対するCD4+(適応免疫)T細胞の効果を調べることは興味の対象であった。
心理的ストレスに対する行動適応
図6は、捕食動物の臭いに単回10分さらした後、Cop−1で免疫感作したマウスが、PBSで処置したマウス(対照)と比べて心理的ストレスに耐える能力があることを示すものである。この単回さらした行為により、(CFAで乳化したPBSで免疫感作した)雄C57Bl/6J対照マウスでは40.8%で行動変化が生じたが、Cop−1で免疫感作したマウスでは14.8%でしか行動変化が生じなかったことが認められる。PTSDの症状に類似している不適応は、Cop−1で免疫感作したマウスより対照マウスで優勢であり(P<0.05)、このことから、観察された違いが、保護的なCop−1反応性T細胞の存在に起因することが実証された。
脳タンパク質に遭遇した後のCop−1反応性T細胞によるBDNFの産生
いくつかの研究グループは、Cop−1に反応性のT細胞がCNS中の病変部位に定着し(Kipnisら、2000;Aharoniら、2002)、様々なCNS関連自己抗原と交差反応することができる活性化したCop−1反応性T細胞が、損傷したCNS組織に神経保護を与える能力があることが知られるBDNFなどの神経栄養因子を産生できる(Kipnisら、2000;Aharoniら、2002;Kerschensteinerら、2003)ことを報告している。統合失調症患者でBDNF欠損が報告されている(Weickertら、2003、Eganら、2003);しかし、その欠損が原因であるか又は結果であるか、BDNFに基づく治療が有益となるかどうかは不明である。
天然に存在するCD4+CD25+制御性T細胞(Treg)は、心理的ストレスに耐える能力を抑制する
CNSに対する機械的(例えば圧挫)損傷の後遺症又は(例えばグルタミン酸の毒性からの)生化学的障害と闘う自発的な能力(Kipnisら、2002)は、天然に存在するTregによって抑制され、それはCD4+T細胞集団の約10%を占める(Shevach、2000)。この細胞は、例えば軸索損傷によって負わされたCNSにおける変性状態と闘う能力を抑制することが示された(Kipnisら、2002)。
ストレスを受けたマウスの脳でのT細胞の蓄積は行動適応と相関する
神経変性状態に罹ったマウス及びラットでは、T細胞の有益な効果は、損傷の部位でのT細胞の蓄積と相関する(Butovskyら、2001;Haubenら、2000)。T細胞反応の観察された有益な効果と、ストレスの多い心理的状態にさらされた結果との間の関係を決定するために、CNSへのT細胞の定着がそれに関与するかどうかを調べた。これは、Tregを除去した脾細胞を補充したマウスから得られた脳切片におけるT細胞の免疫細胞化学的染色を、脾細胞集団全体を補充したマウスのものと比較することによって行った。ヘマトキシリン及びエオジンでの脳切片の染色から、この2群とWTマウスとの間で海馬又は小脳扁桃における構造変化はなかったことが明らかとなった(データは示さず)。ミエリン反応性についてのルクソールファストブルー染色から、WT(図8ci)と比較して、不適応マウス(図8ai、8aiii)と適応マウス(図8bi、8biii)との間で違いがなかったことも示された。しかし、抗CD3抗体での染色から、これらの脳領域において適応マウス(図8aii、8aiv)では多数のT細胞が認められ、不適応マウス(図8bii、8biv)又は正常なWTマウス(図8cii)ではほとんど認められないことが明らかとなり、このことから、脳へのT細胞の動員が、精神的ストレスに対する抵抗性と相関することが示唆される。しかし、T細胞の蓄積全体があまり多くないが、それが決してPTSDが炎症から益を得られることを意味するものではなく、むしろうまく調節された適応免疫が、物理的ストレスと同様に、同じ機構を介して精神的ストレスの結果に抵抗する助けとなることを意味するものであることを強調したい。
Cop−1は、Tregによって媒介される抑制活性を緩和する
ナイーブTeff細胞(50×103個/穴)を、抗CD3及びmrIL−2で24時間活性化したTreg細胞とともに、その数を徐々に減らしながら(50、25、12.5及び6.5×103個/穴)同時培養した。Cop−1(対照)の不在下でTreg細胞の活性化を行い、又は24時間後、活性化したTreg細胞をCop−1(PBS中20μg/ml)とともに2時間インキュベートし、その後Teffとともにこれらを同時培養し、次いでTeffとTregの同時培養物にCop−1(20μg/ml)を添加し(Tregcop+cop)、その同時培養物をさらにインキュベートした。図9は、活性化Treg(reg)をCop−1と2時間インキュベートし、その後それをTeff(eff)と同時培養し、その同時培養物をCop−1とともにさらにインキュベートすると、対照と比べてTeffの抑制が緩和されたことを示すものである。Teffの増殖も、活性化Tregの濃度が低下するにつれて増大した。Tregとともに同時培養したエフェクターT細胞中への[3H]−チミジンの取り込みにより、T細胞の増殖についてアッセイを行った。記録した値は、3回のうち代表的な1回の実験のものであり、複製物4個の平均値±SDとして表す。
Claims (12)
- 製剤上許容される担体と、(i)コポリマー1、及び(ii)コポリマー1で活性化されたT細胞からなる群から選択される活性剤とを含む、統合失調症、心的外傷後ストレス障害(PTSD)、抑うつ及び双極性障害から選択される精神医学的な障害、疾患又は状態の治療用の薬剤組成物。
- 前記活性剤がコポリマー1である、請求項1に記載の薬剤組成物。
- 前記活性剤が、コポリマー1で活性化されたT細胞である、請求項1に記載の薬剤組成物。
- 前記精神医学的な障害、疾患又は状態が、心的外傷後ストレス障害(PTSD)であり、前記活性剤がコポリマー1である、請求項1に記載の薬剤組成物。
- 前記精神医学的な障害、疾患又は状態が、抑うつ、又は双極性障害である、請求項1に記載の薬剤組成物。
- 前記精神医学的な障害、疾患又は状態が、統合失調症であり、前記活性剤がコポリマー1である、請求項1に記載の薬剤組成物。
- 統合失調症、心的外傷後ストレス障害(PTSD)、抑うつ及び双極性障害から選択される精神医学的な障害、疾患又は状態の治療用の薬剤組成物を調製するための、(i)コポリマー1及び(ii)コポリマー1で活性化されたT細胞からなる群から選択される活性剤の使用。
- 統合失調症、心的外傷後ストレス障害(PTSD)、抑うつ及び双極性障害から選択される精神医学的な障害、疾患又は状態に罹った個人を免疫感作するワクチンを調製するための、コポリマー1の使用。
- 前記活性剤がコポリマー1である、請求項7に記載の使用。
- 前記精神医学的な障害、疾患又は状態が、心的外傷後ストレス障害(PTSD)である、請求項7記載の使用。
- 前記精神医学的な障害、疾患又は状態が、抑うつ、又は双極性障害である、請求項7又は8に記載の使用。
- 前記精神医学的な障害、疾患又は状態が、統合失調症であり、前記活性剤がコポリマー1である、請求項7又は8に記載の使用。
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JP2002539245A (ja) * | 1999-03-19 | 2002-11-19 | シンクロニュ−ロン,エルエルシ− | 心的外傷後ストレス障害、強迫性障害および関連する神経精神医学的障害の処置 |
WO2003002140A1 (en) * | 2001-06-28 | 2003-01-09 | Yeda Research And Development Co. Ltd | Use of poly-glu, tyr and t cells treated therewith for neuroprotection therapy |
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US5800808A (en) | 1994-05-24 | 1998-09-01 | Veda Research And Development Co., Ltd. | Copolymer-1 improvements in compositions of copolymers |
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AU766498B2 (en) | 1998-07-23 | 2003-10-16 | President And Fellows Of Harvard College, The | Synthetic peptides and methods of use for autoimmune disease therapies |
JP4328050B2 (ja) | 2000-01-20 | 2009-09-09 | イエダ リサーチ アンド デベロップメント カンパニー リミテッド | 神経保護療法のためのコポリマー1、関連ペプチド及びポリペプチドならびにそれらによって処理されたt細胞の使用 |
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WO2001093893A2 (en) * | 2000-06-07 | 2001-12-13 | Yeda Research And Development Co. Ltd. | The use of copolymer 1 and related peptides and polypeptides and t cells treated therewith for neuroprotective therapy |
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CA2548310C (en) | 2014-02-18 |
US20160213762A1 (en) | 2016-07-28 |
WO2005056574A2 (en) | 2005-06-23 |
EP1701730A2 (en) | 2006-09-20 |
US20180207249A1 (en) | 2018-07-26 |
EP1701730A4 (en) | 2009-08-19 |
DK1701730T3 (da) | 2013-11-25 |
PL1701730T3 (pl) | 2014-04-30 |
EP1701730B1 (en) | 2013-08-21 |
PT1701730E (pt) | 2013-11-27 |
ES2435417T3 (es) | 2013-12-19 |
CA2548310A1 (en) | 2005-06-23 |
WO2005056574A3 (en) | 2006-02-16 |
AU2004297044B2 (en) | 2010-12-09 |
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JP2007520457A (ja) | 2007-07-26 |
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