JP4663330B2 - 熱機関の排気ガス領域内へのアンモニア注入方法および装置 - Google Patents
熱機関の排気ガス領域内へのアンモニア注入方法および装置 Download PDFInfo
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- JP4663330B2 JP4663330B2 JP2005000629A JP2005000629A JP4663330B2 JP 4663330 B2 JP4663330 B2 JP 4663330B2 JP 2005000629 A JP2005000629 A JP 2005000629A JP 2005000629 A JP2005000629 A JP 2005000629A JP 4663330 B2 JP4663330 B2 JP 4663330B2
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- ammonia
- exhaust gas
- heat engine
- compressed air
- gas region
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Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N11/00—Monitoring or diagnostic devices for exhaust-gas treatment apparatus, e.g. for catalytic activity
- F01N11/002—Monitoring or diagnostic devices for exhaust-gas treatment apparatus, e.g. for catalytic activity the diagnostic devices measuring or estimating temperature or pressure in, or downstream of the exhaust apparatus
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
- F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
- F01N3/206—Adding periodically or continuously substances to exhaust gases for promoting purification, e.g. catalytic material in liquid form, NOx reducing agents
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
- F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
- F01N3/2066—Selective catalytic reduction [SCR]
- F01N3/208—Control of selective catalytic reduction [SCR], e.g. dosing of reducing agent
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/24—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
- F01N3/30—Arrangements for supply of additional air
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N9/00—Electrical control of exhaust gas treating apparatus
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2560/00—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics
- F01N2560/02—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics the means being an exhaust gas sensor
- F01N2560/026—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics the means being an exhaust gas sensor for measuring or detecting NOx
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2570/00—Exhaust treating apparatus eliminating, absorbing or adsorbing specific elements or compounds
- F01N2570/18—Ammonia
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2610/00—Adding substances to exhaust gases
- F01N2610/02—Adding substances to exhaust gases the substance being ammonia or urea
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2610/00—Adding substances to exhaust gases
- F01N2610/08—Adding substances to exhaust gases with prior mixing of the substances with a gas, e.g. air
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2900/00—Details of electrical control or of the monitoring of the exhaust gas treating apparatus
- F01N2900/04—Methods of control or diagnosing
- F01N2900/0422—Methods of control or diagnosing measuring the elapsed time
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/40—Engine management systems
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
- Combined Controls Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
- Exhaust Gas Treatment By Means Of Catalyst (AREA)
Description
一実施例では、アンモニア注入弁が熱機関のスイッチオフの後で開くように制御される。何れにせよ、存在しているこのアンモニア注入弁は、これによってアンモニアの注入のために熱機関のスイッチオフの後も利用される。
一実施例では、圧縮空気をアンモニアに混ぜるための圧縮空気/アンモニア混合弁が制御される。この圧縮空気は、排気ガス流が無くなった後で、アンモニアがSCR触媒を貫流することを保証する。
この装置の一実施例では、アンモニアの調製のための熱分解或いは加水分解反応装置が提案されている。
この装置のもう一つの代替的実施例では、アンモニアの調製のためのアンモニア合成装置が備えられている。
本発明によるその他の有利な拡張例と実施例は以下の説明から明らかとなる。
熱機関10の排気ガス領域内11に配置されたSCR触媒12は、熱機関10の排気ガス中に含まれている酸化窒素NO及びNO2を窒素N2へ還元する。SCR触媒12は、還元のためにアンモニアNH3を必要とする。このアンモニアは、例えばカルバミン酸アンモニウムの熱分解を行うアンモニア源19の中で調製される。カルバミン酸アンモニウムの熱分解の際には、熱分解反応装置の中にNH3と共にCO2が発生する。以下の説明では、アンモニア源19の生成ガス流という用語は、単にNH3だけを指すものとする。アンモニア源19のもう一つの実現の手法に、吸蔵材の加熱の間の吸蔵材(例えば、金属塩化物)からのアンモニアの脱着がある。更に、アンモニア合成装置として作られたアンモニア源19も可能である。
一つの簡単な実現方法は、アンモニア注入弁21の開弁制御によって可能となる。
11…排気ガス領域
12…SCR触媒
13…注入装置
14…NOxセンサ
15…Nox信号
16…排気ガス後処理制御装置
17…開弁制御装置
18…タイマー
19…アンモニア源
20…圧縮空気/アンモニア混合弁
21…アンモニア注入弁
22…熱機関スイッチオフ信号
23…余動制御装置
24…余動信号
25…第一のアンモニア導管
26…アンモニア吸蔵装置
27…第二のアンモニア導管
28…圧縮空気源
29…圧縮空気注入装置
Claims (9)
- 熱機関(10)のスイッチオフの後に、アンモニアが、燃機関スイッチオフ信号(22)の発生後に開かれるように制御されるアンモニア注入弁(21)によって、熱機関(10)の排気ガス領域内へ注入される、SCR触媒(選択還元触媒)(12)を含んでいる、熱機関(10)の排気ガス領域(11)内へのアンモニア注入方法において、
アンモニア注入弁(21)が、時間の経過に伴って、大きく開かれて行くことを特徴とするアンモニア注入方法。 - アンモニア注入弁(21)が、前もって定められた時間の間、制御されることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のアンモニア注入方法。
- アンモニアが、アンモニア注入弁(21)と圧縮空気源(28)に接続された圧縮空気/アンモニア混合弁(20)により、排気ガス領域(12)内に注入されることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のアンモニア注入方法。
- 圧縮空気が、圧縮空気源(28)に接続された圧縮空気注入装置(29)により、SCR触媒(12)の上流側で直接排気ガス領域(12)内に注入されることを特徴とする請求項1または3に記載のアンモニア注入方法。
- 圧縮空気/アンモニア混合弁(20)が、アンモニアに対して圧縮空気を混ぜ込むために制御されることを特徴とする請求項3に記載のアンモニア注入方法。
- 請求項1ないし5のいずれかに記載のアンモニア注入方法を実施するためのアンモニア注入装置。
- アンモニアの調製のために、熱分解或いは加水分解反応器を備えていることを特徴とする請求項6に記載のアンモニア注入装置。
- アンモニア源(19)として、アンモニアが脱着される吸蔵材を備えていることを特徴とする請求項6に記載のアンモニア注入装置。
- アンモニアの調製のために、アンモニア合成装置を備えていることを特徴とする請求項6に記載のアンモニア注入装置。
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102004001331A DE102004001331A1 (de) | 2004-01-08 | 2004-01-08 | Verfahren zur Dosierung von Ammoniak in den Abgasbereich einer Brennkraftmaschine und Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JP2005201263A JP2005201263A (ja) | 2005-07-28 |
JP4663330B2 true JP4663330B2 (ja) | 2011-04-06 |
Family
ID=34706797
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP2005000629A Expired - Fee Related JP4663330B2 (ja) | 2004-01-08 | 2005-01-05 | 熱機関の排気ガス領域内へのアンモニア注入方法および装置 |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7373775B2 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP4663330B2 (ja) |
DE (1) | DE102004001331A1 (ja) |
IT (1) | ITMI20050004A1 (ja) |
SE (1) | SE530591C2 (ja) |
Families Citing this family (24)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102006025257B4 (de) * | 2006-05-31 | 2016-09-01 | Volkswagen Ag | Verfahren zum Betreiben eines SCR-Katalysators sowie Programmalgorithmus zur Ausführung des Verfahrens |
US7770384B2 (en) * | 2006-09-18 | 2010-08-10 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Ammonia vapor storage and purge system and method |
US8015801B2 (en) * | 2006-09-18 | 2011-09-13 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Management of a plurality of reductants for selective catalytic reduction |
US7726118B2 (en) * | 2006-09-18 | 2010-06-01 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Engine-off ammonia vapor management system and method |
US7954311B2 (en) * | 2007-03-15 | 2011-06-07 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Ammonia vapor management system and method |
JP4312807B2 (ja) * | 2007-04-26 | 2009-08-12 | 株式会社日本自動車部品総合研究所 | 排気浄化装置 |
DE102007044807A1 (de) * | 2007-09-20 | 2009-04-09 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Verfahren zum Betreiben eines Dosierventils und Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens |
JP5407288B2 (ja) * | 2008-11-13 | 2014-02-05 | 三菱ふそうトラック・バス株式会社 | 排気ガス処理装置及び排気ガス処理方法 |
US8459012B2 (en) * | 2008-11-19 | 2013-06-11 | Caterpillar Inc. | Method for purging a dosing system |
JP5024460B2 (ja) * | 2009-01-14 | 2012-09-12 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | エンジン |
WO2010108083A1 (en) * | 2009-03-20 | 2010-09-23 | Basf Catalysts Llc | EMISSIONS TREATMENT SYSTEM WITH LEAN NOx TRAP |
US8516786B2 (en) * | 2009-08-13 | 2013-08-27 | General Electric Company | System and method for injection of cooling air into exhaust gas flow |
US8359833B2 (en) * | 2009-12-23 | 2013-01-29 | Caterpillar Inc. | Method for introducing a reductant into an exhaust stream |
US8671666B2 (en) * | 2010-03-11 | 2014-03-18 | Cummins Inc. | System and apparatus for enhancing exhaust aftertreatment startup emissions control |
US8776503B2 (en) | 2010-09-20 | 2014-07-15 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Method and apparatus for monitoring a reductant injection system in an exhaust aftertreatment system |
EP2444613B1 (en) * | 2010-10-22 | 2015-03-18 | Volvo Car Corporation | Arrangement and method for treatment of exhaust gases |
US8789358B2 (en) | 2010-11-12 | 2014-07-29 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Selective catalytic reduction catalyst ammonia storage control systems and methods |
EP2754871B1 (en) * | 2013-01-15 | 2017-11-15 | Ford Global Technologies, LLC | Method for controlling the operation of an exhaust aftertreatment system in a vehicle |
US9638081B2 (en) | 2013-04-23 | 2017-05-02 | International Engine Intellectual Property Company, Llc | Gaseous fluid metering unit |
US9506390B1 (en) * | 2015-06-18 | 2016-11-29 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Distributed control of selective catalytic reduction systems |
JP6614187B2 (ja) | 2017-03-22 | 2019-12-04 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 内燃機関の排気浄化装置 |
CN108019257A (zh) * | 2017-12-29 | 2018-05-11 | 长春汽四环腾达油脂化工有限公司 | 一种氨气供给控制系统及车辆及其尾气处理设备 |
WO2020060688A1 (en) | 2018-09-21 | 2020-03-26 | Cummins Emission Solutions Inc. | Optical sensing of nox and ammonia in aftertreatment systems |
US11732628B1 (en) | 2020-08-12 | 2023-08-22 | Old World Industries, Llc | Diesel exhaust fluid |
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JPH10280987A (ja) * | 1997-04-03 | 1998-10-20 | Toyota Motor Corp | 内燃機関の排気浄化装置 |
JP2003138926A (ja) * | 2001-08-09 | 2003-05-14 | Ford Global Technol Inc | 低温における排気後処理装置内での窒素酸化物の高効率変換 |
DE10207984A1 (de) * | 2002-02-25 | 2003-10-23 | Daimler Chrysler Ag | Vorrichtung zur Abgasreinigung und Verfahren hierzu |
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JP3330612B2 (ja) | 1994-08-10 | 2002-09-30 | シーメンス アクチエンゲゼルシヤフト | 内燃機関の排気ガスに含まれる窒素酸化物の触媒転換方法 |
ES2140700T3 (es) * | 1994-09-13 | 2000-03-01 | Siemens Ag | Procedimiento y dispositivo para introducir liquido en un dispositivo de depuracion de gases de escape. |
US5943858A (en) * | 1995-05-19 | 1999-08-31 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Premixing chamber for an exhaust gas purification system |
US6415602B1 (en) * | 2000-10-16 | 2002-07-09 | Engelhard Corporation | Control system for mobile NOx SCR applications |
DE10139142A1 (de) | 2001-08-09 | 2003-02-20 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | Abgasbehandlungseinheit und Messvorrichtung zur Ermittlung einer Konzentration einer Harnstoff-Wasser-Lösung |
US6546720B2 (en) * | 2001-09-04 | 2003-04-15 | Ford Global Technologies, Inc. | Method and apparatus for controlling the amount of reactant to be added to a substance using a sensor which is responsive to both the reactant and the substance |
EP1458960B1 (en) * | 2001-12-20 | 2011-02-09 | Johnson Matthey Public Limited Company | Improvements in selective catalytic reduction |
DE10316184A1 (de) | 2003-04-09 | 2004-10-28 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Verfahren zur Dosierung eines Reagenzmittels in den Abgasstrom einer Brennkraftmaschine |
-
2004
- 2004-01-08 DE DE102004001331A patent/DE102004001331A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2004-12-21 US US11/023,210 patent/US7373775B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2005
- 2005-01-03 SE SE0500004A patent/SE530591C2/sv not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2005-01-05 JP JP2005000629A patent/JP4663330B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-01-05 IT IT000004A patent/ITMI20050004A1/it unknown
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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JPH10280987A (ja) * | 1997-04-03 | 1998-10-20 | Toyota Motor Corp | 内燃機関の排気浄化装置 |
JP2003138926A (ja) * | 2001-08-09 | 2003-05-14 | Ford Global Technol Inc | 低温における排気後処理装置内での窒素酸化物の高効率変換 |
DE10207984A1 (de) * | 2002-02-25 | 2003-10-23 | Daimler Chrysler Ag | Vorrichtung zur Abgasreinigung und Verfahren hierzu |
JP2004003445A (ja) * | 2002-02-25 | 2004-01-08 | Daimler Chrysler Ag | 排気ガス浄化装置、その作動方法、及びその監視方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE102004001331A1 (de) | 2005-07-28 |
SE0500004D0 (sv) | 2005-01-03 |
SE0500004L (sv) | 2005-07-09 |
SE530591C2 (sv) | 2008-07-15 |
JP2005201263A (ja) | 2005-07-28 |
US7373775B2 (en) | 2008-05-20 |
US20050198943A1 (en) | 2005-09-15 |
ITMI20050004A1 (it) | 2005-07-09 |
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